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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outcomes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outcomes_per_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcomes_per_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Outcomes per country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outcomes_per_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Tunisia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Yemen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Bahrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Origin of term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arab Spring</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiese_Lente" title="Arabiese Lente – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arabiese Lente" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B0%D4%A5%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Арабтәи ааԥынра – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Арабтәи ааԥынра" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="الربيع العربي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الربيع العربي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արաբական Գարուն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արաբական Գարուն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_%C3%81rabe" title="Primavera Árabe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Primavera Árabe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr%C9%99b_bahar%C4%B1" title="Ərəb baharı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərəb baharı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="আরব বসন্ত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরব বসন্ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-la-pek_%C3%AA_Chhun-thi%E2%81%BF" title="A-la-pek ê Chhun-thiⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-la-pek ê Chhun-thiⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B" title="Ғәрәп яҙы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғәрәп яҙы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Арабская вясна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арабская вясна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Арабская вясна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арабская вясна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Арабска пролет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арабска пролет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabischa_Friahling" title="Arabischa Friahling – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Arabischa Friahling" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapsko_prolje%C4%87e" title="Arapsko proljeće – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arapsko proljeće" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_%C3%80rab" title="Primavera Àrab – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primavera Àrab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%A9_jaro" title="Arabské jaro – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arabské jaro" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Gwanwyn_Arabaidd" title="Y Gwanwyn Arabaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Gwanwyn Arabaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Arabiske_For%C3%A5r" title="Det Arabiske Forår – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Arabiske Forår" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8" title="الربيع د الشعوب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الربيع د الشعوب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabischer_Fr%C3%BChling" title="Arabischer Frühling – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arabischer Frühling" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabia_kevad" title="Araabia kevad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Araabia kevad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BE%CE%B7" title="Αραβική Άνοιξη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αραβική Άνοιξη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Arab Spring" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_%C3%81rabe_(2010-2012)" title="Primavera Árabe (2010-2012) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primavera Árabe (2010-2012)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba_printempo" title="Araba printempo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Araba printempo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiar_Udaberria" title="Arabiar Udaberria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabiar Udaberria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="بهار عربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بهار عربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiska_v%C3%A1ri%C3%B0" title="Arabiska várið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Arabiska várið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printemps_arabe" title="Printemps arabe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Printemps arabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earrach_na_nArabach" title="Earrach na nArabach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Earrach na nArabach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_%C3%A1rabe" title="Primavera árabe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Primavera árabe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matu%C4%A9ka_ma_Arabu" title="Matuĩka ma Arabu – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Matuĩka ma Arabu" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D%EC%9D%98_%EB%B4%84" title="아랍의 봄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아랍의 봄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արաբական գարուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արաբական գարուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="२०१० से प्रारंभ होने वाली अरब जगत की क्रांतिकारी लहर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="२०१० से प्रारंभ होने वाली अरब जगत की क्रांतिकारी लहर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapsko_prolje%C4%87e" title="Arapsko proljeće – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arapsko proljeće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebangkitan_dunia_Arab" title="Kebangkitan dunia Arab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebangkitan dunia Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C3%ADska_vori%C3%B0" title="Arabíska vorið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arabíska vorið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_araba" title="Primavera araba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Primavera araba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99" title="האביב הערבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האביב הערבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="არაბული გაზაფხული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაბული გაზაფხული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Араб көктемі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Араб көктемі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuguvugu_la_Uarabuni" title="Vuguvugu la Uarabuni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vuguvugu la Uarabuni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Арап жазы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Арап жазы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver_Arabicum" title="Ver Arabicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ver Arabicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%81bu_pavasaris" title="Arābu pavasaris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arābu pavasaris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabescht_Fr%C3%A9ijoer" title="Arabescht Fréijoer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Arabescht Fréijoer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C5%B3_pavasaris" title="Arabų pavasaris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arabų pavasaris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisch_Veurjaor" title="Arabisch Veurjaor – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Arabisch Veurjaor" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_tavasz" title="Arab tavasz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arab tavasz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Арапска пролет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арапска пролет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="അറബ് വസന്തം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറബ് വസന്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89" title="الربيع العربى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الربيع العربى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عربی بهار – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عربی بهار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Арабын хавар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Арабын хавар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8" title="အာရပ်နွေဦး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာရပ်နွေဦး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Lente" title="Arabische Lente – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabische Lente" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="अरब बसन्त – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अरब बसन्त" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E3%81%AE%E6%98%A5" title="アラブの春 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラブの春" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_arabiske_v%C3%A5ren" title="Den arabiske våren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den arabiske våren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_Ar%C3%A0bia" title="Prima Aràbia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Prima Aràbia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_bahori" title="Arab bahori – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arab bahori" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅਰਬ ਬਹਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਬ ਬਹਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عرب بہار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عرب بہار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabska_wiosna" title="Arabska wiosna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arabska wiosna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_%C3%81rabe" title="Primavera Árabe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primavera Árabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prim%C4%83vara_arab%C4%83" title="Primăvara arabă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Primăvara arabă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Арабская весна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арабская весна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%83%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Улуу Араб долгуйуута – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Улуу Араб долгуйуута" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beranu_%C3%A0rabu_(2010-2012)" title="Beranu àrabu (2010-2012) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Beranu àrabu (2010-2012)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_%C3%A0rabba" title="Primavera àrabba – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Primavera àrabba" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%A1_jar" title="Arabská jar – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arabská jar" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="بەھاری عەرەبی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەھاری عەرەبی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B5" title="Арапско пролеће – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арапско пролеће" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapsko_prolje%C4%87e" title="Arapsko proljeće – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arapsko proljeće" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabikev%C3%A4t" title="Arabikevät – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arabikevät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiska_v%C3%A5ren" title="Arabiska våren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arabiska våren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அரேபிய வசந்தம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரேபிய வசந்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsut_ta%C9%9Brabt" title="Tafsut taɛrabt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafsut taɛrabt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="อาหรับสปริง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาหรับสปริง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Баҳори араб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баҳори араб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the demonstrations and revolts in the Arab world in the early 2010s. For other Arab revolts, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Revolt_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab Revolt (disambiguation) (not yet started)">Arab Revolt (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9689576">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width: 250px"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #CEE0F2; vertical-align: middle">Arab Spring</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_%282%29.jpg/300px-Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_%282%29.jpg/450px-Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_%282%29.jpg/600px-Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="665" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Protesters in Tunisia (January 2011)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">17 December 2010 – 2012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/MENA" title="MENA">MENA</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>") <ul><li><b>Algeria</b>: President <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a> ousted, arrested, charged, and government overthrown.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Tunisia</b>: President <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a> ousted, charged, exiled and government overthrown.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Libya</b>: Leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi">Muammar al-Gaddafi</a> following a civil war that saw a foreign military intervention, and government overthrown.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Syria</b>: President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> faced <a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War (not yet started)">civil uprising</a> against his rule that deteriorated into armed rebellion and eventual <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">full-scale civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Bahrain</b>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahraini_uprising_of_2011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahraini uprising of 2011 (not yet started)">Civil uprising</a> against the government crushed by authorities and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain (not yet started)">Saudi-led intervention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Yemen</b>: President <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a> ousted, and power handed to a national unity government.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Lebanon and Oman</b>: Government changes implemented in response to protests.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Morocco, Jordan and Palestine</b>: Constitutional reforms implemented in response to protests.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Sudan, Mauritania, Chad, and other “Arabic language” speaking countries</b>: Protests.</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEE0F2; vertical-align: middle">Casualties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Death(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">61,080+ (International estimate; <a href="#Summary_of_conflicts_by_country"><i>see table below</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title=" (2024-04-22)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Arab Spring (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الربيع العربي</span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><i>ar-rabīˁ al-ˁarabī</i></i></span>)</b> is a wave of protests and demonstrations that happened in the <a href="/wiki/MENA" title="MENA">Middle East and North Africa</a> starting on 17 December 2010.  The <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">self-immolation</a> of Tunisian street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi ignited the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisian Revolution (not yet started)">Tunisian Revolution</a>, which quickly spread all over the MENA region. </p><p>Almost all <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab</a> countries were affected by the <b>Arab Spring</b>, through varying degrees of social and political unrest. In <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan civil war">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, the influence of the <b>Arab Spring</b> is the most notable. However, major protests also occurred in many other Middle Eastern states.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People went to protest out of anger against <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> and their often oppressive and authoritarian leaders. The demands of the protester were similar throughout the region. Common demands were freedom, justice, equal rights, economic opportunities, and democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protestors were very efficient in mobilising people, communicating, and providing information. The methods they used strongly contributed to the course of the Arab Spring.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arab</a> TV programmes, social media and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arab</a> Internet networks contributed to the high degrees of synchronisation of the protests.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arab Spring heavily altered the political environment of the Middle East. By 2012, most of the governments involved had been defeated and replaced or had suppressed the protests. However, in most countries, the demands of the protestors were not met, leaving them discontent and leaving the country in a state of unrest and instability. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Events" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Events"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 17 December 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">self-immolation</a> of the Tunisian street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi, sparked the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisian Revolution (not yet started)">Tunisian Jasmine Revolution</a>.This revolution was the first of many revolutionary protests and demonstrations in the Middle East and North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We know this wave of revolts, protests, and uprisings, as the <b>Arab Spring.</b> Protests occurred all over the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab World</a>. The <b>Arab Spring</b> resulted in conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" class="mw-disambig" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan civil war">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, and at the borders of both <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arab_Spring_map_reframed_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Arab_Spring_map_reframed_2.png/305px-Arab_Spring_map_reframed_2.png" decoding="async" width="305" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Arab_Spring_map_reframed_2.png/458px-Arab_Spring_map_reframed_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Arab_Spring_map_reframed_2.png/610px-Arab_Spring_map_reframed_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><b>Events and Outcomes of the Arab Spring <span style="margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="legend-text" style="border:none; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#00112b; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;"> </span> Government overthrown</span> <span style="margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="legend-text" style="border:none; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#004a80; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;"> </span> Sustained civil disorder and governmental changes</span> <span style="margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="legend-text" style="border:none; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#00bff3; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;"> </span> Protests and governmental changes</span></b> <span style="margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="legend-text" style="border:none; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#d64400; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;"> </span> Major protests</span> <span style="margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="legend-text" style="border:none; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#eac27c; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;"> </span> Minor protests</span> <span style="margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="legend-text" style="border:none; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#797979; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;"> </span> Protests outside the Arab world</span> </figcaption></figure><p>The outcomes of the <b>Arab Spring</b> differ per country, depending on a variety of factors. Such as the regime's response to the events, the attitude and involvement of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Security_forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Security forces (not yet started)">security forces</a>, foreign intervention, ethnic and sectarian divisions, and the existing state structure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In six of the twenty-two states of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, the <b>Arab Spring</b> dramatically transformed the political environment and led to major political changes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan civil war">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, popular protests forced the authoritarian rulers out of power. In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, this occurred twice. In <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> the demonstrations evolved into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_uprisings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil uprisings (not yet started)">civil uprisings</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, the civil uprisings against the regime of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> led to a full-scale <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil wars also arose in Libya and Yemen, as a result of the Arab Spring. </p><p>Other major protests occurred in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. </p><p>Minor protests occurred in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" class="mw-disambig" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> and in several non-Arab countries. </p><p>There were border <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/clash" class="extiw" title="wikt:clash">clashes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Protests in Iranian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khuzestan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khuzestan (not yet started)">Khuzestan</a> by the Arab minority occurred in 2011. Weapons and <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> fighters returning from the <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan civil war">Libyan civil war</a> had encouraged a conflict in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. The clashes in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> were described as a spillover of violence from the Syrian uprising. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Causes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Causes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The protests of the Arab Spring resembled a 'chain effect'. Many protests all around the Middle East and North Africa arose, following the example of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisian Revolution (not yet started)">Tunisian Revolution</a>. Despite the many events related to the <b>Arab Spring</b>, a great number of similarities in the causes of the protests and in the demands of the protestors can be identified. </p><p>Five major causes which lead to the Arab Spring, and revolutionary protests in general, are: </p> <ol><li>A demographic shift, with a rapid expansion of the youth share in a country's population, contributing to political instability.</li> <li>Authoritarian regimes, which aim to control all aspects of society.</li> <li>Resentment against the regime, often caused by corruption and poor economic performance.</li> <li>The combination of feelings of discontent and a strong aspiration for change.</li> <li>Destabilisation by external actors.</li></ol> <p>Protestors of the Arab Spring took the stree<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ts out of anger towards their authoritarian, oppressive rulers and the corruption tied to their rule. Demands were generally concerned with freedom, justice, equal rights, economic opportunities, and democracy. These demands were heard all over the MENA region, among all members of society. Participation to the protests exceeded gender, age, religion, and education.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Methods" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Methods"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Arab Spring</b> has been very influential, at least to a great extend because of the methods used by protestors and the high degree of synchronisation of the protests. The protests incorporated some techniques of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_resistance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil resistance (not yet started)">civil resistance</a> in sustained campaigns such as strikes, demonstrations, marches, and rallies. Protestors were also effective at using <a href="/wiki/Social_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media">social media</a> to organize, communicate, and raise awareness of state attempts at repression and Internet censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protests of the Arab Spring occurred all over the Arab world, despite the different contexts of the different countries, the protests arose almost simultaneously. Four major factors can be identified which contributed to this synchronisation: </p> <ol><li>First, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arab</a> Internet networks played a great role considering exchanges and communication between Arab youth all over the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab World</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arab</a> TV channels were also greatly influential, as they contributed to spreading information on the protests.</li> <li>The global wave of agricultural inflation (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Agflation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agflation (not yet started)">agflation</a>) and the corresponding <a href="/w/index.php?title=2010%E2%80%932012_world_food_price_crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010–2012 world food price crisis (not yet started)">world food price crisis of 2010 - 2012</a>.</li> <li>The rapid rise of the average level of education in the workforce of many Arab countries, and the non-correspondence of the demands of the labour market. Which resulted in great numbers of highly educated unemployeds.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcomes">Outcomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Outcomes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Outcomes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">self-immolation</a> of the Tunisian street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi on 17 December 2010 sparked a wave of revolutions and protests, which re-shaped the political environment of the <a href="/wiki/MENA" title="MENA">MENA</a> Region. The outcomes of the <b>Arab Spring</b> are of a wide variety and they differ per country. As the context and factors such as the regime's response to the events, the attitude and involvement of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Security_forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Security forces (not yet started)">security forces</a>, foreign intervention, ethnic and sectarian divisions, and the existing state structure strongly influence the outcomes of the revolutionary events of the <b>Arab Spring</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outcomes_per_country">Outcomes per country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Outcomes per country" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Outcomes per country"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arab Spring is responsible for many changes regarding Middle Eastern society and political structures. In almost all countries of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, changes occured. However, in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan civil war">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, these changes were more substantial and disturbing, they strongly altered the political environment of these countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Tunisia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Tunisia"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arab Spring began in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, following the self immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi. In Tunisia, the Arab Spring resulted in a revolution, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisian Revolution (not yet started)">Tunisian Revolution</a>, als called the Jasmine Revolution. This revolution began on 17 December 2010, with calls against governmental corruption and economic stagnation, and ended on January 14th, 2011, with the ousting of president <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a> and his autocratic regime.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tunisia, the <b>Arab Spring</b> was caused mainly by economic stagnation, lack of political legitimacy, involvement of Tunisian youth and civil society, <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>, and the growing influence of social media.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overthrow of Ben Ali's regime allowed for more political freedom and democratization in Tunisia. The succes of the Tunisian Revolution ignited many other revolutionary acts in the MENA region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt">Egypt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Egypt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Egypt"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the protests started on January 25th, 2011, following the Tunisian example. The <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian revolution</a> was influenced by similar factors as the Tunisian Revolution. Egyptians protested against <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a>, the state-of-emergency laws, and economic factors, such as unemployment, agricultural inflation, and low wages. They also demanded more political and civil freedoms.The main goals of the revolution are reflected in one of the main slogans of the protesters, namely “Bread, Freedom, <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social Justice</a> and Human Dignity”, relating to the poor political and economic situation of Egypt, characterised by poverty, oppression, corruption, and economic inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptian revolution resulted in the ousting of the <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a> regime.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the toppling of Mubarak's regime, Egyptian politics remained unstable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yemen">Yemen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Yemen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Yemen"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 January 2011 protests commenced in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. Yemeni Protesters initially demanded less <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>, better economic conditions, an end to governmental corruption, and adjustment to the Yemeni constitution. However, quickly the protesters began demanding the end of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a>'s presidency. The predominantly peaceful protests were met with violent responses from the government. On 27 February 2012, President Abdullah Saleh resigned, and democratic presidential elections were held, following a long period of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a>-led diplomatic negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libya">Libya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Libya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Libya"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, the first protest began on 15 February 2011. The uprisings of the <b>Arab Spring</b> erupted into a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi">Muammar al-Gaddafi</a>'s regime and the anti-Gaddafi rebels. On March 21st 2011, a <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>-led coalition military intervened in the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">Libyan Civil War</a>, to protect Libyans against aggression of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 August 2011, <a href="/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi">Muammar al-Gaddafi</a> and his government were overthrown. However, this was followed with a period of great social, political, and military unrest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bahrain">Bahrain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Bahrain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Bahrain"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>14 February 2011 marked the beginning of the <b>Arab Spring</b> in <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>. A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil uprising (not yet started)">civil uprising</a> started, despite of the relative high degrees of prosperity and little corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arab Spring resulted in further polarisation of the Bahraini society, in which sectarian tensions were already high. The uprisings were met violently by the regime, after dialogue had failed. The Sunni-minority regime, supported by the military wing of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a>, violently regained control over Bahraini society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syria">Syria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Syria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Syria"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Syria, protests began on March 15th, 2011. Protests were directed against president <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>, who unlike many other Middle Eastern authoritarian leaders was not ousted during the <b>Arab Spring</b>. As the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a> accelerated, governmental responses became increasingly violent and repressive. The Revolution of the Arab Spring transformed into a civil uprising, paving the way for a full-scale civil war, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>. The regime of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> remains in power, even though opposition and resistance remains. Since 25 March 2011, more than 130 000 people have died and millions have been displaced, both internally and externally.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_term">Origin of term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Origin of term" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Origin of term"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <b>Arab Spring</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الربيع العربي</span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><i>ar-rabīˁ al-ˁarabī</i></i></span>) is used in the <a href="/wiki/Media" class="mw-disambig" title="Media">media</a> for the revolutionary wave of <a href="/wiki/Demonstration" title="Demonstration">demonstrations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protests</a> (both non-violent and violent), <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil wars</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, however, not all participants of the protests were <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a>. The first specific use of the term <i>Arab Spring</i> to signify these events may have been in the American political journal <i>Foreign Policy</i>. Marc Lynch, referring to his article in <i>Foreign Policy</i>, writes "Arab Spring—a term I may have unintentionally coined in a January 6, 2011 article". Joseph Massad on <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a></i> said the term was "part of a US strategy of controlling the movement's aims and goals" and directing it towards American-style <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>. Due to the electoral success of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> parties before protests began in many Arab countries, the events have also come to be known as "Islamist Spring" or "Islamist Winter".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Some observers compared the Arab Spring movements to the Revolutions of 1989 that occurred in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the German states">Revolutions of 1848 in the German states</a>, which are sometimes also referred to as "Spring" revolutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Volpi, Frédéric. "Algeria versus the Arab spring." Journal of Democracy 24.3 (2013): 104-115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/1/15/tunisias-ben-ali-flees-amid-unrest">https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/1/15/tunisias-ben-ali-flees-amid-unrest</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8344034/Libya-civil-war-breaks-out-as-Gaddafi-mounts-rearguard-fight.html">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8344034/Libya-civil-war-breaks-out-as-Gaddafi-mounts-rearguard-fight.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma'oz, Moshe (2 January 2014). "The Arab Spring in Syria: Domestic and regional developments". Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict. 7 (1): 49–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/it-will-not-stop-syrian-uprising-continues-despite-crackdown-a-753517.html">https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/it-will-not-stop-syrian-uprising-continues-despite-crackdown-a-753517.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">And, Muhammed Kürsad Ozekin; Akkas, Hasan Hüseyin (1 February 2014). "An Empirical Look to the Arab Spring: Causes and Consequences". Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations. 13 (1&2). doi:10.21599/atjir.15384. ISSN 1303-5525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yemen's Hijacked Revolution". Human Rights Watch. 26 September 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/lebanon-protest-idAFLDE71Q08L20110227">https://www.reuters.com/article/lebanon-protest-idAFLDE71Q08L20110227</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Worrall, J. (2012). Oman: the" forgotten" corner of the Arab Spring. Middle East Policy, 19(3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/world/middleeast/28yemen.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/world/middleeast/28yemen.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">And, Muhammed Kürsad Ozekin; Akkas, Hasan Hüseyin (1 February 2014). "An Empirical Look to the Arab Spring: Causes and Consequences". Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations. 13 (1&2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-0">12.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-1">12.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-2">12.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-3">12.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-4">12.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-5">12.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-6">12.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrininKorotayev2022" class="citation cs2">Grinin, Leonid; Korotayev, Andrey (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86468-2_23">"The Arab Spring: Causes, Conditions, and Driving Forces"</a>, <i>Handbook of Revolutions in the 21st Century</i>, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 595–624, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-86468-2_23">10.1007/978-3-030-86468-2_23</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-86467-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-86467-5"><bdi>978-3-030-86467-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Revolutions+in+the+21st+Century&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Spring%3A+Causes%2C+Conditions%2C+and+Driving+Forces&rft.pages=595-624&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-86468-2_23&rft.isbn=978-3-030-86467-5&rft.aulast=Grinin&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft.au=Korotayev%2C+Andrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-86468-2_23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1">13.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-2">13.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-3">13.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMa'oz2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ma'oz, Moshe (2 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17467586.2014.894249">"The Arab Spring in Syria: Domestic and regional developments"</a>. <i>Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 49–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17467586.2014.894249">10.1080/17467586.2014.894249</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1746-7586">1746-7586</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143993429">143993429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dynamics+of+Asymmetric+Conflict&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Spring+in+Syria%3A+Domestic+and+regional+developments&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-57&rft.date=2014-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143993429%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1746-7586&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17467586.2014.894249&rft.aulast=Ma%27oz&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F17467586.2014.894249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-1">14.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lindsey, Richard A. (29 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=278e5dabe199b2681d0918f38b7a5f3fcc13210b">"What the Arab Spring tells us about the future of social media in revolutionary movements"</a>. <i>Small Wars Journal</i>. <b>29</b> (8).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+Journal&rft.atitle=What+the+Arab+Spring+tells+us+about+the+future+of+social+media+in+revolutionary+movements&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2013-07-29&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fdocument%3Frepid%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf%26doi%3D278e5dabe199b2681d0918f38b7a5f3fcc13210b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Jasmine-Revolution">"Jasmine Revolution | Tunisia, Arab Spring, Timeline, & Results | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Jasmine+Revolution+%7C+Tunisia%2C+Arab+Spring%2C+Timeline%2C+%26+Results+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FJasmine-Revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1">16.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-2">16.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-3">16.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-4">16.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAndAkkas2014" class="citation journal cs1">And, Muhammed Kürsad Ozekin; Akkas, Hasan Hüseyin (1 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alternativesjournal.net/article/view/5000150740">"An Empirical Look to the Arab Spring: Causes and Consequences"</a>. <i>Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations</i>. <b>13</b> (1&2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21599%2Fatjir.15384">10.21599/atjir.15384</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1303-5525">1303-5525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternatives%3A+Turkish+Journal+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=An+Empirical+Look+to+the+Arab+Spring%3A+Causes+and+Consequences&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1%262&rft.date=2014-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21599%2Fatjir.15384&rft.issn=1303-5525&rft.aulast=And&rft.aufirst=Muhammed+K%C3%BCrsad+Ozekin&rft.au=Akkas%2C+Hasan+H%C3%BCseyin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falternativesjournal.net%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5000150740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since June 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFVolpi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Volpi, Frédéric (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_democracy/v024/24.3.volpi.html">"Algeria versus the Arab Spring"</a>. <i>Journal of Democracy</i>. <b>24</b> (3): 104–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2013.0040">10.1353/jod.2013.0040</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (identifier) (not yet started)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F5118">10023/5118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3214">1086-3214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153400004">153400004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Algeria+versus+the+Arab+Spring&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=104-115&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F5118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153400004%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1086-3214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2013.0040&rft.aulast=Volpi&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fcrossref%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_democracy%2Fv024%2F24.3.volpi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Rawi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Rawi, Ahmed K (2 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742766515573550">"Sectarianism and the Arab Spring: Framing the popular protests in Bahrain"</a>. <i>Global Media and Communication</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 25–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1742766515573550">10.1177/1742766515573550</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1742-7665">1742-7665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147015041">147015041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Media+and+Communication&rft.atitle=Sectarianism+and+the+Arab+Spring%3A+Framing+the+popular+protests+in+Bahrain&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-42&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147015041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1742-7665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1742766515573550&rft.aulast=Al-Rawi&rft.aufirst=Ahmed+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1177%2F1742766515573550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGrininKorotayev2022" class="citation cs2">Grinin, Leonid; Korotayev, Andrey (2022), Goldstone, Jack A.; Grinin, Leonid; Korotayev, Andrey (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-86468-2_23">"The Arab Spring: Causes, Conditions, and Driving Forces"</a>, <i>Handbook of Revolutions in the 21st Century</i>, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 595–624, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-86468-2_23">10.1007/978-3-030-86468-2_23</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-86467-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-86467-5"><bdi>978-3-030-86467-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Revolutions+in+the+21st+Century&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Spring%3A+Causes%2C+Conditions%2C+and+Driving+Forces&rft.pages=595-624&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-86468-2_23&rft.isbn=978-3-030-86467-5&rft.aulast=Grinin&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft.au=Korotayev%2C+Andrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-86468-2_23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBeckHüser2015" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, Martin; Hüser, Simone (2 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2014.996996">"Jordan and the 'Arab Spring': No Challenge, No Change?"</a>. <i>Middle East Critique</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 83–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19436149.2014.996996">10.1080/19436149.2014.996996</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1943-6149">1943-6149</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144719240">144719240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Critique&rft.atitle=Jordan+and+the+%27Arab+Spring%27%3A+No+Challenge%2C+No+Change%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-97&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144719240%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1943-6149&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19436149.2014.996996&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=H%C3%BCser%2C+Simone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F19436149.2014.996996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/04597230.2011.608921">"The Arab Awakening"</a>. <i>Strategic Survey</i>. <b>111</b> (1): 43–96. September 2011. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F04597230.2011.608921">10.1080/04597230.2011.608921</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0459-7230">0459-7230</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158061270">158061270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Awakening&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-96&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158061270%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0459-7230&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F04597230.2011.608921&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F04597230.2011.608921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Khawas2012" class="citation journal cs1">El-Khawas, Mohamed A. (1 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10474552-1895357">"Tunisia's Jasmine Revolution: Causes and Impact"</a>. <i>Mediterranean Quarterly</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F10474552-1895357">10.1215/10474552-1895357</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1047-4552">1047-4552</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154668583">154668583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Tunisia%27s+Jasmine+Revolution%3A+Causes+and+Impact&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154668583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1047-4552&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F10474552-1895357&rft.aulast=El-Khawas&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1215%2F10474552-1895357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSaidin2018" class="citation journal cs1">Saidin, Mohd Irwan Syazli (1 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.24035/ijit.06.2018.007">"Rethinking the 'Arab Spring': The Root Causes of the Tunisian Jasmine Revolution and Egyptian January 25 Revolution"</a>. <i>International Journal of Islamic Thought</i>. <b>13</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24035%2Fijit.06.2018.007">10.24035/ijit.06.2018.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2232-1314">2232-1314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Islamic+Thought&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+%27Arab+Spring%27%3A+The+Root+Causes+of+the+Tunisian+Jasmine+Revolution+and+Egyptian+January+25+Revolution&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24035%2Fijit.06.2018.007&rft.issn=2232-1314&rft.aulast=Saidin&rft.aufirst=Mohd+Irwan+Syazli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.24035%2Fijit.06.2018.007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFFahmy2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fahmy, Hazem (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sor.2012.0003">"An Initial Perspective on "The Winter of Discontent: The Root Causes of the Egyptian Revolution"</a>. <i>Social Research: An International Quarterly</i>. <b>79</b> (2): 349–376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsor.2012.0003">10.1353/sor.2012.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-768X">1944-768X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129269208">129269208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research%3A+An+International+Quarterly&rft.atitle=An+Initial+Perspective+on+%22The+Winter+of+Discontent%3A+The+Root+Causes+of+the+Egyptian+Revolution&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=349-376&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129269208%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1944-768X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsor.2012.0003&rft.aulast=Fahmy&rft.aufirst=Hazem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1353%2Fsor.2012.0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Lisa (2011). "Demystifying the Arab Spring: Parsing the Differences Between Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya". <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>90</b>: 2–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Demystifying+the+Arab+Spring%3A+Parsing+the+Differences+Between+Tunisia%2C+Egypt%2C+and+Libya.&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=2-7&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/09/26/yemens-hijacked-revolution">"Yemen's Hijacked Revolution"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 26 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+Hijacked+Revolution&rft.date=2011-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2011%2F09%2F26%2Fyemens-hijacked-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFNATO" class="citation web cs1">NATO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_71652.htm">"NATO and Libya (Archived)"</a>. <i>NATO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NATO&rft.atitle=NATO+and+Libya+%28Archived%29&rft.au=NATO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fcps%2Fen%2Fnatohq%2Ftopics_71652.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Spring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Atlantic: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/09/muslim-protests-has-obama-helped-bring-on-an-anti-us-islamist-spring/262731/"><i>Muslim Protests: Has Obama Helped Bring On an Anti-U.S. 'Islamist Spring'?</i></a>, 23 September 2012, retrieved 2 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foreign Policy: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/19/learning_to_live_with_the_islamist_winter"><i>Learning to Live With the Islamist Winter</i></a>, 19 July 2012, retrieved 2 August 2013</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&oldid=9893986">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_Spring&oldid=9893986</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Middle_East" title="Category:History of the Middle East">History of the Middle East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democracy_movements" title="Category:Democracy movements">Democracy movements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_protests" title="Category:2010s protests">2010s protests</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_links_to_other_websites" title="Category:All articles with dead links to other websites">All articles with dead links to other websites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_links_to_other_websites_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead links to other websites from June 2023">Articles with dead links to other websites from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_links_to_other_websites" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead links to other websites">Articles with permanently dead links to other websites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hatnote_templates_targeting_a_nonexistent_page" title="Category:Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page">Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2016">Use dmy dates from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_broken_anchors" title="Category:Pages with broken anchors">Pages with broken anchors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 19 November 2024, at 21:47.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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