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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian Condottiero</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ITA_1930_MiNr0339_pm_B002a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ITA_1930_MiNr0339_pm_B002a.jpg/282px-ITA_1930_MiNr0339_pm_B002a.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ITA_1930_MiNr0339_pm_B002a.jpg/423px-ITA_1930_MiNr0339_pm_B002a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ITA_1930_MiNr0339_pm_B002a.jpg/564px-ITA_1930_MiNr0339_pm_B002a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Maramaldo killing Ferrucci, Italian postal stamp, 10 July 1930</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fabrizio Maramaldo</b> (1494—December 1552) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Condottiero" title="Condottiero">Condottiero</a>. A native of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> or <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, his exact origins are unknown, though he hailed from the Kingdom of Naples, and was perhaps of Spanish origin.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He fled Naples after having murdered his wife and sought protection at the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga" title="House of Gonzaga">Gonzaga</a> under <a href="/wiki/Federico_II,_Duke_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico II, Duke of Mantua">Federico II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Mantua">Duke of Mantua</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>. In 1526 he was absolved of the crime of <a href="/wiki/Uxoricide" title="Uxoricide">uxoricide</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>. He fought the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, and the French in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>. He suffered a grievous setback in the <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> he laid to the city of <a href="/wiki/Asti" title="Asti">Asti</a> in 1526 where, after having breached the walls by cannon fire for a final assault, legend narrates that victory was snatched from his grasp by the intervention of the town's <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secundus_of_Asti" title="Secundus of Asti">St.Secondus of Asti</a> who is said to have appeared in the sky. Fighting on the imperial side, he took part in the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Sack of Rome</a> the following year, and three years later, in the siege of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. He gained a reputation as a ruthless mercenary and ravager. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Murder">Murder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabrizio_Maramaldo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Murder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The black name he earned in Italian history and popular memory came from the way he despatched <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Ferrucci" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Ferrucci">Francesco Ferrucci</a>, the captain of the Florentine army. Maramaldo fought for the <a href="/wiki/Philibert_of_Ch%C3%A2lon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philibert of Châlon">Duke of Orange</a>, for the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a>, against the army of the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Florentine Republic">Florentine Republic</a>. The two forces clashed in the town of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gavinana" title="Battle of Gavinana">Gavinana</a> on the 3rd of August 1530, and Maramaldo murdered his old enemy, who had been grievously wounded and taken prisoner, against the principles of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalrous conduct in wartime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many differing accounts of the episode, the incident being much favoured in early historical accounts and fiction. <a href="/wiki/Massimo_d%27Azeglio" title="Massimo d'Azeglio">Massimo d'Azeglio</a> in his historical novel reimagined the scene, as recounted by the character Fanfulla, thus:- </p> <blockquote><p>'The Spaniard who had taken Ferruccio, wished to conceal him, but orders came from Maramaldo, to conduct him to his presence. Two pikes were crossed, he was seated upon them and carried to the square... They flung him down at Maramaldo's feet; he fell with great force, but, however, he raised himself on one arm, and maintained a front more lofty and daring than ever... Maramaldo approached him and said, 'You are here at last, poltroon merchant.' But Ferruccio, disarmed, and disabled, and helpless as he was, defied him to his face, and called him a liar, and while he was thus upbraiding the traitor, I saw Maramaldo feel for the handle of his dagger; he unsheathed it, and held it up in Ferruccio's face... Ferruccio moved not, he turned not... Twice the blade was plunged into his throat, and, dying, and the blood spouting from his mouth, he murmured, 'Vile poltroon, you murder a dead man'.'<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maramaldo_in_the_Italian_language">Maramaldo in the Italian language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabrizio_Maramaldo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Maramaldo in the Italian language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phrase, 'you are killing a dead man', in Italian, <i>tu uccidi un uomo morto</i>, became proverbial. However, there are notable differences in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> accounts of Ferrucci's <a href="/wiki/Last_words" title="Last words">last words</a>. The version here comes from the contemporary historian <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Varchi" title="Benedetto Varchi">Benedetto Varchi</a>'s <i>History of Florence</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Giovio" title="Paolo Giovio">Paolo Giovio</a>, in his <i>Historiarum sui temporis libri XLV,</i>(1550–1552) has Ferrucci saying, 'If you kill me, you will gain neither profit nor the approbation of praise from my murder'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third minor contemporary source, given in the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan dialect</a>, has Ferrucci say, 'Tu darai a un morto'(You'll be bashing a corpse), which may be more probable.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten days later, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> surrendered, and was forced to accept the return of the Medici. </p><p>The feats of the <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neapolitan</a> condottiere, particularly this last incident, impressed themselves on the popular imagination, to the point that his name became synonymous with maltreatment of the weak or anyone incapable of defending himself, or for the type of person who shows himself ready to overcome or betray others as soon as he detects some weakness. </p><p>Thus, in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a>, the substantive <i>maramaldo</i> and the adjective <i>maramaldesco</i> ("Maramaldesque") has become eponymous of "ruthless", "villainous". One occasionally comes across the verb, <i>maramaldeggiare</i> in the sense of 'treat someone badly by ruthless mockery'<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabrizio_Maramaldo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeno de' Cornonei recounted however that he was a native of <a href="/wiki/Tortora" title="Tortora">Tortora</a>. See Giuseppe Guida <i>Amedeo Fulco,</i> Loffredo Editore, Naples, 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis A. Hyett, <i>Florence -Her History and Art to the Fall of the Republic</i>, Methuen & Co., London 1903 pp.518-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Massimo d' Azeglio, <i>Niccolò Dei Lapi: Or, The Last Days of the Florentine Republic,</i>(Niccolò de' Lapi ovvero i Palleschi e i Piagnoni,1841) tr. H. Hallet J. B. Lippincott and co., 1860 p.354</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Storia Fiorentina</i>, Bk.XI</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'tu si me occidas, neque utilem, neque decoram ex mea nece laudem feres'. <i>Historiarum sui temporis libri XLV</i>, Tome 2, Tolentino 1552, p.137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giuseppe Fumagalli, <i>Chi l'ha detto?: tesoro di citazioni italiane e straniere, di origine letteraria e storica, ordinate e annotate,</i> Hoepli, 1980 pp.228-9, provides the three sources given in the preceding notes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'L'Italia è il paese di Maramaldo, e io non voglio maramaldeggiare su lei,' <a href="/wiki/Adriano_Sofri" title="Adriano Sofri">Adriano Sofri</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/2009/04/sezioni/politica/elezioni-2009-2/sofri-1mag/sofri-1mag.html">Se Veronica diventa preda</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a>, 1/05/009</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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