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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="كلمات أخيرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلمات أخيرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letzte_Worte" title="Letzte Worte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Letzte Worte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Altimas_palabras" title="Últimas palabras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Últimas palabras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azken_hitzak" title="Azken hitzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azken hitzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آخرین سخنان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آخرین سخنان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultima_verba" title="Ultima verba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ultima verba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מילים אחרונות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מילים אחרונות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laatste_woorden" title="Laatste woorden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laatste woorden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Последние слова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Последние слова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadnje_besede" title="Zadnje besede – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zadnje besede" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the medical phenomenon of last words. For last words of famous people, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_last_words" title="List of last words">List of last words</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Last_words_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Last words (disambiguation)">Last words (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Last words</b> are the final utterances before death. The meaning is sometimes expanded to somewhat earlier utterances. </p><p>Last words of famous or infamous people are sometimes recorded (although not always accurately), which then became a historical and <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">literary trope</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/B._Traven:_The_Life_Behind_the_Legends" title="B. Traven: The Life Behind the Legends">Karl Guthke</a>, last words as recorded in public documents are often reflections of the social attitude toward death at the time, rather than reports of actual statements.<sup id="cite_ref-Erard_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published last words may reflect words that the dying person's intimates or supporters wished were their final testament.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Actual last words are typically less grandiose than those attributed to historical figures, and are also seldom published. Dying people frequently suffer delirium, diminished mental acuity, inability to speak clearly, or some combination of the three. McLeod stated that people near death do not normally remain mentally clear. Some do not speak before their death.<sup id="cite_ref-Erard_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "People will whisper, and they'll be brief, single words – that's all they have energy for."<sup id="cite_ref-AdvisoryBoard_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdvisoryBoard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Actual final utterances are often short or difficult to interpret. Diminished breathing can limit volume, and medications, lack of energy, dry mouth, and lack of dentures can also frustrate communication. Last words are commonly the names of spouses or children, or banal utterances such as "Mama" and "Oh, fuck".<sup id="cite_ref-Erard_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Last_words&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_words" title="List of last words">List of last words</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Last_words&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Erard-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erard_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erard_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erard_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Erard2019" class="citation web cs1">Michael Erard (January 16, 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2019/01/how-do-people-communicate-before-death/580303/">"What People Actually Say Before They Die"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+People+Actually+Say+Before+They+Die&rft.date=2019-01-16&rft.au=Michael+Erard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ffamily%2Farchive%2F2019%2F01%2Fhow-do-people-communicate-before-death%2F580303%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALast+words" class="Z3988"></span>, republished at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getpocket.com/explore/item/what-people-actually-say-before-they-die">Getpocket</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdvisoryBoard-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AdvisoryBoard_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maureen Keeley, quoted at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.advisory.com/en/daily-briefing/2019/01/30/final-words">"What do dying people really say? 'Mama,' curse words, and more"</a>. Advisory Board. January 30, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+do+dying+people+really+say%3F+%27Mama%2C%27+curse+words%2C+and+more&rft.pub=Advisory+Board&rft.date=2019-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.advisory.com%2Fen%2Fdaily-briefing%2F2019%2F01%2F30%2Ffinal-words&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALast+words" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Last_words&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmartt2017" class="citation book cs1">Smartt, Lisa (2017). <i>Words at the Threshold: What We Say as We're Nearing Death</i>. New World Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608684601" title="Special:BookSources/978-1608684601"><bdi>978-1608684601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Words+at+the+Threshold%3A+What+We+Say+as+We%27re+Nearing+Death&rft.pub=New+World+Library&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1608684601&rft.aulast=Smartt&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALast+words" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoody2015" class="citation book cs1">Moody, Raymond A. (2015). <i>Life After Life</i>. HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062428905" title="Special:BookSources/9780062428905"><bdi>9780062428905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+After+Life&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780062428905&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=Raymond+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALast+words" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiki,_Namba,_etc.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Miki, Namba, etc. (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17942497/#affiliation-1">"Terminal delirium: families' experience"</a>. <i>Palliative Medicine</i>. <b>21</b> (7): 587–594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0269216307081129">10.1177/0269216307081129</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17942497">17942497</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24219129">24219129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palliative+Medicine&rft.atitle=Terminal+delirium%3A+families%27+experience&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=587-594&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24219129%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17942497&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0269216307081129&rft.au=Miki%2C+Namba%2C+etc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F17942497%2F%23affiliation-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALast+words" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallananKelley2012" class="citation book cs1">Callanan, Maggie; Kelley, Patricia (2012). <i>Final Gifts: Understanding the Special Awareness, Needs, and Communications of the Dying</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451667257" title="Special:BookSources/978-1451667257"><bdi>978-1451667257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Gifts%3A+Understanding+the+Special+Awareness%2C+Needs%2C+and+Communications+of+the+Dying&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1451667257&rft.aulast=Callanan&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft.au=Kelley%2C+Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALast+words" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeleyYingling2007" class="citation book cs1">Keeley, Maureen; Yingling, Julie (2007). <i>Final Conversations: Helping the Living and the Dying Talk to Each Other</i>. Vanderwyk & Burnham. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1889242309" title="Special:BookSources/978-1889242309"><bdi>978-1889242309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Conversations%3A+Helping+the+Living+and+the+Dying+Talk+to+Each+Other&rft.pub=Vanderwyk+%26+Burnham&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1889242309&rft.aulast=Keeley&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft.au=Yingling%2C+Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALast+words" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1921" class="citation journal cs1">MacDonald, Arthur (October 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1413774">"Death-Psychology of Historical Personages"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 552–556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1413774">10.2307/1413774</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1413774">1413774</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Death-Psychology+of+Historical+Personages&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=552-556&rft.date=1921-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1413774&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1413774%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1413774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALast+words" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_words&oldid=1241590369">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_words&oldid=1241590369</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Last_words" title="Category:Last words">Last words</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 August 2024, at 01:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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