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href="#Early_writings_on_semiotics_and_popular_culture_(1961–1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early writings on semiotics and popular culture (1961–1964)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_writings_on_semiotics_and_popular_culture_(1961–1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_communication_and_semiological_guerrilla_warfare_(1965–1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_communication_and_semiological_guerrilla_warfare_(1965–1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Visual communication and semiological guerrilla warfare (1965–1975)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_communication_and_semiological_guerrilla_warfare_(1965–1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name_of_the_Rose_and_Foucault's_Pendulum_(1975–1988)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_of_the_Rose_and_Foucault's_Pendulum_(1975–1988)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><i>Name of the Rose</i> and <i>Foucault's Pendulum</i> (1975–1988)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_of_the_Rose_and_Foucault's_Pendulum_(1975–1988)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropology_of_the_West_and_The_Island_of_the_Day_Before_(1988–2000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropology_of_the_West_and_The_Island_of_the_Day_Before_(1988–2000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Anthropology of the West and <i>The Island of the Day Before</i> (1988–2000)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropology_of_the_West_and_The_Island_of_the_Day_Before_(1988–2000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_novels_and_writing_(2000–2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_novels_and_writing_(2000–2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Later novels and writing (2000–2016)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_novels_and_writing_(2000–2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_and_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_and_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influences and themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences_and_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Critical reception and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_reception_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Selected bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Non-fiction books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Anthologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_for_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_for_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Books for children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_for_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Umberto Eco</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A5%D9%83%D9%88" title="أومبرتو إكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أومبرتو إكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A9%D6%85_%D4%B7%D6%84%D6%85" title="Ումպերթօ Էքօ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ումպերթօ Էքօ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Умберто Эко – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Умберто Эко" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eko" title="Umberto Eko – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Umberto Eko" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88" title="اومبرتو اکو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اومبرتو اکو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B" title="উমবের্তো একো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উমবের্তো একো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Умберта Эка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Умберта Эка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Умбэрта Эка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Умбэрта Эка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Умберто Еко – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Умберто Еко" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨུམ་བེར་ཏོ་ཨེ་ཀོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨུམ་བེར་ཏོ་ཨེ་ཀོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Умберто Эко – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Умберто Эко" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%88%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Ουμπέρτο Έκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουμπέρτο Έκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88" title="اومبرتو اکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اومبرتو اکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%80%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%86%A0_%EC%97%90%EC%BD%94" title="움베르토 에코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="움베르토 에코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8_%D4%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8" title="Ումբերտո Էկո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ումբերտո Էկո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95" title="אומברטו אקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אומברטו אקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="უმბერტო ეკო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უმბერტო ეკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Умберто Эко – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Умберто Эко" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Умберто Эко – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Умберто Эко" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Умберто Эко – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Умберто Эко" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эко, Умберто – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Эко, Умберто" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbertus_Eco" title="Humbertus Eco – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Humbertus Eco" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eko" title="Umberto Eko – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Umberto Eko" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Умберто Еко – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Умберто Еко" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B" title="ഉംബർട്ടോ എക്കോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉംബർട്ടോ എക്കോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="უმბერტო ეკო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უმბერტო ეკო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88" title="اومبرتو اكو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اومبرتو اكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3" title="ウンベルト・エーコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウンベルト・エーコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B" title="ਉਮਬੇਰਤੋ ਈਕੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਮਬੇਰਤੋ ਈਕੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Умберто Еко – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Умберто Еко" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эко, Умберто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эко, Умберто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Умберто Эко – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Умберто Эко" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbertu_Ecu" title="Umbertu Ecu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Umbertu Ecu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%86_%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ئومبێرتۆ ئیکو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئومبێرتۆ ئیکو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Умберто Еко – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Умберто Еко" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B" title="உம்பெர்த்தோ எக்கோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உம்பெர்த்தோ எக்கோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eko" title="Umberto Eko – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Umberto Eko" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="อุมแบร์โต เอโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุมแบร์โต เอโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Умберто Еко – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Умберто Еко" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E8%B4%9D%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%A7%91" title="翁贝托·埃科 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="翁贝托·埃科" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E4%BC%AF%E5%9C%96%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E9%AB%98" title="烏伯圖·艾高 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="烏伯圖·艾高" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Umberto Eco" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberts_Ekos" title="Umberts Ekos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Umberts Ekos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E8%B4%9D%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%A7%91" title="翁贝托·埃科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="翁贝托·埃科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12807#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Umberto_Eco" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian semiotician, philosopher and writer (1932–2016)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Umberto Eco</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">OMRI</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Italiaanse_schrijver_Umberto_Eco,_portret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Italiaanse_schrijver_Umberto_Eco%2C_portret.jpg/220px-Italiaanse_schrijver_Umberto_Eco%2C_portret.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Italiaanse_schrijver_Umberto_Eco%2C_portret.jpg/330px-Italiaanse_schrijver_Umberto_Eco%2C_portret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Italiaanse_schrijver_Umberto_Eco%2C_portret.jpg/440px-Italiaanse_schrijver_Umberto_Eco%2C_portret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="3667" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Eco in 1984</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1932-01-05</span>)</span>5 January 1932<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Alessandria" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a>, Piedmont, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 February 2016<span style="display:none">(2016-02-19)</span> (aged 84)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Lombardy, Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Renate Ramge</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1962)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-</a>/<a href="/wiki/21st-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="21st-century philosophy">21st-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Milan" title="University of Milan">University of Milan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Republic_of_San_Marino" title="University of the Republic of San Marino">University of the Republic of San Marino</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Literary_semiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary semiotics">literary semiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_semiotics" title="Film semiotics">film semiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comics_semiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics semiotics">comics semiotics</a>)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>The open work (<i>opera aperta</i>)</li><li>the intention of the reader (<i>intentio lectoris</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>the limits of interpretation</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Umberto_Eco_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Umberto_Eco_signature.svg/150px-Umberto_Eco_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Umberto_Eco_signature.svg/225px-Umberto_Eco_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Umberto_Eco_signature.svg/300px-Umberto_Eco_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:19.5em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#66ccff;"><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;;padding:0;font-size:0.7em;line-height:0.7em;">  </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#66ccff;"> General concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_relation" title="Sign relation">relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_relational_complex" title="Sign relational complex">relational complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_(semiotics)" title="Code (semiotics)">Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confabulation" title="Confabulation">Confabulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connotation_(semiotics)" title="Connotation (semiotics)">Connotation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Denotation_(semiotics)" title="Denotation (semiotics)">Denotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encoding_(semiotics)" title="Encoding (semiotics)">Encoding</a> / <a href="/wiki/Decoding_(semiotics)" title="Decoding (semiotics)">Decoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_(semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical (semiotics)">Lexical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_(arts)" title="Representation (arts)">Representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salience_(semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salience (semiotics)">Salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiosis" title="Semiosis">Semiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiosphere" title="Semiosphere">Semiosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_theory_of_Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce">Semiotic theory of Peirce</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umwelt" title="Umwelt">Umwelt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(semiotics)" title="Value (semiotics)">Value</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#66ccff;"> Fields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_semiotics" title="Cognitive semiotics">Cognitive semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_semiotics" title="Computational semiotics">Computational semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_literary_criticism" title="Semiotic literary criticism">Literary semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_culture" title="Semiotics of culture">Semiotics of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_semiotics" title="Social semiotics">Social semiotics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#66ccff;"> Methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commutation_test_(semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commutation test (semiotics)">Commutation test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigmatic_analysis" title="Paradigmatic analysis">Paradigmatic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntagmatic_analysis" title="Syntagmatic analysis">Syntagmatic analysis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#66ccff;"> Semioticians</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Mikhail Bakhtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Danesi" title="Marcel Danesi">Marcel Danesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Deely" title="John Deely">John Deely</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Umberto Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Fabbri_(semiotician)" title="Paolo Fabbri (semiotician)">Paolo Fabbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algirdas_Julien_Greimas" title="Algirdas Julien Greimas">Algirdas Julien Greimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hjelmslev" title="Louis Hjelmslev">Louis Hjelmslev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(philologist)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)">Vyacheslav Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Kevelson" title="Roberta Kevelson">Roberta Kevelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevi_Kull" title="Kalevi Kull">Kalevi Kull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juri_Lotman" title="Juri Lotman">Juri Lotman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Morris" title="Charles W. Morris">Charles W. Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles S. Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Petrilli" title="Susan Petrilli">Susan Petrilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Thomas" title="John of St. Thomas">John Poinsot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Ponzio" title="Augusto Ponzio">Augusto Ponzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sebeok" title="Thomas Sebeok">Thomas Sebeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Silverstein" title="Michael Silverstein">Michael Silverstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eero_Tarasti" title="Eero Tarasti">Eero Tarasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Toporov" title="Vladimir Toporov">Vladimir Toporov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Lady_Welby" title="Victoria, Lady Welby">Victoria, Lady Welby</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#66ccff;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen%E2%80%93Tartu_school" title="Copenhagen–Tartu school">Copenhagen–Tartu school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu%E2%80%93Moscow_Semiotic_School" title="Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School">Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semiotics" title="Template:Semiotics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semiotics" title="Template talk:Semiotics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semiotics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semiotics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Umberto Eco</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">OMRI</a></span> (5 January 1932 – 19 February 2016) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">medievalist</a>, philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotician</a>, novelist, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">cultural critic</a>, and political and social commentator. In English, he is best known for his popular 1980 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose" title="The Name of the Rose">The Name of the Rose</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Historical_mystery" title="Historical mystery">historical mystery</a> combining semiotics in fiction with biblical analysis, medieval studies and <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theory</a>, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Foucault%27s_Pendulum" title="Foucault's Pendulum">Foucault's Pendulum</a></i>, his 1988 novel which touches on similar themes.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson_2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eco wrote prolifically throughout his life, with his output including children's books, translations from French and English, in addition to a twice-monthly newspaper column "La Bustina di Minerva" (Minerva's Matchbook) in the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Espresso" title="L'Espresso">L'Espresso</a></i> beginning in 1985, with his last column (a critical appraisal of the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> paintings of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a>) appearing 27 January 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of his death, he was an <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a> professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>, where he taught for much of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, he has continued to gain recognition for his 1995 essay "<a href="/wiki/Ur-Fascism" title="Ur-Fascism">Ur-Fascism</a>", where Eco lists fourteen general properties he believes comprise fascist ideologies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eco was born on 5 January 1932 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Alessandria" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> in northern Italy. The spread of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a> throughout the region influenced his childhood. At the age of ten, he received the First Provincial Award of Ludi Juveniles after responding positively to the young Italian fascist writing prompt of "Should we die for the glory of Mussolini and the immortal destiny of Italy?"<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Giulio, one of thirteen children, was an accountant before the government called him to serve in three wars. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Umberto and his mother, Giovanna (Bisio), moved to a small village in the Piedmontese mountainside.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His village was liberated in 1945, and he was exposed to American comic books, the European Resistance, and the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eco received a <a href="/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco" title="Salesians of Don Bosco">Salesian</a> education and made references to the order and its founder in his works and interviews.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of his life, Eco came to believe that his family name was an acronym of <i>ex caelis oblatus</i> (from Latin: a gift from the heavens). As was the custom at the time, the name had been given to his grandfather (a <a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">foundling</a>) by an official in city hall. In a 2011 interview, Eco explained that a friend happened to come across the acronym on a list of <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> acronyms in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, informing him of the likely origin of the name.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Umberto's father urged him to become a lawyer, but he entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin (UNITO)</a>, writing his thesis on the aesthetics of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval philosopher</a> and theologian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pareyson" title="Luigi Pareyson">Luigi Pareyson</a>, for which he earned his <a href="/wiki/Laurea#Former_status_of_the_Laurea_degree" title="Laurea">Laurea degree</a> in philosophy in 1954. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_aesthetics_and_philosophy_(1954–1968)"><span id="Medieval_aesthetics_and_philosophy_.281954.E2.80.931968.29"></span>Medieval aesthetics and philosophy (1954–1968)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval aesthetics and philosophy (1954–1968)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After graduating, Eco worked for the state broadcasting station <a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">Radiotelevisione Italiana</a> (RAI) in Milan, producing a variety of cultural programming. Following the publication of his first book in 1956, he became an assistant lecturer at his alma mater. In 1958, Eco left RAI and the University of Turin to complete 18 months of compulsory military service in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian Army</a>. </p><p>In 1959, following his return to university teaching, Eco was approached by <a href="/wiki/Valentino_Bompiani" title="Valentino Bompiani">Valentino Bompiani</a> to edit a series on "Idee nuove" (New Ideas) for his <a href="/wiki/Bompiani" title="Bompiani">eponymous publishing house</a> in Milan. According to the publisher, he became aware of Eco through his short pamphlet of cartoons and verse <i>Filosofi in libertà</i> (Philosophers in Freedom, or Liberated Philosophers), which had originally been published in a limited print run of 550 under the <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>-inspired pseudonym Daedalus.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same year, Eco published his second book, <i>Sviluppo dell'estetica medievale</i> (<i>The Development of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval Aesthetics</a></i>), a scholarly monograph building on his work on Aquinas. Earning his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">libera docenza</a> in aesthetics in 1961, Eco was promoted to the position of lecturer in the same subject in 1963, before leaving the University of Turin to take a position as lecturer in Architecture at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Milan" title="University of Milan">University of Milan</a> in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_writings_on_semiotics_and_popular_culture_(1961–1964)"><span id="Early_writings_on_semiotics_and_popular_culture_.281961.E2.80.931964.29"></span>Early writings on semiotics and popular culture (1961–1964)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early writings on semiotics and popular culture (1961–1964)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among his work for a general audience, in 1961 Eco's short essay "Phenomenology of <a href="/wiki/Mike_Bongiorno" title="Mike Bongiorno">Mike Bongiorno</a>", a critical analysis of a popular but unrefined quiz show host, appeared as part of a series of articles by Eco on mass media published in the magazine of the tyre manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Pirelli" title="Pirelli">Pirelli</a>. In it, Eco, observed that "[Bongiorno] does not provoke inferiority complexes, despite presenting himself as an idol, and the public acknowledge him, by being grateful to him and loving him. He represents an ideal that nobody need strive to reach because everyone is already at his level." Receiving notoriety among the general public thanks to widespread media coverage, the essay was later included in the collection <i>Diario minimo</i> (1963).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over this period, Eco began seriously developing his ideas on the "open" text and on semiotics, writing many essays on these subjects. In 1962 he published <i>Opera aperta</i> (translated into English as "The Open Work"). In it, Eco argued that literary texts are fields of meaning, rather than strings of meaning; and that they are understood as open, internally dynamic and psychologically engaged fields. Literature which limits one's potential understanding to a single, unequivocal line, the <i>closed text</i>, remains the least rewarding, while texts which are the most active between mind, society and life (open texts) are the liveliest and best—although valuation terminology was not his primary focus. Eco came to these positions through the study of language and from semiotics, rather than from psychology or <a href="/wiki/Historical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical analysis">historical analysis</a> (as did theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Iser" title="Wolfgang Iser">Wolfgang Iser</a>, on the one hand, and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Robert_Jauss" title="Hans Robert Jauss">Hans Robert Jauss</a>, on the other). </p><p>In his 1964 book <i>Apocalittici e integrati</i>, Eco continued his exploration of popular culture, analyzing the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">mass communication</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> perspective. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_communication_and_semiological_guerrilla_warfare_(1965–1975)"><span id="Visual_communication_and_semiological_guerrilla_warfare_.281965.E2.80.931975.29"></span>Visual communication and semiological guerrilla warfare (1965–1975)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Visual communication and semiological guerrilla warfare (1965–1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1965 to 1969, he was Professor of Visual Communications at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a>, where he gave the influential<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lecture "Towards a Semiological Guerrilla Warfare", which coined the influential term "<a href="/wiki/Semiological_guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiological guerrilla">semiological guerrilla</a>", and influenced the theorization of guerrilla tactics against mainstream <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass media culture">mass media culture</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_television" title="Guerrilla television">guerrilla television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">culture jamming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the expressions used in the essay are "communications guerrilla warfare" and "cultural guerrilla".<sup id="cite_ref-Eco67Guerrilla_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eco67Guerrilla-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bondanella05_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bondanella05-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essay was later included in Eco's book <i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Fakes" title="Faith in Fakes">Faith in Fakes</a></i>. </p><p>Eco's approach to semiotics is often referred to as "interpretative semiotics". In his first book-length elaboration, his theory appears in <i>La struttura assente</i> (1968; literally: <i>The Absent Structure</i>). </p><p>In 1969 he left to become Professor of Semiotics at <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Milan" title="Polytechnic University of Milan">Milan Polytechnic</a>, spending his first year as a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971 he took up a position as associate professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a> and spent 1972 as a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>. Following the publication of <i>A Theory of Semiotics</i> in 1975<i>,</i> he was promoted to Professor of Semiotics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Eco stepped down from his position as senior non-fiction editor at Bompiani. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name_of_the_Rose_and_Foucault's_Pendulum_(1975–1988)"><span id="Name_of_the_Rose_and_Foucault.27s_Pendulum_.281975.E2.80.931988.29"></span><i>Name of the Rose</i> and <i>Foucault's Pendulum</i> (1975–1988)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Name of the Rose and Foucault's Pendulum (1975–1988)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boekenconferentie_in_Amsterdam;_schrijver_Umberto_Eco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Boekenconferentie_in_Amsterdam%3B_schrijver_Umberto_Eco.jpg/200px-Boekenconferentie_in_Amsterdam%3B_schrijver_Umberto_Eco.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Boekenconferentie_in_Amsterdam%3B_schrijver_Umberto_Eco.jpg/300px-Boekenconferentie_in_Amsterdam%3B_schrijver_Umberto_Eco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Boekenconferentie_in_Amsterdam%3B_schrijver_Umberto_Eco.jpg/400px-Boekenconferentie_in_Amsterdam%3B_schrijver_Umberto_Eco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="3640" /></a><figcaption>Umberto Eco in 1987.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1977 to 1978 Eco was a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> and then at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. He returned to Yale from 1980 to 1981, and Columbia in 1984. During this time he completed <i>The Role of the Reader</i> (1979) and <i>Semiotics and Philosophy of Language</i> (1984). </p><p>Eco drew on his background as a medievalist in his first novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose" title="The Name of the Rose">The Name of the Rose</a></i> (1980), a historical mystery set in a 14th-century monastery. Franciscan friar <a href="/wiki/William_of_Baskerville" title="William of Baskerville">William of Baskerville</a>, aided by his assistant Adso, a <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_novitiate" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic novitiate">novice</a>, investigates a series of murders at a monastery that is to host an important religious debate. The novel contains many direct or indirect <a href="/wiki/Metatextuality" title="Metatextuality">metatextual</a> references to other sources which require the detective work of the reader to "solve". The title is unexplained in the body of the book, but at the end, there is a Latin verse <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stat_rosa_pristina_nomine,_nomina_nuda_tenemus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stat rosa pristina nomine, nomina nuda tenemus (page does not exist)">Stat rosa pristina nomine, nomina nuda tenemus</a>"<span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_rosa_pristina_nomine,_nomina_nuda_tenemus" class="extiw" title="it:Stat rosa pristina nomine, nomina nuda tenemus">it</a>; <a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina_nuda_tenemus" class="extiw" title="la:Nomina nuda tenemus">la</a>]</span></i></span> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> "about a rose that used to exist, all we can learn is its empty name"</span>). The rose serves as an example of the destiny of all remarkable things. There is a tribute to <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, a major influence on Eco, in the character Jorge of Burgos: Borges, like the blind monk Jorge, lived a celibate life consecrated to his passion for books, and also went blind in later life. The labyrinthine library in <i>The Name of the Rose</i> also alludes to Borges's short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Library_of_Babel" title="The Library of Babel">The Library of Babel</a>". William of Baskerville is a logical-minded Englishman who is a friar and a detective. His name evokes both <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> (by way of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hound_of_the_Baskervilles" title="The Hound of the Baskervilles">The Hound of the Baskervilles</a></i>); several passages which describe him are strongly reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Conan Doyle">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</a>'s descriptions of Holmes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Name of the Rose</i> was later made into <a href="/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose_(film)" title="The Name of the Rose (film)">a motion picture</a>, which follows the plot, though not the philosophical and historical themes of the novel and stars <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a>, <a href="/wiki/F._Murray_Abraham" title="F. Murray Abraham">F. Murray Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Slater" title="Christian Slater">Christian Slater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Perlman" title="Ron Perlman">Ron Perlman</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose_(miniseries)" title="The Name of the Rose (miniseries)">made-for-television mini-series</a>. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Foucault%27s_Pendulum" title="Foucault's Pendulum">Foucault's Pendulum</a></i> (1988), three under-employed editors who work for a minor publishing house decide to amuse themselves by inventing a conspiracy theory. Their conspiracy, which they call "The Plan", is about an immense and intricate plot to take over the world by a secret order descended from the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>. As the game goes on, the three slowly become obsessed with the details of this plan. The game turns dangerous when outsiders learn of The Plan and believe that the men have really discovered the secret to regaining the lost treasure of the Templars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropology_of_the_West_and_The_Island_of_the_Day_Before_(1988–2000)"><span id="Anthropology_of_the_West_and_The_Island_of_the_Day_Before_.281988.E2.80.932000.29"></span>Anthropology of the West and <i>The Island of the Day Before</i> (1988–2000)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anthropology of the West and The Island of the Day Before (1988–2000)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1988, Eco founded the Department of <a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media Studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Republic_of_San_Marino" title="University of the Republic of San Marino">University of the Republic of San Marino</a>, and in 1992 he founded the Institute of Communication Disciplines at the University of Bologna, later founding the Higher School for the Study of the Humanities at the same institution.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, at the University of Bologna, Eco created an unusual program called <i>Anthropology of the West</i> from the perspective of non-Westerners (African and Chinese scholars), as defined by their own criteria. Eco developed this transcultural international network based on the idea of <a href="/wiki/Alain_le_Pichon" title="Alain le Pichon">Alain le Pichon</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. The Bologna program resulted in the first conference in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhou, China">Guangzhou, China</a>, in 1991 entitled "Frontiers of Knowledge". The first event was soon followed by an Itinerant Euro-Chinese seminar on "Misunderstandings in the Quest for the Universal" along the silk trade route from <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> to Beijing. The latter culminated in a book entitled <i>The Unicorn and the Dragon</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which discussed the question of the creation of knowledge in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Scholars contributing to this volume were from China, including <a href="/wiki/Tang_Yijie" title="Tang Yijie">Tang Yijie</a>, Wang Bin and Yue Daiyun, as well as from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>: Furio Colombo, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Danchin" title="Antoine Danchin">Antoine Danchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Le_Goff" title="Jacques Le Goff">Jacques Le Goff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Fabbri_(semiotician)" title="Paolo Fabbri (semiotician)">Paolo Fabbri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alain_Rey" title="Alain Rey">Alain Rey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eco published <i>The Limits of Interpretation</i> in 1990. </p><p>From 1992 to 1993, Eco was a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and from 2001 to 2002, at <a href="/wiki/St_Anne%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Anne's College, Oxford">St Anne's College, Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Island_of_the_Day_Before" title="The Island of the Day Before">The Island of the Day Before</a></i> (1994) was Eco's third novel. The book, set in the 17th century, is about a man stranded on a ship within sight of an island which he believes is on the other side of the international date-line. The main character is trapped by his inability to swim and instead spends the bulk of the book reminiscing on his life and the adventures that brought him to be stranded. </p><p>He returned to semiotics in <i><a href="/wiki/Kant_and_the_Platypus" title="Kant and the Platypus">Kant and the Platypus</a></i> in 1997, a book which Eco reputedly warned his fans away from, saying, "This a hard-core book. It's not a page-turner. You have to stay on every page for two weeks with your pencil. In other words, don't buy it if you are not Einstein."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, a seminar in <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> was followed up with another gathering in Bologna to reflect on the conditions of reciprocal knowledge between East and West. This, in turn, gave rise to a series of conferences in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, culminating in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in 2007. The topics of the Beijing conference were "Order and Disorder", "New Concepts of War and Peace", "Human Rights" and "Social Justice and Harmony". Eco presented the opening lecture. Among those giving presentations were anthropologists Balveer Arora, <a href="/wiki/Varun_Sahni" title="Varun Sahni">Varun Sahni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rukmini_Bhaya_Nair" title="Rukmini Bhaya Nair">Rukmini Bhaya Nair</a> from India, Moussa Sow from Africa, Roland Marti and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Olender" title="Maurice Olender">Maurice Olender</a> from Europe, Cha Insuk from <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, and Huang Ping and Zhao Tinyang from China. Also on the program were scholars from the fields of law and science including <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Danchin" title="Antoine Danchin">Antoine Danchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Djebbar" title="Ahmed Djebbar">Ahmed Djebbar</a> and Dieter Grimm.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eco's interest in east–west dialogue to facilitate international communication and understanding also correlates with his related interest in the international auxiliary language <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_novels_and_writing_(2000–2016)"><span id="Later_novels_and_writing_.282000.E2.80.932016.29"></span>Later novels and writing (2000–2016)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later novels and writing (2000–2016)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umberto_Eco_in_his_house.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Umberto_Eco_in_his_house.JPG/220px-Umberto_Eco_in_his_house.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Umberto_Eco_in_his_house.JPG/330px-Umberto_Eco_in_his_house.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Umberto_Eco_in_his_house.JPG/440px-Umberto_Eco_in_his_house.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3225" data-file-height="2398" /></a><figcaption>Eco at his home in 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Mark_-_Umberto_Eco,_Milan_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Oliver_Mark_-_Umberto_Eco%2C_Milan_2011.jpg/220px-Oliver_Mark_-_Umberto_Eco%2C_Milan_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Oliver_Mark_-_Umberto_Eco%2C_Milan_2011.jpg/330px-Oliver_Mark_-_Umberto_Eco%2C_Milan_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Oliver_Mark_-_Umberto_Eco%2C_Milan_2011.jpg/440px-Oliver_Mark_-_Umberto_Eco%2C_Milan_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption>Umberto Eco photographed by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Mark" title="Oliver Mark">Oliver Mark</a>, Milan 2011</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Baudolino" title="Baudolino">Baudolino</a></i> was published in 2000. Baudolino is a much-travelled polyglot Piedmontese scholar who saves the Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a> during the sack of Constantinople in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>. Claiming to be an accomplished liar, he confides his history, from his childhood as a peasant lad endowed with a vivid imagination, through his role as adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Frederick Barbarossa</a>, to his mission to visit the mythical realm of <a href="/wiki/Prester_John" title="Prester John">Prester John</a>. Throughout his retelling, Baudolino brags about his ability to swindle and tell tall tales, leaving the historian (and the reader) unsure of just how much of his story was a lie. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Flame_of_Queen_Loana" title="The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana">The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana</a></i> (2005) is about <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Bodoni" title="Giambattista Bodoni">Giambattista Bodoni</a>, an old bookseller specializing in antiques who emerges from a coma with only some memories to recover his past. Bodoni is pressed to make a very difficult choice, one between his past and his future. He must either abandon his past to live his future or regain his past and sacrifice his future.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_Cemetery" title="The Prague Cemetery">The Prague Cemetery</a></i>, Eco's sixth novel, was published in 2010. It is the story of a secret agent who "weaves plots, conspiracies, intrigues and attacks, and helps determine the historical and political fate of the European Continent". The book is a narrative of the rise of Modern-day <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, by way of the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i> and other important 19th-century events which gave rise to hatred and hostility toward the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2012, Eco and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Claude Carrière">Jean-Claude Carrière</a> published a book of conversations on the future of information carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eco criticized social networks, saying for example that "Social media gives legions of idiots the right to speak when they once only spoke at a bar after a glass of wine, without harming the community ... but now they have the same right to speak as a Nobel Prize winner. It's the invasion of the idiots."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>From the Tree to the Labyrinth: Historical Studies on the Sign and Interpretation</i> (2014). </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Numero_Zero" title="Numero Zero">Numero Zero</a></i> was published in 2015. Set in 1992 and narrated by Colonna, a hack journalist working on a Milan newspaper, it offers a satire of Italy's kickback and bribery culture<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as, among many things, the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_and_themes">Influences and themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Influences and themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umberto_Eco_timbre_du_Coll%C3%A8ge_de_%27Pataphysique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Umberto_Eco_timbre_du_Coll%C3%A8ge_de_%27Pataphysique.jpg/220px-Umberto_Eco_timbre_du_Coll%C3%A8ge_de_%27Pataphysique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Umberto_Eco_timbre_du_Coll%C3%A8ge_de_%27Pataphysique.jpg/330px-Umberto_Eco_timbre_du_Coll%C3%A8ge_de_%27Pataphysique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Umberto_Eco_timbre_du_Coll%C3%A8ge_de_%27Pataphysique.jpg/440px-Umberto_Eco_timbre_du_Coll%C3%A8ge_de_%27Pataphysique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Collège de 'Pataphysique, stamp of Satrap Umberto Eco. By <a href="/wiki/Jean-Max_Albert" title="Jean-Max Albert">Jean-Max Albert</a> Rt, 2001</figcaption></figure><p>A group of <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> artists, painters, musicians and writers, whom he had befriended at RAI, the <a href="/wiki/Neoavanguardia" title="Neoavanguardia">Neoavanguardia</a> or Gruppo '63, became an important and influential component in Eco's writing career.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971, Eco co-founded <i><a href="/wiki/Versus_(journal)" title="Versus (journal)">Versus: Quaderni di studi semiotici</a></i> (known as <i>VS </i>among Italian academics), a semiotic journal. <i>VS</i> is used by scholars whose work is related to signs and signification. The journal's foundation and activities have contributed to semiotics as an academic field in its own right, both in Italy and in the rest of Europe. Most of the well-known European semioticians, including Eco, <a href="/wiki/A._J._Greimas" class="mw-redirect" title="A. J. Greimas">A. J. Greimas</a>, Jean-Marie Floch, and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fontanille" title="Jacques Fontanille">Jacques Fontanille</a>, as well as philosophers and linguists like <a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Lakoff" title="George Lakoff">George Lakoff</a>, have published original articles in <i>VS</i>. His work with Serbian and Russian scholars and writers included thoughts on <a href="/wiki/Milorad_Pavi%C4%87" title="Milorad Pavić">Milorad Pavić</a> and a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Genis" title="Alexander Genis">Alexander Genis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the early 1990s, Eco collaborated with artists and philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Baj" title="Enrico Baj">Enrico Baj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Kuspit" title="Donald Kuspit">Donald Kuspit</a> to publish a number of tongue-in-cheek texts on the imaginary science of <a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics" title="'Pataphysics">'pataphysics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eco's fiction has enjoyed a wide audience around the world, with many translations. His novels are full of subtle, often multilingual, references to literature and history. Eco's work illustrates the concept of <a href="/wiki/Intertextuality" title="Intertextuality">intertextuality</a>, or the inter-connectedness of all literary works. Eco cited <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> as the two modern authors who have influenced his work the most.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Umberto Eco did not consider hypertexts a valid support for a novel. In his opinion, multimedia added nothing to the cultural value of the work, it only integrated its contents. In 1995, during a presentation at the Milan Triennale University, he declared: "I have seen several multimedia works, and I personally collaborated in the drafting of a publication of this type. They gave me a computer on which to run the finished work, but now remotely of just one year this machine is already outdated, rendered obsolete and unusable with the most recent multimedia works."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eco was also a translator: he translated into Italian <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Queneau" title="Raymond Queneau">Raymond Queneau</a>'s <i>Exercices de style</i> (1947). Eco's translation was published under the title <i>Esercizi di stile</i> in 1983. He was also the translator of <i><a href="/wiki/Sylvie_(novel)" title="Sylvie (novel)">Sylvie</a>,</i> a novella by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Gérard de Nerval</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception_and_legacy">Critical reception and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Critical reception and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an academic studying philosophy, semiotics, and culture, Eco divided critics as to whether his theorizing should be seen as brilliant or an unnecessary vanity project obsessing over minutiae, while his fiction writing stunned critics with its simultaneous complexity and popularity. In his 1980 review of <i>The Role of the Reader</i>, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a>, attacking Eco's esoteric tendencies, writes that, "[Eco seeks] the rhetoric of technicality, the means of generating so much smoke for so long that the reader will begin to blame his own lack of perception, rather than the author's lack of illumination, for the fact that he has ceased to see."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1986 review of <i>Faith in Fakes</i> and <i>Art and Beauty in the Middle Ages</i>, art historian <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Penny" title="Nicholas Penny">Nicholas Penny</a>, meanwhile, accuses Eco of pandering, writing "I suspect that Eco may have first been seduced from intellectual caution, if not modesty, by the righteous cause of 'relevance' (a word much in favour when the earlier of these essays appeared) – a cause which Medievalists may be driven to embrace with particularly desperate abandon."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the other end of the spectrum, Eco has been praised for his levity and encyclopedic knowledge, which allowed him to make abstruse academic subjects accessible and engaging. In a 1980 review of <i>The Name of the Rose</i>, literary critic and scholar <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kermode" title="Frank Kermode">Frank Kermode</a> refers to <i>Theory of Semiotics</i>, as "a vigorous but difficult treatise", finding Eco's novel, "a wonderfully interesting book – a very odd thing to be born of a passion for the Middle Ages and for semiotics, and a very modern pleasure."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a> cites Eco's 1962 book <i>The Open Work</i> approvingly in his seminal 1968 text <i><a href="/wiki/Difference_and_Repetition" title="Difference and Repetition">Difference and Repetition</a></i>, a book which <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">poststructuralist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> is said to have also taken inspiration from.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an obituary by the philosopher and literary critic Carlin Romano, meanwhile, Eco is described as having "[become], over time, the critical conscience at the center of Italian humanistic culture, uniting smaller worlds like no one before him."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, a retrospective of Eco's work was published by <a href="/wiki/Open_Court_Publishing_Company" title="Open Court Publishing Company">Open Court</a> as the 35th volume in the prestigious <i>Library of Living Philosophers,</i> edited by Sara G. Beardsworth and <a href="/wiki/Randall_Auxier" title="Randall Auxier">Randall E. Auxier</a>, featuring essays by 23 contemporary scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the publication of <i>The Name of the Rose</i> in 1980<i>,</i> Eco was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Strega_Prize" title="Strega Prize">Strega prize</a> in 1981, Italy's most prestigious literary award, receiving the Anghiari prize the same year. The following year, he received the Mendicis prize, and in 1985 the McLuhan Teleglobe prize.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Eco was honoured with the <i><a href="/wiki/Kenyon_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyon Review">Kenyon Review</a></i> Award for Literary Achievement, along with <a href="/wiki/Roger_Angell" title="Roger Angell">Roger Angell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kenyon_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kenyon-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Eco was invited to join the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei" title="Accademia dei Lincei">Accademia dei Lincei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eco was awarded honorary doctorate degrees for the first time by the University of <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, then by the <a href="/wiki/Odense_University" title="Odense University">University of Odense</a> in 1986, <a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_Chicago" title="Loyola University Chicago">Loyola University Chicago</a> in 1987, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liege" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Liege">University of Liege</a> in 1989, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> in 1990, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a> in 1992, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University Bloomington</a> in 1992, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">University of Tartu</a> in 1996, <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> in 2002, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Belgrade" title="University of Belgrade">University of Belgrade</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Eco was an honorary <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kellogg_College,_Oxford" title="Kellogg College, Oxford">Kellogg College, Oxford</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Associate member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy of Belgium">Royal Academy of Belgium</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Prize_of_the_International_Gutenberg_Society_and_the_City_of_Mainz" title="Gutenberg Prize of the International Gutenberg Society and the City of Mainz">Gutenberg Prize of the International Gutenberg Society and the City of Mainz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his university studies, Eco ceased to believe in God and left the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, later helping co-found the Italian skeptic organization <i><a href="/wiki/CICAP" title="CICAP">Comitato Italiano per il Controllo delle Affermazioni sulle Pseudoscienze</a></i> (Italian Committee for the Investigation of Claims of the Pseudosciences).<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianNaples2005_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianNaples2005-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time05_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time05-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liukkonen03_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liukkonen03-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1962 he married <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renate_Ramge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renate Ramge (page does not exist)">Renate Ramge</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Ramge" class="extiw" title="de:Renate Ramge">de</a>]</span>, a German graphic designer and art teacher with whom he had a son and a daughter. </p><p>Eco divided his time between an apartment in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and a vacation house near <a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a>. He had a 30,000-volume library in the former and a 20,000-volume library in the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eco died at his Milanese home of <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which he had been suffering for two years, on the night of 19 February 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Death_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2008 to the time of his death at the age of 84, he was a professor emeritus at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>, where he had taught since 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Death_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-D_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eco has a cameo in <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a>'s 1961 film <i><a href="/wiki/La_Notte" title="La Notte">La Notte</a></i> ('The Night'), playing a guest at a party celebrating the publication of protagonist <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pontano" title="Giovanni Pontano">Giovanni Pontano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marcello_Mastroianni" title="Marcello Mastroianni">Marcello Mastroianni</a>)'s new book by Bompiani (where Eco was an editor in real life).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eco's private library collection was the subject of a 2023 documentary film by the director <a href="/wiki/Davide_Ferrario" title="Davide Ferrario">Davide Ferrario</a>, the documentary was titled <i>Umberto Eco: A Library of the World</i><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco_bibliography" title="Umberto Eco bibliography">Umberto Eco bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Il nome della rosa</i> (1980; English translation: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose" title="The Name of the Rose">The Name of the Rose</a></i>, 1983)</li> <li><i>Il pendolo di Foucault</i> (1988; English translation: <i><a href="/wiki/Foucault%27s_Pendulum" title="Foucault's Pendulum">Foucault's Pendulum</a></i>, 1989)</li> <li><i>L'isola del giorno prima</i> (1994; English translation: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Island_of_the_Day_Before" title="The Island of the Day Before">The Island of the Day Before</a></i>, 1995)</li> <li><i>Baudolino</i> (2000; English translation: <i><a href="/wiki/Baudolino" title="Baudolino">Baudolino</a></i>, 2001)</li> <li><i>La misteriosa fiamma della regina Loana</i> (2004; English translation: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Flame_of_Queen_Loana" title="The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana">The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana</a></i>, 2005)</li> <li><i>Il cimitero di Praga</i> (2010; English translation: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_Cemetery" title="The Prague Cemetery">The Prague Cemetery</a></i>, 2011)</li> <li><i>Numero zero</i> (2015; English translation: <i><a href="/wiki/Numero_Zero" title="Numero Zero">Numero Zero</a></i>, 2015)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction_books">Non-fiction books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Non-fiction books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Il problema estetico in San Tommaso</i> (1956 – English translation: <i>The Aesthetics of Thomas Aquinas</i>, 1988, revised)</li> <li>"Sviluppo dell'estetica medievale", in <i>Momenti e problemi di storia dell'estetica</i> (1959 – <i>Art and Beauty in the Middle Ages</i>, 1985)</li> <li><i>Opera aperta</i> (1962, rev. 1976 – English translation: <i>The Open Work</i>, (1989)</li> <li><i>Diario Minimo</i> (1963 – English translation: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misreadings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misreadings (page does not exist)">Misreadings</a></i>, 1993)</li> <li><i>Apocalittici e integrati</i> (1964 – Partial English translation: <i>Apocalypse Postponed</i>, 1994)</li> <li><i>Le poetiche di Joyce</i> (1965 – English translations: <i>The Middle Ages of <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></i>, <i>The Aesthetics of Chaosmos</i>, 1989)</li> <li><i>La Struttura Assente</i> (1968 – <i>The Absent Structure</i>)</li> <li><i>Il costume di casa</i> (1973 – English translation: <i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Fakes" title="Faith in Fakes">Faith in Fakes</a>: Travels in Hyperreality</i>, 1986)</li> <li><i>Trattato di semiotica generale</i> (1975 – English translation: <i>A Theory of Semiotics</i>, 1976)</li> <li><i>Il Superuomo di massa</i> (1976)</li> <li><i>Come si fa una tesi di laurea</i> (1977 – English translation: How to Write a Thesis, 2015)</li> <li><i>Dalla periferia dell'impero</i> (1977)</li> <li><i>Lector in fabula</i> (1979)</li> <li><i>A semiotic Landscape. Panorama sémiotique</i>. Proceedings of the Ist Congress of the International Association for Semiotic Studies, Den Haag, Paris, New York: Mouton (=Approaches to Semiotics, 29) (with Seymour Chatman and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Klinkenberg" title="Jean-Marie Klinkenberg">Jean-Marie Klinkenberg</a>).</li> <li><i>The Role of the Reader: Explorations in the Semiotics of Texts</i> (1979 – English edition containing essays from <i>Opera aperta</i>, <i>Apocalittici e integrati</i>, <i>Forme del contenuto</i> (1971), <i>Il Superuomo di massa</i>, <i>Lector in Fabula</i>).</li> <li><i>Sette anni di desiderio</i> (1983)</li> <li><i>Postille al nome della rosa</i> (1983 – English translation: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postscript_to_The_Name_of_the_Rose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postscript to The Name of the Rose (page does not exist)">Postscript to The Name of the Rose</a></i>, 1984)</li> <li><i>Semiotica e filosofia del linguaggio</i> (1984 – English translation: <i>Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language</i>, 1984)</li> <li><i>De Bibliotheca</i> (1986 – in Italian and French)</li> <li><i>Lo strano caso della Hanau 1609</i> (1989 – French translation: <i>L'Enigme de l'Hanau 1609</i>, 1990)</li> <li><i>I limiti dell'interpretazione</i> (1990 – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Limits_of_Interpretation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Limits of Interpretation (page does not exist)">The Limits of Interpretation</a></i>, 1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretation_and_Overinterpretation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interpretation and Overinterpretation (page does not exist)">Interpretation and Overinterpretation</a></i> (1992 – with R. Rorty, J. Culler, C. Brooke-Rose; edited by S. Collini)</li> <li><i>Il secondo diario minimo</i> (1992)</li> <li><i>La ricerca della lingua perfetta nella cultura europea</i> (1993 – English translation: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_the_Perfect_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="The Search for the Perfect Language">The Search for the Perfect Language</a> (The Making of Europe)</i>, 1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Walks_in_the_Fictional_Woods" title="Six Walks in the Fictional Woods">Six Walks in the Fictional Woods</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ur_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur Fascism">Ur Fascism</a></i> (1995) which includes "14 General Properties of Fascism" (1995 – English translation: <i><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal Fascism">Eternal Fascism</a></i>)</li> <li><i>Incontro – Encounter – Rencontre</i> (1996 – in Italian, English, French)</li> <li><i>In cosa crede chi non crede?</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a>), 1996 – English translation: <i><a href="/wiki/Belief_or_Nonbelief%3F" title="Belief or Nonbelief?">Belief or Nonbelief?</a>: A Dialogue</i>, 2000)</li> <li><i>Cinque scritti morali</i> (1997 – English translation: <i>Five Moral Pieces</i>, 2001)</li> <li><i>Kant e l'ornitorinco</i> (1997 – English translation: <i><a href="/wiki/Kant_and_the_Platypus:_Essays_on_Language_and_Cognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant and the Platypus: Essays on Language and Cognition">Kant and the Platypus: Essays on Language and Cognition</a></i>, 1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serendipities" title="Serendipities">Serendipities</a>: Language and Lunacy</i> (1998)</li> <li><i>How to Travel with a Salmon & Other Essays</i> (1998 – Partial English translation of <i>Il secondo diario minimo</i>, 1994)</li> <li><i>La bustina di Minerva</i> (1999)</li> <li><i>Experiences in Translation</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a> (2000)</li> <li><i>Sugli specchi e altri saggi</i> (2002)</li> <li><i>Sulla letteratura</i>, (2003 – English translation by <a href="/wiki/Martin_McLaughlin" title="Martin McLaughlin">Martin McLaughlin</a>: <i>On Literature</i>, 2004)</li> <li><i>Mouse or Rat?: Translation as negotiation</i> (2003)</li> <li><i>Storia della bellezza</i> (2004, co-edited with Girolamo de Michele – English translation: <i>History of Beauty</i>/<i>On Beauty</i>, 2004)</li> <li><i>A passo di gambero. Guerre calde e populismo mediatico</i> (Bompiani, 2006 – English translation: <i>Turning Back the Clock: Hot Wars and Media Populism</i>, 2007, Alastair McEwen)</li> <li><i>Storia della bruttezza</i> (Bompiani, 2007 – English translation: <i><a href="/wiki/On_Ugliness" title="On Ugliness">On Ugliness</a></i>, 2007)</li> <li><i>Dall'albero al labirinto: studi storici sul segno e l'interpretazione</i> (Bompiani, 2007 – English translation: "From the Tree to the Labyrinth: Historical Studies on the Sign and Interpretation", 2014, Anthony Oldcorn)</li> <li><i>La Vertigine della Lista</i> (Rizzoli, 2009) – English translation: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Infinity_of_Lists" title="The Infinity of Lists">The Infinity of Lists</a></i></li> <li><i>Costruire il nemico e altri scritti occasionali</i> (Bompiani, 2011) – English translation by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dixon_(translator)" title="Richard Dixon (translator)">Richard Dixon</a>: <i>Inventing the Enemy</i> (2012)</li> <li><i>Storia delle terre e dei luoghi leggendari</i> (Bompiani, 2013) – English translation by Alastair McEwen: <i>The Book of Legendary Lands</i> (2013)</li> <li><i>Pape Satàn Aleppe: Cronache di una società liquida</i> (Nave di Teseo, 2016) – English translation by Richard Dixon: <i>Chronicles of a Liquid Society</i> (2017)</li> <li><i>Sulle spalle dei giganti</i>, Collana I fari, Milano, La nave di Teseo, 2017, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-934-4271-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-934-4271-8">978-88-934-4271-8</a>. – English translation by Alastair McEwen: <i>On the Shoulders of Giants</i>, Harvard UP (2019)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthologies">Anthologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Anthologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEcoSebeok1984" class="citation cs2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eco, Umberto</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sebeok" title="Thomas Sebeok">Sebeok, Thomas A.</a>, eds. (1984), <i>The Sign of Three: Dupin, Holmes, Peirce</i>, Bloomington, IN: History Workshop, Indiana University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35235-4"><bdi>978-0-253-35235-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sign+of+Three%3A+Dupin%2C+Holmes%2C+Peirce&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=History+Workshop%2C+Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35235-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>Ten essays on methods of <a href="/wiki/Abductive" class="mw-redirect" title="Abductive">abductive</a> inference in <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/C._Auguste_Dupin" title="C. Auguste Dupin">Dupin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Doyle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Holmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a> and many others, 236 pages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_for_children">Books for children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Books for children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Art by Eugenio Carmi) </p> <ul><li><i>La bomba e il generale</i> (1966, Rev. 1988 – English translation: <i>The Bomb and the General</i> Harcourt Children's Books (J); 1st edition (February 1989) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-209700-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-209700-4">978-0-15-209700-4</a>)</li> <li><i>I tre cosmonauti</i> (1966 – English translation: <i>The Three Cosmonauts</i> Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd; First edition (3 April 1989) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-436-14094-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-436-14094-5">978-0-436-14094-5</a>)</li> <li><i>Gli gnomi di Gnu</i> (1992 – English translation: <i>The Gnomes of Gnu</i> Bompiani; 1. ed edition (1992) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-452-1885-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-452-1885-9">978-88-452-1885-9</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">EK</span>-oh</i></a>, <span class="IPA-label">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[umˈbɛrto<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɛːko]</a></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_Eco&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNöth2017" class="citation cs2">Nöth, Winfried (21 August 2017), "Umberto Eco: Structuralist and Poststructuralist at Once", <i>Umberto Eco in His Own Words</i>, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 111–118, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781501507144-014">10.1515/9781501507144-014</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0714-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0714-4"><bdi>978-1-5015-0714-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Umberto+Eco%3A+Structuralist+and+Poststructuralist+at+Once&rft.btitle=Umberto+Eco+in+His+Own+Words&rft.pages=111-118&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2017-08-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781501507144-014&rft.isbn=978-1-5015-0714-4&rft.aulast=N%C3%B6th&rft.aufirst=Winfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Umberto Eco, <i>Interpretation and Overinterpretation</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson_2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_2016_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2016" class="citation web cs1">Thomson, Ian (20 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/20/umberto-eco-obituary">"Umberto Eco obituary"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302200851/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/20/umberto-eco-obituary">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Umberto+Eco+obituary&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F20%2Fumberto-eco-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espresso.repubblica.it/opinioni/la-bustina-di-minerva/2016/01/20/news/la-cattiva-pittura-di-hayez-1.247246">"La cattiva pittura di Hayez"</a>. <i>l'Espresso</i> (in Italian). 27 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202091223/https://espresso.repubblica.it/opinioni/la-bustina-di-minerva/2016/01/20/news/la-cattiva-pittura-di-hayez-1.247246">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=l%27Espresso&rft.atitle=La+cattiva+pittura+di+Hayez&rft.date=2016-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespresso.repubblica.it%2Fopinioni%2Fla-bustina-di-minerva%2F2016%2F01%2F20%2Fnews%2Fla-cattiva-pittura-di-hayez-1.247246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks2016" class="citation web cs1">Parks, Tim (6 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/06/pape-satan-aleppe-umberto-eco-review-collection-magazine-columns">"Pape Satàn Aleppe by Umberto Eco review – why the modern world is stupid"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526194334/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/06/pape-satan-aleppe-umberto-eco-review-collection-magazine-columns">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pape+Sat%C3%A0n+Aleppe+by+Umberto+Eco+review+%E2%80%93+why+the+modern+world+is+stupid&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft.aulast=Parks&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2016%2Fapr%2F06%2Fpape-satan-aleppe-umberto-eco-review-collection-magazine-columns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/20/umberto-eco-1932-2016">"Umberto Eco, 1932–2016"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Agence France-Presse. 19 February 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710202819/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/20/umberto-eco-1932-2016">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Umberto+Eco%2C+1932%E2%80%932016&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F20%2Fumberto-eco-1932-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEco" class="citation news cs1">Eco, Umberto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1995/06/22/ur-fascism/">"Ur-Fascism"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books 2022</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504">0028-7504</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230218121115/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1995/06/22/ur-fascism/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books+2022&rft.atitle=Ur-Fascism&rft.issn=0028-7504&rft.aulast=Eco&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F1995%2F06%2F22%2Fur-fascism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/topics/umberto-eco">"Umberto Eco Biography"</a>. <i>eNotes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301211321/http://www.enotes.com/topics/umberto-eco">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eNotes&rft.atitle=Umberto+Eco+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enotes.com%2Ftopics%2Fumberto-eco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306042413/http://www.sdb.ph/sdb4/N7/20040644ENG.doc">"Don Bosco in Umberto Eco's latest book"</a>, <i>N7: News Publication for the Salesian Community</i>: 4, June 2004, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdb.ph/sdb4/N7/20040644ENG.doc">the original</a> on 6 March 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N7%3A+News+Publication+for+the+Salesian+Community&rft.atitle=Don+Bosco+in+Umberto+Eco%27s+latest+book&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdb.ph%2Fsdb4%2FN7%2F20040644ENG.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/11/17/umberto-writer-interview/">"Fifteen Questions with Umberto Eco | Magazine | The Harvard Crimson"</a>. <i>www.thecrimson.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219202335/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/11/17/umberto-writer-interview/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecrimson.com&rft.atitle=Fifteen+Questions+with+Umberto+Eco+%7C+Magazine+%7C+The+Harvard+Crimson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F11%2F17%2Fumberto-writer-interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondanella2005" class="citation book cs1">Bondanella, Peter (20 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J1hINlpWgJIC&q=Bompiani+publishing+house&pg=PA19"><i>Umberto Eco and the Open Text: Semiotics, Fiction, Popular Culture</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02087-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02087-9"><bdi>978-0-521-02087-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Umberto+Eco+and+the+Open+Text%3A+Semiotics%2C+Fiction%2C+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-10-20&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02087-9&rft.aulast=Bondanella&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ1hINlpWgJIC%26q%3DBompiani%2Bpublishing%2Bhouse%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChevalier1993" class="citation book cs1">Chevalier, Tracy (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporaryworl0000unse/page/158/mode/2up?q=umberto+eco"><i>Contemporary World Writers</i></a>. Detroit: St. James Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558622005" title="Special:BookSources/9781558622005"><bdi>9781558622005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+World+Writers&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=St.+James+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781558622005&rft.aulast=Chevalier&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontemporaryworl0000unse%2Fpage%2F158%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dumberto%2Beco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rivistapirelli.org/en/umberto-eco-and-pirelli-mass-culture-and-corporate-culture/">"Umberto Eco and Pirelli: mass culture and corporate culture – Rivista Pirelli"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814231154/https://www.rivistapirelli.org/en/umberto-eco-and-pirelli-mass-culture-and-corporate-culture/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Umberto+Eco+and+Pirelli%3A+mass+culture+and+corporate+culture+%E2%80%93+Rivista+Pirelli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rivistapirelli.org%2Fen%2Fumberto-eco-and-pirelli-mass-culture-and-corporate-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/phenomenology-donald-trump">"The Phenomenology of Donald Trump | History Today"</a>. <i>www.historytoday.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924232834/https://www.historytoday.com/phenomenology-donald-trump">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historytoday.com&rft.atitle=The+Phenomenology+of+Donald+Trump+%7C+History+Today&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fphenomenology-donald-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrangelove2005" class="citation book cs1">Strangelove, Michael (2005). <i>The Empire of Mind: Digital Piracy and the Anti-Capitalist Movement</i>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 104–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3818-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3818-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-3818-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+Mind%3A+Digital+Piracy+and+the+Anti-Capitalist+Movement&rft.pages=104-105&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3818-0&rft.aulast=Strangelove&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiske1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(media_scholar)" title="John Fiske (media scholar)">Fiske, John</a> (1989). <i>Understanding Popular Culture</i>. Routledege, London. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Routledege%2C+London&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eco67Guerrilla-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eco67Guerrilla_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEco1995" class="citation book cs1">Eco, Umberto (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faithinfakestrav0000ecou"><i>Faith in Fakes: Travels in Hyperreality</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Weaver" title="William Weaver">Weaver, William</a> (Reprint ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. pp. 143–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780749396282" title="Special:BookSources/9780749396282"><bdi>9780749396282</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22104362M">22104362M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+in+Fakes%3A+Travels+in+Hyperreality&rft.place=London&rft.pages=143-144&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL22104362M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780749396282&rft.aulast=Eco&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffaithinfakestrav0000ecou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bondanella05-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bondanella05_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bondanella (2005) pp. 53, 88–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unibo.it/en/university/the-university-of-bologna-mourns-the-death-of-umberto-eco">"The University of Bologna mourns the death of Umberto Eco – University of Bologna"</a>. <i>www.unibo.it</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416012420/https://www.unibo.it/en/university/the-university-of-bologna-mourns-the-death-of-umberto-eco">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unibo.it&rft.atitle=The+University+of+Bologna+mourns+the+death+of+Umberto+Eco+%E2%80%93+University+of+Bologna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unibo.it%2Fen%2Funiversity%2Fthe-university-of-bologna-mourns-the-death-of-umberto-eco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEco1986" class="citation book cs1">Eco, Umberto (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nameofrose00umbe/page/10"><i>The Name of the Rose</i></a></span>. New York: Warner Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nameofrose00umbe/page/10">10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-34410-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-34410-4"><bdi>978-0-446-34410-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Name+of+the+Rose&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Warner+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-446-34410-4&rft.aulast=Eco&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnameofrose00umbe%2Fpage%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2003" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Arthur Conan (2003). <i>Sherlock Holmes: The Complete Novels and Stories Vol 1</i>. New York: Bantam Books. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-21241-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-21241-9"><bdi>978-0-553-21241-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherlock+Holmes%3A+The+Complete+Novels+and+Stories+Vol+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-553-21241-9&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Conan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanby1986" class="citation news cs1">Canby, Vincent (24 September 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/24/movies/film-medieval-mystery-in-name-of-the-rose.html">"FILM: MEDIEVAL MYSTERY IN 'NAME OF THE ROSE'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506170349/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/24/movies/film-medieval-mystery-in-name-of-the-rose.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=FILM%3A+MEDIEVAL+MYSTERY+IN+%27NAME+OF+THE+ROSE%27&rft.date=1986-09-24&rft.aulast=Canby&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F09%2F24%2Fmovies%2Ffilm-medieval-mystery-in-name-of-the-rose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wordlift.io/blog/en/entity/umberto-eco/">"Umberto Eco"</a>. <i>WordLift Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416011844/https://wordlift.io/blog/en/entity/umberto-eco/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Serbia: University of Belgrade. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bg.ac.rs/csrp/nauka/pocasni_doktori.php">the original</a> on 3 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ut.ee&rft.atitle=Honorary+Doctors+of+the+University+of+Tartu&rft.date=2009-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ut.ee%2Fen%2Funiversity%2Fstructure-and-staff%2Fhonorary-doctors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104013848/http://www.kellogg.ox.ac.uk/discover/news/honorary-fellow-umberto-eco-dies/">"Honorary Fellow Umberto Eco dies | Kellogg College"</a>. <i>www.kellogg.ox.ac.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kellogg.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Honorary+Fellow+Umberto+Eco+dies+%7C+Kellogg+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kellogg.ox.ac.uk%2Fdiscover%2Fnews%2Fhonorary-fellow-umberto-eco-dies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Klinkenberg" title="Jean-Marie Klinkenberg">Jean-Marie Klinkenberg</a>, Éloge d’Umberto Eco (1932-2016), La Thérésienne [En ligne], 2021 / 1 : Varia, URL : <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://popups.uliege.be/2593-4228/index.php?id=1188">https://popups.uliege.be/2593-4228/index.php?id=1188</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115071241/https://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Kultur/Uebersicht/Italienischer-Schriftsteller-Umberto-Eco-erhaelt-Gutenberg-Preis">"Umberto Eco erhält Gutenberg-Preis"</a> [Umberto Eco wins Gutenberg award]. <i><a href="/wiki/Hannoversche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung">Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung (HAZ)</a></i> (in German). 10 February 2014. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hannoversche+Allgemeine+Zeitung+%28HAZ%29&rft.atitle=Umberto+Eco+erh%C3%A4lt+Gutenberg-Preis&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haz.de%2FNachrichten%2FKultur%2FUebersicht%2FItalienischer-Schriftsteller-Umberto-Eco-erhaelt-Gutenberg-Preis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuardianNaples2005-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GuardianNaples2005_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon2005" class="citation news cs1">McMahon, Barbara (6 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/06/worlddispatch.italy">"No blood, sweat or tears"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909025113/http://www.massimopolidoro.com/eng/biography/e-bioindex.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=No+blood%2C+sweat+or+tears&rft.date=2005-10-06&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Foct%2F06%2Fworlddispatch.italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time05-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time05_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsraely2005" class="citation cs2">Israely, Jeff (5 June 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111155317/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1069054-1%2C00.html">"A Resounding Eco"</a>, <i>Time</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1069054-2,00.html">the original</a> on 11 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2007</span>, <q>His new book touches on politics, but also on faith. Raised Catholic, Eco has long since left the church. 'Even though I'm still in love with that world, I stopped believing in God in my 20s after my doctoral studies on St. Thomas Aquinas. You could say he miraculously cured me of my faith,...<span style="padding-right:0.15em;">'</span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=A+Resounding+Eco&rft.date=2005-06-05&rft.aulast=Israely&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1069054-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liukkonen03-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liukkonen03_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiukkonen" class="citation web cs1">Liukkonen, Petri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060804230008/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/ueco.htm">"Umberto Eco"</a>. <i>Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi)</i>. Finland: <a href="/wiki/Kuusankoski" title="Kuusankoski">Kuusankoski</a> Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/ueco.htm">the original</a> on 4 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Books+and+Writers+%28kirjasto.sci.fi%29&rft.atitle=Umberto+Eco&rft.aulast=Liukkonen&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirjasto.sci.fi%2Fueco.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarndale2005" class="citation news cs1">Farndale, Nigel (24 May 2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3642577/Heavyweight-champion.html">"Heavyweight champion"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3642577/Heavyweight-champion.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Heavyweight+champion&rft.date=2005-05-24&rft.aulast=Farndale&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F3642577%2FHeavyweight-champion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221090300/http://spettacoliecultura.ilmessaggero.it/libri/umberto_eco_tumore_pancreas_omaggio_castello_sforzesco-1563954.html">"Umberto Eco stroncato da un tumore al pancreas. Martedì omaggio al Castello Sforzesco"</a>. <i>Il Messaggero</i> (in Italian). 20 February 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spettacoliecultura.ilmessaggero.it/libri/umberto_eco_tumore_pancreas_omaggio_castello_sforzesco-1563954.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Messaggero&rft.atitle=Umberto+Eco+stroncato+da+un+tumore+al+pancreas.+Marted%C3%AC+omaggio+al+Castello+Sforzesco&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspettacoliecultura.ilmessaggero.it%2Flibri%2Fumberto_eco_tumore_pancreas_omaggio_castello_sforzesco-1563954.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Death-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Death_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Death_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerino2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gerino, Claudio (19 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2016/02/20/news/morto_lo_scrittore_umberto_eco-133816061/">"Morto lo scrittore Umberto Eco. Ci mancherà il suo sguardo sul mondo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">la Repubblica</a></i> (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_Editoriale_L%27Espresso" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso">Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711014153/http://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2016/02/20/news/morto_lo_scrittore_umberto_eco-133816061/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=la+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Morto+lo+scrittore+Umberto+Eco.+Ci+mancher%C3%A0+il+suo+sguardo+sul+mondo&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft.aulast=Gerino&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fcultura%2F2016%2F02%2F20%2Fnews%2Fmorto_lo_scrittore_umberto_eco-133816061%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reuters1_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullella2015" class="citation web cs1">Pullella, Philip (20 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190912085818/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-italy-eco/umberto-eco-italian-author-of-the-name-of-the-rose-dies-at-84-idUKKCN0VT033">"Umberto Eco, Italian author of 'The Name of the Rose,' dies at 84"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-italy-eco-idUKKCN0VT037">the original</a> on 12 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Umberto+Eco%2C+Italian+author+of+%27The+Name+of+the+Rose%2C%27+dies+at+84&rft.date=2015-02-20&rft.aulast=Pullella&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-italy-eco-idUKKCN0VT037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlinson2016" class="citation news cs1">Rawlinson, Kevin (20 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/20/italian-author-umberto-eco-dies-aged-84">"Italian author Umberto Eco dies aged 84"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160220010410/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/20/italian-author-umberto-eco-dies-aged-84">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Italian+author+Umberto+Eco+dies+aged+84&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft.aulast=Rawlinson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F20%2Fitalian-author-umberto-eco-dies-aged-84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2016" class="citation news cs1">Chandler, Adam (19 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/02/umberto-eco-dies/470235">"Remembering Umberto Eco"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160220142758/http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/02/umberto-eco-dies/470235/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Remembering+Umberto+Eco&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2016%2F02%2Fumberto-eco-dies%2F470235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandell2016" class="citation news cs1">Kandell, Jonathan (19 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/20/arts/international/umberto-eco-italian-semiotician-and-best-selling-author-dies-at-84.html">"Umberto Eco, 84, Best-Selling Academic Who Navigated Two Worlds, Dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823105846/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/20/arts/international/umberto-eco-italian-semiotician-and-best-selling-author-dies-at-84.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Umberto+Eco%2C+84%2C+Best-Selling+Academic+Who+Navigated+Two+Worlds%2C+Dies&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft.aulast=Kandell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F02%2F20%2Farts%2Finternational%2Fumberto-eco-italian-semiotician-and-best-selling-author-dies-at-84.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054130/"><i>La Notte</i></a>, 19 February 1962, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204160636/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054130/">archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Notte&rft.date=1962-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0054130%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGt1qJ1Rtqw">"Umberto Eco cameo in La Notte (1961)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 21 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/dGt1qJ1Rtqw">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Umberto+Eco+cameo+in+La+Notte+%281961%29&rft.date=2020-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdGt1qJ1Rtqw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrario2023" class="citation cs2">Ferrario, Davide (7 September 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26242614/"><i>Umberto Eco: La biblioteca del mondo</i></a> (Documentary), Giuseppe Cederna, Carlotta Eco, Emanuele Eco, Film Commission Torino-Piemonte, Ministero della Cultura (MiC), Rai Cinema, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810133334/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26242614/">archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Umberto+Eco%3A+La+biblioteca+del+mondo&rft.pub=Film+Commission+Torino-Piemonte%2C+Ministero+della+Cultura+%28MiC%29%2C+Rai+Cinema&rft.date=2023-09-07&rft.aulast=Ferrario&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt26242614%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeIUY9EhZgI"><i>Umberto Eco: A Library of the World - Official Trailer</i></a>, 8 May 2023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903001833/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeIUY9EhZgI">archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Umberto+Eco%3A+A+Library+of+the+World+-+Official+Trailer&rft.date=2023-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DFeIUY9EhZgI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Umberto_Eco" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umbertoeco.it/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eco.ids-mannheim.de/wiki/Main_Page">Umberto Eco Wiki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218161631/http://eco.ids-mannheim.de/wiki/Main_Page">Archived</a> 18 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – wiki annotation guide to Eco's works</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLila_Azam_Zanganeh2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Lila_Azam_Zanganeh" title="Lila Azam Zanganeh">Lila Azam Zanganeh</a> (Summer 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/5856/the-art-of-fiction-no-197-umberto-eco">"Umberto Eco, The Art of Fiction No. 197"</a>. <i>Paris Review</i>. Summer 2008 (185).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Umberto+Eco%2C+The+Art+of+Fiction+No.+197&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=Summer+2008&rft.issue=185&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Lila+Azam+Zanganeh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F5856%2Fthe-art-of-fiction-no-197-umberto-eco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+Eco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umbertoeco.com/">Webfactory website on Umberto Eco</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807142359/http://umbertoeco.com/">Archived</a> 7 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/spiegel-interview-with-umberto-eco-we-like-lists-because-we-don-t-want-to-die-a-659577.html">"We Like Lists Because We Don't Want to Die"</a> interview by Susanne Beyer and Lothar Gorris.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?46487">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/umbertoeco">Umberto Eco</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12807#P3106" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1995/06/22/ur-fascism/">Ur-Fascism</a>, <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> New York Review of Books, June, 22nd, 1995, pp. 12–15. Lecture, hold at Columbia University, New York, on April, 24th, 1995 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Europe from national socialism</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/article/umberto-eco-poland-1968-student-protests">The Limits of Interpretation: Umberto Eco on Poland's 1968 Student Protests</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Umberto_Eco" title="Template:Umberto Eco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Umberto_Eco" title="Template talk:Umberto Eco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Umberto_Eco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Umberto Eco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Umberto_Eco" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Umberto Eco</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco_bibliography" title="Umberto Eco bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose" title="The Name of the Rose">The Name of the Rose</a></i> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Foucault%27s_Pendulum" title="Foucault's Pendulum">Foucault's Pendulum</a></i> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Island_of_the_Day_Before" title="The Island of the Day Before">The Island of the Day Before</a></i> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Baudolino" title="Baudolino">Baudolino</a></i> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Flame_of_Queen_Loana" title="The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana">The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana</a></i> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_Cemetery" title="The Prague Cemetery">The Prague Cemetery</a></i> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Numero_Zero" title="Numero Zero">Numero Zero</a></i> (2015)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="The Open Work">The Open Work</a></i> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Fakes" title="Faith in Fakes">Faith in Fakes</a></i> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_Ricerca_della_Lingua_Perfetta_nella_Cultura_Europea" title="La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea">The Search for the Perfect Language</a></i> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Walks_in_the_Fictional_Woods" title="Six Walks in the Fictional Woods">Six Walks in the Fictional Woods</a></i> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ur-Fascism" title="Ur-Fascism">Ur-Fascism</a></i> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Belief_or_Nonbelief%3F" title="Belief or Nonbelief?">Belief or Nonbelief?</a></i> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Kant_and_the_Platypus" title="Kant and the Platypus">Kant and the Platypus</a></i> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Serendipities" title="Serendipities">Serendipities</a></i> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Infinity_of_Lists" title="The Infinity of Lists">The Infinity of Lists</a></i> (2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/On_Ugliness" title="On Ugliness">On Ugliness</a></i> (2007 edited by)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Versus_(journal)" title="Versus (journal)">Versus</a></i> (journal)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose_(film)" title="The Name of the Rose (film)">The Name of the Rose</a></i> (1986 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose_(miniseries)" title="The Name of the Rose (miniseries)">The Name of the Rose</a></i> (2019 miniseries)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Umberto_Eco&#039;s_The_Name_of_the_Rose_(1980)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Name_of_the_Rose" title="Template:The Name of the Rose"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Name_of_the_Rose" title="Template talk:The Name of the Rose"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Name_of_the_Rose" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Name of the Rose"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Umberto_Eco&#039;s_The_Name_of_the_Rose_(1980)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Umberto Eco</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose" title="The Name of the Rose">The Name of the Rose</a></i> (1980)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Baskerville" title="William of Baskerville">William of Baskerville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubertino_of_Casale" title="Ubertino of Casale">Ubertino of Casale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Cesena" title="Michael of Cesena">Michael of Cesena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Gui" title="Bernard Gui">Bernard Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_du_Pouget" title="Bertrand du Pouget">Bertrand du Pouget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose_(film)" title="The Name of the Rose (film)">1986 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose_(miniseries)" title="The Name of the Rose (miniseries)">2019 miniseries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Abad%C3%ADa_del_Crimen" title="La Abadía del Crimen">La Abadía del Crimen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murder_in_the_Abbey" title="Murder in the Abbey">Murder in the Abbey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystery_of_the_Abbey" title="Mystery of the Abbey">Mystery of the Abbey</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_received_by_Umberto_Eco" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_received_by_Umberto_Eco" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards received by Umberto Eco</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Bancarella_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bancarella_Prize" title="Template:Bancarella Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bancarella_Prize" title="Template talk:Bancarella Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bancarella_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bancarella Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Bancarella_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Premio_Bancarella" title="Premio Bancarella">Bancarella Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1953 <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></li> <li>1954 <a href="/wiki/Giovannino_Guareschi" title="Giovannino Guareschi">Giovannino Guareschi</a></li> <li>1955 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herv%C3%A9_Le_Boterf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hervé Le Boterf (page does not exist)">Hervé Le Boterf</a></li> <li>1956 <a href="/wiki/Han_Suyin" title="Han Suyin">Han Suyin</a></li> <li>1957 <a href="/wiki/Werner_Keller_(writer)" title="Werner Keller (writer)">Werner Keller</a></li> <li>1958 <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a></li> <li>1959 <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gerlach" title="Heinrich Gerlach">Heinrich Gerlach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1960 <a href="/wiki/Bonaventura_Tecchi" title="Bonaventura Tecchi">Bonaventura Tecchi</a></li> <li>1961 <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Schwarz-Bart" title="André Schwarz-Bart">André Schwarz-Bart</a></li> <li>1962 <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Ryan" title="Cornelius Ryan">Cornelius Ryan</a></li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Caccia_Dominioni" title="Paolo Caccia Dominioni">Paolo Caccia Dominioni</a></li> <li>1964 <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Bedeschi" title="Giulio Bedeschi">Giulio Bedeschi</a></li> <li>1965 <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Preti" title="Luigi Preti">Luigi Preti</a></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Pappalettera" title="Vincenzo Pappalettera">Vincenzo Pappalettera</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/Indro_Montanelli" title="Indro Montanelli">Indro Montanelli</a></li> <li>1968 <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a></li> <li>1969 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Colosimo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Colosimo (page does not exist)">Peter Colosimo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1970 <a href="/wiki/Oriana_Fallaci" title="Oriana Fallaci">Oriana Fallaci</a></li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Biagi" title="Enzo Biagi">Enzo Biagi</a></li> <li>1972 <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Bevilacqua" title="Alberto Bevilacqua">Alberto Bevilacqua</a></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Gervaso" title="Roberto Gervaso">Roberto Gervaso</a></li> <li>1974 <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Berto" title="Giuseppe Berto">Giuseppe Berto</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Agnelli" title="Susanna Agnelli">Susanna Agnelli</a></li> <li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cassola" title="Carlo Cassola">Carlo Cassola</a></li> <li>1977 <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Saviane" title="Giorgio Saviane">Giorgio Saviane</a></li> <li>1978 <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Grillandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massimo Grillandi (page does not exist)">Massimo Grillandi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1980 <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Denuzi%C3%A8re" title="Maurice Denuzière">Maurice Denuzière</a></li> <li>1981 <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Zavoli" title="Sergio Zavoli">Sergio Zavoli</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Gary_Jennings_(author)" title="Gary Jennings (author)">Gary Jennings</a></li> <li>1983 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renato_Barneschi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renato Barneschi (page does not exist)">Renato Barneschi</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Luciano_De_Crescenzo" title="Luciano De Crescenzo">Luciano De Crescenzo</a></li> <li>1985 <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Giulio Andreotti</a></li> <li>1986 <a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Festa_Campanile" title="Pasquale Festa Campanile">Pasquale Festa Campanile</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Biagi" title="Enzo Biagi">Enzo Biagi</a></li> <li>1988 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Marchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cesare Marchi (page does not exist)">Cesare Marchi</a></li> <li>1989 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Umberto Eco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Sgarbi" title="Vittorio Sgarbi">Vittorio Sgarbi</a></li> <li>1991 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Spinosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Spinosa (page does not exist)">Antonio Spinosa</a></li> <li>1992 <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Bevilacqua" title="Alberto Bevilacqua">Alberto Bevilacqua</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Covito" title="Carmen Covito">Carmen Covito</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/John_Grisham" title="John Grisham">John Grisham</a></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Jostein_Gaarder" title="Jostein Gaarder">Jostein Gaarder</a></li> <li>1996 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefano_Zecchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefano Zecchi (page does not exist)">Stefano Zecchi</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Giampaolo_Pansa" title="Giampaolo Pansa">Giampaolo Pansa</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Paco_Ignacio_Taibo_II" title="Paco Ignacio Taibo II">Paco Ignacio Taibo</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Ken_Follett" title="Ken Follett">Ken Follett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 <a href="/wiki/Michael_Connelly" title="Michael Connelly">Michael Connelly</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Camilleri" title="Andrea Camilleri">Andrea Camilleri</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federico_Audisio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federico Audisio (page does not exist)">Federico Audisio</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Alessandra_Appiano" title="Alessandra Appiano">Alessandra Appiano</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Vespa" title="Bruno Vespa">Bruno Vespa</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Gianrico_Carofiglio" title="Gianrico Carofiglio">Gianrico Carofiglio</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Vitali" title="Andrea Vitali">Andrea Vitali</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sch%C3%A4tzing" title="Frank Schätzing">Frank Schätzing</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Valerio_Massimo_Manfredi" title="Valerio Massimo Manfredi">Valerio Massimo Manfredi</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Donato_Carrisi" title="Donato Carrisi">Donato Carrisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Strout" title="Elizabeth Strout">Elizabeth Strout</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Mauro_Corona" title="Mauro Corona">Mauro Corona</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcello_Simoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcello Simoni (page does not exist)">Marcello Simoni</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Premoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Premoli (page does not exist)">Anna Premoli</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Michela_Marzano" title="Michela Marzano">Michela Marzano</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Sara_Rattaro" title="Sara Rattaro">Sara Rattaro</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Margherita_Oggero" title="Margherita Oggero">Margherita Oggero</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Strukul" title="Matteo Strukul">Matteo Strukul</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Dolores_Redondo" title="Dolores Redondo">Dolores Redondo</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Alessia_Gazzola" title="Alessia Gazzola">Alessia Gazzola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Strega_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Strega_Prize" title="Template:Strega Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Strega_Prize" title="Template talk:Strega Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Strega_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Strega Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Strega_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Strega_Prize" title="Strega Prize">Strega Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1947–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1947</span> <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Flaiano" title="Ennio Flaiano">Ennio Flaiano</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1948</span> <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Cardarelli" title="Vincenzo Cardarelli">Vincenzo Cardarelli</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1949</span> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Angioletti" title="Giovanni Battista Angioletti">Giovanni Battista Angioletti</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1950</span> <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Pavese" title="Cesare Pavese">Cesare Pavese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1951</span> <a href="/wiki/Corrado_Alvaro" title="Corrado Alvaro">Corrado Alvaro</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1952</span> <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Moravia" title="Alberto Moravia">Alberto Moravia</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1953</span> <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Bontempelli" title="Massimo Bontempelli">Massimo Bontempelli</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1954</span> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Soldati" title="Mario Soldati">Mario Soldati</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1955</span> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Comisso" title="Giovanni Comisso">Giovanni Comisso</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1956</span> <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Bassani" title="Giorgio Bassani">Giorgio Bassani</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1957</span> <a href="/wiki/Elsa_Morante" title="Elsa Morante">Elsa Morante</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1958</span> <a href="/wiki/Dino_Buzzati" title="Dino Buzzati">Dino Buzzati</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1959</span> <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tomasi_di_Lampedusa" title="Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa">Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1960</span> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cassola" title="Carlo Cassola">Carlo Cassola</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1961</span> <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_La_Capria" title="Raffaele La Capria">Raffaele La Capria</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1962</span> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Tobino" title="Mario Tobino">Mario Tobino</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1963</span> <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Ginzburg" title="Natalia Ginzburg">Natalia Ginzburg</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1964</span> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arpino" title="Giovanni Arpino">Giovanni Arpino</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1965</span> <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Volponi" title="Paolo Volponi">Paolo Volponi</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1966</span> <a href="/wiki/Michele_Prisco" title="Michele Prisco">Michele Prisco</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1967</span> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Ortese" title="Anna Maria Ortese">Anna Maria Ortese</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1968</span> <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Bevilacqua" title="Alberto Bevilacqua">Alberto Bevilacqua</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1969</span> <a href="/wiki/Lalla_Romano" title="Lalla Romano">Lalla Romano</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1970</span> <a href="/wiki/Guido_Piovene" title="Guido Piovene">Guido Piovene</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1971</span> <a href="/wiki/Raffaello_Brignetti" title="Raffaello Brignetti">Raffaello Brignetti</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1972</span> <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Dess%C3%AC" title="Giuseppe Dessì">Giuseppe Dessì</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1973</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manlio_Cancogni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manlio Cancogni (page does not exist)">Manlio Cancogni</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1974</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Petroni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guglielmo Petroni (page does not exist)">Guglielmo Petroni</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1975</span> <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Landolfi" title="Tommaso Landolfi">Tommaso Landolfi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1976</span> <a href="/wiki/Fausta_Cialente" title="Fausta Cialente">Fausta Cialente</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1977</span> <a href="/wiki/Fulvio_Tomizza" title="Fulvio Tomizza">Fulvio Tomizza</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1978</span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Camon" title="Ferdinando Camon">Ferdinando Camon</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1979</span> <a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1980</span> <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Gorresio" title="Vittorio Gorresio">Vittorio Gorresio</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1981</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Umberto Eco</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1982</span> <a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Parise" title="Goffredo Parise">Goffredo Parise</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1983</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Pomilio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Pomilio (page does not exist)">Mario Pomilio</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1984</span> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Citati" title="Pietro Citati">Pietro Citati</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1985</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Sgorlon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Sgorlon (page does not exist)">Carlo Sgorlon</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1986</span> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Bellonci" title="Maria Bellonci">Maria Bellonci</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1987</span> <a href="/wiki/Stanislao_Nievo" title="Stanislao Nievo">Stanislao Nievo</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1988</span> <a href="/wiki/Gesualdo_Bufalino" title="Gesualdo Bufalino">Gesualdo Bufalino</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1989</span> <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pontiggia" title="Giuseppe Pontiggia">Giuseppe Pontiggia</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1990</span> <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Vassalli" title="Sebastiano Vassalli">Sebastiano Vassalli</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1991</span> <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Volponi" title="Paolo Volponi">Paolo Volponi</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1992</span> <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Consolo" title="Vincenzo Consolo">Vincenzo Consolo</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1993</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Rea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domenico Rea (page does not exist)">Domenico Rea</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1994</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Montefoschi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Montefoschi (page does not exist)">Giorgio Montefoschi</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1995</span> <a href="/wiki/Mariateresa_Di_Lascia" title="Mariateresa Di Lascia">Mariateresa Di Lascia</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1996</span> <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Barbero" title="Alessandro Barbero">Alessandro Barbero</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1997</span> <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Magris" title="Claudio Magris">Claudio Magris</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1998</span> <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Siciliano" title="Enzo Siciliano">Enzo Siciliano</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1999</span> <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Maraini" title="Dacia Maraini">Dacia Maraini</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2000</span> <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Ferrero" title="Ernesto Ferrero">Ernesto Ferrero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">2001</span> <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Starnone" title="Domenico Starnone">Domenico Starnone</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2002</span> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mazzantini" title="Margaret Mazzantini">Margaret Mazzantini</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2003</span> <a href="/wiki/Melania_Gaia_Mazzucco" class="mw-redirect" title="Melania Gaia Mazzucco">Melania Gaia Mazzucco</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2004</span> <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Riccarelli" title="Ugo Riccarelli">Ugo Riccarelli</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2005</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurizio_Maggiani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurizio Maggiani (page does not exist)">Maurizio Maggiani</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2006</span> <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Veronesi_(writer)" title="Sandro Veronesi (writer)">Sandro Veronesi</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2007</span> <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Ammaniti" title="Niccolò Ammaniti">Niccolò Ammaniti</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2008</span> <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Giordano" title="Paolo Giordano">Paolo Giordano</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2009</span> <a href="/wiki/Tiziano_Scarpa" title="Tiziano Scarpa">Tiziano Scarpa</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2010</span> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pennacchi" title="Antonio Pennacchi">Antonio Pennacchi</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2011</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoardo_Nesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edoardo Nesi (page does not exist)">Edoardo Nesi</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2012</span> <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Piperno" title="Alessandro Piperno">Alessandro Piperno</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2013</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Siti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Siti (page does not exist)">Walter Siti</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2014</span> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Piccolo" title="Francesco Piccolo">Francesco Piccolo</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2015</span> <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Lagioia" title="Nicola Lagioia">Nicola Lagioia</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2016</span> <a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Albinati" title="Edoardo Albinati">Edoardo Albinati</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2017</span> <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Cognetti" title="Paolo Cognetti">Paolo Cognetti</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2018</span> <a href="/wiki/Helena_Janeczek" title="Helena Janeczek">Helena Janeczek</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2019</span> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Scurati" title="Antonio Scurati">Antonio Scurati</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2020</span> <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Veronesi_(writer)" title="Sandro Veronesi (writer)">Sandro Veronesi</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2021</span> <a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Trevi" title="Emanuele Trevi">Emanuele Trevi</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2022</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Desiati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Desiati (page does not exist)">Mario Desiati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature" title="Template:Austrian State Prize for European Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature" title="Template talk:Austrian State Prize for European Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian State Prize for European Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature" title="Austrian State Prize for European Literature">Austrian State Prize for European Literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Herbert" title="Zbigniew Herbert">Zbigniew Herbert</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasko_Popa" title="Vasko Popa">Vasko Popa</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> (1968)</li> <li><span style="color:gray"><i>Not given</i></span> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Eugène Ionesco</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Huchel" title="Peter Huchel">Peter Huchel</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Mro%C5%BCek" title="Sławomir Mrożek">Sławomir Mrożek</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_We%C3%B6res" title="Sándor Weöres">Sándor Weöres</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa" title="Miroslav Krleža">Miroslav Krleža</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Italo Calvino</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Kohout" title="Pavel Kohout">Pavel Kohout</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulvio_Tomizza" title="Fulvio Tomizza">Fulvio Tomizza</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kirsch" title="Sarah Kirsch">Sarah Kirsch</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_R%C3%B3%C5%BCewicz" title="Tadeusz Różewicz">Tadeusz Różewicz</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanisław Lem</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Manganelli" title="Giorgio Manganelli">Giorgio Manganelli</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Kundera" title="Milan Kundera">Milan Kundera</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Szczypiorski" title="Andrzej Szczypiorski">Andrzej Szczypiorski</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Duras" title="Marguerite Duras">Marguerite Duras</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Hei%C3%9Fenb%C3%BCttel" title="Helmut Heißenbüttel">Helmut Heissenbüttel</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_N%C3%A1das" title="Péter Nádas">Péter Nádas</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinghiz_Aitmatov" title="Chinghiz Aitmatov">Chinghiz Aitmatov</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inger_Christensen" title="Inger Christensen">Inger Christensen</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Ti%C5%A1ma" title="Aleksandar Tišma">Aleksandar Tišma</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Laederach" title="Jürg Laederach">Jürg Laederach</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tabucchi" title="Antonio Tabucchi">Antonio Tabucchi</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubravka_Ugre%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Dubravka Ugrešić">Dubravka Ugrešić</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Esterh%C3%A1zy" title="Péter Esterházy">Péter Esterházy</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Lobo_Antunes" title="António Lobo Antunes">António Lobo Antunes</a> (2000)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Umberto Eco</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Hein" title="Christoph Hein">Christoph Hein</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cees_Nooteboom" title="Cees Nooteboom">Cees Nooteboom</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Barnes" title="Julian Barnes">Julian Barnes</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Magris" title="Claudio Magris">Claudio Magris</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Sempr%C3%BAn" title="Jorge Semprún">Jorge Semprún</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._L._Kennedy" title="A. L. Kennedy">A. L. Kennedy</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81gota_Krist%C3%B3f" title="Ágota Kristóf">Ágota Kristóf</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Olov_Enquist" title="Per Olov Enquist">Per Olov Enquist</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nizon" title="Paul Nizon">Paul Nizon</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Mar%C3%ADas" title="Javier Marías">Javier Marías</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Banville" title="John Banville">John Banville</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Ulitskaya" title="Lyudmila Ulitskaya">Lyudmila Ulitskaya</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_C%C4%83rt%C4%83rescu" title="Mircea Cărtărescu">Mircea Cărtărescu</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Stasiuk" title="Andrzej Stasiuk">Andrzej Stasiuk</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ove_Knausg%C3%A5rd" title="Karl Ove Knausgård">Karl Ove Knausgård</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadie_Smith" title="Zadie Smith">Zadie Smith</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq" title="Michel Houellebecq">Michel Houellebecq</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drago_Jan%C4%8Dar" title="Drago Jančar">Drago Jančar</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Krasznahorkai" title="László Krasznahorkai">László Krasznahorkai</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Smith" title="Ali Smith">Ali Smith</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_NDiaye" title="Marie NDiaye">Marie NDiaye</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Communication_and_Humanities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Communication_and_Humanities" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Communication_and_Humanities" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Communication_and_Humanities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Communication_and_Humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Communication and Humanities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Communication_and_Humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Zambrano" title="María Zambrano">María Zambrano</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Mario Bunge</a></li> <li>1983: <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i> newspaper</li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Claudio_S%C3%A1nchez-Albornoz" title="Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz">Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrater_Mora" title="José Ferrater Mora">José Ferrater Mora</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Grupo_Globo" title="Grupo Globo">Grupo Globo</a></li> <li>1987: <i><a href="/wiki/El_Espectador" title="El Espectador">El Espectador</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/El_Tiempo_(Colombia)" title="El Tiempo (Colombia)">El Tiempo</a></i> newspapers</li> <li>1988: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horacio_S%C3%A1enz_Guerrero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horacio Sáenz Guerrero (page does not exist)">Horacio Sáenz Guerrero</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Pedro_La%C3%ADn_Entralgo" title="Pedro Laín Entralgo">Pedro Laín Entralgo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fondo_de_Cultura_Econ%C3%B3mica" title="Fondo de Cultura Económica">Fondo de Cultura Económica</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Central_American_University,_San_Salvador" title="Central American University, San Salvador">José Simeón Cañas Central American University</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Mar%C3%ADa_Anson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis María Anson (page does not exist)">Luis María Anson</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Garc%C3%ADa_G%C3%B3mez" title="Emilio García Gómez">Emilio García Gómez</a></li> <li>1993: <i><a href="/wiki/Vuelta_(magazine)" title="Vuelta (magazine)">Vuelta</a></i> magazine by Octavio Paz</li> <li>1994: Spanish <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missions</a> in Rwanda and Burundi</li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/EFE" title="EFE">EFE Agency</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Luis_L%C3%B3pez_Aranguren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Luis López Aranguren (page does not exist)">José Luis López Aranguren</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Indro_Montanelli" title="Indro Montanelli">Indro Montanelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Mar%C3%ADas" title="Julián Marías">Julián Marías</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> and <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Mohn" title="Reinhard Mohn">Reinhard Mohn</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Caro_and_Cuervo_Institute" title="Caro and Cuervo Institute">Caro and Cuervo Institute</a></li> <li>2000: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Umberto Eco</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/George_Steiner" title="George Steiner">George Steiner</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger" title="Hans Magnus Enzensberger">Hans Magnus Enzensberger</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Kapu%C5%9Bci%C5%84ski" title="Ryszard Kapuściński">Ryszard Kapuściński</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez Merino</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Daniel" title="Jean Daniel">Jean Daniel</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Alliance française">Alliance française</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri_Society" title="Dante Alighieri Society">Società Dante Alighieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goethe-Institut" title="Goethe-Institut">Goethe-Institut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Instituto Camões">Instituto Camões</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></li> <li>2007: <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> journals</li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Touraine" title="Alain Touraine">Alain Touraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz" title="Annie Leibovitz">Annie Leibovitz</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Quino" title="Quino">Quino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Communication_and_Humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Lled%C3%B3" title="Emilio Lledó">Emilio Lledó Íñigo</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/James_Nachtwey" title="James Nachtwey">James Nachtwey</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Les_Luthiers" title="Les Luthiers">Les Luthiers</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Alma_Guillermoprieto" title="Alma Guillermoprieto">Alma Guillermoprieto</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Book_Fair" title="Guadalajara International Book Fair">Guadalajara International Book Fair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hay_Festival" title="Hay Festival">Hay Festival of Literature & Arts</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Adam_Michnik" title="Adam Michnik">Adam Michnik</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Nuccio_Ordine" title="Nuccio Ordine">Nuccio Ordine</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Marjane_Satrapi" title="Marjane Satrapi">Marjane Satrapi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_VIZE_97_Prize_recipients" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_VIZE_97_Prize" title="Template:The VIZE 97 Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_VIZE_97_Prize" title="Template talk:The VIZE 97 Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_VIZE_97_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The VIZE 97 Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_VIZE_97_Prize_recipients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_VIZE_97_Prize" title="The VIZE 97 Prize">The VIZE 97 Prize</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl H. Pribram</a> (1999)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Umberto Eco</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Neubauer" title="Zdeněk Neubauer">Zdeněk Neubauer</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Robert Reich</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Vop%C4%9Bnka" title="Petr Vopěnka">Petr Vopěnka</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Philip Zimbardo</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Grof" title="Stanislav Grof">Stanislav Grof</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Julia Kristeva</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_C%C3%ADlek" title="Václav Cílek">Václav Cílek</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Paul_Liessmann" title="Konrad Paul Liessmann">Konrad Paul Liessmann</a> (2010)</li> <li>Iva Mojžišová (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miloslav_Petrusek" title="Miloslav Petrusek">Miloslav Petrusek</a> (2012)</li> <li><span class="nowrap">Jiří Fiala (2013)</span></li> <li>Andrew Lass (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Sokol_(philosopher)" title="Jan Sokol (philosopher)">Jan Sokol</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._David_Mermin" title="N. David Mermin">N. David Mermin</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Ja%C5%99ab" title="Josef Jařab">Josef Jařab</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B%C3%BAtora" title="Martin Bútora">Martin Bútora</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prix_Méditerranée_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prix_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e_winners" title="Template:Prix Méditerranée winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prix_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e_winners" title="Template talk:Prix Méditerranée winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prix_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prix Méditerranée winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prix_Méditerranée_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prix_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="Prix Méditerranée">Prix Méditerranée</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prix Méditerranée</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Saudray" title="Nicolas Saudray">Nicolas Saudray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Chochana_Boukhobza" title="Chochana Boukhobza">Chochana Boukhobza</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fontaine" title="François Fontaine">François Fontaine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Fernandez" title="Dominique Fernandez">Dominique Fernandez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Roy" title="Jules Roy">Jules Roy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Le_Guillou" title="Philippe Le Guillou">Philippe Le Guillou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Tahar_Djaout" title="Tahar Djaout">Tahar Djaout</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sol%C3%A9" title="Robert Solé">Robert Solé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Thuillier" title="Jean Thuillier">Jean Thuillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Tahar_Ben_Jelloun" title="Tahar Ben Jelloun">Tahar Ben Jelloun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Chouraqui" title="André Chouraqui">André Chouraqui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Hector_Bianciotti" title="Hector Bianciotti">Hector Bianciotti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Rufin" title="Jean-Christophe Rufin">Jean-Christophe Rufin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Nadaud" title="Alain Nadaud">Alain Nadaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Daniel" title="Jean Daniel">Jean Daniel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Cossery" title="Albert Cossery">Albert Cossery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Edmonde_Charles-Roux" title="Edmonde Charles-Roux">Edmonde Charles-Roux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Mari" title="Jean-Paul Mari">Jean-Paul Mari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Sureau" title="François Sureau">François Sureau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Amin_Maalouf" title="Amin Maalouf">Amin Maalouf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Vernant" title="Jean-Pierre Vernant">Jean-Pierre Vernant</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Michel_del_Castillo" title="Michel del Castillo">Michel del Castillo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Emile_Brami" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Brami">Emile Brami</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gardel" title="Louis Gardel">Louis Gardel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Najjar" title="Alexandre Najjar">Alexandre Najjar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Baudis" title="Dominique Baudis">Dominique Baudis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Assouline" title="Pierre Assouline">Pierre Assouline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Jean-No%C3%ABl_Pancrazi" title="Jean-Noël Pancrazi">Jean-Noël Pancrazi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Nedim_G%C3%BCrsel" title="Nedim Gürsel">Nedim Gürsel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Cortanze" title="Gérard de Cortanze">Gérard de Cortanze</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_Zenatti" title="Valérie Zenatti">Valérie Zenatti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Cremisi" title="Teresa Cremisi">Teresa Cremisi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Metin_Arditi" title="Metin Arditi">Metin Arditi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Kamel_Daoud" title="Kamel Daoud">Kamel Daoud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Ferrari" title="Jérôme Ferrari">Jérôme Ferrari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Mahi_Binebine" title="Mahi Binebine">Mahi Binebine</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prix Méditerranée Étranger</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Landero" title="Luis Landero">Luis Landero</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Kadare" title="Ismail Kadare">Ismail Kadare</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Goytisolo" title="Juan Goytisolo">Juan Goytisolo</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Adunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adunis">Adunis</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Kemal" title="Yaşar Kemal">Yaşar Kemal</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Besnik_Mustafaj" title="Besnik Mustafaj">Besnik Mustafaj</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Citati" title="Pietro Citati">Pietro Citati</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Yoram_Kaniuk" title="Yoram Kaniuk">Yoram Kaniuk</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Arturo_P%C3%A9rez-Reverte" title="Arturo Pérez-Reverte">Arturo Pérez-Reverte</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Umberto Eco</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Porcel" title="Baltasar Porcel">Baltasar Porcel</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia"><img alt="Catalonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Jaume_Cabr%C3%A9" title="Jaume Cabré">Jaume Cabré</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia"><img alt="Catalonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tabucchi" title="Antonio Tabucchi">Antonio Tabucchi</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Magris" title="Claudio Magris">Claudio Magris</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Veronesi_(writer)" title="Sandro Veronesi (writer)">Sandro Veronesi</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Almudena_Grandes" title="Almudena Grandes">Almudena Grandes</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Amos_Oz" title="Amos Oz">Amos Oz</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Stefanakis" title="Dimitris Stefanakis">Dimitris Stefanakis</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mu%C3%B1oz_Molina" title="Antonio Muñoz Molina">Antonio Muñoz Molina</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Llop" title="José Carlos Llop">José Carlos Llop</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Javier_Cercas" title="Javier Cercas">Javier Cercas</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Milena_Agus" title="Milena Agus">Milena Agus</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Llach" title="Lluís Llach">Lluís Llach</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia"><img alt="Catalonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Ersi_Sotiropoulou" title="Ersi Sotiropoulou">Ersi Sotiropoulou</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mendelsohn" title="Daniel Mendelsohn">Daniel Mendelsohn</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Marco_Balzano" title="Marco Balzano">Marco Balzano</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Calaciura" title="Giosuè Calaciura">Giosuè Calaciura</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/42px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/21px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/42px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-linguistics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/17px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/26px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/34px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12807#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12807#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12807#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122839390">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108299403">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31660/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxrVppTfTr9pkJMjX8t8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11852884X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021285">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11901536g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11901536g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00438594">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Eco, Umberto"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV006213">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35607219">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990001971&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1044144">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/24816">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068471475">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90055304">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000017457&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000010268&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000035293">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61402">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000039465">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199607803">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dggdhl4f3mm1s">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810547410805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/158121">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260745905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511758706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14650173">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00456874?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/63/1789">DBLP</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500075019">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b7050d34-937c-4aa4-9291-66ed4d9c0f0e">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/441850">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1012919">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11852884X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11852884X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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