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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Princely_state_within_Kievan_Rus'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Princely_state_within_Kievan_Rus'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Princely state within Kievan Rus'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Princely_state_within_Kievan_Rus'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_foreign_ties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_foreign_ties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early foreign ties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_foreign_ties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novgorod_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novgorod_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Novgorod Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novgorod_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsardom_of_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsardom_of_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Tsardom of Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsardom_of_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_and_municipal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administrative and municipal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intercity_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercity_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Intercity transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercity_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Local transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Veliky Novgorod</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 103 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">103 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weliki_Nowgorod" title="Weliki Nowgorod – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Weliki Nowgorod" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Велики Новгород – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Велики Новгород" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="فيليكي نوفغورود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيليكي نوفغورود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_N%C3%B3vgorod" title="Veliki Nóvgorod – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Veliki Nóvgorod" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyilikiu_Nuwhurud" title="Wyilikiu Nuwhurud – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Wyilikiu Nuwhurud" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Novqorod" title="Veliki Novqorod – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Veliki Novqorod" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ولیکی نووقورود – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ولیکی نووقورود" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Veliky Novgorod" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Бөйөк Новгород – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөйөк Новгород" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Вялікі Ноўгарад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікі Ноўгарад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Вялікі Ноўгарад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вялікі Ноўгарад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Велики Новгород – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Велики Новгород" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Novgorod" title="Veliki Novgorod – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Veliki Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikiy_Novgorod" title="Velikiy Novgorod – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Velikiy Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3vgorod" title="Nóvgorod – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nóvgorod" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Аслă Новгород – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аслă Новгород" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikiy_Novgorod" title="Velikiy Novgorod – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Velikiy Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velik%C3%BD_Novgorod" title="Veliký Novgorod – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Veliký Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Veliky Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikij_Novgorod" title="Velikij Novgorod – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Velikij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weliki_Nowgorod" title="Weliki Nowgorod – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weliki Nowgorod" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wjeliki_Nowgorod" title="Wjeliki Nowgorod – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wjeliki Nowgorod" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Novgorod" title="Veliki Novgorod – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veliki Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Νόβγκοροντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόβγκοροντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Ине Одош ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ине Одош ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_N%C3%B3vgorod" title="Veliki Nóvgorod – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Veliki Nóvgorod" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikij_Novgorod" title="Velikij Novgorod – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Velikij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod" title="Novgorod – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ولیکی نووگورود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ولیکی نووگورود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod" title="Novgorod – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Novgorod" title="Veliki Novgorod – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Veliki Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod" title="Novgorod – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikii_Novgorod" title="Velikii Novgorod – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Velikii Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%EB%A6%AC%ED%82%A4%EB%85%B8%EB%B8%8C%EA%B3%A0%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C" title="벨리키노브고로드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벨리키노브고로드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A4" title="Մեծ Նովգորոդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ Նովգորոդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="वेलीकी नोव्गोरोड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेलीकी नोव्गोरोड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wjelikij_Nowgorod" title="Wjelikij Nowgorod – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wjelikij Nowgorod" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Novgorod" title="Veliki Novgorod – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Veliki Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Novgorod" title="Veliki Novgorod – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Veliki Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikiy_Novgorod" title="Velikiy Novgorod – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Velikiy Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Стыр Новгород – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Стыр Новгород" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3lmgar%C3%B0ur" title="Hólmgarður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hólmgarður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikij_Novgorod" title="Velikij Novgorod – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Velikij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93" title="נובגורוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נובגורוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="დიდი ნოვგოროდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდი ნოვგოროდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikiy_Novgorod" title="Velikiy Novgorod – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Velikiy Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B4_%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ыджыд Вылькар – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ыджыд Вылькар" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikiy_Novgorod" title="Velikiy Novgorod – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Velikiy Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Великий Новгород – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Великий Новгород" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Novgorod" title="Veliki Novgorod – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Veliki Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novogardia_Magna" title="Novogardia Magna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Novogardia Magna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BCikijnovgoroda" title="Veļikijnovgoroda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Veļikijnovgoroda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didysis_Naugardas" title="Didysis Naugardas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didysis Naugardas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikij_Novgorod" title="Velikij Novgorod – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Velikij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Велики Новгород – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Велики Новгород" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6" title="वेलिकी नॉवगोरोद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वेलिकी नॉवगोरोद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="კაბეტი ნოვგოროდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კაბეტი ნოვგოროდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Их Новгород – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Их Новгород" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Novgorod" title="Veliki Novgorod – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Veliki Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B4%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AD%E3%83%89" title="ノヴゴロド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノヴゴロド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C-%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Сийлахь-йоккха Новгород – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сийлахь-йоккха Новгород" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weliki_Nowgorod" title="Weliki Nowgorod – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Weliki Nowgorod" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod" title="Novgorod – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod" title="Novgorod – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2vgorod" title="Nòvgorod – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nòvgorod" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кугу Новгород – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кугу Новгород" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod" title="Novgorod – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ویلیکی نووگورد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویلیکی نووگورد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ويليکي نووګورود – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ويليکي نووګورود" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naugard" title="Naugard – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Naugard" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowogr%C3%B3d_Wielki" title="Nowogród Wielki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowogród Wielki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novog%C3%A1rdia_Magna" title="Novogárdia Magna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Novogárdia Magna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikiy_Novgorod" title="Velikiy Novgorod – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Velikiy Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Novgorod" title="Veliki Novgorod – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Veliki Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikiy_Novgorod" title="Velikiy Novgorod – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Velikiy Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Великый Новгород – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Великый Новгород" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Великий Новгород – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великий Новгород" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod" title="Novgorod – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Veliky Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikij_Novgorod" title="Velikij Novgorod – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Velikij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Novgorod" title="Veliki Novgorod – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Veliki Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Новъ Градъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Новъ Градъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Велики Новгород – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велики Новгород" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Novgorod" title="Veliki Novgorod – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veliki Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod" title="Novgorod – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikij_Novgorod" title="Velikij Novgorod – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Velikij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Veliky Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வெலிக்கி நோவ்கோரோத் நகரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெலிக்கி நோவ்கோரோத் நகரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Бөек Новгород – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөек Новгород" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="เวลีคีนอฟโกรอด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เวลีคีนอฟโกรอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Novgorod" title="Veliki Novgorod – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Veliki Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Veliky Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Новгород – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Новгород" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Великий Новгород – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великий Новгород" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ویلیکی نووگورود – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویلیکی نووگورود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur%27_Uz%27lidn" title="Sur' Uz'lidn – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sur' Uz'lidn" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Veliky Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod" title="Novgorod – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Veliky Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Veliky Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E5%93%A5%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7" title="大诺夫哥罗德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大诺夫哥罗德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%AB%BE%E5%A4%AB%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7" title="大諾夫哥羅德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大諾夫哥羅德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E5%93%A5%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7" title="大诺夫哥罗德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大诺夫哥罗德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Veliky_Novgorod&params=58_33_N_31_16_E_type:city(218717)_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">58°33′N</span> <span class="longitude">31°16′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">58.550°N 31.267°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">58.550; 31.267</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novgorod&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Novgorod Oblast, Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Novgorod" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Novgorod (disambiguation)">Novgorod (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Novgorod Oblast, Russia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Veliky Novgorod</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Великий Новгород</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of inhabited localities in Russia">City</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ref119_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref119-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Veliky_Novgorod_montage_(2015).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Counter-clockwise from top right: the Millennium of Russia, cathedral of Saint Sophia, the fine arts museum, St. George's Monastery, the Kremlin, Yaroslav's Court"><img alt="Counter-clockwise from top right: the Millennium of Russia, cathedral of Saint Sophia, the fine arts museum, St. George's Monastery, the Kremlin, Yaroslav's Court" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Veliky_Novgorod_montage_%282015%29.png/250px-Veliky_Novgorod_montage_%282015%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Veliky_Novgorod_montage_%282015%29.png/375px-Veliky_Novgorod_montage_%282015%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Veliky_Novgorod_montage_%282015%29.png/500px-Veliky_Novgorod_montage_%282015%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><b>Counter-clockwise from top right:</b> the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_of_Russia" title="Millennium of Russia">Millennium of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Sophia,_Novgorod" title="Cathedral of Saint Sophia, Novgorod">cathedral of Saint Sophia</a>, the fine arts museum, <a href="/wiki/Yuriev_Monastery" title="Yuriev Monastery">St. George's Monastery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod Kremlin">Kremlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav%27s_Court" title="Yaroslav's Court">Yaroslav's Court</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Veliky Novgorod"><img alt="Flag of Veliky Novgorod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg/125px-Flag_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg/188px-Flag_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg/250px-Flag_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1635" data-file-height="981" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Veliky_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Veliky Novgorod">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Veliky Novgorod"><img alt="Coat of arms of Veliky Novgorod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg/70px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg/105px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="898" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Veliky Novgorod</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_8090beb461ab3308e97c30c358e71a7120c8a756"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Veliky_Novgorod&revid=1256032178&groups=_8090beb461ab3308e97c30c358e71a7120c8a756" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Veliky_Novgorod&revid=1256032178&groups=_8090beb461ab3308e97c30c358e71a7120c8a756 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline_Map_of_Novgorod_Oblast.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Veliky Novgorod is located in Novgorod Oblast"><img alt="Veliky Novgorod is located in Novgorod Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Outline_Map_of_Novgorod_Oblast.svg/250px-Outline_Map_of_Novgorod_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Outline_Map_of_Novgorod_Oblast.svg/375px-Outline_Map_of_Novgorod_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Outline_Map_of_Novgorod_Oblast.svg/500px-Outline_Map_of_Novgorod_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="403" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.207%;left:25.243%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Veliky Novgorod"><img alt="Veliky Novgorod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Veliky Novgorod</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Veliky Novgorod</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Novgorod Oblast</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Russia_location_map_(2014%E2%80%932022,_Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Veliky Novgorod is located in European Russia"><img alt="Veliky Novgorod is located in European Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/250px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/375px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/500px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1558" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.541%;left:28.272%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Veliky Novgorod"><img alt="Veliky Novgorod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Veliky Novgorod</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Veliky Novgorod (European Russia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of European Russia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Veliky Novgorod is located in Europe"><img alt="Veliky Novgorod is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/250px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/375px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/500px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.13%;left:61.468%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Veliky Novgorod"><img alt="Veliky Novgorod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Veliky Novgorod</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Veliky Novgorod (Europe)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Veliky_Novgorod&params=58_33_N_31_16_E_type:city(218717)_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">58°33′N</span> <span class="longitude">31°16′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">58.550°N 31.267°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">58.550; 31.267</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast" title="Novgorod Oblast">Novgorod Oblast</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ref534_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref534-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First mentioned</th><td class="infobox-data">859<sup id="cite_ref-Established_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Established-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Duma_of_Veliky_Novgorod" title="Duma of Veliky Novgorod">Duma</a><sup id="cite_ref-HeadLegis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeadLegis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayor_of_Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayor of Veliky Novgorod (page does not exist)">Mayor (Head)</a><sup id="cite_ref-HeadLegis_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeadLegis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">Aleksandr Rozbaum</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-OffStats_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffStats-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">90 km<sup>2</sup> (30 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 m (82 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 Census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2010Census_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Census-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">218,717</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(January 2011)<sup id="cite_ref-OffStats_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffStats-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">218,681</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">85th</a> in 2010</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,400/km<sup>2</sup> (6,300/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Administrative status</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Subordinated to</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">city of oblast significance</a> of Veliky Novgorod<sup id="cite_ref-Ref534_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref534-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Capital</a> of</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast" title="Novgorod Oblast">Novgorod Oblast</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ref534_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref534-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> city of oblast significance of Veliky Novgorod<sup id="cite_ref-Ref534_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref534-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Municipal status</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Urban okrug</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Veliky Novgorod Urban Okrug<sup id="cite_ref-Ref832_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref832-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Capital</a> of</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Veliky Novgorod Urban Okrug,<sup id="cite_ref-Ref832_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref832-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novgorodsky Municipal District<sup id="cite_ref-Ref832_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref832-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">MSK</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2240?uselang=en#P421" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-vremeni_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vremeni-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal code(s)</a><sup id="cite_ref-PostalCode_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PostalCode-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">173000–173005, 173007–173009, 173011–173016, 173018, 173020–173025, 173700, 173899, 173920, 173955, 173990, 173999</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Russia" title="Telephone numbers in Russia">Dialing code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+7 8162</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OKTMO" title="OKTMO">OKTMO</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">49701000001</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adm.nov.ru">www<wbr />.adm<wbr />.nov<wbr />.ru</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Monuments_of_Novgorod_and_Surroundings" title="Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings">Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: (ii)(iv)(vi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/604">604</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1992 (16th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Veliky Novgorod</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">və-LEE-kee NOV-gə-rod</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Великий Новгород</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnovɡərət]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Great Newtown</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known simply as <b>Novgorod</b> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Новгород</span></span>), is the largest city and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">administrative centre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast" title="Novgorod Oblast">Novgorod Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. It is one of the oldest cities in Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being first mentioned in the 9th century. The city lies along the <a href="/wiki/Volkhov_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkhov River">Volkhov River</a> just downstream from its outflow from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ilmen" title="Lake Ilmen">Lake Ilmen</a> and is situated on the <a href="/wiki/M10_highway_(Russia)" title="M10 highway (Russia)">M10 federal highway</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> recognized Novgorod as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1992. The city has a population of <span class="nowrap">224,286 (<a href="/wiki/2021_Russian_census" title="2021 Russian census">2021 Census</a>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2021Census_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Census-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style></p><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">25,736</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">32,764</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">39,758</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">60,669</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+52.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">127,944</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+110.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">186,003</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+45.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">229,126</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">223,263</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">218,717</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">224,286</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.5%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Census data</td></tr></tbody></table><p>At its peak during the 14th century, the city was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> and was one of Europe's largest cities.<sup id="cite_ref-google_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Великий" part was added to the city's name in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Veliky Novgorod has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Dfb</i>). The city has warm summers with temperatures reaching over 30 °C (86 °F) and relatively cold winters with frequent snowfall. The lowest air temperature ever recorded is -45 °C (-49 °F). The warmest month is July with a daily mean of 18.7 °C (65 °F), the coldest month is February with a daily mean of -6 °C (21 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_norms_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_norms-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest amount of precipitation is on average in June with 73 mm (2.9 inches) of precipitation, the driest is March with 30 mm (1.2 inches) of precipitation. The annual amount of precipitation is 603 mm (23.7 inches) .<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_norms_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_norms-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_developments">Early developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rurikovo_Gorodische" title="Rurikovo Gorodische">Rurikovo Gorodische</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C12345.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C12345.jpg/220px-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C12345.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C12345.jpg/330px-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C12345.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C12345.jpg/440px-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C12345.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4056" data-file-height="3040" /></a><figcaption>Novgorod Kremlin</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sofia_First_Chronicle" title="Sofia First Chronicle">Sofia First Chronicle</a> makes initial mention of it in 859, while the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_First_Chronicle" title="Novgorod First Chronicle">Novgorod First Chronicle</a> first mentions it in 862, when it was purportedly already a major <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a>-to-<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a> station on the trade <a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">route from the Varangians to the Greeks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tikhomirov_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhomirov-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Charter of Veliky Novgorod recognizes 859 as the year when the city was first mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-Established_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Established-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novgorod is traditionally considered to be a cradle of Russian statehood.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest archaeological excavations in the middle to late 20th century, however, have found cultural layers dating back to the late 10th century, the time of the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of Rus'">Christianization of Rus'</a> and a century after it was allegedly founded.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological dating is fairly easy and accurate to within 15–25 years, as the streets were paved with wood, and most of the houses made of wood, allowing <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">tree ring dating</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Varangian" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian">Varangian</a> name of the city <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Holmgård</i></span> or <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Holmgard</i></span> (<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Holmgarðr</i></span> or <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Holmgarðir</i></span>) is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Norse_Saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse Saga">Norse Sagas</a> as existing at a yet earlier stage, but the correlation of this reference with the actual city is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Holmgård</i></span> referred to the stronghold, now only 2 km (1.2 miles) to the south of the center of the present-day city, <a href="/wiki/Rurikovo_Gorodische" title="Rurikovo Gorodische">Rurikovo Gorodische</a> (named in comparatively modern times after the Varangian chieftain <a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a>, who supposedly made it his "capital" around 860). Archaeological data suggests that the Gorodishche, the residence of the <a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">knyaz</a> (prince), dates from the mid-9th century,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the town itself dates only from the end of the 10th century; hence the name Novgorod, "new city", from <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> <span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><span lang="orv">новъ</span></span> and <span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><span lang="orv">городъ</span></span> (<span title="Church Slavonic-language text"><i lang="cu-Latn">nov</i></span> and <span title="Church Slavonic-language text"><i lang="cu-Latn">gorod</i></span>); the Old Norse term <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Nýgarðr</i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Old_Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Russian">Old Russian</a> word. First mention of this Norse etymology to the name of the city of Novgorod (and that of other cities within the territory of the then <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>) occurs in the 10th-century policy manual <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la-TR"><a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a></i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Princely_state_within_Kievan_Rus'"><span id="Princely_state_within_Kievan_Rus.27"></span>Princely state within Kievan Rus'</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Princely state within Kievan Rus'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Land" title="Novgorod Land">Novgorod Land</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod.jpg/220px-Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod.jpg/330px-Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod.jpg/440px-Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Sophia,_Novgorod" title="Cathedral of Saint Sophia, Novgorod">Cathedral of Saint Sophia</a>, a symbol of the city and the main cathedral of the Novgorod Republic</figcaption></figure> <p>In 882, Rurik's successor, <a href="/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleg of Novgorod">Oleg of Novgorod</a>, conquered <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> and founded the state of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. Novgorod's size as well as its political, economic, and cultural influence made it the second most important city in Kievan Rus'. According to a custom, the elder son and heir of the ruling Kievan monarch was sent to rule Novgorod even as a minor. When the ruling monarch had no such son, Novgorod was governed by <a href="/wiki/Posadnik" title="Posadnik">posadniks</a>, such as the legendary <a href="/wiki/Gostomysl" title="Gostomysl">Gostomysl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dobrynya" title="Dobrynya">Dobrynya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Dobrynich" title="Konstantin Dobrynich">Konstantin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ostromir" title="Ostromir">Ostromir</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_I_the_Wise" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaroslav I the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a> was Prince of Novgorod from 1010 to 1019, while his father, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a>, was a prince in Kiev. Yaroslav promulgated the first written code of laws (later incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Pravda" title="Russkaya Pravda">Russkaya Pravda</a>) among the Eastern Slavs and is said to have granted the city a number of freedoms or privileges, which they often referred to in later centuries as precedents in their relations with other princes. His son, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_of_Novgorod" title="Vladimir of Novgorod">Vladimir of Novgorod</a>, sponsored construction of the great <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod">Saint Sophia Cathedral</a>, more accurately translated as the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom, which stands to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_foreign_ties">Early foreign ties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early foreign ties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Norse_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse saga">Norse sagas</a> the city is mentioned as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Gardariki" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardariki">Gardariki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> kings and yarls came to Novgorod seeking refuge or employment, including <a href="/wiki/Olaf_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf I of Norway">Olaf I of Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf II of Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnus_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus I of Norway">Magnus I of Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harald_III_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald III of Norway">Harald Hardrada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No more than a few decades after the 1030 death and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> of Olaf II of Norway, the city's community had erected in his memory <a href="/wiki/Saint_Olaf%27s_Church_in_Novgorod" title="Saint Olaf's Church in Novgorod">Saint Olaf's Church in Novgorod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page / location: 147
Quotation: "Olaf Haraldsson, king of Norway, was killed in the Battle of Stiklestad on 29 July 1030. The process of his sanctification began almost immediately after the battle, and according to Adam of Bremen by c. 1070 St Olaf's feast had been 'worthily recalled with eternal veneration on the part of all the peoples of Northern Ocean, the Norwegians, Swedes, Goths, Sembi, Danes, and Slavs'"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">147</span> </sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page / location: 158
Quotation: "In the late eleventh or early twelfth century — half a century before the 'Varangian' church was first recorded in the Novgorodian chronicle — the rune carver Öpir (ØpiR) produced a runic inscription on a boulder at Sjusta in central Sweden, mentioning a certain Spjallboði who 'died in Hólmgarðr in Olaf's church'"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">158</span> </sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a> functioned as the leading trading center in the Baltic before the <a href="/wiki/Hansa_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Hansa League">Hansa League</a>. At Novgorod in 1080, Visby merchants established a trading post which they named Gutagard (also known as Gotenhof).<sup id="cite_ref-european-heritage_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-european-heritage-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in the first half of the 13th century, merchants from northern Germany also established their own trading station in Novgorod, known as the <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about the same time, in 1229, German merchants at Novgorod were granted certain privileges, which made their position more secure.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novgorod_Republic">Novgorod Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Novgorod Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Tithes" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of the Tithes">Monastery of the Tithes</a> is one of eight ancient monasteries of the old Russian state <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorodian Rus'</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknow_-_The_Angel_with_Golden_Hair_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Unknow_-_The_Angel_with_Golden_Hair_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Unknow_-_The_Angel_with_Golden_Hair_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Unknow_-_The_Angel_with_Golden_Hair_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Unknow_-_The_Angel_with_Golden_Hair_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Unknow_-_The_Angel_with_Golden_Hair_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Unknow_-_The_Angel_with_Golden_Hair_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3620" data-file-height="4601" /></a><figcaption>12th-century Novgorod icon called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel_with_Golden_Hair" title="The Angel with Golden Hair">The Angel with Golden Hair</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1136, the Novgorodians dismissed their prince <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Mstislavich_of_Novgorod_and_Pskov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vsevolod Mstislavich of Novgorod and Pskov">Vsevolod Mstislavich</a>. The year is seen as the traditional beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a>. The city was able to invite and dismiss a number of princes over the next two centuries, but the princely office was never abolished and powerful princes, such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a>, could assert their will in the city regardless of what Novgorodians said.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/City_state" class="mw-redirect" title="City state">city state</a> controlled most of Europe's northeast, from lands east of today's <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, making it one of the largest states in medieval Europe, although much of the territory north and east of Lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Ladoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Onega" title="Lake Onega">Onega</a> was sparsely populated and never organized politically.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the most important local figures in Novgorod was the <span title="Slavic languages romanization"><i lang="sla-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Posadnik" title="Posadnik">posadnik</a></i></span>, or mayor, an official elected by the public assembly (called the <span title="Slavic languages romanization"><i lang="sla-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_veche" title="Novgorod veche">Veche</a></i></span>) from among the city's <a href="/wiki/Boyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyars">boyars</a>, or aristocracy. The <span title="Slavic languages romanization"><i lang="sla-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tysyatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tysyatsky">tysyatsky</a></i></span>, or "thousandman", originally the head of the town militia but later a commercial and judicial official, was also elected by the <span title="Slavic languages romanization"><i lang="sla-Latn">Veche</i></span>. Another important local official was the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Novgorod">Archbishop of Novgorod</a> who shared power with the boyars.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archbishops were elected by the <span title="Slavic languages romanization"><i lang="sla-Latn">Veche</i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">by the drawing of lots</a>, and after their election, were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan</a> for consecration.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While a basic outline of the various officials and the <span title="Slavic languages romanization"><i lang="sla-Latn">Veche</i></span> can be drawn up, the city-state's exact political constitution remains unknown. The boyars and the archbishop ruled the city together, although where one official's power ended and another's began is uncertain. The prince, although his power was reduced from around the middle of the 12th century, was represented by his <span title="Slavic languages romanization"><i lang="sla-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Namestnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Namestnik">namestnik</a></i></span>, or lieutenant, and still played important roles as a military commander, legislator and jurist. The exact composition of the <span title="Slavic languages romanization"><i lang="sla-Latn">Veche</i></span>, too, is uncertain, with some historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Klyuchevsky" title="Vasily Klyuchevsky">Vasily Klyuchevsky</a>, claiming it was democratic in nature, while later scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxists</a> Valentin Ianin and Aleksandr Khoroshev, see it as a "sham democracy" controlled by the ruling elite.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 13th century, Novgorod, while not a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, was the easternmost <a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">kontor</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a>, of the league, being the source of enormous quantities of luxury (<a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">sable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">ermine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marmot" title="Marmot">marmot</a>) and non-luxury furs (squirrel pelts).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the Middle Ages, the city thrived culturally. A large number of <a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch bark document">birch bark letters</a> have been unearthed in excavations, perhaps suggesting widespread literacy. It was in Novgorod that the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Codex" title="Novgorod Codex">Novgorod Codex</a>, the oldest Slavic book written north of Bulgaria, and the oldest inscription in a Finnic language (<a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_letter_no._292" title="Birch bark letter no. 292">Birch bark letter no. 292</a>) were unearthed. Some of the most ancient Russian chronicles (<a href="/wiki/Novgorod_First_Chronicle" title="Novgorod First Chronicle">Novgorod First Chronicle</a>) were written in the scriptorium of the archbishops who also promoted iconography and patronized church construction. The Novgorod merchant <a href="/wiki/Sadko" title="Sadko">Sadko</a> became a popular hero of Russian <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Novgorod was never conquered by the Mongols during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Rus">Mongol invasion of Rus</a>. The Mongol army turned back about 200 kilometers (120 mi) from the city, not because of the city's strength, but probably because the Mongol commanders did not want to get bogged down in the marshlands surrounding the city. However, the grand princes of Moscow, who acted as tax collectors for the khans of the Golden Horde, did collect tribute in Novgorod, most notably <a href="/wiki/Yury_of_Moscow" title="Yury of Moscow">Yury Danilovich</a> and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kalita" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Kalita">Ivan Kalita</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vision_of_Tarasius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vision_of_Tarasius.jpg/220px-Vision_of_Tarasius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vision_of_Tarasius.jpg/330px-Vision_of_Tarasius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vision_of_Tarasius.jpg/440px-Vision_of_Tarasius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1838" /></a><figcaption>The 16th century Vision of Tarasius icon depicts Novgorod with the Sofia side to the left and the Commercial side to the right. The inhabitants of the city are shown doing their day-to-day work while being guarded by the angels</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1259, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Mongol</a> tax-collectors and census-takers arrived in the city, leading to political disturbances and forcing <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a> to punish a number of town officials (he <a href="/wiki/Nose_amputation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nose amputation">cut off their noses</a>) for defying him as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Grand Prince of Vladimir</a> (soon to be the khan's tax-collector in Russia) and his Mongol overlords. In the 14th century, raids by Novgorod <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a>, or <span title="Slavic languages romanization"><i lang="sla-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ushkuiniki" class="mw-redirect" title="Ushkuiniki">ushkuiniki</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sowed fear as far as <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, assisting Novgorod in wars with the Grand Duchy of Moscow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the era of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Old Rus' State</a>, Novgorod was a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_medieval_Novgorod" title="Foreign trade of medieval Novgorod">major trade hub</a> at the northern end of both the <a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a> and the "<a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">route from the Varangians to the Greeks</a>" along the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper river">Dnieper river</a> system. A vast array of goods were transported along these routes and exchanged with local Novgorod merchants and other traders. The farmers of <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> retained the Saint Olof trading house well into the 12th century. Later German merchantmen also established tradinghouses in Novgorod. Scandinavian royalty would intermarry with Russian princes and princesses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">great schism</a>, Novgorod struggled from the beginning of the 13th century against <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a>, and German crusaders. During the <a href="/wiki/Swedish-Novgorodian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Novgorodian Wars">Swedish-Novgorodian Wars</a>, the Swedes invaded lands where some of the population had earlier <a href="/wiki/Novgorodian_raids_into_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorodian raids into Finland">paid tribute</a> to Novgorod. The Germans had been trying to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a> since the late 12th century. Novgorod went to war 26 times with Sweden and 11 times with the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a>. The German <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a>, along with Danish and Swedish feudal lords, launched a series of uncoordinated attacks between 1240 and 1242. Novgorodian sources mention that a Swedish army was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Neva" title="Battle of the Neva">Battle of the Neva</a> in 1240. The Baltic German campaigns ended in failure after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_on_Lake_Peipus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle on Lake Peipus">Battle on the Ice</a> in 1242. After the foundation of the castle of <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Viborg</a> in 1293 the Swedes gained a foothold in <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>. On 12 August 1323, Sweden and Novgorod signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_N%C3%B6teborg" title="Treaty of Nöteborg">Treaty of Nöteborg</a>, regulating their border for the first time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 15th century, Novgorod faced significant struggles with <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">food scarcity</a>, which lasted for a decade in the mid-15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This scarcity had profound implications for the population and the city's stability during that time, including its downfall. Novgorod was a hub for trade, attracting German merchants in substantial numbers, around 200 German merchants resided in the trade city in the 1430s, comprising about 1% of the total population of Novgorod at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interactions between these merchants and the local population contributed to the nature of Novgorod during that time, influencing its economic prosperity and cultural diversity. </p><p>The city's downfall occurred partially as a result of its inability to feed its large population, making it dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a> region for grain. The main cities in the area, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>, used this dependence to gain control over Novgorod. Eventually <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a> forcibly annexed the city to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a> in 1478. The <span title="Slavic languages romanization"><i lang="sla-Latn">Veche</i></span> was dissolved and a significant part of Novgorod's aristocracy, merchants and smaller landholding families was deported to central Russia. The Hanseatic League kontor was closed in 1494 and the goods stored there were seized by Muscovite forces.<sup id="cite_ref-kollman_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kollman-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsardom_of_Russia">Tsardom of Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tsardom of Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novgorod_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Novgorod_1862.jpg/220px-Novgorod_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Novgorod_1862.jpg/330px-Novgorod_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Novgorod_1862.jpg/440px-Novgorod_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8077" data-file-height="8759" /></a><figcaption>City plan of Novgorod in 1862</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C._(%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA)_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87.XX%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_KpbFNhNzn0Q_e1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C._%28%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%29_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87.XX%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_KpbFNhNzn0Q_e1.jpg/220px-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C._%28%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%29_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87.XX%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_KpbFNhNzn0Q_e1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C._%28%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%29_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87.XX%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_KpbFNhNzn0Q_e1.jpg/330px-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C._%28%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%29_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87.XX%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_KpbFNhNzn0Q_e1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C._%28%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%29_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87.XX%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_KpbFNhNzn0Q_e1.jpg/440px-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C._%28%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%29_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87.XX%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_KpbFNhNzn0Q_e1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>Kremlin square on postcard of the early XX century</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of annexation, Novgorod became the third largest city under <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovy</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> (with 5,300 homesteads and 25–30 thousand inhabitants in the 1550s)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained so until the famine of the 1560s and the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Novgorod" title="Massacre of Novgorod">Massacre of Novgorod</a> in 1570. In the Massacre, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> sacked the city, slaughtered thousands of its inhabitants, and deported the city's merchant elite and nobility to Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a> and elsewhere. The last decade of the 16th century was a comparatively favourable period for the city as <a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris Godunov</a> restored trade privileges and raised the status of Novgorod bishop. The German trading post was reestablished in 1603.<sup id="cite_ref-view_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-view-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the incorporation into the Russian state Novgorod land retained its distinct identity and institutions, including the customs policy and administrative division. Certain elective offices were quickly restored after having been abolished by Ivan III.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a>, Novgorodians submitted to <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> troops led by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_De_la_Gardie" title="Jacob De la Gardie">Jacob De la Gardie</a> in the summer of 1611. The city was restituted to Muscovy six years later by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stolbovo" title="Treaty of Stolbovo">Treaty of Stolbovo</a>. The conflict led to further depopulation: the number of homesteads in the city decreased from 1158 in 1607 to only 493 in 1617, with the Sofia side described as 'deserted'.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novgorod only regained a measure of its former prosperity towards the end of the century, when such ambitious buildings as the Cathedral of the Sign and the <a href="/wiki/Vyazhishchsky_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyazhishchsky Monastery">Vyazhischi Monastery</a> were constructed. The most famous of Muscovite patriarchs, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Nikon">Nikon</a>, was active in Novgorod between 1648 and 1652. The Novgorod Land became one of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a>' strongholds after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Russian Schism">Schism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-view_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-view-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city remained an important trade centre even though it was now eclipsed by <a href="/wiki/Archangelsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangelsk">Archangelsk</a>, Novgorodian merchants were trading in the Baltic cities and Stockholm while Swedish merchants came to Novgorod where they had their own trading post since 1627.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novgorod continued to be a major centre of crafts which employed the majority of its population. There were more than 200 distinct professions in 16th century. Bells, cannons and other arms were produced in Novgorod; its silversmiths were famous for the <a href="/wiki/Skan%27" title="Skan'">skan'</a> technique used for religious items and jewellery. Novgorod chests were in widespread use all across Russia, including the Tsar's household and the northern monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Empire">Russian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1727, Novgorod was made the administrative center of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Governorate" title="Novgorod Governorate">Novgorod Governorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, which was detached from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Governorate" title="Saint Petersburg Governorate">Saint Petersburg Governorate</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Russia_in_1727%E2%80%931728" title="Administrative divisions of Russia in 1727–1728">Administrative divisions of Russia in 1727–1728</a>). This administrative division existed until 1927. Between 1927 and 1944, the city was a part of <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a>, and then became the administrative center of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast" title="Novgorod Oblast">Novgorod Oblast</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 August 1941, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the city was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a>. Its historic monuments were systematically obliterated. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Leningrad%E2%80%93Novgorod_Offensive#Novgorod–Luga_Offensive_:_14_January_–_15_February_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive">liberated</a> the city on 19 January 1944. Out of 2,536 stone buildings, fewer than forty remained standing. After the war, thanks to plans laid down by <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Shchusev" title="Alexey Shchusev">Alexey Shchusev</a>, the central part was gradually restored. In 1992, the chief monuments of the city and the surrounding area were inscribed on the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Site</a> list as the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Monuments_of_Novgorod_and_Surroundings" title="Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings">Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings</a>. As of 2020, regular archeological rescue work continues across the site.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, the city was officially renamed Veliky Novgorod (literally 'Great Novgorod'),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus partly reverting to its medieval title "Lord Novgorod the Great". This reduced the temptation to confuse Veliky Novgorod with <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, a larger city the other side of Moscow which, between 1932 and 1990, had been renamed Gorky, in honour of <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_and_municipal_status">Administrative and municipal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administrative and municipal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Veliky Novgorod is the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative center">administrative center</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblast</a> and, within the <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">framework of administrative divisions</a>, it also serves as the administrative center of <a href="/wiki/Novgorodsky_District" title="Novgorodsky District">Novgorodsky District</a>, even though it is not a part of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref534_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref534-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the <b><a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">city of oblast significance</a> of Veliky Novgorod</b>—an administrative unit with status equal to that of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Administrative divisions of Novgorod Oblast">districts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref534_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref534-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">municipal division</a>, the city of oblast significance of Veliky Novgorod is incorporated as <b>Veliky Novgorod Urban Okrug</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref832_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref832-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sights">Sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novgorod_Monument_LOC_06268u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Novgorod_Monument_LOC_06268u.jpg/220px-Novgorod_Monument_LOC_06268u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Novgorod_Monument_LOC_06268u.jpg/330px-Novgorod_Monument_LOC_06268u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Novgorod_Monument_LOC_06268u.jpg/440px-Novgorod_Monument_LOC_06268u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="1578" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Millennium_of_Russia" title="Millennium of Russia">Millennium of Russia</a></i> monument (1862), with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod">Saint Sophia Cathedral</a> in the background. The upper row of figures is cast in the round and the lower one is in relief.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is known for the variety and age of its medieval monuments. The foremost among these is the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod">Saint Sophia Cathedral</a>, built between 1045 and 1050 under the patronage of Vladimir Yaroslavich, the son of <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a>; Vladimir and his mother, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Porphyrogenita" title="Anna Porphyrogenita">Anna Porphyrogenita</a>, are buried in the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the best preserved churches from the 11th century. It is also probably the oldest structure still in use in Russia and the first one to represent original features of Russian architecture (austere stone walls, five helmet-like domes). Its frescoes were painted in the 12th century originally on the orders of Bishop Nikita (died 1108) (the "porches" or side chapels were painted in 1144 under <a href="/wiki/Nifont_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Nifont of Novgorod">Archbishop Nifont</a>) and renovated several times over the centuries, most recently in the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral features famous bronze gates, which now hang in the west entrance, allegedly made in <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> in 1156 (other sources see them originating from <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>) and reportedly snatched by Novgorodians from the Swedish town of <a href="/wiki/Sigtuna" title="Sigtuna">Sigtuna</a> in 1187. More recent scholarship has determined that the gates were most likely purchased in the mid-15th century, apparently at the behest of Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Euthymius_II_of_Novgorod" title="Euthymius II of Novgorod">Euthymius II</a> (1429–1458), a lover of Western art and architectural styles.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod Kremlin">Novgorod Kremlin</a>, traditionally known as the <i>Detinets</i>, also contains the oldest palace in Russia (the so-called Chamber of the Facets, 1433), which served as the main meeting hall of the archbishops; the oldest Russian bell tower (mid-15th century), and the oldest Russian clock tower (1673). The Palace of Facets, the bell tower, and the clock tower were originally built on the orders of Archbishop Euphimius II, although the clock tower collapsed in the 17th century and had to be rebuilt and much of the palace of Euphimius II is no longer standing. Among later structures, the most remarkable are a royal palace (1771) and a bronze monument to the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_of_Russia" title="Millennium of Russia">Millennium of Russia</a>, representing the most important figures from the country's history (unveiled in 1862). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Nicholas_Cathedral,_Novgorod.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/St._Nicholas_Cathedral%2C_Novgorod.JPG/220px-St._Nicholas_Cathedral%2C_Novgorod.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/St._Nicholas_Cathedral%2C_Novgorod.JPG/330px-St._Nicholas_Cathedral%2C_Novgorod.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/St._Nicholas_Cathedral%2C_Novgorod.JPG/440px-St._Nicholas_Cathedral%2C_Novgorod.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Cathedral,_Novgorod" title="Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod">St. Nicholas Cathedral</a>, built by Mstislav I near his palace at <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav%27s_Court" title="Yaroslav's Court">Yaroslav's Court</a>, Novgorod, contains 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> depicting his illustrious family</figcaption></figure> <p>Outside the Kremlin walls, there are three large churches constructed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_I_of_Kiev" title="Mstislav I of Kiev">Mstislav the Great</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Cathedral,_Novgorod" title="Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod">St. Nicholas Cathedral</a> (1113–1123), containing frescoes of Mstislav's family, graces <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav%27s_Court" title="Yaroslav's Court">Yaroslav's Court</a> (formerly the chief square of Novgorod). The <a href="/wiki/Yuriev_Monastery" title="Yuriev Monastery">Yuriev Monastery</a> (one of the oldest in Russia, 1030) contains a tall, three-domed cathedral from 1119 (built by Mstislav's son, <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_of_Pskov" title="Vsevolod of Pskov">Vsevolod</a>, and Kyurik, the head of the monastery). A similar three-domed cathedral (1117), probably designed by the same masters, stands in the <a href="/wiki/Antoniev_Monastery" title="Antoniev Monastery">Antoniev Monastery</a>, built on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Rome" title="Anthony of Rome">Antony</a>, the founder of that monastery. </p><p>There are now some fifty medieval and early modern churches scattered throughout the city and its surrounding areas.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of them were blown up by the Nazis and subsequently restored. The most ancient pattern is represented by those dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Saints Pyotr and Pavel</a> (on the Swallow's Hill, 1185–1192), to Annunciation (in Myachino, 1179), to Assumption (on <a href="/wiki/Volotovo_Church" title="Volotovo Church">Volotovo Field</a>, 1180s) and to St. Paraskeva-Piatnitsa (at <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav%27s_Court" title="Yaroslav's Court">Yaroslav's Court</a>, 1207). The greatest masterpiece of early Novgorod architecture is the <a href="/wiki/Nereditsa_Church" title="Nereditsa Church">Savior church at Nereditsa</a> (1198). </p><p>In the 13th century, tiny churches of the three-paddled design were in vogue. These are represented by a small chapel at the <a href="/wiki/Peryn_Chapel" title="Peryn Chapel">Peryn Monastery</a> (1230s) and St. Nicholas' on the Lipnya Islet (1292, also notable for its 14th-century frescoes). The next century saw the development of two original church designs, one of them culminating in <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E" class="extiw" title="ru:Церковь Фёдора Стратилата на Ручью">St Theodor's church</a> (1360–1361, fine frescoes from 1380s), and another one leading to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Transfiguration_on_Ilyina_Street" title="Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyina Street">Savior church on Ilyina street</a> (1374, painted in 1378 by <a href="/wiki/Feofan_Grek" class="mw-redirect" title="Feofan Grek">Feofan Grek</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_Church_in_Kovalyovo" title="Transfiguration Church in Kovalyovo">Savior' church in Kovalevo</a> (1345) was originally frescoed by <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbian</a> masters, but the church was destroyed during the war. While the church has since been rebuilt, the frescoes have not been restored. </p><p>During the last century of the republican government, some new churches were consecrated to Saints Peter and Paul (on Slavna, 1367; in Kozhevniki, 1406), to Christ's Nativity (at the Cemetery, 1387), to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">St. John the Apostle's</a> (1384), to the Twelve Apostles (1455), to St Demetrius (1467), to St. Simeon (1462), and other saints. Generally, they are not thought<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be as innovative as the churches from the previous period. Several shrines from the 12th century (i.e., in Opoki) were demolished brick by brick and then reconstructed exactly as they used to be, several of them in the mid-fifteenth century, again under Archbishop Yevfimy II (Euthymius II), perhaps one of the greatest patrons of architecture in medieval Novgorod. </p><p>Novgorod's conquest by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a> in 1478 decisively changed the character of local architecture. Large commissions were thenceforth executed by Muscovite masters and patterned after cathedrals of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a>: e.g., the Savior Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Khutyn_Monastery" title="Khutyn Monastery">Khutyn Monastery</a> (1515), the Cathedral of the Mother of God of the Sign (1688), the St. Nicholas Cathedral of Vyaschizhy Monastery (1685). Nevertheless, the styles of some parochial churches were still in keeping with local traditions: e.g., the churches of Myrrh-bearing Women (1510) and of Saints <a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a> (1586). </p><p>In Vitoslavlitsy, along the <a href="/wiki/Volkhov_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkhov River">Volkhov River</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myachino_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myachino Lake (page does not exist)">Myachino Lake</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/Yuriev_Monastery" title="Yuriev Monastery">Yuriev Monastery</a>, a museum of wooden architecture was established in 1964. Over twenty wooden buildings (churches, houses and mills) dating from the 14th to the 19th century were transported there from all around the Novgorod region. </p><p>11,400 graves of the German <a href="/wiki/1st_Luftwaffe_Field_Division" title="1st Luftwaffe Field Division">1st Luftwaffe Field Division</a> are found at the war cemetery in Novgorod, and 1,900 soldiers of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a> are buried there.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Millennium_of_Russia_Monument_in_Nowgorod,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze monument to the Millennium of Russia (1862)"><img alt="Bronze monument to the Millennium of Russia (1862)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Millennium_of_Russia_Monument_in_Nowgorod%2C_2005.jpg/82px-Millennium_of_Russia_Monument_in_Nowgorod%2C_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Millennium_of_Russia_Monument_in_Nowgorod%2C_2005.jpg/123px-Millennium_of_Russia_Monument_in_Nowgorod%2C_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Millennium_of_Russia_Monument_in_Nowgorod%2C_2005.jpg/165px-Millennium_of_Russia_Monument_in_Nowgorod%2C_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze monument to the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_of_Russia" title="Millennium of Russia">Millennium of Russia</a> (1862)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nowgorod_2005_w.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walls of the Novgorod Kremlin"><img alt="Walls of the Novgorod Kremlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nowgorod_2005_w.jpg/120px-Nowgorod_2005_w.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nowgorod_2005_w.jpg/180px-Nowgorod_2005_w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nowgorod_2005_w.jpg/240px-Nowgorod_2005_w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Walls of the Novgorod Kremlin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VNovgorod_WWIIMemoral_4211.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="War Memorial"><img alt="War Memorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/VNovgorod_WWIIMemoral_4211.JPG/120px-VNovgorod_WWIIMemoral_4211.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/VNovgorod_WWIIMemoral_4211.JPG/180px-VNovgorod_WWIIMemoral_4211.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/VNovgorod_WWIIMemoral_4211.JPG/240px-VNovgorod_WWIIMemoral_4211.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3816" data-file-height="2536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">War Memorial</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaroslavovo_Dvorische_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Yaroslav's Court"><img alt="View of the Yaroslav's Court" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Yaroslavovo_Dvorische_01.jpg/120px-Yaroslavovo_Dvorische_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Yaroslavovo_Dvorische_01.jpg/180px-Yaroslavovo_Dvorische_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Yaroslavovo_Dvorische_01.jpg/240px-Yaroslavovo_Dvorische_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="771" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav%27s_Court" title="Yaroslav's Court">Yaroslav's Court</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Novgorod_-_Oblast_Duma_and_Administration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Government Building"><img alt="Government Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Novgorod_-_Oblast_Duma_and_Administration.jpg/120px-Novgorod_-_Oblast_Duma_and_Administration.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Novgorod_-_Oblast_Duma_and_Administration.jpg/180px-Novgorod_-_Oblast_Duma_and_Administration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Novgorod_-_Oblast_Duma_and_Administration.jpg/240px-Novgorod_-_Oblast_Duma_and_Administration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Government Building</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intercity_transport">Intercity transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Intercity transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novgorod_-_Main_railstation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Novgorod_-_Main_railstation.jpg/220px-Novgorod_-_Main_railstation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Novgorod_-_Main_railstation.jpg/330px-Novgorod_-_Main_railstation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Novgorod_-_Main_railstation.jpg/440px-Novgorod_-_Main_railstation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Novgorod main railway station, built in 1953</figcaption></figure> <p>Novgorod has connections to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (531 km) and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> (189 km) by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Route_M10" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Route M10">federal highway M10</a>. There are public buses to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> and other destinations. </p><p>The city has direct railway passenger connections with <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leningradsky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningradsky Rail Terminal">Leningradsky Rail Terminal</a>, by night trains), <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moskovsky_Rail_Terminal_(Saint_Petersburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskovsky Rail Terminal (Saint Petersburg)">Moscow Rail Terminal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitebsk Rail Terminal">Vitebsk Rail Terminal</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Suburban_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban train">suburban trains</a>), <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Minsk_Passazhirsky_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Passazhirsky railway station">Minsk Passazhirsky railway station</a>, by night trains) and <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a>. </p><p>The city's former commercial airport <a href="/wiki/Yurievo_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Yurievo Airport">Yurievo</a> was decommissioned in 2006, and the area has now been redeveloped into a residential neighbourhood. The still existing <a href="/wiki/Krechevitsy_Airport" title="Krechevitsy Airport">Krechevitsy Airport</a> does not serve any regular flights since mid-1990s although there is a plan to turn <a href="/wiki/Krechevitsy_Airport" title="Krechevitsy Airport">Krechevitsy</a> into a new operational airport by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearest international airport is St. Petersburg's <a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Airport" title="Pulkovo Airport">Pulkovo</a>, some 180 kilometres (112 miles) north of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_transportation">Local transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Local transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_trolleybus_map_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_trolleybus_map_2022.svg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_trolleybus_map_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_trolleybus_map_2022.svg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_trolleybus_map_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_trolleybus_map_2022.svg/440px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_trolleybus_map_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption>Veliky Novgorod trolleybus map (2021)</figcaption></figure> <p>Local transportation consists of a network of buses and <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a>. The trolleybus network, which currently consists of five routes, started operating in 1995 and is the first trolley system opened in Russia after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:15_050528a.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="trolleybus Skoda-VMZ-14Tr"><img alt="trolleybus Skoda-VMZ-14Tr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/15_050528a.JPG/120px-15_050528a.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/15_050528a.JPG/180px-15_050528a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/15_050528a.JPG/240px-15_050528a.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">trolleybus <a href="/wiki/VMZ_(Vologodskiy_mechanical_plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="VMZ (Vologodskiy mechanical plant)">Skoda-VMZ-14Tr</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Novgorod_-_Trolleys_and_a_bus_at_main_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trolleybuses ZiU-9"><img alt="Trolleybuses ZiU-9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Novgorod_-_Trolleys_and_a_bus_at_main_station.jpg/120px-Novgorod_-_Trolleys_and_a_bus_at_main_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Novgorod_-_Trolleys_and_a_bus_at_main_station.jpg/180px-Novgorod_-_Trolleys_and_a_bus_at_main_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Novgorod_-_Trolleys_and_a_bus_at_main_station.jpg/240px-Novgorod_-_Trolleys_and_a_bus_at_main_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trolleybuses <a href="/wiki/ZiU-9" title="ZiU-9">ZiU-9</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Novgorod_-_Bus_at_main_station_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bus LiAZ-5256"><img alt="Bus LiAZ-5256" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Novgorod_-_Bus_at_main_station_02.jpg/120px-Novgorod_-_Bus_at_main_station_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Novgorod_-_Bus_at_main_station_02.jpg/180px-Novgorod_-_Bus_at_main_station_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Novgorod_-_Bus_at_main_station_02.jpg/240px-Novgorod_-_Bus_at_main_station_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bus <a href="/wiki/LiAZ-5256" class="mw-redirect" title="LiAZ-5256">LiAZ-5256</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planet</a>, <a href="/wiki/3799_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="3799 Novgorod">3799 Novgorod</a>, discovered by the Soviet astronomer <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Stepanovich_Chernykh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh">Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh</a> in 1979, is named after the city.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Veliky_Novgorod" title="Category:People from Veliky Novgorod">People from Veliky Novgorod</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Special:EditPage/Veliky Novgorod">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky"><b>Anton Stepanovich Arensky</b></a> (1861-1906) was an outstanding Russian composer, pianist and conductor. He became one of the prominent representatives of the Russian musical culture of the late 19th century. Arensky composed symphonic and chamber music, as well as music for the theater.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff"><b>Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff</b></a> (1873-1943) was a great Russian composer, pianist and conductor, whose work occupies one of the central places in the history of music. His works, such as the Second and Third Piano Concertos, are considered masterpieces and are performed all over the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavrila_Derzhavin" title="Gavrila Derzhavin"><b>Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin</b></a> (1743-1816) was an outstanding Russian poet, statesman, and representative of Russian classicism. His poetic works are known for their greatness and deep patriotic themes.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Kochetov" title="Vsevolod Kochetov">Vsevolod Anisimovich Kochetov</a></b> (1912-1973) was a Soviet writer, editor and journalist. He is known as the author of novels about life in the Soviet Union, including "Zhurbiny" and "What do you Want?".</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Igor_Kaberov" title="Igor Kaberov">Igor Alexandrovich Kaberov</a></b> (1917-1995) — ace pilot of WWII, Hero of the Soviet Union. He has many successful aerial battles and victories to his credit.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Miklouho-Maclay" title="Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay">Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay</a></b> (1846-1888) was a famous Russian traveler, ethnographer, anthropologist and humanist. He studied the life and way of life of the peoples of Southeast Asia, Oceania and Australia and made significant contributions to ethnography.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Bianki" title="Vitaly Bianki">Vitaly Valentinovich Bianki</a></b> (1894-1959) was a Russian writer, the author of many works about nature, famous for short stories and fairy tales for children. His books help to develop children's love and interest in the world around them.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Russia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia</a></div><p>Veliky Novgorod is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></p><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kohtla-J%C3%A4rve" title="Kohtla-Järve">Kohtla-Järve</a>, Estonia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moss,_Norway" title="Moss, Norway">Moss</a>, Norway</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nanterre" title="Nanterre">Nanterre</a>, France</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, France</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>, USA</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uusikaupunki" title="Uusikaupunki">Uusikaupunki</a>, Finland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a>, UK</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Valga,_Estonia" title="Valga, Estonia">Valga</a>, Estonia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zibo" title="Zibo">Zibo</a>, China</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FC_Elektron_Veliky_Novgorod" title="FC Elektron Veliky Novgorod">FC Elektron Veliky Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorod dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_uprising_of_1650" title="Novgorod uprising of 1650">Novgorod uprising of 1650</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ref119-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ref119_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Resolution #121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref534-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref534_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref534_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref534_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref534_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref534_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref534_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Law #559-OZ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Established-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Established_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Established_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of Veliky Novgorod, Article 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeadLegis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HeadLegis_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeadLegis_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of Veliky Novgorod, Article 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OffStats-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OffStats_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OffStats_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Official website of Veliky Novgorod. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adm.nov.ru/spage.xhtml?docid=11">Geographic Location</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010Census-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010Census_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1</bdi></a> [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. <bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census]</bdi> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2010+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fperepis2010%2Fcroc%2Fperepis_itogi1612.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref832-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref832_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref832_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref832_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref832_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oblast Law #284-OZ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vremeni-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vremeni_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085">"Об исчислении времени"</a>. <i>Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации</i> (in Russian). June 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravo.gov.ru%2Fproxy%2Fips%2F%3Fdocbody%3D%26prevDoc%3D102483854%26backlink%3D1%26%26nd%3D102148085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PostalCode-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PostalCode_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (<i>Russian Post</i>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vinfo.russianpost.ru/servlet/department">Поиск объектов почтовой связи</a> (<i>Postal Objects Search</i>) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedictow2008" class="citation book cs1">Benedictow, Ole Jørgen (2008). <i>The black death, 1346 - 1353: the complete history</i> (repr. in paperback ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843832140" title="Special:BookSources/9781843832140"><bdi>9781843832140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+black+death%2C+1346+-+1353%3A+the+complete+history&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=repr.+in+paperback&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781843832140&rft.aulast=Benedictow&rft.aufirst=Ole+J%C3%B8rgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Archaeology of Novgorod,</i> by <a href="/wiki/Valentin_L._Yanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentin L. Yanin">Valentin L. Yanin</a>, in <i>Ancient Cities, Special Issue,</i> (Scientific American), pp. 120–127, c. 1994. Covers, History, Kremlin of Novgorod, Novgorod Museum of History, preservation dynamics of the soils, and the production of <a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch bark document">Birch bark documents</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021Census-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021Census_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russian Federal State Statistics Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn/2020/Tom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya"><bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1</bdi></a> [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2020+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.au=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fvpn%2F2020%2FTom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrummey,_R.O.2014" class="citation book cs1">Crummey, R.O. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MMwFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23"><i>The Formation of Muscovy 1300 - 1613</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317872009" title="Special:BookSources/9781317872009"><bdi>9781317872009</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Muscovy+1300+-+1613&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317872009&rft.au=Crummey%2C+R.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMMwFBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/13965">"Федеральный закон от 11.06.1999 г. № 111-ФЗ"</a>. <i>kremlin.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kremlin.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%BE%D1%82+11.06.1999+%D0%B3.+%E2%84%96+111-%D0%A4%D0%97&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkremlin.ru%2Facts%2Fbank%2F13965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_norms-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_norms_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_norms_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteoinfo.ru/climatcities">"Climate norms"</a> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+norms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteoinfo.ru%2Fclimatcities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tikhomirov-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhomirov_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFТихомиров1956" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Тихомиров, М.Н. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000082/st003.shtml"><bdi lang="ru">Древнерусские города</bdi></a> (in Russian). Государственное издательство Политической литературы<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C.%D0%9D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoric.ru%2Fbooks%2Fitem%2Ff00%2Fs00%2Fz0000082%2Fst003.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetolaVihavainen2014" class="citation book cs1">Ketola, Kari; Vihavainen, Timo (2014). <i>Changing Russia? : history, culture and business</i> (1st ed.). Helsinki: Finemor. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952712401-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-952712401-7"><bdi>978-952712401-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Russia%3F+%3A+history%2C+culture+and+business&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Finemor&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-952712401-7&rft.aulast=Ketola&rft.aufirst=Kari&rft.au=Vihavainen%2C+Timo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valentin Lavrentyevich Ianin and Mark Khaimovich Aleshkovsky. "Proskhozhdeniye Novgoroda: (k postanovke problemy)," <i>Istoriya SSSR</i> 2 (1971): 32-61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Holmgard</i></span> is a Norse <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponym</a> meaning <i><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a> town</i> or <i>Islet <a href="/wiki/Grad_(Slavic_settlement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grad (Slavic settlement)">grad</a></i>, and there are various explanations for why they gave this name. According to Rydzevskaya, the Norse name is derived from the Slavic <span title="Slavic languages collective text"><i lang="sla-RU">Holmgrad</i></span> which means "town on a hill" and may allude to the "old town" preceding the "new town", or Novgorod.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vnovgorod.info/gorod.html">"Vnovgorod.info" <bdi lang="ru">Городище</bdi></a> (in Russian). Великий Новгород<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vnovgorod.info+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vnovgorod.info%2Fgorod.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jackson, Tatjana (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331845040">"Garðaríki and Its Capital: Novgorod on the Mental Map of Medieval Scandinavians"</a>. <i>Slověne</i> (in Russian). <b>4</b> (1). Moscow: 170–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31168%2F2305-6754.2015.4.1.9">10.31168/2305-6754.2015.4.1.9</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2022</span>. p. 175: <bdi lang="ru">"в сознании авторов и их слушателей Хольмгард на всем протяжении сложения и записи саг оставался столицей лежащей за Балтийским морем страны Гарды/Гардарики"</bdi> [throughout the composition and recording of the sagas, in the minds of the authors and their listeners, Hólmgarðr remained the capital of the country Garðar/Garðaríki across the Baltic Sea]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slov%C4%9Bne&rft.atitle=Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki+and+Its+Capital%3A+Novgorod+on+the+Mental+Map+of+Medieval+Scandinavians&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=170-179&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31168%2F2305-6754.2015.4.1.9&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Tatjana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F331845040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMägi2018" class="citation book cs1">Mägi, Marika (2018). <i>In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea</i>. Brill. pp. 160–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004363816" title="Special:BookSources/9789004363816"><bdi>9789004363816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Austrvegr%3A+The+Role+of+the+Eastern+Baltic+in+Viking+Age+Communication+across+the+Baltic+Sea&rft.pages=160-161&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789004363816&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4gi&rft.aufirst=Marika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafn1830" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Christian_Rafn" title="Carl Christian Rafn">Rafn, Carl Christian</a>, ed. (1830). "Gaungu-Hrólf Saga". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wlYPAAAAQAAJ"><i>Fornaldar sögur Nordrlanda eptir gömlum handritum</i></a> (in Icelandic). Kaupmannahöfn: Popp. p. 362: <q>í Hólmgarðaborg er mest atsetr Garðakonúngs, þat er nú kallat Nógarðar</q> [The main residence of the king of Garðar is in Hólmgarðaborg, which is now called Nógarðar]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaungu-Hr%C3%B3lf+Saga&rft.btitle=Fornaldar+s%C3%B6gur+Nordrlanda+eptir+g%C3%B6mlum+handritum&rft.place=Kaupmannah%C3%B6fn&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=Popp&rft.date=1830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwlYPAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklinShepard2014" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Simon; Shepard, Jonathan (2014). <i>The Emergence of Russia 750-1200</i>. Routledge. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317872245" title="Special:BookSources/9781317872245"><bdi>9781317872245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Russia+750-1200&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317872245&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Shepard%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson_2010-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_2010_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2010" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Tatjana (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45716251/The_Cult_of_St_Olaf_and_Early_Novgorod">"The Cult of St Olaf and Early Novgorod"</a>. In Antonsson, Haki; Garipzanov, Ildar H. (eds.). <i>Saints and their Lives on the Periphery: Veneration of Saints in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe (c.1000-1200)</i>. Cursor Mundi. Vol. 9. Brepols. pp. 147–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-53033-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-53033-8"><bdi>978-2-503-53033-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+St+Olaf+and+Early+Novgorod&rft.btitle=Saints+and+their+Lives+on+the+Periphery%3A+Veneration+of+Saints+in+Scandinavia+and+Eastern+Europe+%28c.1000-1200%29&rft.series=Cursor+Mundi&rft.pages=147-167&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-503-53033-8&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Tatjana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45716251%2FThe_Cult_of_St_Olaf_and_Early_Novgorod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-european-heritage-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-european-heritage_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307230219/http://www.european-heritage.org/germany/m%C3%BCnster/hanseatic/cronicle-hanse">"The Cronicle of the Hanseatic League"</a>. european-heritage.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cronicle+of+the+Hanseatic+League&rft.pub=european-heritage.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.european-heritage.org%2Fgermany%2Fm%25C3%25BCnster%2Fhanseatic%2Fcronicle-hanse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz, <i>Traders, ties and tensions: the interactions of Lübeckers, Overijsslers and Hollanders in Late Medieval Bergen</i>, Uitgeverij Verloren, 2008 p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation of the grant of privileges to merchants in 1229: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1229novgorod-germans.html">"Medieval Sourcebook: Privileges Granted to German Merchants at Novgorod, 1229"</a>. Fordham.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medieval+Sourcebook%3A+Privileges+Granted+to+German+Merchants+at+Novgorod%2C+1229&rft.pub=Fordham.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fsource%2F1229novgorod-germans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael C. Paul, "The Iaroslavichi and the Novgorodian Veche 1230–1270: A Case Study on Princely Relations with the Veche", <i>Russian History/ Histoire Russe</i> 31, No. 1-2 (Spring-Summer 2004): 39-59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael C. Paul, "Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod Before the Muscovite Conquest". <i>Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</i> 8, no. 2 (Spring 2007): 231-270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael C. Paul, "Episcopal Election in Novgorod, Russia 1156–1478". <i>Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture</i> 72, No. 2 (June 2003): 251-275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Martin, <i>Treasure of the Land of Darkness: the Fur Trade and its Significance for Medieval Russia</i>. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Martin, “Les Uškujniki de Novgorod: Marchands ou Pirates.” <i>Cahiers du Monde Russe et Sovietique</i> 16 (1975): 5-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLjungqvistSeimHuhtamaa2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier; Seim, Andrea; Huhtamaa, Heli (November 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.691">"Climate and society in European history"</a>. <i>WIREs Climate Change</i>. <b>12</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwcc.691">10.1002/wcc.691</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1757-7780">1757-7780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WIREs+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Climate+and+society+in+European+history&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwcc.691&rft.issn=1757-7780&rft.aulast=Ljungqvist&rft.aufirst=Fredrik+Charpentier&rft.au=Seim%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Huhtamaa%2C+Heli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fwcc.691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukin2022" class="citation cs2">Lukin, Pavel V. 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"Еще раз о закрытии Ганзейского двора в Новгороде в 1494 г.". <i>Новгородский исторический сборник</i>. <b>2</b> (12): 177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.atitle=%D0%95%D1%89%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%B2+1494+%D0%B3.&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=177&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Kazakova&rft.aufirst=N.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boris Zemtsov, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/images/pubs/2005/02/02/0000203630/006_zemtsov_2.pdf">Откуда есть пошла... российская цивилизация</a>, Общественные науки и современность. 1994. № 4. С. 51-62. p. 9 <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-view-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-view_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-view_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovalenko2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kovalenko, Guennadi (2010). <i>Великий Новгород. Взгляд из Европы XV-XIX centuries</i> (in Russian). Европейский Дом. pp. 48, 72, 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785801502373" title="Special:BookSources/9785801502373"><bdi>9785801502373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.+%D0%92%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B+XV-XIX+centuries&rft.pages=48%2C+72%2C+73&rft.pub=%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9785801502373&rft.aulast=Kovalenko&rft.aufirst=Guennadi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВаренцовКоваленко1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Варенцов, В. А.; Коваленко, Г. М. (1999). <i>В составе Московского государства: очерки истории Великого Новгорода конца XV-начала XVIII в</i> (in Russian). Русско-Балтийский информационный центр БЛИЦ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785867891008" title="Special:BookSources/9785867891008"><bdi>9785867891008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%3A+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0+XV-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+XVIII+%D0%B2&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A6&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9785867891008&rft.aulast=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%92.+%D0%90.&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%2C+%D0%93.+%D0%9C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.T.2005" class="citation book cs1">J.T., Russia's Foreign Trade and Economic Expansion in the Seventeenth Century: Windows on the World (2005). <i>Kotilaine</i>. Brill. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004138964" title="Special:BookSources/9789004138964"><bdi>9789004138964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kotilaine&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789004138964&rft.aulast=J.T.&rft.aufirst=Russia%27s+Foreign+Trade+and+Economic+Expansion+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+Windows+on+the+World&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВаренцовКоваленко1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Варенцов, В. А.; Коваленко, Г. М. (1999). <i>В составе Московского государства: очерки истории Великого Новгорода конца XV-начала XVIII в</i> (in Russian). Русско-Балтийский информационный центр БЛИЦ. pp. 44, 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785867891008" title="Special:BookSources/9785867891008"><bdi>9785867891008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%3A+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0+XV-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+XVIII+%D0%B2&rft.pages=44%2C+45&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A6&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9785867891008&rft.aulast=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%92.+%D0%90.&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%2C+%D0%93.+%D0%9C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВаренцовКоваленко1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Варенцов, В. А.; Коваленко, Г. М. (1999). <i>В составе Московского государства: очерки истории Великого Новгорода конца XV-начала XVIII в</i> (in Russian). Русско-Балтийский информационный центр БЛИЦ. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785867891008" title="Special:BookSources/9785867891008"><bdi>9785867891008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%3A+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0+XV-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+XVIII+%D0%B2&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A6&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9785867891008&rft.aulast=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%92.+%D0%90.&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%2C+%D0%93.+%D0%9C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВаренцовКоваленко1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Варенцов, В. А.; Коваленко, Г. М. (1999). <i>В составе Московского государства: очерки истории Великого Новгорода конца XV-начала XVIII в</i> (in Russian). Русско-Балтийский информационный центр БЛИЦ. pp. 52–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785867891008" title="Special:BookSources/9785867891008"><bdi>9785867891008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%3A+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0+XV-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+XVIII+%D0%B2&rft.pages=52-60&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A6&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9785867891008&rft.aulast=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%92.+%D0%90.&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%2C+%D0%93.+%D0%9C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVdovichenko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Vdovichenko, Marina (February 28, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue54/10/index.html">"Medieval Churches in Novgorod: Aspects of archaeological investigations and museum presentation"</a>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (54). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.54.10">10.11141/ia.54.10</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1363-5387">1363-5387</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213325311">213325311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Medieval+Churches+in+Novgorod%3A+Aspects+of+archaeological+investigations+and+museum+presentation&rft.issue=54&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213325311%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1363-5387&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.54.10&rft.aulast=Vdovichenko&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintarch.ac.uk%2Fjournal%2Fissue54%2F10%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tatiana Tsarevskaia, <i>St. Sophia's Cathedral in Novgorod</i> (Moscow: Severnyi Palomnik, 2005), 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsarevskaia, 14, 19-22, 24, 29, 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jadwiga Irena Daniec, <i>The Message of Faith and Symbol in European Medieval Bronze Church Doors</i> (Danbury, CT: Rutledge Books, 1999), Chapter III "An Enigma: The Medieval Bronze Church Door of Płock in the Cathedral of Novgorod," 67-97; Mikhail Tsapenko, ed., <i>Early Russian Architecture</i> (Moscow: Progress Publisher, 1969), 34-38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVdovichenko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Vdovichenko, Marina (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue54/10/index.html">"Medieval Churches in Novgorod: Aspects of archaeological investigations and museum presentation"</a>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (54). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.54.10">10.11141/ia.54.10</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Medieval+Churches+in+Novgorod%3A+Aspects+of+archaeological+investigations+and+museum+presentation&rft.issue=54&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.54.10&rft.aulast=Vdovichenko&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintarch.ac.uk%2Fjournal%2Fissue54%2F10%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kriegsgraeberstaetten.volksbund.de/friedhof/nowgorod">de:Kriegsgräberstätte Nowgorod</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gpvn.ru/news/11150">"Аэропорт Кречевицы начнёт работать в 2025 году"</a>. September 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%82+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B2+2025+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&rft.date=2019-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgpvn.ru%2Fnews%2F11150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmadel2003" class="citation book cs1">Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). <i>Dictionary of Minor Planet Names</i> (5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-00238-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-00238-3"><bdi>3-540-00238-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Minor+Planet+Names&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=321&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-540-00238-3&rft.aulast=Schmadel&rft.aufirst=Lutz+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adm.nov.ru/spage.xhtml?docid=18">"Международные культурные связи"</a>. <i>adm.nov.ru</i> (in Russian). Veliky Novgorod<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=adm.nov.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adm.nov.ru%2Fspage.xhtml%3Fdocid%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seinajoki.fi/seinajoenkaupunki/kansainvalisyyskeskus/ystavyyskuntatoiminta.html">"Ystävyyskaupungit"</a>. <i>seinajoki.fi</i> (in Finnish). Seinäjoki<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=seinajoki.fi&rft.atitle=Yst%C3%A4vyyskaupungit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seinajoki.fi%2Fseinajoenkaupunki%2Fkansainvalisyyskeskus%2Fystavyyskuntatoiminta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Velikiy_Novgorod" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Velikiy Novgorod">Velikiy Novgorod</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Novgorod#Q2235" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Novgorod">Novgorod</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adm.nov.ru/">Official website of Veliky Novgorod</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novgorod.ru/english.php">Veliky Novgorod City Portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitnovgorod.com/">Veliky Novgorod for tourists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060308113124/http://www.weblab.ru/dalv/museum/english.php3">The Faceted Palace of the Kremlin in Novgorod the Great site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russiancity.ru/text/nov.htm">Veliky Novgorod's architecture and buildings history</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Coxe1784" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Coxe_(historian)" title="William Coxe (historian)">William Coxe</a> (1784). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/travelspolandrus01coxe#page/444/mode/2up">"Novogorod"</a>. <i>Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden and Denmark</i>. London: Printed by J. Nichols, for T. Cadell. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/654136">654136</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23349695M">23349695M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novogorod&rft.btitle=Travels+into+Poland%2C+Russia%2C+Sweden+and+Denmark&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+by+J.+Nichols%2C+for+T.+Cadell&rft.date=1784&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F654136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23349695M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=William+Coxe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftravelspolandrus01coxe%23page%2F444%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnette_M._B._Meakin1906" class="citation book cs1">Annette M. B. Meakin (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028397929#page/n159/mode/2up">"Novgorod the Great"</a>. <i>Russia, Travels and Studies</i>. London: Hurst and Blackett. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3664651">3664651</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24181315M">24181315M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novgorod+the+Great&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+Travels+and+Studies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+and+Blackett&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3664651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24181315M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Annette+M.+B.+Meakin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924028397929%23page%2Fn159%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas a (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Novgorod (government)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Novgorod_(government)">"Novgorod (government)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). p. 839.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novgorod+%28government%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=839&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas+a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Novgorod (town)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Novgorod_(town)">"Novgorod (town)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 839–840.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novgorod+%28town%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=839-840&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeliky+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Дума Великого Новгорода. Решение №116 от 28 апреля 2005 г. «Устав муниципального образования – городского округа Великий Новгород», в ред. Решения №515 от 11 июня 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования – городского округа Великий Новгород». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, но не ранее 1 января 2006 года, за исключением статей, для которых подпунктом 5.1 установлены иные сроки вступления в силу.</span></span> (Duma of Veliky Novgorod. Decision #116 of April 28, 2005 <i>Charter of the Municipal Formation–Veliky Novgorod Urban Okrug</i>, as amended by the Decision #515 of June 11, 2015 <i>On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation–Veliky Novgorod Urban Okrug</i>. Effective as of the day of official publication but not earlier than January 1, 2006, with the exception of the clauses for which subitem 5.1 establishes other dates of taking effect.).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Администрация Новгородской области. Постановление №121 от 8 апреля 2008 г. «Об реестре административно-территориального устройства области», в ред. Постановления №408 от 4 августа 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в реестр административно-территориального устройства области». Опубликован: "Новгородские ведомости", №49–50, 16 апреля 2008 г.</span></span> (Administration of Novgorod Oblast. Resolution #121 of April 8, 2008 <i>On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Novgorod Oblast</i>, as amended by the Resolution #408 of August 4, 2014 <i>On Amending the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Novgorod Oblast</i>. ).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Новгородская областная Дума. Областной закон №284-ОЗ от 7 июня 2004 г. «О наделении сельских районов и города Великий Новгород статусом муниципальных районов и городского округа Новгородской области и утверждении границ их территорий», в ред. Областного закона №802-ОЗ от 31 августа 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые областные Законы, устанавливающие границы муниципальных образований». Вступил в силу со дня, следующего за днём официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Новгородские ведомости", №86, 22 июня 2004 г.</span></span> (Novgorod Oblast Duma. Oblast Law #284-OZ of June 7, 2004 <i>On Granting the Status of Municipal Districts and Urban Okrug of Novgorod Oblast to the Rural Districts and the City of Veliky Novgorod and on Establishing the Borders of Their Territories</i>, as amended by the Oblast Law #802-OZ of August 31, 2015 <i>On Amending Various Oblast Laws Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations</i>. Effective as of the day following the day of the official publication.).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Государственная Дума Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №111-ФЗ от 11 июня 1999 г. «О переименовании города Новгорода — административного центра Новгородской области в город Великий Новгород». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No.24, ст. 2892, 14 июня 1999 г.</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma of the Russian Federation</a>. Federal Law #111-FZ of June 11, 1999 <i>On Renaming the City of Novgorod—the Administrative Center of Novgorod Oblast—the City of Veliky Novgorod</i>. Effective as of the day of official publication.).</li> <li>William Craft Brumfield. A History of Russian Architecture (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98394-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98394-3">978-0-295-98394-3</a></li> <li>Peter Bogucki. Novgorod (in Lost Cities; 50 Discoveries in World Archaeology, edited by Paul G. Bahn: Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-0756-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-0756-1">0-7607-0756-1</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Norse_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_norse,_ca_900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/150px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/225px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/300px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="299" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Expansion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Exploration of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Trade_route" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade route</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_during_the_Viking_Age" title="Trade during the Viking Age">Viking Trade Routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangian Trade Routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga Trade Route</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Paganism</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Gods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Jötunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund" title="Sigmund">Sigmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lundr" class="mw-redirect" title="Völundr">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfar" class="mw-redirect" title="Álfar">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Light elves">Light elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Dark elves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvergr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvergr">Dvergr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(being)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hel (being)">Hel (being)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81sgar%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Ásgarðr">Ásgarðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0gar%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Miðgarðr">Miðgarðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Helheim">Helheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAspellsheimr" class="mw-redirect" title="Múspellsheimr">Múspellsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflheimr" class="mw-redirect" title="Niflheimr">Niflheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasill" class="mw-redirect" title="Yggdrasill">Yggdrasill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Rituals<br />and worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9_(shrine)" title="Vé (shrine)">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Gothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death in Norse paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norse_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_clans" title="Norse clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarl_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarl (title)">Jarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">Thegn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmgang" title="Holmgang">Holmgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runemaster" title="Runemaster">Runemaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nithing_pole" title="Nithing pole">Nithing pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(early_medieval)" title="Emporium (early medieval)">Emporium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulwinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaborg" title="Alaborg">Alaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Aldeigja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Arkona" title="Cape Arkona">Arkona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardy-%C5%9Awielubie" title="Bardy-Świelubie">Bardy-Świelubie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dierkow" title="Dierkow">Dierkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnezdovo" title="Gnezdovo">Gnezdovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grobi%C5%86a" title="Grobiņa">Grobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holmgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsborg" title="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaup_(emporium)" title="Kaup (emporium)">Kaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaupang" title="Kaupang">Kaupang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pingsvik" title="Köpingsvik">Köpingsvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindholm_H%C3%B8je" title="Lindholm Høje">Lindholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altes_Lager_(Menzlin)" title="Altes Lager (Menzlin)">Menzlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralswiek" title="Ralswiek">Ralswiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reric" title="Reric">Reric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribe" title="Ribe">Ribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarskoye_Gorodishche" title="Sarskoye Gorodishche">Sarskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigtuna" title="Sigtuna">Sigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timerevo" title="Timerevo">Timerevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truso" title="Truso">Truso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaja_(Finland)" title="Vanaja (Finland)">Vanaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolin_(town)" title="Wolin (town)">Wolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Norse_history_and_culture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Norse history and culture">WikiProject Norse history and culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Russia" title="Template:Capitals of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Capitals of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of Russia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Rus'">Ancient Rus'</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Ladoga</a> (862–864)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Novgorod</a> (864–882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> (882–1160s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a> (1160s–1320s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (1320s–1547)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (1547–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> (1712–1721)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> (1721–1728; 1730–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (<i>de facto</i> 1728–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> (1917)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> (1917–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (1918–1922)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (1922–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Kuybyshev</a> (1941–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (1943–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (1991–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_of_Military_Glory_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Military_Glory" title="Template:Cities of Military Glory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Military_Glory" title="Template talk:Cities of Military Glory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Military_Glory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of Military Glory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_of_Military_Glory_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Military_Glory" title="City of Military Glory">Cities of Military Glory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitrov" title="Dmitrov">Dmitrov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Feodosia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalach-na-Donu" title="Kalach-na-Donu">Kalach-na-Donu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozelsk" title="Kozelsk">Kozelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luga,_Leningrad_Oblast" title="Luga, Leningrad Oblast">Luga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malgobek" title="Malgobek">Malgobek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melitopol" title="Melitopol">Melitopol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naro-Fominsk" title="Naro-Fominsk">Naro-Fominsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyarny,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Polyarny, Murmansk Oblast">Polyarny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rzhev" title="Rzhev">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staraya_Russa" title="Staraya Russa">Staraya Russa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taganrog" title="Taganrog">Taganrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhvin" title="Tikhvin">Tikhvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuapse" title="Tuapse">Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velikiye_Luki" title="Velikiye Luki">Velikiye Luki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veliky Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volokolamsk" title="Volokolamsk">Volokolamsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyazma" title="Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelets" title="Yelets">Yelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelnya,_Yelninsky_District,_Smolensk_Oblast" title="Yelnya, Yelninsky District, Smolensk Oblast">Yelnya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>In italics are cities internationally recognized as part of Ukraine occupied by Russia.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Garðaríki" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gardariki" title="Template:Gardariki"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gardariki" title="Template talk:Gardariki"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gardariki" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gardariki"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Garðaríki" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Names in <i>italics</i> are settlements whose <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Norse</a> names are not recorded</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volkhov_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkhov River">Volkhov</a>-<a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lyubsha" title="Lyubsha">Lyubsha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Aldeigja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaborg" title="Alaborg">Álaborg</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novye_Duboviki" title="Novye Duboviki">Duboviki</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hólmgarðr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarskoye_Gorodishche" title="Sarskoye Gorodishche">Sarskoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timerevo" title="Timerevo">Timerevo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balymer_complex" title="Balymer complex">Balymer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gripsholm runestone"><img alt="Gripsholm runestone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg/60px-S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg/90px-S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg/120px-S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Dvina" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Dvina">Dvina</a>-<a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Dnieper trade route</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Pallteskja</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnezdovo" title="Gnezdovo">Gnezdovo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Grave" title="Black Grave">Chernigov</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kænugarðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bjarmaland" title="Bjarmaland">Bjarmaland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khortytsia" title="Khortytsia">Khortitsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">White Shores</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Miklagarðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murom" title="Murom">Móramar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostofa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rurikovo_Gorodische" title="Rurikovo Gorodische">Rurikovo Gorodische</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serkland" title="Serkland">Særkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smaleskja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Súrdalar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylfings" title="Kylfings">Kylfings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryans" title="Meryans">Merya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blakumen" title="Blakumen">Blakumen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in <span class="smallcaps">smallcaps</span>.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kołobrzeg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde <span style="font-size:85%;">(Darłowo)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Szczecin)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp <span style="font-size:85%;">(Słupsk)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk"><span class="smallcaps">Danzig</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(Gdańsk)</span></span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau <span style="font-size:85%;">(Wrocław)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tartu)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elbląg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kraków)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tallinn)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rīga)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn <span style="font-size:85%;">(Toruń)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span><br /><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Novgorod</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Vitten</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_fortresses_of_Western_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_fortresses_of_Western_Russia" title="Template:Major fortresses of Western Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_fortresses_of_Western_Russia" title="Template talk:Major fortresses of Western Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_fortresses_of_Western_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major fortresses of Western Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_fortresses_of_Western_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_(fortification)" title="Kremlin (fortification)">fortresses</a> of <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">Western Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gdov" title="Gdov">Gdov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivangorod_Fortress" title="Ivangorod Fortress">Ivangorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izborsk" title="Izborsk">Izborsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirillo-Belozersky_Monastery" title="Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery">Kirillov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koporye" title="Koporye">Koporye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korela_Fortress" title="Korela Fortress">Korela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Ladoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">New Dvina Fort</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlisselburg" title="Shlisselburg">Oreshek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porkhov" title="Porkhov">Porkhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solovetsky_Monastery" title="Solovetsky Monastery">Solovki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">St. Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vysotsk" title="Vysotsk">Trångsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingisepp" title="Kingisepp">Yamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Russian_fortresses" title="Western Russian fortresses">19th-century fortifications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Novgorod_Oblast" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Novgorod Oblast"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_Novgorod_Oblast" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Administrative divisions of Novgorod Oblast">Administrative divisions of Novgorod Oblast</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Administrative center</a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veliky Novgorod</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_localities_in_Novgorod_Oblast" title="List of rural localities in Novgorod Oblast">Rural localities</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batetsky_District" title="Batetsky District">Batetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borovichsky_District" title="Borovichsky District">Borovichsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudovsky_District" title="Chudovsky District">Chudovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyansky_District" title="Demyansky District">Demyansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholmsky_District,_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Kholmsky District, Novgorod Oblast">Kholmsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvoyninsky_District" title="Khvoyninsky District">Khvoyninsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krestetsky_District" title="Krestetsky District">Krestetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyubytinsky_District" title="Lyubytinsky District">Lyubytinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malovishersky_District" title="Malovishersky District">Malovishersky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryovsky_District" title="Maryovsky District">Maryovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshenskoy_District" title="Moshenskoy District">Moshenskoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorodsky_District" title="Novgorodsky District">Novgorodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okulovsky_District" title="Okulovsky District">Okulovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parfinsky_District" title="Parfinsky District">Parfinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pestovsky_District" title="Pestovsky District">Pestovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poddorsky_District" title="Poddorsky District">Poddorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimsky_District" title="Shimsky District">Shimsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soletsky_District" title="Soletsky District">Soletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starorussky_District" title="Starorussky District">Starorussky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdaysky_District" title="Valdaysky District">Valdaysky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volotovsky_District" title="Volotovsky District">Volotovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borovichi" title="Borovichi">Borovichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudovo,_Chudovsky_District,_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Chudovo, Chudovsky District, Novgorod Oblast">Chudovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholm,_Kholmsky_District,_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Kholm, Kholmsky District, Novgorod Oblast">Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaya_Vishera" title="Malaya Vishera">Malaya Vishera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okulovka_(town),_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Okulovka (town), Novgorod Oblast">Okulovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pestovo,_Pestovsky_District,_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Pestovo, Pestovsky District, Novgorod Oblast">Pestovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soltsy" title="Soltsy">Soltsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staraya_Russa" title="Staraya Russa">Staraya Russa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valday,_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Valday, Novgorod Oblast">Valday</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veliky Novgorod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Urban-type settlements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demyansk" title="Demyansk">Demyansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvoynaya,_Khvoyninsky_District,_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Khvoynaya, Khvoyninsky District, Novgorod Oblast">Khvoynaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresttsy,_Krestetsky_District,_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Kresttsy, Krestetsky District, Novgorod Oblast">Kresttsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulotino,_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Kulotino, Novgorod Oblast">Kulotino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyubytino" title="Lyubytino">Lyubytino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebolchi" title="Nebolchi">Nebolchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankovka" title="Pankovka">Pankovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parfino" title="Parfino">Parfino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariy" title="Proletariy">Proletariy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimsk" title="Shimsk">Shimsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uglovka,_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Uglovka, Novgorod Oblast">Uglovka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia_by_federal_district" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia_by_federal_district" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage Sites in Russia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia" title="Federal districts of Russia">federal district</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Federal_District" title="Central Federal District">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolomenskoye" title="Kolomenskoye">Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">and</span> <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Convent" title="Novodevichy Convent">Novodevichy Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius" title="Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius">Trinity Sergius Lavra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Monuments_of_Vladimir_and_Suzdal" title="White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal">White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Historic Centre of Yaroslavl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Federal_District" title="Far Eastern Federal District">Far Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sikhote-Alin" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Sikhote-Alin">Central Sikhote-Alin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscapes_of_Dauria" title="Landscapes of Dauria">Landscapes of Dauria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Pillars" title="Lena Pillars">Lena Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_of_Kamchatka" title="Volcanoes of Kamchatka">Volcanoes of Kamchatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrangel_Island" title="Wrangel Island">Wrangel Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_Federal_District" title="North Caucasian Federal District">North Caucasian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryn-Kala" title="Naryn-Kala">Naryn-Kala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Federal_District" title="Northwestern Federal District">Northwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_Spit" title="Curonian Spit">Curonian Spit</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferapontov_Monastery" title="Ferapontov Monastery">Ferapontov Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizhi_Pogost" title="Kizhi Pogost">Kizhi Pogost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Lake_Onega_and_the_White_Sea" title="Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea">Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Komi_Forests" title="Virgin Komi Forests">Virgin Komi Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Monuments_of_Novgorod_and_Surroundings" title="Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings">Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_the_Pskov_School_of_Architecture" title="Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture">Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Saint_Petersburg_and_Related_Groups_of_Monuments" title="Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments">Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Surroundings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof Palace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solovetsky_Islands" title="Solovetsky Islands">Solovetsky Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struve_Geodetic_Arc" title="Struve Geodetic Arc">Struve Geodetic Arc</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenozersky_National_Park" title="Kenozersky National Park">Kenozero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Federal_District" title="Siberian Federal District">Siberian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Mountains_of_Altai" title="Golden Mountains of Altai">Golden Mountains of Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putorana_Plateau" title="Putorana Plateau">Putorana Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvs_Nuur_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvs Nuur Basin">Uvs Nuur Basin</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Federal_District" title="Southern Federal District">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Caucasus" title="Western Caucasus">Western Caucasus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volga_Federal_District" title="Volga Federal District">Volga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sviyazhsk_Assumption_Monastery" title="Sviyazhsk Assumption Monastery">Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of Sviyazhsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Kremlin" title="Kazan Kremlin">Kazan Kremlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_Observatory_of_Kazan_University" title="Astronomical Observatory of Kazan University">Astronomical Observatory of Kazan University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Shared with <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><sup>2</sup> Shared with <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><sup>3</sup> Shared with nine other countries</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125258797">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrCdm7wtRMyhPrBpQCJDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075511-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008181315">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11950271z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11950271z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Novgorod (Rusko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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