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Grecs du roi - Wikipedia
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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greek typeface by Claude Garamond</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg/220px-Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg/330px-Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg/440px-Gospel_Estienne_1550.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Estienne's 1550 edition of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> was typeset with Garamond's <i>Grecs du roi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verg%C3%A8ce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Verg%C3%A8ce.jpg/220px-Verg%C3%A8ce.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Verg%C3%A8ce.jpg/330px-Verg%C3%A8ce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Verg%C3%A8ce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>A manuscript written by Vergecio, whose handwriting was the basis for the type</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Les Grecs du roi</b></i> (lit. "the king's Greeks") are a celebrated and influential <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typeface</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_minuscule" title="Greek minuscule">Greek minuscule</a> style which was cut by the French <a href="/wiki/Punchcutting" title="Punchcutting">punchcutter</a> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Garamond" title="Claude Garamond">Claude Garamond</a> between 1541 and 1550. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Augustus_Tilley" title="Arthur Augustus Tilley">Arthur Tilley</a> calls the books printed from them "among the most finished specimens of typography that exist".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Grecs du roi</i> punches were ordered by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_du_Chastel" title="Pierre du Chastel">Pierre du Chastel</a> on behalf of King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> of France from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Estienne" title="Robert Estienne">Robert Estienne</a> in a contract dated 2 November 1540 and remain the property of the French government.<sup id="cite_ref-Claude_Garamont:_New_Documents_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claude_Garamont:_New_Documents-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design was based on the handwriting of the <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Cretan</a> copyist <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Vergecio" title="Angelo Vergecio">Angelo Vergecio</a>, and includes many alternate letters and <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a>. The <i>Grecs du roi</i> were influenced by types cut by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Griffo" title="Francesco Griffo">Francesco Griffo</a> and used by printer <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a> in Venice. The types formed the basic model for Greek typefaces for the next two centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane1996_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane1996-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grecs_du_roi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Garamond was contracted to cut the <i>Grecs du roi</i> types on 2 November 1540.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervliet2008383_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervliet2008383-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took Garamond nearly 10 years to complete all the sizes. In 1543, he completed the medium sized 16pt character set, which he named "gros romaine". Three years later, in 1546, he completed the small sized 9pt character set which he named "Cicéro". Finally, in 1550, he completed the large sized 20pt character set, which he named "gros parangon".<sup id="cite_ref-Garamont's_early_career:_the_grecs_du_roi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garamont's_early_career:_the_grecs_du_roi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Greek_Typefaces_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Greek_Typefaces-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Porson’s_Greek_type_design_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porson’s_Greek_type_design-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong2011_2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong2011_2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_%C2%AB_Grecs_du_roi_%C2%BB_de_Verg%C3%A8ce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Les_%C2%AB_Grecs_du_roi_%C2%BB_de_Verg%C3%A8ce.jpg/220px-Les_%C2%AB_Grecs_du_roi_%C2%BB_de_Verg%C3%A8ce.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Les_%C2%AB_Grecs_du_roi_%C2%BB_de_Verg%C3%A8ce.jpg/330px-Les_%C2%AB_Grecs_du_roi_%C2%BB_de_Verg%C3%A8ce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Les_%C2%AB_Grecs_du_roi_%C2%BB_de_Verg%C3%A8ce.jpg/440px-Les_%C2%AB_Grecs_du_roi_%C2%BB_de_Verg%C3%A8ce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Garamond's original punches for the <i>Grecs du roi</i> type, which remain the property of the French government.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Grecs du roi</i> were extremely influential and became a model other printers and publishers quickly sought to emulate, with versions by other French punchcutters even before Garamond had finished the last size.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane1996110_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane1996110-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/John_A._Lane" title="John A. Lane">John A. Lane</a>, the most popular imitations were those made by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Haultin" title="Pierre Haultin">Pierre Haultin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Granjon" title="Robert Granjon">Robert Granjon</a>, which were also widely used abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane1996111_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane1996111-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervliet2008365–382_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervliet2008365–382-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More obscure versions in France were made by du Villiers, Jean Arnoul le Jeune <i>dit</i> Picard and possibly Michel Du Boys, and abroad one known in Hamburg from 1587, and in the sixteenth century several by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jannon" title="Jean Jannon">Jean Jannon</a> and one made in London by Arthur Nicholls.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane_1991_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane_1991-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervliet2008270_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervliet2008270-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Grecs du roi</i> style, although extremely influential, placed significant demands on printers, since it requires a choice among many possible sorts that could be used in every word, in contrast to Latin-alphabet general-purpose typefaces which do not attempt to simulate handwriting as closely. Typefaces designed for Greek since that time have generally been much simpler, with a decline in number of ligatures. Gerry Leonidas, a leading expert on Greek typesetting, felt that Vergecio's handwriting "has all the marks of a script that is unsuitable for conversion to [printing]."<sup id="cite_ref-Berry2002_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berry2002-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946, the original punches were classified as historical monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digitizations">Digitizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grecs_du_roi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Digitizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grecs_du_Roi_punches_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grecs_du_Roi_punches_1.jpg/220px-Grecs_du_Roi_punches_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grecs_du_Roi_punches_1.jpg/330px-Grecs_du_Roi_punches_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grecs_du_Roi_punches_1.jpg/440px-Grecs_du_Roi_punches_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Detail view of a few punches</figcaption></figure> <p>A digital revival of the <i>Grecs du roi</i> was created by Franck Jalleau of the Imprimerie Nationale and used for a publication of <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>'s <i>Olympic Odes</i> on the occasion of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a> in Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A later digital revival of the <i>Grecs du roi</i> was created by Anagrafi Fonts in 2009, being renamed to KS-GrequeX in the process. It includes 2 weights and over 1100 glyphs and ligatures, more than Garamond had cut.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mindaugas Strockis created a free digital font named <i>Grecs du roi WG</i> in 2001, though it lacks ligatures.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George Douros's Anaktoria, part of his Unicode Fonts for Ancient Scripts, is a reproduction of the <i>Grecs du roi</i> with ligatures. After several years in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, Douros attempted to claw back his copyright on the font files in 2018, licensing the font for private personal use only.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grecs_du_roi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garamond" title="Garamond">Garamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_minuscule" title="Greek minuscule">Greek minuscule</a> - includes information on ligatures</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grecs_du_roi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFValerie_R._Hotchkiss,_Charles_C._Ryrie1998" class="citation web cs1">Valerie R. 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(2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K5j33ihraUYC&pg=PA80"><i>Language Culture Type: International Type Design in the Age of Unicode</i></a>. ATypI. pp. 80–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932026-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932026-01-6"><bdi>978-1-932026-01-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Culture+Type%3A+International+Type+Design+in+the+Age+of+Unicode&rft.pages=80-3&rft.pub=ATypI&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-932026-01-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK5j33ihraUYC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrecs+du+roi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museeprotestant.org/notice/claude-garamont-graveur-typographe-reforme/">"Claude Garamont, graveur typographe réformé"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_protestant" title="Musée protestant">Musée protestant</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mus%C3%A9e+protestant&rft.atitle=Claude+Garamont%2C+graveur+typographe+r%C3%A9form%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseeprotestant.org%2Fnotice%2Fclaude-garamont-graveur-typographe-reforme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrecs+du+roi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Chazournes2004" class="citation web cs1">de Chazournes, Éric (26 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garamonpatrimoine.org/chazournes/projetIN.html">"Projet de sauvegarde du patrimoine de l'Imprimerie nationale"</a>. <i>www.garamonpatrimoine.org</i>. L'atelier du livre d'art et de l'estampe, Patrimoine de l'Imprimerie Nationale<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.garamonpatrimoine.org&rft.atitle=Projet+de+sauvegarde+du+patrimoine+de+l%27Imprimerie+nationale&rft.date=2004-08-26&rft.aulast=de+Chazournes&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garamonpatrimoine.org%2Fchazournes%2FprojetIN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrecs+du+roi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franck Jalleau, "La recréation numérique des Grecs du Roi", <i>Claude Garamont: créateur typographique</i>, conference in Amiens, France, 29 September 2011 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://bibliotheques.amiens.fr/userfiles/file/Invitation-Programme-Garamont-CreateurTypographique-2.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anagrafi.com/Fonts/KSGrequeX">"Anagrafi Fonts: Γραμματοσειρές - KS GrequeX"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anagrafi+Fonts%3A+%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%82+-+KS+GrequeX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anagrafi.com%2FFonts%2FKSGrequeX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrecs+du+roi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051017031544/http://www.flf.vu.lt:80/strockis/grecswg.zip">"Archived copy"</a>. <i>www.flf.vu.lt:80</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flf.vu.lt:80/strockis/grecswg.zip">the original</a> on 17 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.flf.vu.lt%3A80&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flf.vu.lt%3A80%2Fstrockis%2Fgrecswg.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrecs+du+roi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douros, George (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dn-works.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/UFAS010223/Textfonts.pdf">Textfonts</a>. <i>Unicode Fonts for Ancient Scripts</i>. page 3</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_literature">Cited literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grecs_du_roi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cited literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Carter_(typographer)" title="Harry Carter (typographer)">Carter, Harry</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/James_Mosley" title="James Mosley">Mosley, James</a> (ed.). <i>A View of Early Typography Up to About 1600</i> (Reprinted ed.). London: Hyphen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907259-21-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907259-21-3"><bdi>978-0-907259-21-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+View+of+Early+Typography+Up+to+About+1600&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Hyphen&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-907259-21-3&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrecs+du+roi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Carter_(typographer)" title="Harry Carter (typographer)">Carter, Harry</a>, ed. (1969). <i>The type specimen of Delacolonge. Les caractères et les vignettes de la fonderie du sieur Delacolonge, Lyons, 1773. Introduction and notes by Harry Carter. (Facsimile ... made from a copy belonging to the publishers.)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+type+specimen+of+Delacolonge.+Les+caract%C3%A8res+et+les+vignettes+de+la+fonderie+du+sieur+Delacolonge%2C+Lyons%2C+1773.+Introduction+and+notes+by+Harry+Carter.+%28Facsimile+...+made+from+a+copy+belonging+to+the+publishers.%29&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrecs+du+roi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyfus1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dreyfus" title="John Dreyfus">Dreyfus, John</a>, ed. (1963). <i>Type Specimen Facsimiles</i>. London: Bowes & Bowes, Putnam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Type+Specimen+Facsimiles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bowes+%26+Bowes%2C+Putnam&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrecs+du+roi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane1996" class="citation book cs1">Lane, John A. (1996). "From the Grecs du Roi to the Homer Greek: Two Centuries of Greek Printing Types in the Wake of Garamond". In Macrakis, Michael S. (ed.). <i>Greek Letters: From Tablets to Pixels</i>. Oak Knoll Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781884718274" title="Special:BookSources/9781884718274"><bdi>9781884718274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Grecs+du+Roi+to+the+Homer+Greek%3A+Two+Centuries+of+Greek+Printing+Types+in+the+Wake+of+Garamond&rft.btitle=Greek+Letters%3A+From+Tablets+to+Pixels&rft.pub=Oak+Knoll+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781884718274&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrecs+du+roi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2004" class="citation book cs1">Lane, John A. (2004). <i>Early Type Specimens in the Plantin-Moretus Museum: annotated descriptions of the specimens to ca. 1850 (mostly from the Low Countries and France) with preliminary notes on the typefoundries and printing offices</i> (1. ed.). New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781584561392" title="Special:BookSources/9781584561392"><bdi>9781584561392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Type+Specimens+in+the+Plantin-Moretus+Museum%3A+annotated+descriptions+of+the+specimens+to+ca.+1850+%28mostly+from+the+Low+Countries+and+France%29+with+preliminary+notes+on+the+typefoundries+and+printing+offices&rft.place=New+Castle%2C+Del.&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=Oak+Knoll+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781584561392&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrecs+du+roi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlimbach2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Slimbach" title="Robert Slimbach">Slimbach, Robert</a> (2005). "The Making of Garamond Premier". <i>Garamond Premier Pro: a contemporary adaptation; modelled on the roman types of Claude Garamond and the italic types of Robert Granjon</i>. San Jose: Adobe Systems. pp. 15–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Garamond+Premier&rft.btitle=Garamond+Premier+Pro%3A+a+contemporary+adaptation%3B+modelled+on+the+roman+types+of+Claude+Garamond+and+the+italic+types+of+Robert+Granjon&rft.place=San+Jose&rft.pages=15-21&rft.pub=Adobe+Systems&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Slimbach&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrecs+du+roi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVervliet2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._D._L._Vervliet" title="H. D. L. Vervliet">Vervliet, Hendrik D. L.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sidSDlif48C&pg=PA223"><i>The Palaeotypography of the French Renaissance: Selected Papers on Sixteenth-century Typefaces</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16982-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16982-1"><bdi>978-90-04-16982-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palaeotypography+of+the+French+Renaissance%3A+Selected+Papers+on+Sixteenth-century+Typefaces&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16982-1&rft.aulast=Vervliet&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+D.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6sidSDlif48C%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrecs+du+roi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVervliet2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._D._L._Vervliet" title="H. D. L. Vervliet">Vervliet, Hendrik D. L.</a> (2010). <i>French Renaissance Printing Types: a Conspectus</i>. New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58456-271-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58456-271-9"><bdi>978-1-58456-271-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Renaissance+Printing+Types%3A+a+Conspectus&rft.place=New+Castle%2C+Del.&rft.pub=Oak+Knoll+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58456-271-9&rft.aulast=Vervliet&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+D.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrecs+du+roi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grecs_du_roi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.anagrafi.com/Fonts/KSGrequeX">[2]</a>—Konstantinos Siskakis's digitization</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garamonpatrimoine.org/presse.html">Graphê, association pour la promotion de l'art typographique</a>—includes a photo of the <a href="/wiki/Punch_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punch (typography)">punches</a> for les Grecs du roi, Vergecio's manuscript, and the first book printed with the Grecs du roi.</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐75c465f4c6‐gbbsr Cached time: 20241125133910 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.339 seconds Real time usage: 0.426 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1499/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 37802/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 944/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 70922/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.212/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6224912/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 378.958 1 -total 48.71% 184.595 1 Template:Reflist 33.40% 126.559 8 Template:Cite_web 20.89% 79.149 1 Template:Short_description 12.96% 49.107 6 Template:Sfn 12.56% 47.600 10 Template:Cite_book 12.14% 45.993 2 Template:Pagetype 5.71% 21.641 9 Template:Main_other 5.59% 21.201 4 Template:Cite_journal 4.89% 18.518 1 Template:SDcat --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:29165989:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241125133910 and revision id 1252277691. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grecs_du_roi&oldid=1252277691">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grecs_du_roi&oldid=1252277691</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_typefaces" title="Category:Greek typefaces">Greek typefaces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Script_typefaces" title="Category:Script typefaces">Script typefaces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1540s_introductions" title="Category:1540s introductions">1540s introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Typefaces_and_fonts_introduced_in_the_16th_century" title="Category:Typefaces and fonts introduced in the 16th century">Typefaces and fonts introduced in the 16th century</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 October 2024, at 16:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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