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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="1qjGaSzjt-4wqXzbAnpCkngRgpLrAYWl6NOGNhRaOAxxhOplYiK8Z3ER-aXr7b8bFzroht6iPbf4KgJitbPkmQ" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Otitis media causes and management" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Lujain Hefni" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/58815934/Otitis_media_causes_and_management" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Otitis media causes and management" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Otitis media is a major cause of health care visits across the world, and its complications are significant causes of preventable hearing loss, predominantly in the developing world. They are a group of inflammatory and complex infective conditions" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/58815934/Otitis_media_causes_and_management" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Otitis media causes and management" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Otitis media is a major cause of health care visits across the world, and its complications are significant causes of preventable hearing loss, predominantly in the developing world. They are a group of inflammatory and complex infective conditions" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/LujainHefni" /> <meta name="description" content="Otitis media is a major cause of health care visits across the world, and its complications are significant causes of preventable hearing loss, predominantly in the developing world. They are a group of inflammatory and complex infective conditions" /> <title>(PDF) Causes and Management of Otitis Media</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/58815934/Otitis_media_causes_and_management" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739859007000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739859007000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Otitis media is a major cause of health care visits across the world, and its complications are significant causes of preventable hearing loss, predominantly in the developing world. They are a group of inflammatory and complex infective conditions that affect the middle ear. They have several different subtypes, and affects primarily children from 3 to 7 years of age. When not treated properly, they can lead to many complications including permanent hearing loss. In this article we will discuss updates on recent scientific developments in the field of otitis media clinical management and research. We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE from January 1979 to March 2017. The following search terms were used: otitis media, middle ear infections, pediatric infections, causes of otitis media, treatment otitis media, and prevention of otitis media. Otitis media is one of the most common pathologies in the pediatric age group making it one the m...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Lujain Hefni","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LujainHefni"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2021-10-18","headline":"Otitis media causes and management","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/73044534/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Curriculum in community medicine and public health"],"publication":"International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Medip Academy"},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/73044534/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/58815934/Otitis_media_causes_and_management"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: 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{"work":{"id":58815934,"created_at":"2021-10-18T06:43:05.425-07:00","from_world_paper_id":180207862,"updated_at":"2025-02-01T18:50:44.719-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Otitis media is a major cause of health care visits across the world, and its complications are significant causes of preventable hearing loss, predominantly in the developing world. They are a group of inflammatory and complex infective conditions that affect the middle ear. They have several different subtypes, and affects primarily children from 3 to 7 years of age. When not treated properly, they can lead to many complications including permanent hearing loss. In this article we will discuss updates on recent scientific developments in the field of otitis media clinical management and research. We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE from January 1979 to March 2017. The following search terms were used: otitis media, middle ear infections, pediatric infections, causes of otitis media, treatment otitis media, and prevention of otitis media. Otitis media is one of the most common pathologies in the pediatric age group making it one the m...","publisher":"Medip Academy","ai_title_tag":"Causes and Management of Otitis Media","publication_name":"International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Otitis media causes and management","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [40703748]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":73044534,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Otitis media causes and management”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/73044534/mini_magick20211018-24086-1m5w6mz.png?1634565957" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Otitis media causes and management</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40703748" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LujainHefni"><img alt="Profile image of Lujain Hefni" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Lujain Hefni</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">6 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 58815934; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Otitis media is a major cause of health care visits across the world, and its complications are significant causes of preventable hearing loss, predominantly in the developing world. They are a group of inflammatory and complex infective conditions that affect the middle ear. They have several different subtypes, and affects primarily children from 3 to 7 years of age. When not treated properly, they can lead to many complications including permanent hearing loss. In this article we will discuss updates on recent scientific developments in the field of otitis media clinical management and research. We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE from January 1979 to March 2017. The following search terms were used: otitis media, middle ear infections, pediatric infections, causes of otitis media, treatment otitis media, and prevention of otitis media. Otitis media is one of the most common pathologies in the pediatric age group making it one the m...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":73044534,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/58815934/Otitis_media_causes_and_management"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":73044534,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/58815934/Otitis_media_causes_and_management"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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After informal discussions among several specialists of paediatric infectious disease, the group was expanded to include a larger spectrum of professionals with complementary expertise in middle-ear disease. Acute otitis media is a very common bacterial infection in children worldwide, leading to excessive antibiotic consumption in children in most countries and to a substantial burden of deafness and suppurative complications in developing countries. The group attempted to move beyond the existing controversies surrounding guidelines on acute otitis media, and to propose to clinicians and public health offi cials their views on the actions needed to be taken to reduce the disease burden caused by acute otitis media and the microbial antibiotic resistance from the resulting use of antibiotics. Defi nition of acute otitis media and diagnostic accuracy are crucial steps to identify children who will potentially benefi t from treatment with antibiotics and to eliminate unnecessary prescribing. Although the group agreed that antibiotics are distributed indiscriminately, even to children who do not seem to have the disease, no consensus could be reached on whether antibiotics should be given to all appropriately diagnosed children, refl ecting the wide range of practices and lack of convincing evidence from observational studies. The major unanimous concern was an urgent need to reduce unnecessary prescribing of antibiotics to prevent further increases in antibiotic resistance. Prevention of acute otitis media with existing and future viral and bacterial vaccines seems the most promising approach to aff ect disease burden and consequences, both in developed and developing countries.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Otitis media and its consequences: beyond the earache","attachmentId":75929407,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63527642/Otitis_media_and_its_consequences_beyond_the_earache","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63527642/Otitis_media_and_its_consequences_beyond_the_earache"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="64126186" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64126186/Otitis_Media_in_Children_Risk_Factors_and_Complications">Otitis Media in Children-Risk Factors and Complications</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36235316" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ElenaPitorac">Elena Pitorac</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Introduction: Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most frequent diagnosis of the sick children visiting clinicians’ offices and the most common reason for administration of antibiotics. Method: The study included 104 patients discharged from Pediatric Clinic III &quot;Saint Mary’s&quot; Children&#39;s Clinical Emergency Hospital of Iasi from January 2015 to January 2017, diagnosed with &quot;Acute otitis media&quot;. Objective: On this batch we performed a retrospective study based on the data found in the children&#39;s medical charts, by observing the risk factors to which they were exposed and that favor the illness, and also the connection between the risk factors and the occurrence of complications. Results: The risk factors for acute otitis media that we identified in this group were the cold season, male gender, premature birth, low birth weight, artificial alimentation in the first year of life, incorrect dietary diversification, child’s becoming a community member, higher numbe...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Otitis Media in Children-Risk Factors and Complications","attachmentId":76303972,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64126186/Otitis_Media_in_Children_Risk_Factors_and_Complications","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/64126186/Otitis_Media_in_Children_Risk_Factors_and_Complications"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="11747612" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11747612/Otitis_Media_in_Children_Review_Article">Otitis Media in Children: Review Article</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2094182" href="https://independent.academia.edu/scientificresearchpublishing">Scientific Research Publishing</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Otitis media is one of the most common infectious diseases of childhood. It is not uncommon for clinicians to miss the diagnosis of the acute form especially in younger children. Late and missed diagnoses result in poor management and increased risk of complications. This review highlights the epidemiology, presenting features, diagnosis, treatment and complications of otitis media.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Otitis Media in Children: Review Article","attachmentId":37176222,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11747612/Otitis_Media_in_Children_Review_Article","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11747612/Otitis_Media_in_Children_Review_Article"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="34817460" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34817460/OTITIS_MEDIA">OTITIS MEDIA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39246530" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JournalIJAR">IJAR Indexing</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion are common childhood disorders, a source of significant morbidity, and a leading cause of antibiotic prescription in primary health care. Although effective treatments are available, some shortcomings remain, and thus better treatments would be welcome. Recent discoveries within the field of otitis media research relating to its etiology and pathogenesis have led to further investigation aimed at developing novel treatments. This article provides a review of the latest evidence relating to the understanding of acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion, current treatment strategies, their limitations, new areas of research, and novel strategies for treatment.Middle ear infection (otitis media)</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"OTITIS MEDIA","attachmentId":54676286,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34817460/OTITIS_MEDIA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34817460/OTITIS_MEDIA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="121940714" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121940714/Effect_of_Ear_Infections_on_Hearing_Ability_A_Narrative_Review_on_the_Complications_of_Otitis_Media">Effect of Ear Infections on Hearing Ability: A Narrative Review on the Complications of Otitis Media</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="296399377" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Abdullahjamal58">Abdullah jamal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cureus</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Otitis media (OM) is an infection that occurs in the middle ear and can affect the structures around the ear, as well as the auditory system. It is one of the most frequent diseases affecting young children each year, especially those aged around six years, due to the anatomical structure and developing immune system. Although some cases of OM resolve spontaneously, children often need medical care since difficulties persist with such infections. The incidence of OM is higher among children than adults, and therefore, their speaking, hearing, and learning capabilities and general development are impaired by recurring middle ear infections. The literature over the last 40 years has documented the impact of early auditory deprivation produced by early OM with effusion (OME) on central auditory processing (CAP). This study aimed to review the impact of acute ear infections on hearing capacity, assess the complications of OM, and document the scientific evidence around the implications of early OME-induced hearing loss in children. Studies have reported the association between hearing loss owing to early OME and alterations in CAP in both children and adolescents. The auditory foundation enables hearing capacity, but this is continually depleted. Therefore, the use of strong antibiotics, sound amplification, hearing rehabilitation, and ear surgery in children must be improved.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effect of Ear Infections on Hearing Ability: A Narrative Review on the Complications of Otitis Media","attachmentId":116705267,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121940714/Effect_of_Ear_Infections_on_Hearing_Ability_A_Narrative_Review_on_the_Complications_of_Otitis_Media","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121940714/Effect_of_Ear_Infections_on_Hearing_Ability_A_Narrative_Review_on_the_Complications_of_Otitis_Media"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="60799143" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60799143/Otitis_media_across_nine_countries_disease_burden_and_management">Otitis media across nine countries: disease burden and management</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55927497" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AdrianoArguedas">Adriano Arguedas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">To assess the perceived disease burden and management of otitis media (OM) among an international cohort of experienced physicians. A cross-sectional survey conducted in France, Germany, Spain, Poland, Argentina, Mexico, South Korea, Thailand and Saudi Arabia. Face-to-face interviews conducted with 1800 physicians (95% paediatricians, 5% family practitioners).Main outcome measures were the perceived burden on clinical practice (number of cases, complications and referrals) and first- and second-line management strategies for OM. Results are expressed as mean and range across the nine countries over three continents. Respondents estimated an average annual caseload of 375 (range 128-1003) children under 5 years of age with OM; 54% (range 44-71%) with an initial episode and 38% (range 27-54%) with recurrent OM (ROM). OM with complications was estimated to be approximately 20 (range 7-49) cases per year and an estimated 15% (8-41%) of children with OM was recalled as needing specialist...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Otitis media across nine countries: disease burden and management","attachmentId":74083271,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/60799143/Otitis_media_across_nine_countries_disease_burden_and_management","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/60799143/Otitis_media_across_nine_countries_disease_burden_and_management"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="48475453" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48475453/Panel_7_Otitis_Media_Treatment_and_Complications">Panel 7: Otitis Media: Treatment and Complications</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41129684" href="https://pitt.academia.edu/MargarethaCasselbrant">Margaretha Casselbrant</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Objective We aimed to summarize key articles published between 2011 and 2015 on the treatment of (recurrent) acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion, tympanostomy tube otorrhea, chronic suppurative otitis media and complications of otitis media, and their implications for clinical practice. Data Sources PubMed, Ovid Medline, the Cochrane Library, and Clinical Evidence (BMJ Publishing). Review Methods All types of articles related to otitis media treatment and complications between June 2011 and March 2015 were identified. A total of 1122 potential related articles were reviewed by the panel members; 118 relevant articles were ultimately included in this summary. Conclusions Recent literature and guidelines emphasize accurate diagnosis of acute otitis media and optimal management of ear pain. Watchful waiting is optional in mild to moderate acute otitis media; antibiotics do shorten symptoms and duration of middle ear effusion. The additive benefit of adenoidectomy to tympanos...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Panel 7: Otitis Media: Treatment and Complications","attachmentId":67066893,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48475453/Panel_7_Otitis_Media_Treatment_and_Complications","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48475453/Panel_7_Otitis_Media_Treatment_and_Complications"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="94053964" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94053964/Otitis_media_in_children_acute_">Otitis media in children (acute)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44690367" href="https://independent.academia.edu/tonyroberts18">tony roberts</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Clinical evidence, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">INTRODUCTION: In the UK, about 30% of children under 3 years of age visit their GPs each year with acute otitis media (AOM), and 97% of these receive antibiotics. In the USA, AOM is the most common reason for outpatient antibiotic treatment. Without antibiotics, AOM resolves within 24 hours in about 60% of children, and within 3 days in about 80% of children. METHODS AND OUTCOMES: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of treatments for AOM in children; and what are the effects of interventions to prevent recurrence? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other important databases up to January 2007. (BMJ Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). RESULTS: We found 19 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions. CONCLUSIONS: In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: analgesics, antibiotics, delayed antibiotics, immediate antibiotics, long-term antibiotic prophylaxis, longer courses of antibiotics, myringotomy, pneumococcal vaccination, tympanostomy with ventilation tubes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Otitis media in children (acute)","attachmentId":96620902,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94053964/Otitis_media_in_children_acute_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94053964/Otitis_media_in_children_acute_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="94835527" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94835527/Otitis_Media_in_Children_can_Develop_Potentially_Dangerous_Complications">Otitis Media in Children can Develop Potentially Dangerous Complications</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55426755" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SinisaFranjic">Siniša Franjić</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Otitis media is rarely an isolated disease, it mainly occurs as part of respiratory infections of the nose and throat, because inflammation from the nose penetrates through the Eustachian tube into the middle ear. Acute otitis media is defined as an inflammatory process involving the middle ear, Eustachian tube, and mastoid cells with the presence of secretions in the middle ear. In children, inflammation is common due to specific anatomical structures, immaturity of the immune system, and hypertrophy of lymphatic tissue. In case the eardrum is very hyperemic, bulging, or purulent secretion is already present in the ear canal as well as in the nose, it is necessary to introduce an antibiotic in the treatment. It is important to take a bacteriological nasal swab before antibiotic therapy and for a runny ear and ear swab. When and which antibiotic to prescribe depends on the clinical picture and age of the child and on the cause and its resistance to the antibiotic.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Otitis Media in Children can Develop Potentially Dangerous Complications","attachmentId":97184688,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94835527/Otitis_Media_in_Children_can_Develop_Potentially_Dangerous_Complications","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94835527/Otitis_Media_in_Children_can_Develop_Potentially_Dangerous_Complications"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="39425911" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39425911/Prevalence_and_Outcome_of_Otitis_Media_among_Children_Attending_Usman_Danfodio_University_Teaching_Hospital_Sokoto">Prevalence and Outcome of Otitis Media among Children Attending Usman Danfodio University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2594470" href="https://independent.academia.edu/iosrjournals">IOSR Journals</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">IOSR Journals , 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Otitis Media (Latin word for "inflammation of the middle ear") is the medical term for middle ear infection. Otitis media is a common illness among children. This is characterized by inflammation of the middle ear involving other areas of the temporal bone contiguous to the middle ear, including the mastoid, perilabyrinth air cells, and the petrous apex. Otitis media is one of the commonest reasons for visit to a pediatrician. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and outcome of otitis media among children attending Usmanu Danfodiyo University teaching hospital, Sokoto. METHODS: Case notes of patients with otitis media were obtained from the records department of the hospital and data was analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS: Of the 129 cases reviewed 65(50.4%) were males and 64 (49.6%) were females with age distribution ranging from one (1) month to fifteen (15) years.The commonest mode of presentation was ear discharge (68.2%) followed by ear pain (57.4%), then nasal discharge (37.2%), fever (20.2%) with other forms of presentation (irritability, vomiting, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, headache, tinnitus, vertigo, hearing loss, neck stiffness) with 14.7% 93 of the patients presented as acute otitis media (72.1%), 30 of the patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (23.3%) and 6 of them with otitis media with effusion (4.7%) A lot of the patients were managed medically (95.3%), just 3.1% were managed conservatively and 1.6% had surgical intervention CONCLUSION: Otitis media should be managed more aggressively with potent antibiotics to prevent development of complications or progression from acute to chronic forms.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Prevalence and Outcome of Otitis Media among Children Attending Usman Danfodio University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto","attachmentId":59944023,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39425911/Prevalence_and_Outcome_of_Otitis_Media_among_Children_Attending_Usman_Danfodio_University_Teaching_Hospital_Sokoto","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39425911/Prevalence_and_Outcome_of_Otitis_Media_among_Children_Attending_Usman_Danfodio_University_Teaching_Hospital_Sokoto"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":73044534,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":73044534,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_73044534" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="16581893" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16581893/Acute_otitis_media_in_young_children_Diagnosis_and_management">Acute otitis media in young children: Diagnosis and management</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35895386" href="https://uwa.academia.edu/ShyanVijayasekaran">Shyan Vijayasekaran</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Medicine today</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="116621469" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/116621469/Chronic_Otitis_Media_in_Children">Chronic Otitis Media in Children</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33637823" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PetrosVlastarakos">Petros Vlastarakos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Clinical Pediatrics, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chronic Otitis Media in Children","attachmentId":112700203,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116621469/Chronic_Otitis_Media_in_Children","alternativeTracking":true}"><span 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href="https://www.academia.edu/126488709/Primary_care_management_of_otitis_media_among_Australian_children"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="10838847" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10838847/New_paradigms_in_the_pathogenesis_of_otitis_media_in_children">New paradigms in the pathogenesis of otitis media in children.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16052681" href="https://chicago.academia.edu/LivjotSachdeva">Livjot Sachdeva</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2013</p><div 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js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="31274214" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31274214/The_Cochrane_Library_and_acute_otitis_media_in_children_an_overview_of_reviews">The Cochrane Library and acute otitis media in children: an overview of reviews</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59762860" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Hoberman">Alejandro Hoberman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Evidence-Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Cochrane Library and acute otitis media in children: an 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ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23639533/Otitis_media_Update_on_etiology_and_management">Otitis media: Update on etiology and management</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45622636" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Handler">Steven Handler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1982</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Otitis media: Update on etiology and management","attachmentId":44049789,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23639533/Otitis_media_Update_on_etiology_and_management","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span 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class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Otolaryngology, 1995</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Recent advances in otitis media","attachmentId":100958308,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100023211/Recent_advances_in_otitis_media","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100023211/Recent_advances_in_otitis_media"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="18328224" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18328224/Associations_between_symptoms_clinical_findings_and_the_short_term_prognosis_among_children_with_otitis_media_A_cohort_study">Associations between symptoms, clinical findings and the short-term prognosis among children with otitis media: A cohort study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38319455" href="https://independent.academia.edu/J%C3%B8rgenLous">Jørgen Lous</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Associations between symptoms, clinical findings and the short-term prognosis among children with otitis media: A cohort study","attachmentId":39997426,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18328224/Associations_between_symptoms_clinical_findings_and_the_short_term_prognosis_among_children_with_otitis_media_A_cohort_study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18328224/Associations_between_symptoms_clinical_findings_and_the_short_term_prognosis_among_children_with_otitis_media_A_cohort_study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/53626002/Recommendations_derived_from_practice_audit_for_the_treatment_of_acute_otitis_media">Recommendations derived from practice audit for the treatment of acute otitis media</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="63666275" href="https://independent.academia.edu/UBollag">U. Bollag</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Lancet, 1991</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Recommendations derived from practice audit for the treatment of acute otitis media","attachmentId":70383510,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53626002/Recommendations_derived_from_practice_audit_for_the_treatment_of_acute_otitis_media","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53626002/Recommendations_derived_from_practice_audit_for_the_treatment_of_acute_otitis_media"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View 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href="https://www.academia.edu/13772802/Epidemiology_natural_history_and_risk_factors_Panel_report_from_the_Ninth_International_Research_Conference_on_Otitis_Media">Epidemiology, natural history, and risk factors: Panel report from the Ninth International Research Conference on Otitis Media</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32882088" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HowardHoffman1">Howard Hoffman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Epidemiology, natural history, and risk factors: Panel report from the Ninth International Research Conference on Otitis 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