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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialectes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dialectes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialectes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonologie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonologie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Phonologie</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Projet_d’alphabet_latin_datant_des_années_1930" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projet_d’alphabet_latin_datant_des_années_1930"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Projet d’alphabet latin datant des années 1930</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projet_d’alphabet_latin_datant_des_années_1930-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet_cyrillique_traditionnellement_utilisé_pour_le_mari_des_prairies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet_cyrillique_traditionnellement_utilisé_pour_le_mari_des_prairies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Alphabet cyrillique traditionnellement utilisé pour le mari des prairies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet_cyrillique_traditionnellement_utilisé_pour_le_mari_des_prairies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet_cyrillique_utilisé_pour_le_mari_des_montagnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet_cyrillique_utilisé_pour_le_mari_des_montagnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Alphabet cyrillique utilisé pour le mari des montagnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet_cyrillique_utilisé_pour_le_mari_des_montagnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammaire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Annexes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Annexes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_connexe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_connexe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Article connexe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_connexe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mari (langue)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 75 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Амари бызшәа – abkhaze" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Амари бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari" title="Mari – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mari" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة المارية – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة المارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_mari" title="Idioma mari – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma mari" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_dili" title="Mari dili – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mari dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ماری دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماری دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Мари теле – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мари теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariu_kalba" title="Mariu kalba – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mariu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Марыйская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марыйская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Марийски език – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marieg" title="Marieg – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marieg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Марий хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Марий хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_(llengua)" title="Mari (llengua) – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mari (llengua)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Марийн мотт – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Марийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ermi%C5%9F_tili" title="Çermiş tili – tatar de Crimée" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çermiş tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tatar de Crimée" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marij%C5%A1tina" title="Marijština – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marijština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Мари чĕлхи – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мари чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_(Sprache)" title="Mari (Sprache) – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mari (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mari language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_lingvo" title="Maria lingvo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maria lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_mari" title="Idioma mari – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma mari" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_keel" title="Mari keel – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mari keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariera" title="Mariera – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mariera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زبان ماری – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ماری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_kieli" title="Marin kieli – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_kiil" title="Mari kiil – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mari kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari" title="Mari – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mari" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_mari" title="Lingua mari – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua mari" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mareeish" title="Mareeish – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Mareeish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मरी भाषा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मरी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_bhasa" title="Mari bhasa – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mari bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_nyelv" title="Mari nyelv – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mari nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Mari" title="Bahasa Mari – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Mari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_mari" title="Lingua mari – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua mari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E8%AA%9E" title="マリ語 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マリ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მარიული ენა – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარიული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Mari" title="Bahasa Mari – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Mari" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Мари тілі – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мари тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4" title="마리어 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마리어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Мари кыв – komi-permiak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Мари кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Мари кыв – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Мари кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Марий тили – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Марий тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Mari" title="Linguae Mari – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Mari" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%C5%B3_kalba" title="Marių kalba – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Mariešu valoda – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mariešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Марий йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Марий йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мариски јазик – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мариски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9" title="Мары йӹлмӹ – mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мары йӹлмӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Маринь кель – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Маринь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_(taal)" title="Mari (taal) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mari (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Mariske språk – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mariske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Mariske språk – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mariske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Марийаг æвзаг – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Марийаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_maryjski" title="Język maryjski – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język maryjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Mari_oriental" title="Lenga Mari oriental – piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Mari oriental" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ماری بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماری بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_mari" title="Língua mari – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua mari" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_mari" title="Limba mari – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba mari" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Марийский язык – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марийский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marigiella" title="Marigiella – same du Nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Marigiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="same du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marij%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Marijščina – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marijščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marikielah" title="Marikielah – same d’Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Marikielah" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="same d’Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariska" title="Mariska – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mariska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="மாரி மொழி – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாரி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษามารี – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษามารี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_dili" title="Mari dili – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mari dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Чирмеш теле – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чирмеш теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Улыг пал пор кыл – oudmourte" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Улыг пал пор кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="oudmourte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Марійська мова – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марійська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ماری زبان – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماری زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariy_tili" title="Mariy tili – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mariy tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Mari" title="Tiếng Mari – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Mari" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="马里语 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马里语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="马里语 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马里语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E6%96%87" title="馬里文 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬里文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q973685#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mari_(langue)" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Mari_(langue)" rel="discussion" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirigé depuis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tch%C3%A9r%C3%A9misse&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchérémisse">Tchérémisse</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, 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Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus."><img alt="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus.</figcaption></figure><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/45px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/68px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/90px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Certaines informations figurant dans cet article ou cette section devraient être mieux reliées aux sources mentionnées dans les sections « Bibliographie », « Sources » ou « Liens externes »</strong> <small>(<time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-11" data-sort-value="2015-11">novembre 2015</time>).</small> </p><p>Vous pouvez améliorer la <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V%C3%A9rifiabilit%C3%A9" title="Wikipédia:Vérifiabilité">vérifiabilité</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Sources_%C3%A0_lier/Explication" title="Modèle:Sources à lier/Explication">associant ces informations à des références</a> à l'aide d'<a href="/wiki/Aide:Note" title="Aide:Note">appels de notes</a>. </p> </div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete bd" style="background-color:#32CD32;color:black;">Mari<br /><small>Марий йылме (<i>Marij jylme</i>)</small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r160408458">.mw-parser-output .entete.bd{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png")}</style> </td></tr> <tr><th scope="row">Pays </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Russie" title="Russie">Russie</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Région </th> <td><a href="/wiki/District_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral_de_la_Volga" title="District fédéral de la Volga">Volga</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nombre de locuteurs </th> <td>509 090<sup id="cite_ref-''Ethnologue''[chm]ethnologuechm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-''Ethnologue''[chm]ethnologuechm-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#32CD32; color:#000000">Classification par famille</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_ouraliennes" title="Langues ouraliennes">langues ouraliennes</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_finno-ougriennes" title="Langues finno-ougriennes">langues finno-ougriennes</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_finno-permiennes" title="Langues finno-permiennes">langues finno-permiennes</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_finno-volga%C3%AFques" title="Langues finno-volgaïques">langues finno-volgaïques</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <b>mari</b></li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#32CD32; color:#000000">Statut officiel</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Langue_officielle" title="Langue officielle">Langue officielle</a> </th> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="République des Maris"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Mari_El.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la République des Maris"><img alt="Drapeau de la République des Maris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Mari_El.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mari_El.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Mari_El.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mari_El.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Mari_El.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mari_El.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_des_Maris" title="République des Maris">République des Maris</a></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#32CD32; color:#000000">Codes de langue</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span> </th> <td><code>chm</code> </td> </tr> <tr><th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=chm">chm</a></code><br /> <table width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="margin: 0 0 0 0"><div style="width: 100%; border: 0" class="NavFrame"> <div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; font-size:100%; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:dotted 1px #AAA; padding-right:5em" class="NavHead" align="left"><b><div class="center">Codes inclus</div></b></div><div style="text-align: left" class="NavContent"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mhr">mhr</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Mari_des_prairies" title="Mari des prairies">mari des prairies</a><br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mrj">mrj</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Mari_des_montagnes" title="Mari des montagnes">mari des montagnes</a><br /></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3#Étendue" title="ISO 639-3">Étendue</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Macro-langue" title="Macro-langue">macro-langue</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3#Type" title="ISO 639-3">Type</a> </th> <td>vivante </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mari1278">mari1278</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#32CD32; color:#000000">État de conservation</th></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r209916962">.mw-parser-output .flex-container{justify-content:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .flex-container>div{margin:1px;text-align:left;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .sk-container{display:flex;width:auto}.mw-parser-output .sk-container>div{margin:1px;text-align:center;float:none}.mw-parser-output .EX-hover:hover{background:black;color:white}.mw-parser-output .CR-hover:hover{background:red;color:black}.mw-parser-output .SE-hover:hover{background:orange;color:black}.mw-parser-output .DE-hover:hover{background:yellow;color:black}.mw-parser-output .VU-hover:hover{background:yellowgreen;color:black}.mw-parser-output .NE-hover:hover{background:silver;color:black}.mw-parser-output .EX-hover a{color:white}.mw-parser-output .EX-hover:hover{color:white}.mw-parser-output .CR-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .CR-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .SE-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .SE-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .DE-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .DE-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .VU-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .VU-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .NE-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .NE-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .tooltip{position:relative;display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px dotted black}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext{visibility:hidden;width:120px;background-color:#F8F9FB;color:black;line-height:1.2;text-align:center;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:1px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);padding:5px 0;position:absolute;z-index:1;top:150%;left:50%;margin-left:-60px;border:1px solid #C8CBD0;font-size:60%}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext::after{content:"";position:absolute;bottom:100%;left:50%;margin-left:-5px;border-width:5px;border-style:solid;font-size:60%;border-color:transparent transparent #C8CBD0 transparent}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible;border:1px solid #C8CBD0;font-size:70%}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext{opacity:0;transition:opacity 0.15s}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible;opacity:1}</style> <center> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:%C3%89tat_de_conservation_d%27une_langue" title="Modèle:État de conservation d'une langue"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/10px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/15px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/20px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="sk-container" style="justify-content: center;"> <div><span style="font-size:90%;"><center><b>Éteinte</b></center><br /></span> <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_morte" title="Catégorie:Langue morte"><div class="EX-hover tooltip" style="display:inline; height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%; border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;"><b>EX</b><span class="tooltiptext">Éteinte</span></div></a></div><div><span style="font-size:90%"><center><b>Menacée</b></center><br /></span> <div style="border-top:2px solid black; border-radius:20%;display:inline;padding-top:1em"> <div class="CR-hover tooltip" style="height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%; display:inline;border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;"><b>CR</b><span class="tooltiptext">En situation critique</span></div> <div class="SE-hover tooltip" style="height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%; display:inline;border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;"><b>SE</b><span class="tooltiptext">Sérieusement en danger</span></div> <div class="DE-hover tooltip" style="height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%;display:inline;border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;background:yellow"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_en_danger" title="Catégorie:Langue en danger"><b>DE</b></a><span class="tooltiptext">En danger</span></div> <div class="VU-hover tooltip" style="height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%; display:inline;border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;"><b>VU</b><span class="tooltiptext">Vulnérable</span></div> </div></div><div><span style="font-size:90%"><center><b>Sûre</b></center><br /></span> <div class="NE-hover tooltip" style="height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%; display:inline;border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;"><b>NE</b><span class="tooltiptext"> Non menacée</span></div></div></div> <div style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;margin-top:0.4em; line-height:1.3">Langue <b>en danger</b> (<b>DE</b>) au sens de l’<i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_des_langues_en_danger_dans_le_monde" title="Atlas des langues en danger dans le monde">Atlas des langues en danger dans le monde</a></i> </div></center> </td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#32CD32; color:#000000">Carte</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fichier:Mari_language_dialect_map.svg&lang=fr" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Mari (langue)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mari_language_dialect_map.svg/langfr-280px-Mari_language_dialect_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mari_language_dialect_map.svg/langfr-420px-Mari_language_dialect_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mari_language_dialect_map.svg/langfr-560px-Mari_language_dialect_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="466" /></a></span> <br />Les quatre principaux dialectes du mari :<br /><span class="carre-couleur" style="border:1px solid gray; font-size:90%; background:chocolate; vertical-align:middle; webkit-print-color-adjust:exact; color-adjust:exact; display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em;"></span> mari des montagnes, <span class="carre-couleur" style="border:1px solid gray; font-size:90%; background:#d7d700; vertical-align:middle; webkit-print-color-adjust:exact; color-adjust:exact; display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em;"></span> mari du Nord-Ouest, <span class="carre-couleur" style="border:1px solid gray; font-size:90%; background:violet; vertical-align:middle; webkit-print-color-adjust:exact; color-adjust:exact; display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em;"></span> mari des prairies, <span class="carre-couleur" style="border:1px solid gray; font-size:90%; background:royalblue; vertical-align:middle; webkit-print-color-adjust:exact; color-adjust:exact; display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em;"></span> mari de l'Est. </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #32CD32 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color: inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Langue" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Uralic_languages_(_ALL_LANGUAGES_).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/220px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/330px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/440px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption>Langues ouraliennes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le <b>mari</b>, ou <b>tchérémisse</b> (en mari : мари́й йы́лме, <i>marij jylme</i> [maˈrij ˈjəlme] ; en <a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">russe</a> : <span class="lang-ru" lang="ru">мари́йский язы́к</span>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9</a> : <span class="lang-ru-latn" lang="ru-latn"><i>marijskij jazyk</i></span> [mɐˈrʲijskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk]), est une <a href="/wiki/Langue" title="Langue">langue</a> appartenant à la famille des <a href="/wiki/Langues_ouraliennes" title="Langues ouraliennes">langues ouraliennes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locuteurs">Locuteurs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Locuteurs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Locuteurs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le mari est parlé par plus de 500 000 personnes. Il s'agit de la langue officielle – avec le <a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">russe</a> – de la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_des_Maris" title="République des Maris">république des Maris</a>, une <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_de_Russie" class="mw-redirect" title="République de Russie">république</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Russie" title="Russie">fédération de Russie</a>. Le mari est également parlé dans les républiques voisines du <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> et d'<a href="/wiki/Oudmourtie" title="Oudmourtie">Oudmourtie</a>, ainsi que dans l'<a href="/wiki/Kra%C3%AF_de_Perm" title="Kraï de Perm">oblast de Perm</a>. </p><p>D'après le recensement de 1989, le nombre de <a href="/wiki/Maris_(peuple)" title="Maris (peuple)">Maris</a> était de 670 868. Parmi eux, 80 % (soit 542 160) déclaraient le mari comme leur langue maternelle, contre 18,8 % qui en indiquaient une autre. La <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_des_Maris" title="République des Maris">république des Maris</a> – ou « Mari El » (<i>Мари́й Эл</i>) – atteste quant à elle de quelque 11,6 % d'habitants ne considérant pas le mari comme leur première langue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialectes">Dialectes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Dialectes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Dialectes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La plupart des <a href="/wiki/Liste_de_linguistes" title="Liste de linguistes">linguistes</a> russes, tchérémisses, allemands et anglo-saxons distinguent les dialectes en deux macro-dialectes traditionnels pour plus de commodité : </p> <ul><li>le <b><a href="/wiki/Mari_des_montagnes" title="Mari des montagnes">mari des montagnes</a></b> (<i>кы́рык ма́ры</i>/<i>kyryk mary</i>, littéralement « mari de la montagne », ou <i>ку́рык мари́й</i>/<i>kuryk marij</i> dans le premier dialecte, désigné par les linguistes anglo-saxons de <i>Hill Mari</i> et de <i>Berg-Mari</i> par ceux d’Allemagne), parlé dans le sud en amont de la <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, sur la rive droite et dans une partie de la rive gauche, près de <a href="/wiki/Kozmodemiansk" title="Kozmodemiansk">Kozmodemiansk</a>,</li> <li>le <b><a href="/wiki/Mari_des_prairies" title="Mari des prairies">mari des prairies</a></b>, qu’on pourrait désigner de mari de la plaine (<i>о́лык мари́й</i>/<i>olyk marij</i>, « mari de la prairie », <i>Meadow Mari</i> en anglais, <i>Wiesen-Mari</i> en allemand), parlé à l’aval de la <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>. De nos jours, la plupart des spécialistes subdivisent ce macro-dialecte en trois variantes : <ul><li>le <b>mari des plaines</b> proprement dit, au nord et à l’ouest de la <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, près du confluent de la <a href="/wiki/Mala%C3%AFa_Kokchaga" title="Malaïa Kokchaga">Malaïa Kokchaga</a> et de la Volga, dans la capitale de la république <a href="/wiki/Iochkar-Ola" title="Iochkar-Ola">Iochkar-Ola</a> et alentours ;</li> <li>le <b>mari de l’Est</b>, à l’est du <a href="/wiki/Viatka" title="Viatka">Viatka</a>, le plus pratiqué numériquement et très largement utilisé dans les quotidiens, les écoles, les universités, les associations culturelles, les radios, par les écrivains et jusque sur l'Internet... ;</li> <li>le <b>mari du Nord-Ouest</b>.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Tous ces dialectes sont traditionnellement transcrits en cyrillique depuis les années 1930, avec toutefois cinq lettres supplémentaires qui sont directement dérivées de l'alphabet russe : <i>ҥ</i>, <i>ö</i>, <i>ӱ</i>, <i>ä</i>, <i>ӹ</i> (les deux dernières ne concernent que le dialecte des montagnes). </p><p>Certains Maris parlent aussi le <a href="/wiki/Tatar" title="Tatar">tatar</a>, une langue turco-mongole. Ce dernier, ainsi que le <a href="/wiki/Tchouvache" title="Tchouvache">tchouvache</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">russe</a>, ont fortement influencé le mari, notamment celui des prairies. </p><p>Le concept de macro-langue peut être illustré par la macro-langue marie, parlée en <a href="/wiki/Russie" title="Russie">Russie</a>. Elle est constituée de deux variétés, le "mari des plaines" (ou mari des prairies) et le <a href="/wiki/Mari_des_montagnes" title="Mari des montagnes">mari des collines</a> (ou mari des montagnes). À l'origine existait sans doute un <a href="/wiki/Continuum_linguistique" title="Continuum linguistique">continuum linguistique</a> : les différentes tribus parlaient des langues proches, mais néanmoins distinctes. Lorsque ces tribus se sont unifiées, le dialecte de la tribu dominante s'est petit à petit imposé. Dans le cas des <a href="/wiki/Maris_(peuple)" title="Maris (peuple)">Maris</a>, cependant, deux groupes distincts se sont formés, les Maris des montagnes et les Maris des prairies. Au fil du temps, la langue de chaque groupe s'est consolidée et différenciée de l'autre variété, à tel point que la création d'un standard unique s'est avéré impossible<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. À la suite des efforts de standardisation et de codification, deux standards ont été créés pour chaque variété du mari<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Pour Zoja Zorina, « la naissance des langues maries n’est pas le résultat d’une codification : c’est au contraire parce qu’il existait deux langues différentes que la standardisation a été possible et nécessaire »<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Aujourd'hui, les deux langues maries sont des langues écrites et codifiées, aux règles de prononciation et de grammaire bien établies (à l'inverse de dialectes qui eux n'ont pas forcément de forme standard et sont souvent cantonnés à la sphère orale). De plus, des traductions sont effectuées entre le mari des prairies et le mari des montagnes et les habitants sont conscients de l'existence de deux langues différentes<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Cependant, la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_des_Maris" title="République des Maris">république des Maris</a> a adopté en 1995 une Loi sur les langues dont l'article 1 stipule : « Les langues d’État de la république du Mari El sont le mari (des collines et des plaines) et le russe… ». Autrement dit, cette loi présente les deux langues mari comme une seule langue. Pour Zoja Zorina, la loi a créé « une langue abstraite (la « langue marie ») qui n’existe pas. »<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'un des buts de la loi était de renforcer l'unité entre les Maris (selon l'idée qu'un peuple doit parler une seule et même langue), mais cela n'a fait qu'augmenter la confusion autour des deux langues maries. Finalement, la macro-langue marie est née pour des motifs politiques bien plus que linguistiques<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonologie">Phonologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Phonologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Phonologie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Le mari de l'est possède 8 <a href="/wiki/Voyelle" title="Voyelle">voyelles</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Semi-voyelle" title="Semi-voyelle">semi-voyelle</a> et 21 <a href="/wiki/Consonne" title="Consonne">consonnes</a> ;</li> <li>Celui de l'ouest compte 10 <a href="/wiki/Voyelle" title="Voyelle">voyelles</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Semi-voyelle" title="Semi-voyelle">semi-voyelle</a> et 20 <a href="/wiki/Consonne" title="Consonne">consonnes</a>.</li></ul> <p>Trois alphabets ont été utilisés pour transcrire la langue : </p> <ul><li>un projet non abouti d’<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_latin" title="Alphabet latin">alphabet latin</a> datant des années 1930 ;</li> <li>l'<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_cyrillique" title="Alphabet cyrillique">alphabet cyrillique</a> utilisé traditionnellement pour l’écriture du mari des montagnes ;</li> <li>l'alphabet cyrillique également pour le mari des prairies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Projet_d’alphabet_latin_datant_des_années_1930"><span id="Projet_d.E2.80.99alphabet_latin_datant_des_ann.C3.A9es_1930"></span>Projet d’alphabet latin datant des années 1930</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Projet d’alphabet latin datant des années 1930" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Projet d’alphabet latin datant des années 1930"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="text-align:center; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">A a </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ä ä </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">B ʙ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">G g </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">D d </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Z z </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ƶ ƶ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">I i </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">J j </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">K k </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">L ʟ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ļ ʟ̧ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">M m </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">N n </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ꞑ ꞑ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ŋ ŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">O o </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">P p </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">R r </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">S s </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">T t </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">U u </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ü ü </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">C c </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ş ş </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ç ç </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ə ə </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ə̈ ə̈ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">E e </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">F f </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">H h </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Č č </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ť ť </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ď ď </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet_cyrillique_traditionnellement_utilisé_pour_le_mari_des_prairies"><span id="Alphabet_cyrillique_traditionnellement_utilis.C3.A9_pour_le_mari_des_prairies"></span>Alphabet cyrillique traditionnellement utilisé pour le <a href="/wiki/Mari_des_prairies" title="Mari des prairies">mari des prairies</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Alphabet cyrillique traditionnellement utilisé pour le mari des prairies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Alphabet cyrillique traditionnellement utilisé pour le mari des prairies"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="text-align:center; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">А а </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Б б </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">В в </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Г г </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Д д </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Е е </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ё ё </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ж ж </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">З з </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">И и </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Й й </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">К к </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Л л </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">М м </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Н н </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ҥ ҥ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">О о </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ö ö </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">П п </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Р р </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">С с </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Т т </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">У у </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ӱ ӱ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ф ф </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Х х </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ц ц </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ч ч </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ш ш </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Щ щ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ъ ъ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ы ы </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ь ь </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Э э </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ю ю </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet_cyrillique_utilisé_pour_le_mari_des_montagnes"><span id="Alphabet_cyrillique_utilis.C3.A9_pour_le_mari_des_montagnes"></span>Alphabet cyrillique utilisé pour le <a href="/wiki/Mari_des_montagnes" title="Mari des montagnes">mari des montagnes</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Alphabet cyrillique utilisé pour le mari des montagnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Alphabet cyrillique utilisé pour le mari des montagnes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="text-align:center; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">А а </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ä ä </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Б б </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">В в </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Г г </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Д д </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Е е </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ё ё </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ж ж </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">З з </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">И и </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Й й </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">К к </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Л л </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">М м </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Н н </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">О о </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ö ö </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">П п </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Р р </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">С с </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Т т </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">У у </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ӱ ӱ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ф ф </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Х х </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ц ц </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ч ч </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ш ш </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Щ щ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ъ ъ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ы ы </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ӹ ӹ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ь ь </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Э э </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ю ю </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammaire">Grammaire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Grammaire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Grammaire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le mari comporte neuf <a href="/wiki/Cas_grammatical" title="Cas grammatical">cas</a> de base dans sa variante des plaines et jusqu'à douze dans les autres dialectes : <a href="/wiki/Nominatif" title="Nominatif">nominatif</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9nitif" title="Génitif">génitif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusatif" title="Accusatif">accusatif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datif" title="Datif">datif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inessif" title="Inessif">inessif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illatif" title="Illatif">illatif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latif" title="Latif">latif</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89quatif" title="Équatif">comparatif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comitatif" title="Comitatif">comitatif</a>. De même qu'en <a href="/wiki/Finnois" title="Finnois">finnois</a> ou en <a href="/wiki/Hongrois" title="Hongrois">hongrois</a>, les rapports de possession s'expriment au moyen de <a href="/wiki/Affixe" title="Affixe">suffixes</a> possessifs, le déterminant se trouvant généralement au génitif. Ainsi, par exemple, les phrases « la fille du pêcheur » ou « l'enfant des parents » se traduiront littéralement de la sorte : « du-pêcheur sa-fille » (<i>колызын ÿдыржö</i>/<i>kolyzyn üdyržö</i>) ; « des-parents leur-enfant » (<i>ача-аван йочашт</i>/<i>ača-avan jočašt</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-''Ethnologue''[chm]ethnologuechm-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-''Ethnologue''[chm]ethnologuechm_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#ethnologuechm"><i>Ethnologue</i> [chm]</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4">e</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5">f</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Zorina2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Zoja_Zorina2013">Zoja <span class="nom_auteur">Zorina</span> (<abbr class="abbr" title="traduction">trad.</abbr> Vincent Lorenzini), « <cite style="font-style:normal">La situation linguistique dans la république du Mari-El</cite> », <i>Études finno-ougriennes</i>,‎ <time>2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0071-2051">0071-2051</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4000/efo.2322">10.4000/efo.2322</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://efo.revues.org/2322">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-01-03" data-sort-value="2016-01-03">3 janvier 2016</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+situation+linguistique+dans+la+r%C3%A9publique+du+Mari-El&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+finno-ougriennes&rft.aulast=Zorina&rft.aufirst=Zoja&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0071-2051&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fefo.2322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMari+%28langue%29"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Annexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint boite-grise boite-a-droite" style="text-align:left;"> <div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/45px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/68px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/90px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:60px;"><b><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mrj:">Wikipédia en mari des montagnes</a></b>.</div> <div style="clear:left;"></div> </div> <div class="noprint boite-grise boite-a-droite" style="text-align:left;"> <div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/45px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/68px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/90px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:60px;"><b><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mhr:">Wikipédia en mari des prairies</a></b>.</div> <div style="clear:left;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Kangasmaa-Minn"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Eeva Kangasmaa-Minn, <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">« Mari »</cite>, dans Daniel Mario Abondolo, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Uralic languages</cite>, Londres, New York, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Routledge language family descriptions », <time>1998</time>, XXIV-619 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, 24 <abbr class="abbr" title="centimètre">cm</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-415-08198-X" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-415-08198-X"><span class="nowrap">0-415-08198-X</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/468378953">468378953</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37544234v.public">37544234</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_de_contr%C3%B4le_de_la_Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Congr%C3%A8s" title="Numéro de contrôle de la Bibliothèque du Congrès">LCCN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96029898">96029898</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?isbn=041508198X">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, p. 219-248<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Uralic+languages&rft.atitle=Mari&rft.place=Londres%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.au=Eeva+Kangasmaa-Minn&rft.date=1998&rft.pages=p.+219-248&rft.tpages=XXIV-619&rft.isbn=0-415-08198-X&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468378953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMari+%28langue%29"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Comrie"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Bernard Comrie</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">« Uralic languages »</cite>, dans <cite class="italique" lang="en">The languages of the Soviet Union</cite>, Cambridge, New York, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Cambridge language surveys », <time>1981</time>, XX-317 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, 24 <abbr class="abbr" title="centimètre">cm</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-521-29877-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-521-29877-6"><span class="nowrap">0-521-29877-6</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/300552964">300552964</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_de_contr%C3%B4le_de_la_Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Congr%C3%A8s" title="Numéro de contrôle de la Bibliothèque du Congrès">LCCN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/80049861">80049861</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?isbn=0521298776">présentation en ligne</a>)</small>, p. 92-141<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+languages+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.atitle=Uralic+languages&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.au=Bernard+Comrie&rft.date=1981&rft.pages=p.+92-141&rft.tpages=XX-317&rft.isbn=0-521-29877-6&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F300552964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMari+%28langue%29"></span></span></li> <li>Alhoniemi, A. : <i>Marin kielioppi</i>, Helsinki, 1985 (Hill and Meadow);</li> <li>Alhoniemi, A. : <i>Marin kielen lukemisto sanastoineen</i>, Helsinki, 1986 (dialectes des montagnes et des prairies);</li> <li>Alhoniemi, A. : <i>Grammatik des Tscheremissischen (Mari)</i>, traduit du finnois par Hans-Hermann Bartens, Buske Verlag, 1993 (dialectes des montagnes et des prairies);</li> <li>Beke, О. : <i>Cseremisz nyelvtan</i>, Budapest, 1911 (Hill and Meadow);</li> <li>Bereczki, Gábor : <i>Chrestomathia Ceremissica</i>, Budapest, 1990;</li> <li>Budenz, J. : <i>Erdéi és hegyi cseremisz szótár</i>, Pest, 1866 (Mari [Hill and Meadow], Hungarian, Latin);</li> <li>Castrén, M. A. : <i>Elementa grammaticae tscheremissicae</i>, Kuopio, 1845 (Hill);</li> <li>Галкин, И. С. : <i>Историческая грамматика марийского языка</i>, vol. I & II, Yoshkar-Ola, 1964, 1966;</li> <li>Галкин, И. С. : <i>Происхождение и развитие марийского языка</i>, Марийцы. Историко-этнографические очерки/Марий калык. Историй сынан этнографий очерк-влак, Yoshkar-Ola, 2005: 43-46;</li> <li>Glukhov, N. & Glukhov, V. : <i>Mari men and women as bearers of the Mari language and identity</i>, Wiener elektronische Beiträge des Instituts für Finno-Ugristik, 2003. Available, along with other papers on Finno-Ugric languages and cultures, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://webfu.univie.ac.at/archiv.php">http://webfu.univie.ac.at/archiv.php</a></li> <li>Ingemann, F. J. & Sebeok, T. A. : <i>An Eastern Cheremis manual: phonology, grammar, texts and glossary</i> (= American Council of Learned Societies, Research and Studies in Uralic and Altaic languages, project nos. 6 and 31), Bloomington, 1961 (Meadow);</li> <li>Иванов, И. Г. : <i>История марийского литературного языка</i>, Yoshkar-Ola, 1975;</li> <li>Иванов, И. Г. : <i>Марий диалектологий</i>, Yoshkar-Ola, 1981;</li> <li>Кармазин, Г. Г. : <i>Материалы к изучению марийского языка</i>, Krasnokokshajsk, 1925 (Meadow);</li> <li>Кармазин, Г. Г. : <i>Учебник марийского языка лугово-восточного наречия</i>, Yoshkar-Ola, 1929 (Meadow);</li> <li>Klima, L. : <i>The linguistic affinity of the Volgaic Finno-Ugrians and their ethnogenesis</i>, 2004: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01700/01794/">http://mek.oszk.hu/01700/01794/</a></li> <li>Коведяева, Е. И. : <i>Марийский язык - Языки мира</i>: Уральские языки. Moscow, 1993: 148-164;</li> <li>Коведяева, Е. И. : <i>Горномарийский вариант литературного марийского языка</i>, Языки мира: Уральские языки. Moscow, 1993: 164-173;</li> <li>Крылова, Г. С. & Якимова, Э. С. : <i>Марийский язык для всех</i>, ч. 2. Йошкар-Ола: Марийское книжное издательство, 1991;</li> <li>Lewy, E. : <i>Tscheremissische Grammatik</i>, Leipzig, 1922 (Meadow);</li> <li>Moisio, A. : <i>Marilais-suomalainen sanakirja</i>, Turun yliopisto (Université de Turku), 1992;</li> <li>Moisio, A., Galkin, I. & Vasiljev, V. : <i>Suomalais-marilainen sanakirja</i>, Turun yliopisto (Université de Turku), 1995;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramstedt,_G._J.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramstedt, G. J. (page inexistante)">Ramstedt, G. J.</a> : <i>Bergtscheremissische Sprachstudien</i>, Helsinki, 1902 (Hill);</li> <li>Riese, Th., Bradley J., Yakimova E. & Krylova, G. : <i>Оҥай марий йылме - a comprehensive introduction to the Mari language</i>, Department of Finno-Ugric Studies, University of Vienna/Université de Vienne, 2010;</li> <li>Räsänen, M. : <i>Die tschuwassischen Lehnwörter im Tscheremissischen</i>, Helsinki, 1920;</li> <li>Räsänen, M. : <i>Die tatarischen Lehnwörter im Tscheremissischen</i>, Helsinki, 1923;</li> <li>Sebeok, T. A. & Raun., A. (eds.) : <i>The first Cheremis grammar</i> (1775): a facsimile edition, Chicago, 1956;</li> <li>Szilasi, M. : <i>Cseremisz szótár</i>, Budapest, 1901 (Mari [Hill and Meadow], Hungarian, German);</li> <li>Троицкий, В. П. : <i>Черемисско-русский словарь</i>, Kazan', 1894 (Hill and Meadow);</li> <li>Учаев, З. В. & Ефремов А. С. : <i>Поро кече - самоучитель марийского языка</i>, Йошкар-Ола, Марийское книжное издательство, 1998;</li> <li>Шорин, В. С. : <i>Маро-русский словарь горного наречия</i>, Kazan', 1920 (Hill);</li> <li>Васильев, В. М. : <i>Записки по грамматике народа мари</i>, Kazan', 1918 (Hill and Meadow);</li> <li>Васильев, В. М. : <i>Марий мутэр</i>, Moscow, 1929 (Hill and Meadow);</li> <li>Васильев, В. Н. : <i>Русско-марийский разговорник</i>, Йошкар-Ола, Марийское книжное издательство, 2004;</li> <li>Wichmann, Y. : <i>Tscheremissische Texte mit Wörterverzeichnis und grammatikalischem Abriß</i>, Helsingfors, 1923 (Hill and Meadow);</li> <li>Wiedemann, F. : <i>Versuch einer Grammatik der tscheremissischen Sprache</i>, Saint Petersburg, 1847 (Hill);</li> <li>Юадаров, К. Г. : <i>Горномарийский язык (учебное пособие для учителей родного языка, студентов)</i>, Йошкар-Ола, 1997;</li> <li>Зорина, З. Г., Крылова, Г. С. & Якимова, Э. С. : <i>Марийский язык для всех</i>, ч. 1. Йошкар-Ола: Марийское книжное издательство, 1990.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_connexe">Article connexe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Article connexe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Article connexe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maris_(peuple)" title="Maris (peuple)">Maris</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(langue)&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="ouvrage" id="ethnologuechm"><span style="font-style: normal;"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/chm">Fiche langue du mari</a> <code>[chm]</code> dans la base de données linguistique <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue,_Languages_of_the_World" title="Ethnologue, Languages of the World"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Ethnologue</span></a>.</i></span></cite></li> <li><cite class="ouvrage" id="ethnologuemhr"><span style="font-style: normal;"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mhr">Fiche langue du mari des prairies</a> <code>[mhr]</code> dans la base de données linguistique <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue,_Languages_of_the_World" title="Ethnologue, Languages of the World"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Ethnologue</span></a>.</i></span></cite></li> <li><cite class="ouvrage" id="ethnologuemrj"><span style="font-style: normal;"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mrj">Fiche langue du mari des montagnes</a> <code>[mrj]</code> dans la base de données linguistique <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue,_Languages_of_the_World" title="Ethnologue, Languages of the World"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Ethnologue</span></a>.</i></span></cite></li> <li><cite class="ouvrage" id="ethnologuemari1278"><span style="font-style: normal;"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mari1278">Fiche langue de la sous-famille du mari</a> <code>[mari1278]</code> dans la base de données linguistique <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue,_Languages_of_the_World" title="Ethnologue, Languages of the World"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Ethnologue</span></a>.</i></span></cite></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/lang?id=5720">Low Mari (Languages of the World)</a></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mari-language.com/book/book_en.html">English language Mari textbook</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style="background:#fdfdfd;"> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langues_officielles_de_Russie" title="Modèle:Palette Langues officielles de Russie"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langues_officielles_de_Russie&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_officielles_de_Russie" title="Langues officielles de Russie">Langues officielles de Russie</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:18em; max-width: 35%; text-align:right;">Langue d'État de la <a href="/wiki/Russie" title="Russie">fédération</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">russe</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:18em; max-width: 35%; text-align:right;">Langues d'État des <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_(Russie)" title="République (Russie)">républiques</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background:#f7f7f7;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_(langue)" title="Abaza (langue)">abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adygu%C3%A9en_(langue)" title="Adyguéen (langue)">adyguéen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agul" title="Agul">agul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta%C3%AF_(langue)" title="Altaï (langue)">altaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar" title="Avar">avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az%C3%A9ri" title="Azéri">azéri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachkir" title="Bachkir">bachkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouriate" title="Bouriate">bouriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa" title="Dargwa">dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iakoute" title="Iakoute">iakoute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingouche" title="Ingouche">ingouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabarde" title="Kabarde">kabardino-tcherkesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmouk" title="Kalmouk">kalmouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatcha%C3%AF_balkar" title="Karatchaï balkar">karatchaï balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakasse" title="Khakasse">khakasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_(langue)" title="Komi (langue)">komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koumyk" title="Koumyk">koumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak" title="Lak">lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezghien" title="Lezghien">lezghien</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">mari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mari_des_montagnes" title="Mari des montagnes">Mari des montagnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_des_prairies" title="Mari des prairies">mari des prairies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langues_mordves" title="Langues mordves">mordove</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mokcha_(langue)" title="Mokcha (langue)">mokcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzya" title="Erzya">erzya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noga%C3%AF_(langue)" title="Nogaï (langue)">nogaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oss%C3%A8te" title="Ossète">ossète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudmourte" title="Oudmourte">oudmourte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routoul" title="Routoul">routoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabassaran" title="Tabassaran">tabassaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat" title="Tat">langue tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar" title="Tatar">tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_de_Crim%C3%A9e" title="Tatar de Crimée">tatar de Crimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tch%C3%A9tch%C3%A8ne" title="Tchétchène">tchétchène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchouvache" title="Tchouvache">tchouvache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touvain" title="Touvain">touvain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhour" title="Tsakhour">tsakhour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainien" title="Ukrainien">ukrainien</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:18em; max-width: 35%; text-align:right;">Langues à statut officiel</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouriate" title="Bouriate">bouriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car%C3%A9lien" title="Carélien">carélien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgane" title="Dolgane">dolgane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89v%C3%A8ne" title="Évène">évène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki" title="Evenki">evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnois" title="Finnois">finnois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh" title="Kazakh">kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-permiak" title="Komi-permiak">komi-permiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi" title="Mansi">mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9n%C3%A8tse" title="Nénètse">nénètse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkoupe" title="Selkoupe">selkoupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchouktche" title="Tchouktche">tchouktche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vepse" title="Vepse">vepse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youkaguir" title="Youkaguir">youkaguir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youkaguir_du_nord" title="Youkaguir du nord">youkaguir du nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youkaguir_du_sud" title="Youkaguir du sud">youkaguir du sud</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Langues" title="Portail des langues"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg/24px-Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg/36px-Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg/48px-Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="24" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Langues" title="Portail:Langues">Portail des langues</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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