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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">High-definition television</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=High-definition+television&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> High-definition television (HDTV) describes a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Television">television</a> or video system which provides a substantially higher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Image_resolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Image resolution">image resolution</a> than the previous generation of technologies. The term has been used since at least 1933;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hd1933-1">[1]</a> in more recent times, it refers to the generation following <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standard-definition television">standard-definition television</a> (SDTV). It is the standard video format used in most broadcasts: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terrestrial_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial broadcast television</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cable_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cable television">cable television</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satellite_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Formats">1 Formats</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Standards">2 Standards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">3 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Analog_systems">3.1 Analog systems</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Japan">3.1.1 Japan</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Decrease_of_analog_HD_systems">3.2 Decrease of analog HD systems</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rise_of_digital_compression">3.3 Rise of digital compression</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inaugural_HDTV_broadcast_in_the_United_States">3.3.1 Inaugural HDTV broadcast in the United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#European_HDTV_broadcasts">3.3.2 European HDTV broadcasts</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notation">4 Notation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Display_resolutions">4.1 Display resolutions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Standard_frame_or_field_rates">4.2 Standard frame or field rates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Types_of_media">4.3 Types of media</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Recording_and_compression">5 Recording and compression</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Formats">Formats</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Formats" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> HDTV may be transmitted in various formats: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/720p?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="720p">720p</a> (1280 × 720p): 921,600 pixels</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1080i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1080i">1080i</a> (1920 × 1080i) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interlaced?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlaced">interlaced</a> scan: 1,036,800 pixels (≈1.04 Mpx).</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1080p?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1080p">1080p</a> (1920 × 1080p) progressive scan: 2,073,600 pixels (≈2.07 Mpx). <ul> <li>Some countries also use a non-standard CTA resolution, such as 1440 × 1080i: 777,600 pixels (≈0.78 Mpx) per field or 1,555,200 pixels (≈1.56 Mpx) per frame</li> </ul></li> </ul> When transmitted at two megapixels per frame, HDTV provides about five times as many pixels as SD (standard-definition television). The increased resolution provides for a clearer, more detailed picture. In addition, progressive scan and higher frame rates result in a picture with less flicker and better rendering of fast motion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Modern HDTV began broadcasting in 1989 in Japan, under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a>/Hi-Vision analog system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> HDTV was widely adopted worldwide in the late 2000s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Standards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg/450px-Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="286"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 450px;height: 251px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg/450px-Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg.png" data-width="450" data-height="251" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg/675px-Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg/900px-Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Map of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_digital_television_deployments_by_country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of digital television deployments by country">digital terrestrial television broadcasting standards by country</a> </figcaption> </figure> All modern high-definition broadcasts utilize <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital television">digital television</a> standards. The major digital television broadcast standards used for terrestrial, cable, satellite, and mobile devices are: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DVB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DVB">DVB</a>, originating in Europe and also used in much of Asia, Africa, and Australia</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ATSC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSC">ATSC</a>, used in much of North America</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DTMB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="DTMB">DTMB</a>, used in China and some neighboring countries</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISDB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a>, used in two incompatible variations in Japan and South America</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">DMB</a>, used by mobile devices in South Korea</li> </ul> These standards use a variety of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_codec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Video codec">video codecs</a>, some of which are also used for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_video?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet video">internet video</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">Analog high-definition television system</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of television">history of television</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television_transition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High-definition television transition">high-definition television transition</a> </div> The term high definition once described a series of television systems first announced in 1933<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hd1933-1">[1]</a> and launched starting in August 1936;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> however, these systems were only high definition when compared to earlier systems that were based on mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution. The ongoing competition between companies and nations to create true HDTV spanned the entire 20th century, as each new system became higher definition than the last. In the early 21st century, this race has continued with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4K_resolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4K resolution">4K</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5K_resolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5K resolution">5K</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8K_resolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8K resolution">8K</a> systems. The British high-definition TV service started trials in August 1936 and a regular service on 2 November 1936 using both the (mechanical) Baird 240 line sequential scan (later referred to as progressive) and the (electronic) Marconi-EMI <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/405_line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="405 line">405 line</a> interlaced systems. The Baird system was discontinued in February 1937.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-since1936-6">[6]</a> In 1938 France followed with its own <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/441-line_television_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="441-line television system">441-line</a> system, variants of which were also used by a number of other countries. The US <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NTSC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> 525-line system joined in 1941. In 1949 France introduced an even higher-resolution standard at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/819_line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="819 line">819 lines</a>, a system that would have been high definition even by modern standards, if it had not required such bandwidth for a color version, which prevented the addition of other TV channels (nevertheless, it remained in use until 1983). All of these systems used <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interlaced_video?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interlaced video">interlacing</a> and a 4:3 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratio</a> except the 240-line system which was progressive (actually described at the time by the technically correct term sequential) and the 405-line system which started as 5:4 and later changed to 4:3. The 405-line system adopted the (at that time) revolutionary idea of interlaced scanning to overcome the flicker problem of the 240-line with its 25 Hz frame rate. The 240-line system could have doubled its frame rate but this would have meant that the transmitted signal would have doubled in bandwidth, an unacceptable option as the video baseband bandwidth was required to be not more than 3 MHz. Color broadcasts started at similar line counts, first with the US NTSC color system in 1953, which was compatible with the earlier monochrome systems and therefore had the same 525 lines per frame. European standards did not follow until the 1960s, when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PAL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PAL">PAL</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SECAM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> color systems were added to the monochrome 625-line broadcasts. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NHK?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NHK">NHK</a> (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) began researching to "unlock the fundamental mechanism of video and sound interactions with the five human senses" in 1964, after the Tokyo Olympics. NHK set out to create an HDTV system that scored much higher in subjective tests than NTSC's previously dubbed HDTV. This new system, NHK Color, created in 1972, included 1125 lines, a 5:3 (1.67:1) aspect ratio and 60 Hz refresh rate. The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), headed by Charles Ginsburg, became the testing and study authority for HDTV technology in the international theater. SMPTE would test HDTV systems from different companies from every conceivable perspective, but the problem of combining the different formats plagued the technology for many years. There were four major HDTV systems tested by SMPTE in the late 1970s, and in 1979 an SMPTE study group released A Study of High Definition Television Systems: <ul> <li>EIA monochrome: 4:3 aspect ratio, 1023 lines, 60 Hz</li> <li>NHK color: 5:3 aspect ratio, 1125 lines, 60 Hz</li> <li>NHK monochrome: 4:3 aspect ratio, 2125 lines, 50 Hz</li> <li>BBC colour: 8:3 aspect ratio, 1501 lines, 60 Hz<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> </ul> Since the formal adoption of Digital Video Broadcasting's (DVB) widescreen HDTV transmission modes in the mid to late 2000s; the 525-line <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NTSC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> (and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PAL-M?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a>) systems, as well as the European 625-line <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PAL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PAL">PAL</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SECAM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> systems, have been regarded as standard definition television systems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Analog_systems">Analog systems</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Analog systems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">Analog high-definition television system</a> </div> Early HDTV broadcasting used <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Analog_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Analog television">analog</a> technology that was later converted to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital television">digital television</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_compression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a>. In 1949, France started its transmissions with an 819 lines system (with 737 active lines). The system was monochrome only and was used only on VHF for the first French TV channel. It was discontinued in 1983. In 1958, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> developed Тransformator (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Трансформатор, meaning Transformer), the first high-resolution (definition) television system capable of producing an image composed of 1,125 lines of resolution aimed at providing teleconferencing for military command. It was a research project and the system was never deployed by either the military or consumer broadcasting.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In 1986, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Economic_Community?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#European_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Community</a> proposed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HD-MAC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a>, an analog HDTV system with 1,152 lines. A public demonstration took place for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Summer Olympics</a> in Barcelona. However HD-MAC was scrapped in 1993 and the DVB project was formed, which would foresee development of a digital HDTV standard.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Japan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1979, the Japanese public broadcaster <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NHK?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NHK">NHK</a> first developed consumer high-definition television with a 5:3 display aspect ratio.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The system, known as Hi-Vision or MUSE after its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding</a> (MUSE) for encoding the signal, required about twice the bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but provided about four times the resolution (1035i/1125 lines). In 1981, the MUSE system was demonstrated for the first time in the United States, using the same 5:3 aspect ratio as the Japanese system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Upon visiting a demonstration of MUSE in Washington, US President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ronald_Reagan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> was impressed and officially declared it "a matter of national interest" to introduce HDTV to the US.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> NHK taped the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> with a Hi-Vision camera, weighing 40 kg.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-13">[13]</a> Satellite test broadcasts started June 4, 1989, the first daily high-definition programs in the world,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> with regular testing starting on November 25, 1991, or "Hi-Vision Day" – dated exactly to refer to its 1,125-lines resolution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Regular broadcasting of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yuri_(satellite)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yuri (satellite)">BS</a>-9ch commenced on November 25, 1994, which featured commercial and NHK programming. Several systems were proposed as the new standard for the US, including the Japanese MUSE system, but all were rejected by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) because of their higher bandwidth requirements. At this time, the number of television channels was growing rapidly and bandwidth was already a problem. A new standard had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth for HDTV than the existing NTSC. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Decrease_of_analog_HD_systems">Decrease of analog HD systems</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Decrease of analog HD systems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The limited standardization of analog HDTV in the 1990s did not lead to global HDTV adoption as technical and economic constraints at the time did not permit HDTV to use bandwidths greater than normal television. Early HDTV commercial experiments, such as NHK's MUSE, required over four times the bandwidth of a standard-definition broadcast. Despite efforts made to reduce analog HDTV to about twice the bandwidth of SDTV, these television formats were still distributable only by satellite. In Europe too, the HD-MAC standard was considered not technically viable.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In addition, recording and reproducing an HDTV signal was a significant technical challenge in the early years of HDTV (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sony_HDVS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sony HDVS">Sony HDVS</a>). Japan remained the only country with successful <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_broadcasting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasting</a> of analog HDTV, with seven broadcasters sharing a single channel.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, the Hi-Vision/MUSE system also faced commercial issues when it launched on November 25, 1991. Only 2,000 HDTV sets were sold by that day, rather than the enthusiastic 1.32 million estimation. Hi-Vision sets were very expensive, up to US$30,000 each, which contributed to its low consumer adaption.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> A Hi-Vision <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VCR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="VCR">VCR</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NEC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NEC">NEC</a> released at Christmas time retailed for US$115,000. In addition, the United States saw Hi-Vision/MUSE as an outdated system and had already made it clear that it would develop an all-digital system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Experts thought the commercial Hi-Vision system in 1992 was already eclipsed by digital technology developed in the U.S. since 1990. This was an American victory against the Japanese in terms of technological dominance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> By mid-1993 prices of receivers were still as high as 1.5 million <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yen">yen</a> (US$15,000).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> On February 23, 1994, a top broadcasting administrator in Japan admitted failure of its analog-based HDTV system, saying the U.S. digital format would be more likely a worldwide standard.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> However this announcement drew angry protests from broadcasters and electronic companies who invested heavily into the analog system. As a result, he took back his statement the next day saying that the government will continue to promote Hi-Vision/MUSE.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> That year NHK started development of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital television">digital television</a> in an attempt to catch back up to America and Europe. This resulted in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISDB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a> format.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Japan started digital satellite and HDTV broadcasting in December 2000.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Rise_of_digital_compression">Rise of digital compression</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Rise of digital compression" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> High-definition digital television was not possible with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uncompressed_video?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uncompressed video">uncompressed video</a>, which requires a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> exceeding 1 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gbit/s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbit/s">Gbit/s</a> for studio-quality HD <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_video?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital video">digital video</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barbero-25">[25]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Digital HDTV was made possible by the development of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> (DCT) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_compression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Shishikui-27">[27]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barbero-25">[25]</a> DCT coding is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lossy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">lossy</a> image compression technique that was first proposed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a> in 1972,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ahmed-28">[28]</a> and was later adapted into a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Motion_compensation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Motion compensation">motion-compensated</a> DCT algorithm for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_coding_format?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Video_coding_standards" title="Video coding format">video coding standards</a> such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H.26x?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="H.26x">H.26x</a> formats from 1988 onwards and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MPEG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> formats from 1993 onwards.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ghanbari-29">[29]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Li-30">[30]</a> Motion-compensated DCT compression significantly reduces the amount of bandwidth required for a digital TV signal.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barbero-25">[25]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lea-31">[31]</a> By 1991, it had achieved <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Data_compression_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Data compression ratio">data compression ratios</a> from 8:1 to 14:1 for near-studio-quality HDTV transmission, down to 70–140 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mbit/s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barbero-25">[25]</a> Between 1988 and 1991, DCT video compression was widely adopted as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_coding_standard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Video coding standard">video coding standard</a> for HDTV implementations, enabling the development of practical digital HDTV.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barbero-25">[25]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Shishikui-27">[27]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cianci-32">[32]</a> Dynamic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Random-access_memory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DRAM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAM">DRAM</a>) was also adopted as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Framebuffer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Framebuffer">framebuffer</a> semiconductor memory, with the DRAM <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semiconductor_industry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semiconductor industry">semiconductor industry</a>'s increased manufacturing and reducing prices important to the commercialization of HDTV.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cianci-32">[32]</a> Since 1972, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>'s radio telecommunications sector (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ITU-R?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a>) had been working on creating a global recommendation for Analog HDTV. These recommendations, however, did not fit in the broadcasting bands which could reach home users. The standardization of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MPEG-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a> in 1993 led to the acceptance of recommendations <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ITU-R_BT.709?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-R BT.709">ITU-R BT.709</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In anticipation of these standards, the DVB organization was formed. It was alliance of broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies. The DVB develops and agrees upon specifications which are formally standardised by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ETSI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> DVB created first the standard for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DVB-S?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DVB-S">DVB-S</a> digital satellite TV, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DVB-C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DVB-C">DVB-C</a> digital cable TV and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Advanced Video Coding">DVB-T</a> digital terrestrial TV. These broadcasting systems can be used for both SDTV and HDTV. In the US the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(HDTV)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Alliance (HDTV)">Grand Alliance</a> proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV. Both ATSC and DVB were based on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MPEG-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> standard, although DVB systems may also be used to transmit video using the newer and more efficient H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standards. Common for all DVB standards is the use of highly efficient modulation techniques for further reducing bandwidth, and foremost for reducing receiver-hardware and antenna requirements.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1983, the International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) set up a working party (IWP11/6) with the aim of setting a single international HDTV standard. One of the thornier issues concerned a suitable frame/field refresh rate, the world already having split into two camps, 25/50 Hz and 30/60 Hz, largely due to the differences in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mains_electricity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mains electricity">mains</a> frequency. The IWP11/6 working party considered many views and throughout the 1980s served to encourage development in a number of video digital processing areas, not least conversion between the two main frame/field rates using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Motion_estimation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Motion estimation">motion vectors</a>, which led to further developments in other areas. While a comprehensive HDTV standard was not in the end established, agreement on the aspect ratio was achieved.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Initially the existing 5:3 aspect ratio had been the main candidate but, due to the influence of widescreen cinema, the aspect ratio <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16:9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="16:9">16:9</a> (1.78) eventually emerged as being a reasonable compromise between 5:3 (1.67) and the common 1.85 widescreen cinema format. An aspect ratio of 16:9 was duly agreed upon at the first meeting of the IWP11/6 working party at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Research_%26_Development?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Research & Development">the BBC's Research and Development</a> establishment in Kingswood Warren. The resulting ITU-R Recommendation ITU-R BT.709-2 ("<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rec._709?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rec. 709">Rec. 709</a>") includes the 16:9 aspect ratio, a specified <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colorimetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colorimetry">colorimetry</a>, and the scan modes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1080i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1080i">1080i</a> (1,080 actively interlaced lines of resolution) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1080p?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1080p">1080p</a> (1,080 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Progressive_scan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Progressive scan">progressively scanned</a> lines). The British <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freeview_HD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeview HD">Freeview HD</a> trials used <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=MBAFF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="MBAFF (page does not exist)">MBAFF</a>, which contains both progressive and interlaced content in the same encoding.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It also includes the alternative 1440×1152 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HDMAC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="HDMAC">HDMAC</a> scan format. (According to some reports, a mooted 750-line (720p) format (720 progressively scanned lines) was viewed by some at the ITU as an enhanced television format rather than a true HDTV format,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and so was not included, although 1920×1080i and 1280×720p systems for a range of frame and field rates were defined by several US <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SMPTE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE">SMPTE</a> standards.)[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Inaugural_HDTV_broadcast_in_the_United_States">Inaugural HDTV broadcast in the United States</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Inaugural HDTV broadcast in the United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in the early 1990s and made official in 1993 by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(HDTV)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Alliance (HDTV)">Digital HDTV Grand Alliance</a>, a group of television, electronic equipment, communications companies consisting of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AT%26T_Bell_Labs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Bell Labs">AT&T Bell Labs</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_Instrument?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General Instrument">General Instrument</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philips?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philips">Philips</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarnoff_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarnoff Corporation">Sarnoff</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vantiva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vantiva">Thomson</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zenith_Electronics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zenith Electronics">Zenith</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. Field testing of HDTV at 199 sites in the United States was completed August 14, 1994.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The first public HDTV broadcast in the United States occurred on July 23, 1996, when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a> television station <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WRAL-HD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="WRAL-HD">WRAL-HD</a> began broadcasting from the existing tower of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WRAL-TV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="WRAL-TV">WRAL-TV</a> southeast of Raleigh, winning a race to be first with the HD Model Station in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington,_D.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, which began broadcasting July 31, 1996 with the callsign WHD-TV, based out of the facilities of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NBC">NBC</a> owned and operated station <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WRC-TV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="WRC-TV">WRC-TV</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The American <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Advanced_Television_Systems_Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Advanced Television Systems Committee">Advanced Television Systems Committee</a> (ATSC) HDTV system had its public launch on October 29, 1998, during the live coverage of astronaut <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Glenn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>'s return mission to space on board the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_Shuttle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bnet1-40">[40]</a> The signal was transmitted coast-to-coast, and was seen by the public in science centers, and other public theaters specially equipped to receive and display the broadcast.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bnet1-40">[40]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="European_HDTV_broadcasts">European HDTV broadcasts</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: European HDTV broadcasts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Between 1988 and 1991, several European organizations were working on discrete cosine transform (DCT) based digital <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_coding_standards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Video coding standards">video coding standards</a> for both SDTV and HDTV. The EU 256 project by the CMTT and ETSI, along with research by Italian broadcaster <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RAI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RAI">RAI</a>, developed a DCT <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_codec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Video codec">video codec</a> that broadcast near-studio-quality HDTV transmission at about 70–140 Mbit/s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barbero-25">[25]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The first HDTV transmissions in Europe, albeit not direct-to-home, began in 1990, when RAI broadcast the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1990 FIFA World Cup">1990 FIFA World Cup</a> using several experimental HDTV technologies, including the digital DCT-based EU 256 codec,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barbero-25">[25]</a> the mixed analog-digital <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HD-MAC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a> technology, and the analog <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a> technology. The matches were shown in 8 cinemas in Italy, where the tournament was played, and 2 in Spain. The connection with Spain was made via the Olympus satellite link from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barcelona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and then with a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fiber_optic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optic">fiber optic</a> connection from Barcelona to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madrid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> After some HDTV transmissions in Europe, the standard was abandoned in 1993, to be replaced by a digital format from DVB.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The first regular broadcasts began on January 1, 2004, when the Belgian company <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro1080?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro1080">Euro1080</a> launched the HD1 channel with the traditional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vienna_New_Year%27s_Concert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vienna New Year's Concert">Vienna New Year's Concert</a>. Test transmissions had been active since the IBC exhibition in September 2003, but the New Year's Day broadcast marked the official launch of the HD1 channel, and the official start of direct-to-home HDTV in Europe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Euro1080, a division of the later defunct Belgian TV services company Alfacam, broadcast HDTV channels to break the pan-European stalemate of "no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ..." and kick-start HDTV interest in Europe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The HD1 channel was initially <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free-to-air?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> and mainly comprised sporting, dramatic, musical and other cultural events broadcast with a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule of four or five hours per day.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These first European HDTV broadcasts used the 1080i format with MPEG-2 compression on a DVB-S signal from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SES_(company)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SES (company)">SES</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astra_1H?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astra 1H">Astra 1H</a> satellite. Euro1080 transmissions later changed to MPEG-4/AVC compression on a DVB-S2 signal in line with subsequent broadcast channels in Europe.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Despite delays in some countries,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a> the number of European HD channels and viewers has risen steadily since the first HDTV broadcasts, with SES's annual Satellite Monitor market survey for 2010 reporting more than 200 commercial channels broadcasting in HD from Astra satellites, 185 million HD capable TVs sold in Europe (£60 million in 2010 alone), and 20 million households (27% of all European digital satellite TV homes) watching HD satellite broadcasts (16 million via Astra satellites).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In December 2009, the United Kingdom became the first European country to deploy high-definition content using the new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DVB-T2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> transmission standard, as specified in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_TV_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital TV Group">Digital TV Group</a> (DTG) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D-book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="D-book">D-book</a>, on digital terrestrial television.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Freeview HD service contains 13 HD channels (as of April 2016<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DHigh-definition_television%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>) and was rolled out region by region across the UK in accordance with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_switchover?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital switchover">digital switchover</a> process, finally being completed in October 2012. However, Freeview HD is not the first HDTV service over digital terrestrial television in Europe; Italy's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RAI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RAI">RAI</a> started broadcasting in 1080i on April 24, 2008, using the DVB-T transmission standard.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In October 2008, France deployed five high definition channels using DVB-T transmission standard on digital terrestrial distribution.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Notation">Notation</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> HDTV broadcast systems are identified with three major parameters: <ul> <li>Frame size in pixels is defined as number of horizontal pixels × number of vertical pixels, for example 1280 × 720 or 1920 × 1080. Often the number of horizontal pixels is implied from context and is omitted, as in the case of 720p and 1080p.</li> <li>Scanning system is identified with the letter p for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Progressive_scan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Progressive scan">progressive scanning</a> or i for interlaced scanning.</li> <li>Frame rate is identified as number of video frames per second. For interlaced systems, the number of frames per second should be specified, but it is not uncommon to see the field rate incorrectly used instead.</li> </ul> If all three parameters are used, they are specified in the following form: [frame size][scanning system][frame or field rate] or [frame size]/[frame or field rate][scanning system].<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Often, frame size or frame rate can be dropped if its value is implied from context. In this case, the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by the scanning system.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For example, 1920×1080p25 identifies progressive scanning format with 25 frames per second, each frame being 1,920 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pixel">pixels</a> wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 25 frames (50 fields) per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 30 frames (60 fields) per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 720p60 notation identifies progressive scanning format with 60 frames per second, each frame being 720 pixels high; 1,280 pixels horizontally are implied.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Systems using 50 Hz support three scanning rates: 50i, 25p and 50p, while 60 Hz systems support a much wider set of frame rates: 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p and 60p. In the days of standard-definition television, the fractional rates were often rounded up to whole numbers, e.g. 23.976p was often called 24p, or 59.94i was often called 60i. Sixty Hertz high definition television supports both fractional and slightly different integer rates, therefore strict usage of notation is required to avoid ambiguity. Nevertheless, 29.97p/59.94i is almost universally called 60i, likewise 23.976p is called 24p.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For the commercial naming of a product, the frame rate is often dropped and is implied from context (e.g., a 1080i television set). A frame rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example, 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second, and 50i means 25 interlaced frames per second.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a> There is no single standard for HDTV color support. Colors are typically broadcast using a (10-bits per channel) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/YUV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="YUV">YUV</a> color space but, depending on the underlying image generating technologies of the receiver, are then subsequently converted to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RGB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> color space using standardized algorithms. When transmitted directly through the Internet, the colors are typically pre-converted to 8-bit RGB channels for additional storage savings with the assumption that it will only be viewed only on a (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SRGB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a>) computer screen. As an added benefit to the original broadcasters, the losses of the pre-conversion essentially make these files unsuitable for professional TV re-broadcasting.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Most HDTV systems support resolutions and frame rates defined either in the ATSC table 3, or in EBU specification. The most common are noted below.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Display_resolutions">Display resolutions</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Display resolutions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="width:5%;" rowspan="2">Video format supported [image resolution]</th> <th style="width:10%;" rowspan="2">Native resolution [inherent resolution] (W×H)</th> <th style="width:10%;" colspan="2">Pixels</th> <th colspan="2">Aspect ratio (W:H)</th> <th rowspan="2">Description</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Actual</th> <th>Advertised (Megapixels)</th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspect ratio (image)">Image</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pixel aspect ratio">Pixel</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">720p (HD ready) 1280×720</td> <td>1024 × 768 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Extended_Graphics_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">XGA</a></td> <td>786,432</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>4:3 (1.33:1)</td> <td>1:1 (1.00:1)</td> <td>Typically a PC resolution (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Extended_Graphics_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">XGA</a>); also a native resolution on many entry-level plasma displays with non-square pixels.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1280 × 720</td> <td>921,600</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>16:9 (1.78:1)</td> <td>1:1</td> <td>Standard HDTV resolution and a typical PC resolution (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#WXGA_1366_x_768_and_similar_(WXGA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">WXGA</a>), frequently used by high-end <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_projector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Video projector">video projectors</a>; also used for 750-line video, as defined in SMPTE 296M, ATSC A/53, ITU-R BT.1543.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1366 × 768 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#WXGA_1366_x_768_and_similar_(WXGA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">WXGA</a></td> <td>1,049,088</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>683:384 (approx. 16:9)</td> <td>1:1</td> <td>A typical PC resolution (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#WXGA_1366_x_768_and_similar_(WXGA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">WXGA</a>); also used by many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HD_ready?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HD ready">HD ready</a> TV displays based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LCD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> technology.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1080p / 1080i (Full HD) 1920×1080</td> <td>1920 × 1080</td> <td>2,073,600</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>16:9</td> <td>1:1</td> <td>Standard HDTV resolution, used by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Full_HD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Full HD">full HD</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HD_ready?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HD ready">HD ready</a> 1080p TV displays such as high-end LCD, plasma and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rear-projection_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rear-projection television">rear projection</a> TVs, and a typical PC resolution (lower than <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WUXGA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="WUXGA">WUXGA</a>); also used for 1125-line video, as defined in SMPTE 274M, ATSC A/53, ITU-R BT.709</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="width:5%;" rowspan="2">Video format supported</th> <th style="width:10%;" rowspan="2">Screen resolution (W×H)</th> <th style="width:10%;" colspan="2">Pixels</th> <th colspan="2">Aspect ratio (W:H)</th> <th rowspan="2">Description</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Actual</th> <th>Advertised (Megapixels)</th> <th>Image</th> <th>Pixel</th> </tr> <tr> <td>720p (HD Ready) 1280×720</td> <td>1248 × 702 Clean Aperture</td> <td>876,096</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>16:9</td> <td>1:1</td> <td>Used for 750-line video with faster artifact/overscan compensation, as defined in SMPTE 296M.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1080i (Full HD) 1920×1080</td> <td>1440 × 1080 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HDCAM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HDCAM">HDCAM</a> / <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HDV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HDV">HDV</a></td> <td>1,555,200</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>16:9</td> <td>4:3</td> <td>Used for anamorphic 1125-line video in the HDCAM and HDV formats introduced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sony?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sony">Sony</a> and defined (also as a luminance subsampling matrix) in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SMPTE_D11?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE D11">SMPTE D11</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1080p (Full HD) 1920×1080</td> <td>1888 × 1062 Clean aperture</td> <td>2,005,056</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>16:9</td> <td>1:1</td> <td>Used for 1124-line video with faster artifact/overscan compensation, as defined in SMPTE 274M.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> At a minimum, HDTV has twice the linear resolution of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standard-definition television">standard-definition television</a> (SDTV), thus showing greater detail than either analog television or regular <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DVD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DVD">DVD</a>. The technical standards for broadcasting HDTV also handle the 16:9 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratio</a> images without using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Letterboxing_(filming)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Letterboxing (filming)">letterboxing</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anamorphic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anamorphic">anamorphic</a> stretching, thus increasing the effective image resolution. A very high-resolution source may require more bandwidth than available in order to be transmitted without loss of fidelity. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lossy_compression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a> that is used in all digital HDTV storage and transmission systems will distort the received picture when compared to the uncompressed source. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Standard_frame_or_field_rates">Standard frame or field rates</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Standard frame or field rates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> ATSC and DVB define the following frame rates for use with the various broadcast standards:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DVBFramerates-53">[53]</a> <ul> <li>23.976 Hz (film-looking frame rate compatible with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NTSC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> clock speed standards)</li> <li>24 Hz (international film and ATSC high-definition material)</li> <li>25 Hz (PAL film, DVB standard-definition and high-definition material)</li> <li>29.97 Hz (NTSC film and standard-definition material)</li> <li>30 Hz (NTSC film, ATSC high-definition material)</li> <li>50 Hz (DVB high-definition material)</li> <li>59.94 Hz (ATSC high-definition material)</li> <li>60 Hz (ATSC high-definition material)</li> </ul> The optimum format for a broadcast depends upon the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics. For best fidelity to the source, the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match those of the source. PAL, SECAM and NTSC frame rates technically apply only to analog standard-definition television, not to digital or high definition broadcasts. However, with the rollout of digital broadcasting, and later HDTV broadcasting, countries retained their heritage systems. HDTV in former PAL and SECAM countries operates at a frame rate of 25/50 Hz, while HDTV in former NTSC countries operates at 30/60 Hz.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Types_of_media">Types of media</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Types of media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> High-definition image sources include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terrestrial_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial broadcast</a>, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IPTV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blu-ray?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> video disc (BD), and internet downloads. In the US, residents in the line of sight of television station broadcast antennas can receive free, over-the-air programming with a television set with an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ATSC_tuner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ATSC tuner">ATSC tuner</a> via a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TV_aerial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="TV aerial">TV aerial</a>. Laws prohibit homeowners' associations and city government from banning the installation of antennas.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Standard 35mm <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photographic_film?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a> used for cinema projection has a much higher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Image_resolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Image resolution">image resolution</a> than HDTV systems, and is exposed and projected at a rate of 24 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frames_per_second?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frames per second">frames per second</a> (frame/s). To be shown on standard television, in PAL-system countries, cinema film is scanned at the TV rate of 25 frame/s, causing a speedup of 4.1 percent, which is generally considered acceptable. In NTSC-system countries, the TV scan rate of 30 frame/s would cause a perceptible speedup if the same were attempted, and the necessary correction is performed by a technique called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telecine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#2:3_pulldown" title="Telecine">3:2 pulldown</a>: Over each successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields (1/20 of a second) and the next is held for two video fields (1/30 of a second), giving a total time for the two frames of 1/12 of a second and thus achieving the correct average film frame rate. Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings intended for broadcast are typically recorded either in 720p or 1080i format as determined by the broadcaster. 720p is commonly used for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because most computer monitors operate in progressive-scan mode. 720p also imposes less strenuous storage and decoding requirements compared to both 1080i and 1080p. 1080p/24, 1080i/30, 1080i/25, and 720p/30 is most often used on Blu-ray Disc. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Recording_and_compression">Recording and compression</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Recording and compression" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_pre-recorded_media_and_compression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High-definition pre-recorded media and compression">High-definition pre-recorded media and compression</a> </div> HDTV can be recorded to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D-VHS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a> (Digital-VHS or Data-VHS), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W-VHS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a> (analog only), to an HDTV-capable <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_video_recorder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital video recorder">digital video recorder</a> (for example <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DirecTV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a>'s high-definition digital video recorder, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sky%2B_HD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sky+ HD">Sky HD</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Set-top_box?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dish_Network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a>'s VIP 622 or VIP 722 high-definition digital video recorder receivers (these set-top boxes allow for HD on the Primary TV and SD on the secondary TV (TV2) without a secondary box on TV2), or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TiVo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TiVo">TiVo</a>'s Series 3 or HD recorders), or an HDTV-ready <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HTPC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="HTPC">HTPC</a>. Some cable boxes are capable of receiving or recording two or more broadcasts at a time in HDTV format, and HDTV programming, some included in the monthly cable service subscription price, some for an additional fee, can be played back with the cable company's on-demand feature.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The massive amount of data storage required to archive uncompressed streams meant that inexpensive uncompressed storage options were not available to the consumer. In 2008, the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder was introduced. This device accepts HD content through component video inputs and stores the content in MPEG-2 format in a .ts file or in a Blu-ray-compatible format <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.m2ts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".m2ts">.m2ts</a> file on the hard drive or DVD burner of a computer connected to the PVR through a USB 2.0 interface. More recent systems are able to record a broadcast high definition program in its 'as broadcast' format or transcode to a format more compatible with Blu-ray.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Analog tape recorders with bandwidth capable of recording analog HD signals, such as W-VHS recorders, are no longer produced for the consumer market and are both expensive and scarce in the secondary market.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Set top box tuners with external storage support may be able to directly record the digital video stream itself, including additional data such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teletext?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teletext">teletext</a>. The set top box doesn't even need to support the audio and video encoding used, and the file recorded will be playable on any device that does support it. However encrypted content will require a receiver with the appropriate CAS setup.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the United States, as part of the FCC's plug and play agreement, cable companies are required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes with a set-top box with "functional" <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FireWire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394) on request. None of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct broadcast satellite">direct broadcast satellite</a> providers have offered this feature on any of their supported boxes, but some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cable_TV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable TV">cable TV</a> companies have. As of July 2004<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DHigh-definition_television%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, boxes are not included in the FCC mandate. This content is protected by encryption known as 5C.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[55]</a> This encryption can prevent duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted, thus effectively denying most if not all <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_use?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fair use">fair use</a> of the content.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Display_motion_blur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Display motion blur">Display motion blur</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glossary_of_video_terms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glossary of video terms">Glossary of video terms</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">High Efficiency Video Coding</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_digital_television_deployments_by_country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of digital television deployments by country">List of digital television deployments by country</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Optimum_HDTV_viewing_distance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Optimum HDTV viewing distance">Optimum HDTV viewing distance</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-high-definition television</a> (UHD or UHDTV)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hd1933-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hd1933_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hd1933_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-despatch-bbc-television-tests-t/132104380/">"BBC Television: Tests Through Ultra Short-Wave Transmitter"</a>. Evening Despatch. Birmingham: 9. 13 October 1933 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Despatch&rft.atitle=BBC+Television%3A+Tests+Through+Ultra+Short-Wave+Transmitter&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1933-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fevening-despatch-bbc-television-tests-t%2F132104380%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Graham A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DHfOKIjFODrcC%26pg%3DPT34">A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 34. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136035210?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781136035210"><bdi>9781136035210</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Broadcast+Engineering+Tutorial+for+Non-Engineers&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781136035210&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Graham+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHfOKIjFODrcC%26pg%3DPT34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825105008/http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p19.html">"The Evolution of TV – A Brief History of TV Technology in Japan"</a>. www.nhk.or.jp. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p19.html">the original</a> on 2019-08-25. Retrieved 2018-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nhk.or.jp&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+TV+%E2%80%93+A+Brief+History+of+TV+Technology+in+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhk.or.jp%2Fstrl%2Faboutstrl%2Fevolution-of-tv-en%2Fp19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Kevin (3 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.businessinsider.com/game-changing-tech-from-the-2000s-2012-8">"10 Game-Changing Pieces of Tech From The 2000s"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Business_Insider?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527120710/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/game-changing-tech-from-the-2000s-2012-8">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=10+Game-Changing+Pieces+of+Tech+From+The+2000s&rft.date=2012-08-03&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fgame-changing-tech-from-the-2000s-2012-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/anniversaries/november/first-regular-television-service/">"BBC- History of the BBC- First regular hi-definition television service"</a>. 1936-11-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405192741/https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/anniversaries/november/first-regular-television-service/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2023-04-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC-+History+of+the+BBC-+First+regular+hi-definition+television+service&rft.date=1936-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhistoryofthebbc%2Fanniversaries%2Fnovember%2Ffirst-regular-television-service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-since1936-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-since1936_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.teletronic.co.uk/tvera.htm">"Teletronic – The Television History Site"</a>. Teletronic.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813233820/http://www.teletronic.co.uk/tvera.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-08-13. Retrieved 2011-08-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teletronic+%E2%80%93+The+Television+History+Site&rft.pub=Teletronic.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teletronic.co.uk%2Ftvera.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCianci2012" class="citation book cs1">Cianci, Philip J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mcfarlandbooks.com/product/high-definition-television/">High Definition Television</a>. NC, US: McFarland. pp. 1–25. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4975-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4975-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-4975-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223627/https://mcfarlandbooks.com/product/high-definition-television/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Definition+Television&rft.place=NC%2C+US&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4975-0&rft.aulast=Cianci&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmcfarlandbooks.com%2Fproduct%2Fhigh-definition-television%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВалерий_Хлебородов" class="citation web cs1">Валерий Хлебородов. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727143639/http://rus.625-net.ru/625/2007/01/tvch.htm">"HDTV in the Russian Federation: problems and prospects of implementation (in Russian)"</a>. Rus.625-net.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://rus.625-net.ru/625/2007/01/tvch.htm">the original</a> on 2013-07-27. Retrieved 2013-03-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HDTV+in+the+Russian+Federation%3A+problems+and+prospects+of+implementation+%28in+Russian%29&rft.pub=Rus.625-net.ru&rft.au=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frus.625-net.ru%2F625%2F2007%2F01%2Ftvch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReimers2018" class="citation book cs1">Reimers, Ulrich (11 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DxL_Rq6qUvT0C%26q%3D%2522hd-mac%2522%2Bdvb%26pg%3DPA4">DVB: The Family of International Standards for Digital Video Broadcasting</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540435457?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9783540435457"><bdi>9783540435457</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DVB%3A+The+Family+of+International+Standards+for+Digital+Video+Broadcasting&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2018-08-11&rft.isbn=9783540435457&rft.aulast=Reimers&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxL_Rq6qUvT0C%26q%3D%2522hd-mac%2522%2Bdvb%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430214045/http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,132289-c,hdtv/article.html">"Researchers Craft HDTV's Successor"</a>. 2007-05-28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,132289-c,hdtv/article.html">the original</a> on 2008-04-30. Retrieved 2007-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Researchers+Craft+HDTV%27s+Successor&rft.date=2007-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2Fid%2C132289-c%2Chdtv%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tech-notes.tv/Archive/tech_notes_002.htm">"Digital TV Tech Notes, Issue #2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121192353/http://www.tech-notes.tv/Archive/tech_notes_002.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-01-21. Retrieved 2008-01-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+TV+Tech+Notes%2C+Issue+%232&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tech-notes.tv%2FArchive%2Ftech_notes_002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> James Sudalnik and Victoria Kuhl, "High definition television"</li> <li id="cite_note-auto-13">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto_13-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelevision" class="citation web cs1">Television, 50 Years of NHK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nhk.or.jp/digitalmuseum/nhk50years_en/history/p26/index.html">"50 Years of NHK Television"</a>. www.nhk.or.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915040059/http://www.nhk.or.jp/digitalmuseum/nhk50years_en/history/p26/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-15. Retrieved 2018-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nhk.or.jp&rft.atitle=50+Years+of+NHK+Television&rft.aulast=Television&rft.aufirst=50+Years+of+NHK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhk.or.jp%2Fdigitalmuseum%2Fnhk50years_en%2Fhistory%2Fp26%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimes1989" class="citation news cs1">Times, David E. Sanger and Special To the New York (1989-06-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/04/world/japan-begins-broadcasts-of-high-definition-tv.html">"Japan Begins Broadcasts of High-Definition TV"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527030921/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/04/world/japan-begins-broadcasts-of-high-definition-tv.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2018-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Japan+Begins+Broadcasts+of+High-Definition+TV&rft.date=1989-06-04&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=David+E.+Sanger+and+Special+To+the+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F06%2F04%2Fworld%2Fjapan-begins-broadcasts-of-high-definition-tv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanger1991" class="citation news cs1">Sanger, David E. (1991-11-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/26/business/few-see-japan-make-tv-history.html">"Few See Japan Make TV History"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527023835/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/26/business/few-see-japan-make-tv-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2018-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Few+See+Japan+Make+TV+History&rft.date=1991-11-26&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F11%2F26%2Fbusiness%2Ffew-see-japan-make-tv-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauchon" class="citation web cs1">Pauchon, B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_253-analogue.pdf">"Analogue HDTV in Europe"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analogue+HDTV+in+Europe&rft.aulast=Pauchon&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftech.ebu.ch%2Fdocs%2Ftechreview%2Ftrev_253-analogue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell" class="citation web cs1">Farrell, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/shapiro/hdtv.pdf">"Standard Setting in High-Definition Television"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225240/http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/shapiro/hdtv.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2020-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Setting+in+High-Definition+Television&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.haas.berkeley.edu%2Fshapiro%2Fhdtv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14119153-000-technology-while-japan-admits-that-analogue-tv-is-a-dead-end/">"Technology: . . . while Japan admits that analogue TV is a dead end"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527023510/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14119153-000-technology-while-japan-admits-that-analogue-tv-is-a-dead-end/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2018-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technology%3A+.+.+.+while+Japan+admits+that+analogue+TV+is+a+dead+end&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg14119153-000-technology-while-japan-admits-that-analogue-tv-is-a-dead-end%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCianci2013" class="citation book cs1">Cianci, Philip J. (10 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0mbsfr38GTgC%26q%3Dhi%2Bvision%2Bday%2B1991%26pg%3DPA108">High Definition Television: The Creation, Development and Implementation of HDTV Technology</a>. McFarland. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786487974?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780786487974"><bdi>9780786487974</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Definition+Television%3A+The+Creation%2C+Development+and+Implementation+of+HDTV+Technology&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2013-01-10&rft.isbn=9780786487974&rft.aulast=Cianci&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mbsfr38GTgC%26q%3Dhi%2Bvision%2Bday%2B1991%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack1992" class="citation news cs1">Pollack, Andrew (1992-07-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/04/business/technology-shift-blurs-future-of-japan-s-new-tv-system.html">"Technology Shift Blurs Future of Japan's New TV System"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527023733/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/04/business/technology-shift-blurs-future-of-japan-s-new-tv-system.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2018-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Technology+Shift+Blurs+Future+of+Japan%27s+New+TV+System&rft.date=1992-07-04&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F07%2F04%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology-shift-blurs-future-of-japan-s-new-tv-system.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2004" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Jeffrey A. (5 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DR4j_Pmj_l9MC%26q%3D%2522hi-vision%2522%2Breceivers%2Bjapan%2B%2522yen%2522%26pg%3DPA198">Technology, Television, and Competition: The Politics of Digital TV</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139442244?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781139442244"><bdi>9781139442244</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology%2C+Television%2C+and+Competition%3A+The+Politics+of+Digital+TV&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-02-05&rft.isbn=9781139442244&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR4j_Pmj_l9MC%26q%3D%2522hi-vision%2522%2Breceivers%2Bjapan%2B%2522yen%2522%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSHIVER1994" class="citation web cs1">SHIVER, JUBE Jr. (23 February 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-02-23-fi-26252-story.html">"Japan Gives Up on Analog-Based HDTV System : Technology: Government says U.S.-backed digital format is likely to become a world standard"</a> – via LA Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+Gives+Up+on+Analog-Based+HDTV+System+%3A+Technology%3A+Government+says+U.S.-backed+digital+format+is+likely+to+become+a+world+standard.&rft.date=1994-02-23&rft.aulast=SHIVER&rft.aufirst=JUBE+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1994-02-23-fi-26252-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://variety.com/1994/tv/news/japanese-revive-hdtv-system-118589/">"Japanese revive HDTV system"</a>. Variety. 24 February 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709094444/https://variety.com/1994/tv/news/japanese-revive-hdtv-system-118589/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Japanese+revive+HDTV+system&rft.date=1994-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F1994%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fjapanese-revive-hdtv-system-118589%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimme2018" class="citation book cs1">Grimme, Katharina (11 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8Jl6VPARb9MC%26q%3Djapan%2Bdigital%2Bhdtv%26pg%3DPA247">Digital Television Standardization and Strategies</a>. Artech House. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580532976?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781580532976"><bdi>9781580532976</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Television+Standardization+and+Strategies&rft.pub=Artech+House&rft.date=2018-08-11&rft.isbn=9781580532976&rft.aulast=Grimme&rft.aufirst=Katharina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Jl6VPARb9MC%26q%3Djapan%2Bdigital%2Bhdtv%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Barbero-25">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Barbero_25-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Barbero_25-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Barbero_25-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Barbero_25-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Barbero_25-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Barbero_25-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Barbero_25-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarberoHofmannWells1991" class="citation journal cs1">Barbero, M.; Hofmann, H.; Wells, N. D. (14 November 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tech.ebu.ch/publications/trev_251-barbero">"DCT source coding and current implementations for HDTV"</a>. EBU Technical Review (251). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a>: 22–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104171502/https://tech.ebu.ch/publications/trev_251-barbero">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EBU+Technical+Review&rft.atitle=DCT+source+coding+and+current+implementations+for+HDTV&rft.issue=251&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1991-11-14&rft.aulast=Barbero&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+H.&rft.au=Wells%2C+N.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftech.ebu.ch%2Fpublications%2Ftrev_251-barbero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2005" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Jack (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D7fuvu52cyNEC%26pg%3DPA25">Scalable Continuous Media Streaming Systems: Architecture, Design, Analysis and Implementation</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 25. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470857649?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780470857649"><bdi>9780470857649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scalable+Continuous+Media+Streaming+Systems%3A+Architecture%2C+Design%2C+Analysis+and+Implementation&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780470857649&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fuvu52cyNEC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Shishikui-27">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Shishikui_27-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Shishikui_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShishikuiNakanishiImaizumi1993" class="citation book cs1">Shishikui, Yoshiaki; Nakanishi, Hiroshi; Imaizumi, Hiroyuki (October 26–28, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dj9XSBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA611">"An HDTV Coding Scheme using Adaptive-Dimension DCT"</a>. Signal Processing of HDTV. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elsevier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. pp. 611–618. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252FB978-0-444-81844-7.50072-3">10.1016/B978-0-444-81844-7.50072-3</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483298511?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781483298511"><bdi>9781483298511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+HDTV+Coding+Scheme+using+Adaptive-Dimension+DCT&rft.btitle=Signal+Processing+of+HDTV&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E611-%3C%2Fspan%3E618&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1993-10-26%2F1993-10-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-444-81844-7.50072-3&rft.isbn=9781483298511&rft.aulast=Shishikui&rft.aufirst=Yoshiaki&rft.au=Nakanishi%2C+Hiroshi&rft.au=Imaizumi%2C+Hiroyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj9XSBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ahmed_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N._Ahmed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Ahmed">Ahmed, Nasir</a> (January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.scribd.com/doc/52879771/DCT-History-How-I-Came-Up-with-the-Discrete-Cosine-Transform">"How I Came Up With the Discrete Cosine Transform"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Signal_Processing_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Signal Processing (journal)">Digital Signal Processing</a>. 1 (1): 4–5. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991DSP.....1....4A">1991DSP.....1....4A</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252F1051-2004%252891%252990086-Z">10.1016/1051-2004(91)90086-Z</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610013109/https://www.scribd.com/doc/52879771/DCT-History-How-I-Came-Up-with-the-Discrete-Cosine-Transform">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2019-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Signal+Processing&rft.atitle=How+I+Came+Up+With+the+Discrete+Cosine+Transform&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1991-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F1051-2004%2891%2990086-Z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991DSP.....1....4A&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Nasir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F52879771%2FDCT-History-How-I-Came-Up-with-the-Discrete-Cosine-Transform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ghanbari-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ghanbari_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhanbari2003" class="citation book cs1">Ghanbari, Mohammed (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D7XuU8T3ooOAC%26pg%3DPA1">Standard Codecs: Image Compression to Advanced Video Coding</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institution of Engineering and Technology">Institution of Engineering and Technology</a>. pp. 1–2. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852967102?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780852967102"><bdi>9780852967102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Codecs%3A+Image+Compression+to+Advanced+Video+Coding&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Institution+of+Engineering+and+Technology&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780852967102&rft.aulast=Ghanbari&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7XuU8T3ooOAC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Li-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Li_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2006" class="citation book cs1">Li, Jian Ping (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DFZiK3zXdK7sC%26pg%3DPA847">Proceedings of the International Computer Conference 2006 on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing: Chongqing, China, 29–31 August 2006</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Scientific?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. p. 847. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812709998?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789812709998"><bdi>9789812709998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Computer+Conference+2006+on+Wavelet+Active+Media+Technology+and+Information+Processing%3A+Chongqing%2C+China%2C+29%E2%80%9331+August+2006&rft.pages=847&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789812709998&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Jian+Ping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFZiK3zXdK7sC%26pg%3DPA847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Lea-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lea_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLea1994" class="citation book cs1">Lea, William (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920082623/https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP94-68">Video on demand: Research Paper 94/68</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Commons_Library?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Commons Library">House of Commons Library</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP94-68">the original</a> on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Video+on+demand%3A+Research+Paper+94%2F68&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Lea&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchbriefings.parliament.uk%2FResearchBriefing%2FSummary%2FRP94-68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Cianci-32">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cianci_32-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cianci_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCianci2014" class="citation book cs1">Cianci, Philip J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0mbsfr38GTgC%26pg%3DPA63">High Definition Television: The Creation, Development and Implementation of HDTV Technology</a>. McFarland. p. 63. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786487974?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780786487974"><bdi>9780786487974</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Definition+Television%3A+The+Creation%2C+Development+and+Implementation+of+HDTV+Technology&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780786487974&rft.aulast=Cianci&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mbsfr38GTgC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbrweb2010" class="citation web cs1">brweb (2010-06-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/index.asp?category%3Dinformation%26link%3Dhdtv-25%26lang%3Den">"High definition television comes of age thanks to ITU"</a>. 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Allbusiness.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521102947/http://www.allbusiness.com/electronics/consumer-household-electronics-high/7686036-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-05-21. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.crit.rai.it/eletel/LeMiniSerie/MS3a.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ItaLia+%2790+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+il+primo+passo+della+HDTV+digitale+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+I+parte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crit.rai.it%2Feletel%2FLeMiniSerie%2FMS3a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619125248/http://www.crit.rai.it/eletel/LeMiniSerie/MS3b.pdf">"ItaLia '90 – il primo passo della HDTV digitale – II parte"</a> [Le Mini Serie – Italia '90 – The First Step of Digital HDTV – part II] (PDF). 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(2014-01-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0mbsfr38GTgC%26q%3DAfter%2Bsome%2BHDTV%2Btransmissions%2Bin%2BEurope,%2Bthe%2Bstandard%2Bwas%2Babandoned%2Bin%2B1993,%2Bto%2Bbe%2Breplaced%2Bby%2Ba%2Bdigital%2Bformat%2Bfrom%2BDVB%26pg%3DPA142">High Definition Television: The Creation, Development and Implementation of HDTV Technology</a>. 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Cianci (McFarland & Company, 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20130112230757/http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn%3D0521826241">Technology, Television, and Competition</a> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:High-definition_television" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:High-definition television">High-definition television</a>. </div> </div> </div> History <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.crit.rai.it/eletel/2005-3/53-4.htm">L'Alta Definizione a Torino 1986–2006</a> – the Italian HDTV experience from 1980s to 2006 – in Italian – C.R.I.T./RAI</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603183845/http://hdtvarchiveproject.com/">The HDTV Archive Project</a></li> </ul> European adoption <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_299-ive.pdf">Images formats for HDTV</a>, article from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/EBU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="EBU">EBU</a>, Technical Review</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_300-wood.pdf">High Definition for Europe – a progressive approach</a>, article from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/EBU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="EBU">EBU</a>, Technical Review</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3299.pdf">High Definition (HD) Image Formats for Television Production</a>, technical report from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/EBU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="EBU">EBU</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D9%2584%25D9%2581%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D9%2582%25D8%25A9" title="تلفزة عالية الدقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلفزة عالية الدقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%25C3%25BCks%25C9%2599k_D%25C9%2599qiqlikli_Televiziya" title="Yüksək Dəqiqlikli Televiziya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yüksək Dəqiqlikli Televiziya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2587-%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25AB%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A6%25A8_%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A6%25A8" title="হাই-ডেফিনিশন টেলিভিশন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাই-ডেফিনিশন টেলিভিশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko-%25C5%258De-chit_ti%25C4%2581n-s%25C4%25AB" title="Ko-ōe-chit tiān-sī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ko-ōe-chit tiān-sī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2587%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25B2%25D1%258B%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25B2%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2586%25D1%2596" title="Тэлебачанне высокай выразнасці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэлебачанне высокай выразнасці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D1%2581_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2582" title="Телевизия с висока разделителна способност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Телевизия с висока разделителна способност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%25C3%25B3_d%2527alta_definici%25C3%25B3" title="Televisió d'alta definició – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Televisió d'alta definició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="High-definition television" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teledu_manylder_uwch" title="Teledu manylder uwch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teledu manylder uwch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Definition_Television" title="High Definition Television – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="High Definition Television" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25B5rglahutusega_televisioon" title="Kõrglahutusega televisioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõrglahutusega televisioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%25C3%25B3n_de_alta_definici%25C3%25B3n" title="Televisión de alta definición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Televisión de alta definición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altdifina_televido" title="Altdifina televido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Altdifina televido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereizmen_handiko_telebista" title="Bereizmen handiko telebista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bereizmen handiko telebista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2586_%25D9%2588%25D8%25B6%25D9%2588%25D8%25AD%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7" title="تلویزیون وضوح‌بالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلویزیون وضوح‌بالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_d%25C3%25A9finition" title="Haute définition – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haute définition" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilif%25C3%25ADs_ardghl%25C3%25A9ine" title="Teilifís ardghléine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teilifís ardghléine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%25C3%25B3n_de_alta_definici%25C3%25B3n" title="Televisión de alta definición – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Televisión de alta definición" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25B3%25A0%25EC%2584%25A0%25EB%25AA%2585_%25ED%2585%2594%25EB%25A0%2588%25EB%25B9%2584%25EC%25A0%2584" title="고선명 텔레비전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고선명 텔레비전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2588_%25E0%25A4%25A1%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="हाई डेफिनेशन टेलीविजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाई डेफिनेशन टेलीविजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi_resolusi_tinggi" title="Televisi resolusi tinggi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Televisi resolusi tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25A1skerpusj%25C3%25B3nvarp" title="Háskerpusjónvarp – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Háskerpusjónvarp" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25B9%25D2%259B%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D2%2593%25D1%258B_%25D0%25B6%25D0%25BE%25D2%2593%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%258B_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Айқындығы жоғары теледидар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Айқындығы жоғары теледидар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BB%2582%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%259E%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%259A%25E0%25BA%2584%25E0%25BA%25A7%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%25A1%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25AD%25E0%25BA%25BD%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%25B9%25E0%25BA%2587" title="ໂທລະພາບຄວາມລະອຽດສູງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂທລະພາບຄວາມລະອຽດສູງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_definitio" title="Alta definitio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alta definitio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augstas_iz%25C5%25A1%25C4%25B7irtsp%25C4%2593jas_telev%25C4%25ABzija" title="Augstas izšķirtspējas televīzija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Augstas izšķirtspējas televīzija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai%25C5%25A1kioji_televizija" title="Raiškioji televizija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raiškioji televizija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%258E%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B5%258D.%25E0%25B4%25A1%25E0%25B4%25BF._%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%25BF" title="എച്ച്.ഡി. ടിവി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എച്ച്.ഡി. ടിവി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisyen_definisi_tinggi" title="Televisyen definisi tinggi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Televisyen definisi tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%258A%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%25B8_%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25B6%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%25B8" title="ကြည်လင်ပြတ်သား ရုပ်မြင်သံကြား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြည်လင်ပြတ်သား ရုပ်မြင်သံကြား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="High-definition television" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25AB%2598%25E7%25B2%25BE%25E7%25B4%25B0%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E3%2583%2586%25E3%2583%25AC%25E3%2583%2593%25E3%2582%25B8%25E3%2583%25A7%25E3%2583%25B3%25E6%2594%25BE%25E9%2580%2581" title="高精細度テレビジョン放送 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高精細度テレビジョン放送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveta-Visione" title="Aveta-Visione – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Aveta-Visione" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="High-definition television" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25B8goppl%25C3%25B8ysingsfjernsyn" title="Høgoppløysingsfjernsyn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Høgoppløysingsfjernsyn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuqori_aniqlikdagi_televideniye" title="Yuqori aniqlikdagi televideniye – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yuqori aniqlikdagi televideniye" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C_%25DA%2588%25DB%258C%25D9%2581%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25B4%25D9%2586_%25D9%25B9%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25DB%258C_%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25DA%2598%25D9%2586" title="ہائی ڈیفینیشن ٹیلی ویژن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہائی ڈیفینیشن ٹیلی ویژن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televis%25C3%25A3o_de_alta_defini%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o" title="Televisão de alta definição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Televisão de alta definição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televiziune_cu_rezolu%25C8%259Bie_%25C3%25AEnalt%25C4%2583" title="Televiziune cu rezoluție înaltă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Televiziune cu rezoluție înaltă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25B2%25D1%258B%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9_%25D1%2587%25D1%2591%25D1%2582%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8" title="Телевидение высокой чёткости – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телевидение высокой чёткости" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heich-defineetion_telly" title="Heich-defineetion telly – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Heich-defineetion telly" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%2585%25E0%25B6%25B0%25E0%25B7%2592-%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25B7%25E0%25B7%259A%25E0%25B6%25AF%25E0%25B6%25B1_%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%2596%25E0%25B6%25B4%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B7%2584%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="අධි-විභේදන රූපවාහිනිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අධි-විභේදන රූපවාහිනිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="High-definition television" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="High-definition television" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%2583%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B5" title="Телевизија високе резолуције – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Телевизија високе резолуције" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%25C3%25A4v%25C3%25A4piirtotelevisio" title="Teräväpiirtotelevisio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teräväpiirtotelevisio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2589%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25B1%25E0%25AF%2581_%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258A%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25BF" title="உயர் வரையறு தொலைக்காட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயர் வரையறு தொலைக்காட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B9%25E0%25B8%2587" title="โทรทัศน์ความละเอียดสูง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทรทัศน์ความละเอียดสูง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%25C3%25BCksek_%25C3%25A7%25C3%25B6z%25C3%25BCn%25C3%25BCrl%25C3%25BCkl%25C3%25BC_televizyon" title="Yüksek çözünürlüklü televizyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yüksek çözünürlüklü 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