Pixel aspect ratio

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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Not to be confused with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspect ratio (image)">Picture aspect ratio</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This article includes a list of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>A <b>Pixel aspect ratio</b> (often abbreviated <b>PAR</b>) is a mathematical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ratio">ratio</a> that describes how the width of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pixel">pixel</a> in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_image?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital image">digital image</a> compared to the height of that pixel.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:PAR-1to1.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PAR-1to1.svg/220px-PAR-1to1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PAR-1to1.svg/330px-PAR-1to1.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PAR-1to1.svg/440px-PAR-1to1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></a> <figcaption> Pixel aspect ratio 1:1 </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:PAR-2to1.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PAR-2to1.svg/220px-PAR-2to1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PAR-2to1.svg/330px-PAR-2to1.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PAR-2to1.svg/440px-PAR-2to1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></a> <figcaption> Pixel aspect ratio 2:1 </figcaption> </figure> <p>Most <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_imaging?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital imaging">digital imaging</a> systems display an image as a grid of tiny, square pixels. However, some imaging systems, especially those that must be compatible with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standard-definition television">standard-definition television</a> motion pictures, display an image as a grid of rectangular pixels, in which the pixel width and height are different. Pixel aspect ratio describes this difference.</p> <p>Use of pixel aspect ratio mostly involves pictures pertaining to standard-definition television and some other exceptional cases. Most other imaging systems, including those that comply with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SMPTE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE">SMPTE</a> standards and practices, use square pixels.</p> <p>PAR is also known as <i>sample aspect ratio</i> and abbreviated <i>SAR</i>, though it can be confused with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Storage_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage aspect ratio">storage aspect ratio</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Introduction"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Introduction</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Background"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Analog-to-digital_conversion"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Analog-to-digital conversion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Digital_video_processing"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Digital video processing</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inconsistency_in_defined_pixel_aspect_ratio_values"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Inconsistency in defined pixel aspect ratio values</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Modern_standards_and_practices"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Modern standards and practices</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Issues_of_non-square_pixels"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Issues of non-square pixels</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Use_of_pixel_aspect_ratio"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Use of pixel aspect ratio</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Confusion_with_display_aspect_ratio"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Confusion with display aspect ratio</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pixel_aspect_ratios_of_common_video_formats"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Pixel aspect ratios of common video formats</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Main_sources"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Main sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Supplementary_sources"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Supplementary sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pixel_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Introduction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section may <b>require <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>content overlaps with section <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Distinctions" title="Aspect ratio (image)">Aspect ratio (image)#Distinctions</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Pixel aspect ratio">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>The ratio of the width to the height of an image is known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratio</a>, or more precisely the <b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Display_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Display aspect ratio">display aspect ratio</a></b> (DAR) – the aspect ratio of the image <i>as displayed;</i> for TV, DAR was traditionally 4:3 (a.k.a. fullscreen), with 16:9 (a.k.a. widescreen) now the standard for HDTV. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_image?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital image">digital images</a>, there is a distinction with the <b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Storage_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage aspect ratio">storage aspect ratio</a></b> (SAR), which is the ratio of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_dimensions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel dimensions">pixel dimensions</a>. If an image is displayed with square pixels, then these ratios agree; if not, then non-square, "rectangular" pixels are used, and these ratios disagree. The aspect ratio of the pixels themselves is known as the <i>pixel aspect ratio</i> (PAR) – for square pixels this is 1:1 – and these are related by the identity:</p> <dl> <dd> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <td>SAR × PAR = DAR</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> </dl> <p>Rearranging (solving for PAR) yields:</p> <dl> <dd> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <td>PAR = DAR / SAR</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> </dl> <p><b>For example:</b></p> <ul> <li>A 640 × 480 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VGA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="VGA">VGA</a> image has a SAR of 640/480 = 4:3, and if displayed on a 4:3 display (DAR = 4:3) has square pixels, hence a PAR of 1:1.</li> <li>By contrast, a 720 × 576 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D-1_(Sony)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="D-1 (Sony)">D-1</a> PAL image has a SAR of 720/576 = 5:4, but if displayed on a 4:3 display (DAR = 4:3) the PAR is 4/3 : 5/4 = 16:15 ≈ 1.066. This means that the pixels of the PAL picture must be "stretched" by this amount to fit in the 4:3 display.</li> </ul> <p>In analog images such as film there is no notion of pixel, nor notion of SAR or PAR, but in the <i>digitization</i> of analog images the resulting digital image has pixels, hence SAR (and accordingly PAR, if displayed at the same aspect ratio as the original).</p> <p>Non-square pixels arise often in early digital TV standards, related to digitalization of analog TV signals – whose vertical and "effective" horizontal resolutions differ and are thus best described by non-square pixels – and also in some digital video cameras and computer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Display_mode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Display mode">display modes</a>, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Color Graphics Adapter">Color Graphics Adapter</a> (CGA). Today they arise also in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transcoding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transcoding">transcoding</a> between resolutions with different SARs.</p> <p>Actual displays do not generally have non-square pixels, though digital sensors might; they are rather a mathematical abstraction used in resampling images to convert between resolutions.</p> <p>There are several complicating factors in understanding PAR, particularly as it pertains to digitization of analog video:</p> <ul> <li>First, analog video does not have pixels, but rather a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raster_scan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raster scan">raster scan</a>, and thus has a well-defined vertical resolution (the lines of the raster), but not a well-defined <i>horizontal</i> resolution, since each line is an analog signal. However, by a standardized sampling rate, the effective horizontal resolution can be determined by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sampling_theorem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling theorem">sampling theorem</a>, as is done below.</li> <li>Second, due to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Overscan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Overscan">overscan</a>, some of the lines at the top and bottom of the raster are not visible, as are some of the possible image on the left and right – see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Overscan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Analog_to_digital_resolution_issues" title="Overscan">Overscan: Analog to digital resolution issues</a>. Also, the resolution may be rounded (DV NTSC uses 480 lines, rather than the 486 that are possible).</li> <li>Third, analog video signals are <i>interlaced</i> – each image (frame) is sent as two "fields", each with <i>half</i> the lines. Thus either the pixels are twice as tall as they would be without interlacing, or the image is deinterlaced.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pixel_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Distinctions" title="Aspect ratio (image)">Aspect ratio (image) § Distinctions</a> </div> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Video">Video</a> is presented as a sequential series of images called video frames. Historically, video frames were created and recorded in analog form. As digital display technology, digital broadcast technology, and digital <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_compression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a> evolved separately, it resulted in video frame differences that must be addressed using pixel aspect ratio. Digital video frames are generally defined as a grid of pixels used to present each sequential image. The horizontal component is defined by pixels (or samples), and is known as a video line. The vertical component is defined by the number of lines, as in 480 lines.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standard-definition television">Standard-definition television</a> standards and practices were developed as broadcast technologies and intended for terrestrial broadcasting, and were therefore not designed for digital video presentation. Such standards define an image as an array of well-defined horizontal "<b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Line_(video)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Line (video)">Lines</a></b>", well-defined vertical "<b>Line Duration</b>" and a well-defined picture center. However, there is not a standard-definition television standard that properly defines image edges or explicitly demands a certain number of picture elements per line. Furthermore, analog video systems such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NTSC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/480i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="480i">480i</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PAL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PAL">PAL</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/576i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="576i">576i</a>, instead of employing progressively displayed frames, employ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Field_(video)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Field (video)">fields</a> or interlaced half-frames displayed in an interwoven manner to reduce flicker and double the image rate for smoother motion.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Analog-to-digital_conversion">Analog-to-digital conversion <span class="anchor" id="parrec601"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pixel_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Analog-to-digital conversion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>As a result of computers becoming powerful enough to serve as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_editing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Video editing">video editing</a> tools, video <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converters</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital converters</a> were made to overcome this incompatibility. To convert analog video lines into a series of square pixels, the industry adopted a default sampling rate at which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luma_(video)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luma (video)">luma</a> values were extracted into pixels. The luma sampling rate for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/480i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="480i">480i</a> pictures was <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">12<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">11</span></span> MHz</b> and for 576i pictures was <b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">14<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> MHz</b>.</p> <p>The term <i>pixel aspect ratio</i> was first coined when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rec._601?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rec. 601">ITU-R BT.601</a> (commonly known as <b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rec._601?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rec. 601">Rec. 601</a></b>) specified that standard-definition television pictures are made of lines of exactly 720 non-square pixels. ITU-R BT.601 did not define the exact pixel aspect ratio but did provide enough information to calculate the exact pixel aspect ratio based on industry practices: The standard luma sampling rate of precisely <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">13<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> MHz. Based on this information:</p> <ul> <li>The pixel aspect ratio for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/480i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="480i">480i</a> would be 10:11 as: <dl> <dd> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 12{\tfrac {3}{11}}\div 13{\tfrac {1}{2}}={\tfrac {10}{11}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn> 12 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn> 3 </mn> <mn> 11 </mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo> ÷ </mo> <mn> 13 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn> 1 </mn> <mn> 2 </mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo> = </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn> 10 </mn> <mn> 11 </mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle 12{\tfrac {3}{11}}\div 13{\tfrac {1}{2}}={\tfrac {10}{11}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e859348d6fd435004e408248dd5a36f1fd14e774" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:17.207ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 12{\tfrac {3}{11}}\div 13{\tfrac {1}{2}}={\tfrac {10}{11}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17.207ex;height: 3.509ex;vertical-align: -1.171ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e859348d6fd435004e408248dd5a36f1fd14e774" data-alt="{\displaystyle 12{\tfrac {3}{11}}\div 13{\tfrac {1}{2}}={\tfrac {10}{11}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> </dd> </dl></li> <li>The pixel aspect ratio for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/576i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="576i">576i</a> would be 59:54 as: <dl> <dd> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 14{\tfrac {3}{4}}\div 13{\tfrac {1}{2}}={\tfrac {59}{54}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn> 14 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn> 3 </mn> <mn> 4 </mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo> ÷ </mo> <mn> 13 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn> 1 </mn> <mn> 2 </mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo> = </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn> 59 </mn> <mn> 54 </mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle 14{\tfrac {3}{4}}\div 13{\tfrac {1}{2}}={\tfrac {59}{54}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f66e8fa951e45f0629214c53e7bfead39b6aea67" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:16.385ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 14{\tfrac {3}{4}}\div 13{\tfrac {1}{2}}={\tfrac {59}{54}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16.385ex;height: 3.676ex;vertical-align: -1.338ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f66e8fa951e45f0629214c53e7bfead39b6aea67" data-alt="{\displaystyle 14{\tfrac {3}{4}}\div 13{\tfrac {1}{2}}={\tfrac {59}{54}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> </dd> </dl></li> </ul> <p>SMPTE RP 187 further attempted to standardize the pixel aspect ratio values for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/480i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="480i">480i</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/576i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="576i">576i</a>. It designated 177:160 for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/480i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="480i">480i</a> or 1035:1132 for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/576i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="576i">576i</a>. However, due to significant difference with practices in effect by industry and the computational load that they imposed upon the involved hardware, SMPTE RP 187 was simply ignored. SMPTE RP 187 information annex A.4 further suggested the use of 10:11 for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/480i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="480i">480i</a>.</p> <p>As of this writing, ITU-R BT.601-6, which is the latest edition of ITU-R BT.601, still implies that the pixel aspect ratios mentioned above are correct.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Digital_video_processing">Digital video processing <span class="anchor" id="pardigital"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pixel_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Digital video processing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>As stated above, ITU-R BT.601 specified that standard-definition television pictures are made of lines of 720 non-square pixels, sampled with a precisely specified sampling rate. A simple mathematical calculation reveals that a 704 pixel width would be enough to contain a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/480i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="480i">480i</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/576i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="576i">576i</a> standard 4:3 picture:</p> <ul> <li>A 4:3 480-line picture, digitized with the Rec. 601-recommended sampling rate, would be 704 non-square pixels wide. <dl> <dd> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {x}{480}}\times {\frac {10}{11}}={\frac {4}{3}}\Rightarrow x={\frac {480\times 11\times 4}{10\times 3}}=704}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi> x </mi> <mn> 480 </mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> × </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn> 10 </mn> <mn> 11 </mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> = </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn> 4 </mn> <mn> 3 </mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false"> ⇒ </mo> <mi> x </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn> 480 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <mn> 11 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn> 10 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 704 </mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle {\frac {x}{480}}\times {\frac {10}{11}}={\frac {4}{3}}\Rightarrow x={\frac {480\times 11\times 4}{10\times 3}}=704} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/52230814813172fd1e0fa12ac39a3365f43f8eb9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:43.542ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {x}{480}}\times {\frac {10}{11}}={\frac {4}{3}}\Rightarrow x={\frac {480\times 11\times 4}{10\times 3}}=704}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 43.542ex;height: 5.343ex;vertical-align: -2.005ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/52230814813172fd1e0fa12ac39a3365f43f8eb9" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {x}{480}}\times {\frac {10}{11}}={\frac {4}{3}}\Rightarrow x={\frac {480\times 11\times 4}{10\times 3}}=704}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> </dd> </dl></li> <li>A 4:3 576-line picture, digitized with the Rec. 601-recommended sampling rate, would be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">702<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">54</span>⁄<span class="den">59</span></span> non-square pixels wide. <dl> <dd> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {x}{576}}\times {\frac {59}{54}}={\frac {4}{3}}\Rightarrow x={\frac {576\times 54\times 4}{59\times 3}}=702{\tfrac {54}{59}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi> x </mi> <mn> 576 </mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> × </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn> 59 </mn> <mn> 54 </mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> = </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn> 4 </mn> <mn> 3 </mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false"> ⇒ </mo> <mi> x </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn> 576 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <mn> 54 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn> 59 </mn> <mo> × </mo> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 702 </mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn> 54 </mn> <mn> 59 </mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle {\frac {x}{576}}\times {\frac {59}{54}}={\frac {4}{3}}\Rightarrow x={\frac {576\times 54\times 4}{59\times 3}}=702{\tfrac {54}{59}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/251d666503a93f737ac8d90b5006e1182a5b4161" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:46.022ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {x}{576}}\times {\frac {59}{54}}={\frac {4}{3}}\Rightarrow x={\frac {576\times 54\times 4}{59\times 3}}=702{\tfrac {54}{59}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 46.022ex;height: 5.343ex;vertical-align: -2.005ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/251d666503a93f737ac8d90b5006e1182a5b4161" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {x}{576}}\times {\frac {59}{54}}={\frac {4}{3}}\Rightarrow x={\frac {576\times 54\times 4}{59\times 3}}=702{\tfrac {54}{59}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> </dd> </dl></li> </ul> <p>Unfortunately, not all standard TV pictures are exactly 4:3: As mentioned earlier, in analog video, the center of a picture is well-defined but the edges of the picture are not standardized. As a result, some analog devices (mostly PAL devices but also some NTSC devices) generated motion pictures that were horizontally (slightly) wider. This also proportionately applies to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anamorphic_widescreen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anamorphic widescreen">anamorphic widescreen</a> (16:9) pictures. Therefore, to maintain a safe margin of error, ITU-R BT.601 required sampling 16 more non-square pixels per line (8 more at each edge) to ensure saving all video data near the margins.</p> <p>This requirement, however, had implications for PAL motion pictures. PAL pixel aspect ratios for standard (4:3) and anamorphic wide screen (16:9), respectively 59:54 and 118:81, were awkward for digital image processing, especially for mixing PAL and NTSC video clips. Therefore, video editing products chose the almost equivalent values, respectively 12:11 and 16:11, which were more elegant and could create PAL digital images at exactly 704 pixels wide, as illustrated:</p> <ul> <li>For PAL 4:3: <dl> <dd> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {4}{3}}\div {\frac {704}{576}}=\color {blue}{\frac {12}{11}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn> 4 </mn> <mn> 3 </mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> ÷ </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn> 704 </mn> <mn> 576 </mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> = </mo> <mstyle mathcolor="blue"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn> 12 </mn> <mn> 11 </mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle {\frac {4}{3}}\div {\frac {704}{576}}=\color {blue}{\frac {12}{11}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f72d51b5951d29036e95f77826fc4960c34968ef" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.422ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {4}{3}}\div {\frac {704}{576}}=\color {blue}{\frac {12}{11}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15.422ex;height: 5.343ex;vertical-align: -2.005ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f72d51b5951d29036e95f77826fc4960c34968ef" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {4}{3}}\div {\frac {704}{576}}=\color {blue}{\frac {12}{11}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> </dd> </dl></li> <li>For PAL 16:9: <dl> <dd> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {16}{9}}\div {\frac {704}{576}}=\color {blue}{\frac {16}{11}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn> 16 </mn> <mn> 9 </mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> ÷ </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn> 704 </mn> <mn> 576 </mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo> = </mo> <mstyle mathcolor="#0000ff"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn> 16 </mn> <mn> 11 </mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle {\frac {16}{9}}\div {\frac {704}{576}}=\color {blue}{\frac {16}{11}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c79cc56dd9daf59819b70ffae19742c998150186" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.584ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {16}{9}}\div {\frac {704}{576}}=\color {blue}{\frac {16}{11}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16.584ex;height: 5.343ex;vertical-align: -2.005ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c79cc56dd9daf59819b70ffae19742c998150186" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {16}{9}}\div {\frac {704}{576}}=\color {blue}{\frac {16}{11}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> </dd> </dl></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Inconsistency_in_defined_pixel_aspect_ratio_values">Inconsistency in defined pixel aspect ratio values</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pixel_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Inconsistency in defined pixel aspect ratio values" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Commonly found on the Internet and in various other published media are numerous sources that introduce different and highly incompatible values as the pixel aspect ratios of various video pictures and video systems. (See the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Supplementary_sources">Supplementary sources</a> section.)</p> <p>To neutrally judge the accuracy and/or feasibility of these sources, please note that as the digital motion picture was invented years after the traditional motion picture, all video pictures targeted for standard definition television and compatible media, digital or otherwise, have (and must have) specifications compatible with standard definition television. Therefore, the pixel aspect ratio of digital video must be calculated from the specification of common traditional equipment rather than the specifications of digital video. Otherwise, any pixel aspect ratio that is calculated from a digital video source is only usable in certain cases for the same kind of video sources and cannot be considered/used as a general pixel aspect ratio of any standard definition television system.</p> <p>In addition, unlike digital video that has well-defined picture edges, traditional video systems have never standardized a well-defined edge for the picture. Therefore, the pixel aspect ratio of common standard television systems cannot be calculated based on edges of pictures. Such a calculated aspect ratio value would not be entirely wrong, but also cannot be considered as the general pixel aspect ratio of any specific video system. The use of such values would be restricted only to certain cases.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Modern_standards_and_practices">Modern standards and practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pixel_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Modern standards and practices" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>In modern digital imaging systems and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High-definition television">high-definition televisions</a>, especially those that comply with SMPTE standards and practices, only square pixels are used for broadcast and display. However, some formats (ex., <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HDV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HDV">HDV</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DVCPRO_HD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="DVCPRO HD">DVCPRO HD</a>) use non-square pixels internally for image storage, as a way to reduce the amount of data that must be processed, thus limiting the necessary transfer rates and maintaining compatibility with existing interfaces.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Issues_of_non-square_pixels">Issues of non-square pixels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pixel_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Issues of non-square pixels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Directly mapping an image with a certain pixel aspect ratio on a device whose pixel aspect ratio is different makes the image look unnaturally stretched or squashed in either the horizontal or vertical direction. For example, a circle generated for a computer display with square pixels looks like a vertical ellipse on a standard-definition NTSC television that uses vertically rectangular pixels. This issue is more evident on wide-screen TVs.</p> <p>Pixel aspect ratio must be taken into consideration by video editing software products that edit video files with non-square pixels, especially when mixing video clips with different pixel aspect ratios. This would be the case when creating a video montage from various cameras employing different video standards (a relatively rare situation). Special effects software products must also take the pixel aspect ratio into consideration, since some special effects require calculation of the distances from a certain point so that they look visually correct. An example of such effects would be radial blur, motion blur, or even a simple image rotation.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Use_of_pixel_aspect_ratio">Use of pixel aspect ratio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pixel_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Use of pixel aspect ratio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>Pixel aspect ratio value is used mainly in digital video software, where motion pictures must be converted or reconditioned to use video systems other than the original. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Media_player_(application_software)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Media player (application software)">video player</a> software may use pixel aspect ratio to properly render digital video on screen. Video editing software uses pixel aspect ratio to properly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Image_scaling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Image scaling">scale</a> and render a video into a new format.</p> <p>The pixel aspect ratio support is also required to display, without distortion, legacy digital images from computer standards and video-games what existed in the 80s. In that generation, square pixels were too expensive to produce, so machines and video cards like the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">SNES</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Color Graphics Adapter">CGA</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">EGA</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hercules_Graphics_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hercules Graphics Card">Hercules</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commodore_64?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commodore 64">C64</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MSX?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MSX">MSX</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PC-8800_series?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PC-8800 series">PC-88</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/X68000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="X68000">X68000</a> etc had non-square pixels.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Confusion_with_display_aspect_ratio">Confusion with display aspect ratio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pixel_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Confusion with display aspect ratio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspect ratio (image)">Aspect ratio (image)</a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Screenshot_of_DVD_Flick_1.3.0.7_build_738.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Screenshot_of_DVD_Flick_1.3.0.7_build_738.png/300px-Screenshot_of_DVD_Flick_1.3.0.7_build_738.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="405"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 158px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Screenshot_of_DVD_Flick_1.3.0.7_build_738.png/300px-Screenshot_of_DVD_Flick_1.3.0.7_build_738.png" data-width="300" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Screenshot_of_DVD_Flick_1.3.0.7_build_738.png/450px-Screenshot_of_DVD_Flick_1.3.0.7_build_738.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Screenshot_of_DVD_Flick_1.3.0.7_build_738.png/600px-Screenshot_of_DVD_Flick_1.3.0.7_build_738.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> DVD Flick 1.3.0.7: Example of a computer program that has mislabeled <i>picture aspect ratio</i> as <i>pixel aspect ratio</i> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Pixel aspect ratio is often confused with different types of image aspect ratios; the ratio of the image width and height. Due to non-squareness of pixels in Standard-definition TV, there are two types of such aspect ratios: <i>storage aspect ratio</i> (<i>SAR</i>) and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Display_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Display aspect ratio">display aspect ratio</a></i> (abbreviated <i>DAR</i>, also known as <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Image_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Image aspect ratio">image aspect ratio</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Picture_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture aspect ratio">picture aspect ratio</a></i>). Also, <i>pixel aspect ratio</i> (<i>PAR</i>) is also known as <i>sample aspect ratio</i> (abbreviated <i>SAR</i>) in some industrial standards (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and output of programs (such as <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ffmpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ffmpeg">ffmpeg</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Note the reuse of the abbreviations <i>PAR</i> and <i>SAR</i>. This article uses only the terms pixel aspect ratio, display aspect ratio and storage aspect ratio to avoid ambiguity.</p> <p>Storage aspect ratio is the ratio of the image width to height in pixels, and can be easily calculated from the video file. Display aspect ratio is the ratio of image width to height (in a unit of length such as centimeters or inches) when displayed on screen, and is calculated from the combination of pixel aspect ratio and storage aspect ratio.</p> <p>However, users who know the definition of these concepts may get confused as well. Poorly crafted user-interfaces or poorly written documentations can easily cause such confusion: Some video-editing software applications often ask users to specify an "aspect ratio" for their video file, presenting him or her with the choices of "4:3" and "16:9". Sometimes, these choices may be "PAL 4:3", "NTSC 4:3", "PAL 16:9" and "NTSC 16:9". In such situations, the video editing program is implicitly asking for the pixel aspect ratio of the video file by asking for information about the video system from which the video file originated. The program then uses a table (similar to the one below) to determine the correct pixel aspect ratio value.</p> <p>Generally speaking, to avoid confusion, it can be assumed that video editing products never ask for the storage aspect ratio as they can directly retrieve or calculate it. Non-square-pixel–aware applications also need only to ask for either pixel aspect ratio or display aspect ratio, from either of which they can calculate the other.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Pixel_aspect_ratios_of_common_video_formats">Pixel aspect ratios of common video formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pixel_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Pixel aspect ratios of common video formats" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>Pixel aspect ratio values for common standard-definition video formats are listed below. Note that for PAL video formats, two different types of pixel aspect ratio values are listed:</p> <ol> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Analog-to-digital_conversion">Rec.601</a></i>, a Rec.601-compliant value, which is considered the real pixel aspect ratio of standard-definition video of that type.</li> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Digital_video_processing">Digital</a></i>, which is roughly equivalent to Rec.601 and is more suitable to use in Digital Video Editing software.</li> </ol> <p>Note that sources differ on PARs for common formats – for example, 576 lines (PAL) displayed at 4:3 (DAR) corresponds to either PAR of 12:11 (if 704×576, SAR = 11:9), or a PAR of 16:15 (if 720×576, SAR = 5:4). See <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">references</a> for sources giving both, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Resolution" title="Standard-definition television">SDTV: Resolution</a> for a table of storage, display and pixel aspect ratios. Also note that CRT televisions do not have pixels, but scanlines.</p> <p><br></p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Non-square aspect ratios of common video formats </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Video system</th> <th title="display aspect ratio"><abbr title="Display Aspect Ratio">DAR</abbr></th> <th>Picture<br> dimensions<br> (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value=" !">px × px</span></span>)</th> <th title="storage aspect ratio"><abbr title="Storage Aspect Ratio">SAR</abbr></th> <th title="pixel aspect ratio"><abbr title="Pixel Aspect Ratio">PAR</abbr></th> <th><abbr title="Pixel Aspect Ratio">PAR</abbr> (decimal)</th> <th>Width (px)</th> <th>Type</th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PAL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PAL">PAL</a></td> <td rowspan="3">4∶3</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/576i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="576i"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="405504 !">704 × 576</span></span></a></td> <td>72∶59<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>59∶54</td> <td>1.0<span style="text-decoration:overline;">925</span></td> <td>769, 385</td> <td>Rec.601</td> </tr> <tr> <td>11∶9</td> <td>12∶11</td> <td>1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">09</span></td> <td rowspan="2">768, 384</td> <td rowspan="2">digital</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/576i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="576i"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="414720 !">720 × 576</span></span></a></td> <td>5∶4</td> <td>16∶15</td> <td>1.0<span style="text-decoration:overline;">6</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">16∶9</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/576i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="576i"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="405504 !">704 × 576</span></span></a></td> <td>72∶59<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>118∶81</td> <td>1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">456790123</span></td> <td>1026, 513</td> <td>Rec.601</td> </tr> <tr> <td>11∶9</td> <td>16∶11</td> <td>1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">45</span></td> <td rowspan="2">1024, 512</td> <td rowspan="5">digital</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/576i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="576i"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="414720 !">720 × 576</span></span></a></td> <td>5∶4</td> <td>64∶45</td> <td>1.4<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NTSC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NTSC">NTSC</a></td> <td>4∶3</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/480i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="480i"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="337920 !">704 × 480</span></span></a></td> <td rowspan="2">22∶15</td> <td>10∶11</td> <td>0.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">90</span></td> <td>640, 320</td> </tr> <tr> <td>16∶9</td> <td>40∶33</td> <td>1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">21</span></td> <td>853, 427</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HDV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HDV">HDV</a> / <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HDCAM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HDCAM">HDCAM</a></td> <td>16∶9</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1080i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1080i"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="1555200 !">1440 × 1080</span></span></a></td> <td>4∶3</td> <td>4∶3</td> <td>1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span></td> <td>1920</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SAR = DAR : PAR = 4/3 : 59/54 = 72/59  (But it is still not explained why <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="405504 !">704 × 576</span></span> can have two Storage Aspect Ratios: 11:9 <i>and</i> 72:59)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SAR = DAR : PAR = 16/9 : 118/81 = 72/59 </span></li> </ol> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Sample aspect ratios with predefined indicators in the H.26x family of video codecs </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Index</th> <th>Aspect ratio</th> </tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td><i>unspecified</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>1∶1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>12∶11</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>10∶11</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>16∶11</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>40∶33</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>24∶11</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>20∶11</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>32∶11</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>80∶33</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>18∶11</td> </tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>15∶11</td> </tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>64∶33</td> </tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>160∶99</td> </tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>4∶3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>3∶2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>2∶1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>255</td> <td><i>extended</i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pixel_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Main_sources">Main sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pixel_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Main sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Telecommunication_Union_-_Radiocommunication_Sector_(ITU-R)2007" class="citation web cs1">International Telecommunication Union - Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BT.601/en">"Recommendation BT.601-6: Studio encoding parameters of digital television for standard 4:3 and wide screen 16:9 aspect ratios"</a>. <i>ITU Online Bookstore</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITU+Online+Bookstore&rft.atitle=Recommendation+BT.601-6%3A+Studio+encoding+parameters+of+digital+television+for+standard+4%3A3+and+wide+screen+16%3A9+aspect+ratios.&rft.date=2007-01&rft.au=International+Telecommunication+Union+-+Radiocommunication+Sector+%28ITU-R%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Frec%2FR-REC-BT.601%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APixel+aspect+ratio" class="Z3988"></span><br> As of the retrieval date, a free membership of ITU Online Bookstore would allow free download of up to three ITU-R Recommendations.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsumer_Electronics_Association2008" class="citation web cs1">Consumer Electronics Association (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107163712/http://www.ce.org/Standards/browseByCommittee_2641.asp">"CEA Standard CEA-861-E: A DTV Profile for Uncompressed High Speed Digital Interfaces"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ce.org/Standards/browseByCommittee_2641.asp">the original</a> on November 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CEA+Standard+CEA-861-E%3A+A+DTV+Profile+for+Uncompressed+High+Speed+Digital+Interfaces.&rft.date=2008-03&rft.au=Consumer+Electronics+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ce.org%2FStandards%2FbrowseByCommittee_2641.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APixel+aspect+ratio" class="Z3988"></span> <ul> <li>This standard, which is the basis for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HDMI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HDMI">HDMI</a>, specifies 16:15 (1.0666) as the pixel aspect ratio of 4:3 576i/p and 8:9 (0.888) as the pixel aspect ratio of 4:3 480i/p.</li> </ul></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirazzi" class="citation web cs1">Pirazzi, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lurkertech.com/lg/pixelaspect/">"Square and Non-Square Pixels"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Square+and+Non-Square+Pixels&rft.aulast=Pirazzi&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flurkertech.com%2Flg%2Fpixelaspect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APixel+aspect+ratio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirazzi" class="citation web cs1">Pirazzi, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lurkertech.com/lg/video-systems/">"Programmers' Guide to Video Systems"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Programmers%27+Guide+to+Video+Systems&rft.aulast=Pirazzi&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flurkertech.com%2Flg%2Fvideo-systems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APixel+aspect+ratio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoynton2002" class="citation book cs1">Poynton, Charles (2002). <i>Digital Video and HDTV: Algorithms and Interfaces</i>. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55860-792-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-55860-792-7"><bdi>1-55860-792-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Video+and+HDTV%3A+Algorithms+and+Interfaces&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-55860-792-7&rft.aulast=Poynton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APixel+aspect+ratio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Broadcasting_Union1999" class="citation web cs1">European Broadcasting Union (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/r/r092.pdf">"EBU Technical Recommendation R92-1999: Active picture area and picture centring in analogue and digital 625/50 television systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EBU+Technical+Recommendation+R92-1999%3A+Active+picture+area+and+picture+centring+in+analogue+and+digital+625%2F50+television+systems&rft.date=1999&rft.au=European+Broadcasting+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.ebu.ch%2Fdocs%2Fr%2Fr092.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APixel+aspect+ratio" class="Z3988"></span></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Supplementary_sources">Supplementary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pixel_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Supplementary sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdobe_Systems_Incorporated" class="citation web cs1">Adobe Systems Incorporated. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://help.adobe.com/en_US/PremierePro/4.0/WS03BF7479-8C7B-4522-8C75-210AD102524Ea.html%23WS082E922A-A5D7-4de1-9A0E-1EFC401EA6D1">"Aspect Ratios (-> Common Pixel Aspect Ratios)"</a>. <i>Adobe Premiere Pro CS4 Documentations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adobe+Premiere+Pro+CS4+Documentations&rft.atitle=Aspect+Ratios+%28-%3E+Common+Pixel+Aspect+Ratios%29&rft.au=Adobe+Systems+Incorporated&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhelp.adobe.com%2Fen_US%2FPremierePro%2F4.0%2FWS03BF7479-8C7B-4522-8C75-210AD102524Ea.html%23WS082E922A-A5D7-4de1-9A0E-1EFC401EA6D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APixel+aspect+ratio" class="Z3988"></span> <ul> <li>A PDF version of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://help.adobe.com/en_US/PremierePro/4.0/premierepro_cs4_help.pdf">Adobe Premiere Pro CS4 Documentations</a> is also available from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adobe_Systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe</a> web site.</li> <li>This source specifies 12:11 (1.09) as the pixel aspect ratio of 576i.</li> </ul></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdobe_Systems_Incorporated" class="citation web cs1">Adobe Systems Incorporated. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://help.adobe.com/en_US/AfterEffects/9.0/WS3878526689cb91655866c1103906c6dea-7f3aa.html%23WS082E922A-A5D7-4de1-9A0E-1EFC401EA6D1">"Pixel aspect ratio and frame aspect ratio (-> Common Pixel Aspect Ratios)"</a>. <i>Adobe After Effect CS4 Documentations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adobe+After+Effect+CS4+Documentations&rft.atitle=Pixel+aspect+ratio+and+frame+aspect+ratio+%28-%3E+Common+Pixel+Aspect+Ratios%29&rft.au=Adobe+Systems+Incorporated&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhelp.adobe.com%2Fen_US%2FAfterEffects%2F9.0%2FWS3878526689cb91655866c1103906c6dea-7f3aa.html%23WS082E922A-A5D7-4de1-9A0E-1EFC401EA6D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APixel+aspect+ratio" class="Z3988"></span> <ul> <li>A PDF version of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://help.adobe.com/en_US/AfterEffects/9.0/after_effects_cs4_help.pdf">Adobe After Effects CS4 Documentations</a> is also available from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adobe_Systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe</a> web site.</li> <li>This source specifies 12:11 (1.09) as the pixel aspect ratio of 576i.</li> </ul></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJukka_Aho" class="citation web cs1">Jukka Aho. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816103129/http://lipas.uwasa.fi/~f76998/video/conversion/">"A Quick Guide to Digital Video Resolution and Aspect Ratio Conversions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lipas.uwasa.fi/~f76998/video/conversion/">the original</a> on August 16, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Quick+Guide+to+Digital+Video+Resolution+and+Aspect+Ratio+Conversions&rft.au=Jukka+Aho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flipas.uwasa.fi%2F~f76998%2Fvideo%2Fconversion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APixel+aspect+ratio" class="Z3988"></span> <ul> <li>This source calculates different pixel aspect ratio values for 480i and 576i pictures.</li> </ul></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrother_John" class="citation web cs1">Brother John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://encodingwissen.de/videobild/anamorph/itu-r-bt601">"The importance of the ITU-R BT.601 for the PAR (Translated from German)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+importance+of+the+ITU-R+BT.601+for+the+PAR+%28Translated+from+German%29&rft.au=Brother+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencodingwissen.de%2Fvideobild%2Fanamorph%2Fitu-r-bt601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APixel+aspect+ratio" class="Z3988"></span> <ul> <li>An in depth analysis on the discrepancies of the pixel aspect ratios provided in various specifications.</li> <li>Creative Commons Attribution, Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Germany (CC by-sa)</li> <li>English translation: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl%3Den%26sl%3Dde%26tl%3Den%26u%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fencodingwissen.de%252Fvideobild%252Fanamorph%252Fitu-r-bt601">[1]</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pixel_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pineight.com/mw/index.php?title%3DDot_clock_rates">"Dot clock rates"</a>. pineight.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dot+clock+rates&rft.pub=pineight.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpineight.com%2Fmw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DDot_clock_rates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APixel+aspect+ratio" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang%3Ds%26id%3DT-REC-H.264-200305-S!!PDF-E%26type%3Ditems">"Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual services"</a>. p. 25 (7)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advanced+video+coding+for+generic+audiovisual+services&rft.pages=25+%287%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Frec%2Fdologin_pub.asp%3Flang%3Ds%26id%3DT-REC-H.264-200305-S%21%21PDF-E%26type%3Ditems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APixel+aspect+ratio" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://trac.ffmpeg.org/ticket/1776">"ffprobe shows PAR as SAR"</a>. ffmpeg.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ffprobe+shows+PAR+as+SAR&rft.pub=ffmpeg.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrac.ffmpeg.org%2Fticket%2F1776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APixel+aspect+ratio" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pixel_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon 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