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id="toc-Cognates_and_related_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognates_and_related_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Cognates and related terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognates_and_related_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mestizo_as_a_colonial-era_category" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mestizo_as_a_colonial-era_category"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mestizo as a colonial-era category</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mestizo_as_a_colonial-era_category-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mestizo as a colonial-era category subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mestizo_as_a_colonial-era_category-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Percentage_and_genetic_admixture_by_country_in_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Percentage_and_genetic_admixture_by_country_in_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Percentage and genetic admixture by country in the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percentage_and_genetic_admixture_by_country_in_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish-speaking_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish-speaking_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spanish-speaking North America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spanish-speaking_North_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spanish-speaking North America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spanish-speaking_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Genetic studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Central America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Costa_Rica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Costa Rica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Salvador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Salvador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>El Salvador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Salvador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Guatemala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish-speaking_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish-speaking_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Spanish-speaking South America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spanish-speaking_South_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spanish-speaking South America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spanish-speaking_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina_and_Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina_and_Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Argentina and Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina_and_Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Ecuador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paraguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Paraguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_East_Indies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_East_Indies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Spanish East Indies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spanish_East_Indies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spanish East Indies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spanish_East_Indies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guam_and_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guam_and_Northern_Mariana_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Guam and Northern Mariana Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guam_and_Northern_Mariana_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere_in_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere_in_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Elsewhere in the Americas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elsewhere_in_the_Americas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elsewhere in the Americas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere_in_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Belize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mestizaje_in_Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mestizaje_in_Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span><i>Mestizaje</i> in Latin America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mestizaje_in_Latin_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Mestizaje</i> in Latin America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mestizaje_in_Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_post-revolution_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_post-revolution_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>In post-revolution Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_post-revolution_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere_in_Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere_in_Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Elsewhere in Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere_in_Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mestizos_migrating_to_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mestizos_migrating_to_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Mestizos migrating to Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mestizos_migrating_to_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Mestizo</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88" title="ميستيثو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميستيثو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metis" title="Metis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88" title="مستیزو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مستیزو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Метысы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Метысы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Мэтысы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэтысы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Метиси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метиси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mest%C3%ADs" title="Mestís – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mestís" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestic" title="Mestic – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mestic" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestiz" title="Mestiz – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mestiz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestize" title="Mestize – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mestize" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestiits" title="Mestiits – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mestiits" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mestizo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mestizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mestizo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88" title="مستیسو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مستیسو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mestizo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestys" title="Mestys – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mestys" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizos" title="Mestizos – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mestizos" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mestizo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EC%86%8C" title="메스티소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메스티소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մետիսներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մետիսներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B" title="मेस्टिज़ो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेस्टिज़ो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestici" title="Mestici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mestici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mestizo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meticcio" title="Meticcio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Meticcio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מסטיסים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסטיסים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მეტისები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეტისები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Метис – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Метис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mest%C3%AEzo" title="Mestîzo – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mestîzo" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Метис – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Метис" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixticius" title="Mixticius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mixticius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metisai" title="Metisai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metisai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meszticek" title="Meszticek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Meszticek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Метиси – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Метиси" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B" title="മെസ്റ്റിസോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെസ്റ്റിസോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="მეტისეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მეტისეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesties" title="Mesties – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mesties" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD" title="メスティーソ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メスティーソ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestis" title="Mestis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mestis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestis" title="Mestis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mestis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestiez" title="Mestiez – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mestiez" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metys" title="Metys – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metys" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mestizo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metis" title="Metis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misti" title="Misti – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Misti" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Метисы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Метисы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Метисы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метисы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestik%C3%ABt" title="Mestikët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mestikët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mestizo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestic" title="Mestic – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mestic" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Местици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Местици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestici" title="Mestici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mestici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestitsi" title="Mestitsi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mestitsi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestiser" title="Mestiser – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mestiser" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mestizo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Метиси – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метиси" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mestizo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E7%B4%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="梅斯蒂索人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="梅斯蒂索人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met%C4%97s%C4%81" title="Metėsā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Metėsā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%A3%AB%E8%92%82%E7%B4%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="麥士蒂索人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="麥士蒂索人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q106713#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Spanish term. For the Portuguese term, see <a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço"><i>Mestiço</i></a>. For the American rapper, see <a href="/wiki/Mestizo_(rapper)" title="Mestizo (rapper)">Mestizo (rapper)</a>. For the Mexican pop group, see <a href="/wiki/Mestizzo" title="Mestizzo">Mestizzo</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mestizo</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castas_01mestiza_max.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Castas_01mestiza_max.jpg/200px-Castas_01mestiza_max.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Castas_01mestiza_max.jpg/300px-Castas_01mestiza_max.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Castas_01mestiza_max.jpg/400px-Castas_01mestiza_max.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="902" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">casta</a> painting of a Spanish man and an Indigenous woman with a Mestizo child</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (mainly), <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages of the Americas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>; religious minorities including <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Indigenous beliefs</a> exist</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Mestizo</i></span></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">mest-<span style="font-size:90%">EE</span>-zoh, mist-</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[mesˈtiθo]</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">or</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[mesˈtiso]</a></span>; fem. <b><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mestiza</i></span></b>, literally 'mixed person') is a person of mixed <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous American</a> ancestry in the former <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mangan_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mangan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In certain regions such as <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, it may also refer to people who are culturally European even though their ancestors were Indigenous.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was used as an ethno-racial exonym for mixed-race <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">castas</a></i></span> that evolved during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>. It was a formal label for individuals in official documents, such as <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">censuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parish_register" title="Parish register">parish registers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> trials, and others. Priests and royal officials might have classified persons as mestizos, but individuals also used the term in self-identification. With the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon reforms">Bourbon reforms</a> and the independence of the Americas, the <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste system</a> disappeared and terms like "mestizo" fell in popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The noun <b><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mestizaje</i></span></b>, derived from the adjective <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mestizo</i></span>, is a term for racial mixing that did not come into usage until the 20th century; it was not a colonial-era term.<sup id="cite_ref-Rappaport,_Joanne_p._247_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rappaport,_Joanne_p._247-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the modern era, <i>mestizaje</i> is used by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Gloria_E._Anzald%C3%BAa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria E. Anzaldúa">Gloria Anzaldúa</a> as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a>, but with positive connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the modern era, particularly in Latin America, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mestizo</i></span> has become more of a cultural term, with the term <i>indio</i> being reserved exclusively for people who have maintained a separate Indigenous ethnic and cultural identity, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal">tribal</a> affiliation, community engagement, etc. In late 19th- and early 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, for instance, <i>mestizaje</i> denoted those peoples with evidence of Euro-indigenous ethno-racial "descent" and access—usually monetary access, but not always—to secondary educational institutions. Similarly, well before the 20th century, Euramerican "descent" did not necessarily denote <a href="/wiki/Iberian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian America">Iberian American</a> ancestry or solely <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish American</a> ancestry (distinct Portuguese administrative classification: <i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiço</a></i>), especially in Andean regions re-infrastructured by Euramerican "modernities" and buffeted by mining labor practices. This conception changed by the 1920s, especially after the national advancement and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">cultural economics</a> of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo#Indigenism_in_Peru" title="Indigenismo">indigenismo</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To avoid confusion with the original usage of the term <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mestizo</i></span>, mixed people started to be referred to collectively as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">castas</i></span>. In some Latin American countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the concept of the Mestizo became central to the formation of a new independent identity that was neither wholly Spanish nor wholly Indigenous. The word <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mestizo</i></span> acquired another meaning in the 1930 census, being used by the government to refer to all Mexicans who did not speak <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Indigenous languages</a> regardless of ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 20th- and 21st-century Peru, the nationalization of <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran languages</a> as "official languages of the State...wherever they predominate"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has increasingly severed these languages from <i>mestizaje</i> as an exonym (and, in certain cases, <i>indio</i>), with indigenous languages tied to <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">linguistic areas</a> as well as<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> topographical and geographical contexts. <i>La sierra</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> to <a href="/wiki/Huascar%C3%A1n" title="Huascarán">Huascarán</a>, for instance, is more commonly connected to language families in both urban and rural vernacular.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the colonial era of Mexico, the category Mestizo was used rather flexibly to register births in local parishes and its use did not follow any strict genealogical pattern. With Mexican independence, in academic circles created by the "<i>mestizaje</i>" or "<a href="/wiki/La_Raza_C%C3%B3smica" class="mw-redirect" title="La Raza Cósmica">Cosmic Race</a>" ideology, scholars asserted that Mestizos are the result of the mixing of all the races. After the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> the government, in its attempts to create an unified Mexican identity with no racial distinctions, adopted and actively promoted the "mestizaje" ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish word <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mestizo</i></span> is from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i>mixticius</i>, meaning mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dictionary.reference.com_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary.reference.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its usage was documented as early as 1275, to refer to the offspring of an <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian/</a>Afro Hamite and a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semite</a>/Afro Asiatic.<sup id="cite_ref-AlfonsoX-p261R_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlfonsoX-p261R-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term was first documented in English in 1582.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbst-p.144_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbst-p.144-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognates_and_related_terms">Cognates and related terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cognates and related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Mestizo</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[mesˈtiθo]</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">or</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[mesˈtiso]</a></span>), <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mestiço</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-PT-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[mɨʃˈtisu]</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">or</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-BR-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[mesˈtʃisu]</a></span>), <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">métis</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[meti(s)]</a></span>), <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">mestís</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Catalan:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ca-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[məsˈtis]</a></span>), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mischling</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈmɪʃlɪŋ]</a></span>), <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">meticcio</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[meˈtittʃo]</a></span>), <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">mestiezen</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[mɛsˈtizə(n)]</a></span>), <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">mestee</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Middle English:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="enm-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[məsˈtiː]</a></span>), and <i>mixed</i> are all <a href="/wiki/Cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognates">cognates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mixticius</i></span>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a>, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiço</a></i></span>, historically referred to any mixture of Portuguese and local populations in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese colonies">Portuguese colonies</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colonial Brazil</a>, most of the non-enslaved population was initially <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">mestiço de indio</a></i></span>, i.e. mixed Portuguese and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Native Brazilian</a>. There was no descent-based casta system, and children of upper-class Portuguese landlord males and enslaved females enjoyed privileges higher than those given to the lower classes, such as formal education. Such cases were not so common and the children of enslaved women tended not to be allowed to inherit property. This right of inheritance was generally given to children of free women, who tended to be legitimate offspring in cases of concubinage (this was a common practice in certain Indigenous American and African cultures). In the Portuguese-speaking world, the contemporary sense has been the closest to the historical usage from the Middle Ages. Because of important linguistic and historical differences, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mestiço</i></span> (mixed, mixed-ethnicity, miscegenation, etc.) is separated altogether from <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">pardo</i></span> (which refers to any kind of brown people) and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">caboclo</i></span> (brown people originally of European–Indigenous American admixture, or assimilated Indigenous American). The term <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mestiços</i></span> can also refer to fully African or East Asian in their full definition (thus not brown). One does not need to be a <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mestiço</i></span> to be classified as pardo or caboclo. </p><p>In Brazil specifically, at least in modern times, all non-Indigenous people are considered to be a single ethnicity (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">os brasileiros</i></span>. Lines between ethnic groups are historically fluid); since the earliest years of the Brazilian colony, the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mestiço</i></span> group has been the most numerous among the free people. As explained above, the concept of <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mestiço</i></span> should not be confused with <i>mestizo</i> as used in either the Spanish-speaking world or the English-speaking one. It does not relate to being of Indigenous American ancestry, and is not used interchangeably with <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">pardo</i></span>, literally "brown people". (There are <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mestiços</i></span> among all major groups of the country: Indigenous, Asian, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">pardo</i></span>, and African, and they likely constitute the majority in the three latter groups.) </p><p>In English-speaking Canada, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis (Canada)">Canadian Métis</a> (capitalized), as a loanword from French, refers to persons of mixed French or European and Indigenous ancestry, who were part of a particular ethnic group. French-speaking Canadians, when using the word <i>métis</i>, are referring to Canadian Métis ethnicity, and all persons of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry. Many were involved in the fur trade with Canadian <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> peoples (especially <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Anishinaabeg">Anishinaabeg</a>). Over generations, they developed a separate culture of hunters and trappers, and were concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Valley" title="Red River Valley">Red River Valley</a> and speak the <a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mestizo_as_a_colonial-era_category">Mestizo as a colonial-era category</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mestizo as a colonial-era category"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_espa%C3%B1ol_y_mestiza,_castiza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/De_espa%C3%B1ol_y_mestiza%2C_castiza.jpg/170px-De_espa%C3%B1ol_y_mestiza%2C_castiza.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/De_espa%C3%B1ol_y_mestiza%2C_castiza.jpg/255px-De_espa%C3%B1ol_y_mestiza%2C_castiza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/De_espa%C3%B1ol_y_mestiza%2C_castiza.jpg/340px-De_espa%C3%B1ol_y_mestiza%2C_castiza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">casta</a> painting by Miguel Cabrera. Here he shows a Spanish (español) father, Mestiza (mixed Spanish–American Indian) mother, and their Castiza daughter.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casta_Painting_by_Luis_de_Mena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Casta_Painting_by_Luis_de_Mena.jpg/170px-Casta_Painting_by_Luis_de_Mena.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Casta_Painting_by_Luis_de_Mena.jpg/255px-Casta_Painting_by_Luis_de_Mena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Casta_Painting_by_Luis_de_Mena.jpg/340px-Casta_Painting_by_Luis_de_Mena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5404" data-file-height="6586" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Mena" title="Luis de Mena">Luis de Mena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Guadalupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin of Guadalupe">Virgin of Guadalupe</a> and castas, 1750. The top left grouping is of an <i>indio</i> and an <i>española</i>, with their Mestizo son. This is the only known casta painting with an <i>indio</i> man and española woman.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg/170px-Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg/255px-Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg/340px-Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Casta painting showing 16 hierarchically arranged, mixed-race groupings. The top left grouping uses <i>cholo</i> as a synonym for <i>mestizo</i>. Ignacio Maria Barreda, 1777. Real Academia Española de la Lengua, Madrid.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonial period</a>, the Spanish developed a complex set of racial terms and ways to describe difference. Although this has been conceived of as a "system," and often called the <i>sistema de castas</i> or <i>sociedad de castas</i>, archival research shows that racial labels were not fixed throughout a person's life.<sup id="cite_ref-rappaport_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rappaport-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artwork created mainly in eighteenth-century Mexico, "<a href="/wiki/Casta#casta_paintings" title="Casta">casta paintings</a>," show groupings of racial types in hierarchical order, which has influenced the way that modern scholars have conceived of social difference in Spanish America.<sup id="cite_ref-rappaport_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rappaport-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the initial period of colonization of the Americas by the Spanish, there were three chief categories of ethnicities: Spaniard (<i>español</i>), American Indian (<i>indio</i>), and African (<i>negro</i>). Throughout the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in the Americas, ways of differentiating individuals in a racial hierarchy, often called in the modern era the <i>sistema de castas</i> or the <i>sociedad de castas</i>, developed where society was divided based on color, <i>calidad</i> (status), and other factors. </p><p>The main divisions were as follows: </p> <ol><li><i>Español</i> (fem. española), i.e. <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniard</a> – person of Spanish ancestry; a blanket term, subdivided into <i>Peninsulares</i> and <i>Criollos</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peninsulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsulars">Peninsular</a></i> – a person of Spanish descent born in Spain who later settled in the Americas;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a></i> (fem. criolla) – a person of Spanish descent born in the Americas;</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a></i> (fem. castiza) – a person with primarily Spanish and some American Indian ancestry born into a mixed family.</li> <li><i>Mestizo</i> (fem. mestiza) – a person of extended mixed Spanish and American Indian ancestry;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indio</a></i> (fem. india) – a person of pure American Indian ancestry;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">Pardo</a></i> (fem. parda) – a person of mixed Spanish, Amerindian and African ancestry; sometimes a polite term for a black person;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulato</a></i> (fem. mulata) – a person of mixed Spanish and African ancestry;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a></i> – a person of mixed African and American Indian ancestry;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a></i> (fem. negra) – a person of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">African</a> descent, primarily former enslaved Africans and their descendants.</li></ol> <p>In theory, and as depicted in some eighteenth-century Mexican casta paintings, the offspring of a castizo/a [mixed Spanish - Mestizo] and an Español/a could be considered Español/a, or "returned" to that status.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Racial labels in a set of eighteenth-century Mexican casta paintings by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cabrera_(painter)" title="Miguel Cabrera (painter)">Miguel Cabrera</a></b>: </p> <ul><li><b>De Español e India, nace Mestiza</b></li> <li><b>De Español y Mestiza, nace Castiza</b></li> <li>De Castizo y Española, nace Española</li> <li>De Español y Negra, nace Mulata</li> <li>De Español y Mulata, nace Morisca</li> <li>De Español y Morisca, nace Albino</li> <li>De Español y Albina, nace <a href="/wiki/Torna_atr%C3%A1s" title="Torna atrás">Torna atrás</a></li> <li>De Español y Torna atrás, "Tente en el ayre"</li> <li>De Negro y India, Chino Cambuja</li> <li>De Chino Cambujo y India, <a href="/wiki/Lobo_(racial_category)" title="Lobo (racial category)">Loba</a></li> <li>De Lobo y India, Albarazado</li> <li><b>De Albarazado y Mestiza, Barcino</b></li> <li>De Indio y Barcina, Zambaiga</li> <li><b>De Castizo y Mestiza, Chamizo</b></li> <li>Indios Gentiles (Barbarian <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Meco Indians</a>)</li></ul> <p>In the early colonial period, the children of Spaniards and American Indians were raised either in the Hispanic world, if the father recognized the offspring as his natural child; or the child was raised in the Indigenous world of the mother if he did not. As early as 1533, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> mandated the high court (<a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencia</a>) to take the children of Spanish men and Indigenous women from their mothers and educate them in the Spanish sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mixed group born out of Christian wedlock increased in numbers, generally living in their mother's Indigenous communities.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mestizos were the first group in the colonial era to be designated as a separate category from the Spanish (Españoles) and enslaved African blacks (<i>Negros</i>) and were included in the designation of "vagabonds" (<i>vagabundos</i>) in 1543 in Mexico. Although Mestizos were often classified as <i>castas</i>, they had a higher standing than any mixed-race person since they did not have to pay tribute, the men could be ordained as priests, and they could be licensed to carry weapons, in contrast to <i>negros</i>, mulattoes, and other castas. Unlike Blacks and mulattoes, Mestizos had no African ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intermarriage between Españoles and Mestizos resulted in offspring designated <i><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizos</a></i> ("three-quarters white"), and the marriage of a castizo/a to an Español/a resulted in the restoration of Español/a status to the offspring. Don Alonso O’Crouley observed in Mexico (1774), "If the mixed-blood is the offspring of a Spaniard and an Indian, the stigma [of race mixture] disappears at the third step in descent because it is held as systematic that a Spaniard and an Indian produce a <i>mestizo</i>; a <i>mestizo</i> and a Spaniard, a <i>castizo</i>; and a <i>castizo</i> and a Spaniard, a Spaniard. The admixture of Indian blood should not indeed be regarded as a blemish, since the provisions of law give the Indian all that he could wish for, and Philip II granted to <i>mestizos</i> the privilege of becoming priests. On this consideration is based the common estimation of descent from a union of Indian and European or creole Spaniard."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  O’Crouley states that the same process of restoration of racial purity does not occur over generations for European-African offspring marrying whites. "From the union of a Spaniard and a Negro the mixed-blood retains the stigma for generations without losing the original quality of a mulato."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish colonial regime divided groups into two basic legal categories, the Republic of Indians (<i>República de Indios</i>) and the Republic of Spaniards (<i>República de Españoles</i>) comprised the Spanish (Españoles) and all other non-Indian peoples. Indians were free vassals of the crown, whose commoners paid tribute while Indigenous elites were considered nobles and tribute exempt, as were Mestizos. Indians were nominally protected by the crown, with non-Indians (Mestizos, blacks, and mulattoes) forbidden to live in Indigenous communities. Mestizos and Indians in Mexico habitually held each other in mutual antipathy. This was particularly the case with commoner American Indians against Mestizos, some of whom infiltrated their communities and became part of the ruling elite. Spanish authorities turned a blind eye to the Mestizos' presence, since they collected commoners' tribute for the crown and came to hold offices. They were useful intermediaries for the colonial state between the Republic of Spaniards and the Republic of Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A person's legal racial classification in colonial Spanish America was closely tied to social status, wealth, culture, and language use. Wealthy people paid to change or obscure their actual ancestry. Many Indigenous people left their traditional villages and sought to be counted as Mestizos to avoid tribute payments to the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Indigenous people, and sometimes those with partial African descent, were classified as Mestizo if they spoke Spanish and lived as Mestizos. </p><p>In colonial <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardo</a></i></span> was more commonly used instead of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mestizo</i></span>. <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Pardo</i></span> means being mixed without specifying which mixture;<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnic_Groups_in_Venezuela_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_Groups_in_Venezuela-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was used to describe anyone born in the Americas whose ancestry was a mixture of European, Native American, and African.<sup id="cite_ref-LAS_CASTAS_EN_LA_SOCIEDAD_COLONIAL_VENEZOLANA_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAS_CASTAS_EN_LA_SOCIEDAD_COLONIAL_VENEZOLANA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Mexican Republic</a> was established in 1824, legal racial categories ceased to exist. The production of <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">casta</a> paintings in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> ceased at the same juncture, after almost a century as a genre. </p><p>Because the term had taken on a myriad of meanings, the designation "Mestizo" was actively removed from census counts in Mexico and is no longer in official nor governmental use.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbst-p.144_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbst-p.144-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mag%C3%B3n_-_El_Mestizo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Español, India, Mestizo. José Joaquín Magón. 18th c Mexico"><img alt="Español, India, Mestizo. José Joaquín Magón. 18th c Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mag%C3%B3n_-_El_Mestizo.jpg/120px-Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mag%C3%B3n_-_El_Mestizo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mag%C3%B3n_-_El_Mestizo.jpg/180px-Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mag%C3%B3n_-_El_Mestizo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mag%C3%B3n_-_El_Mestizo.jpg/240px-Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mag%C3%B3n_-_El_Mestizo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="356" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Español, India, Mestizo. José Joaquín Magón. 18th c Mexico</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mestizo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Casta painting. "Spanish and Indian produce Mestizo", 1780."><img alt="Casta painting. "Spanish and Indian produce Mestizo", 1780." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mestizo.jpg/120px-Mestizo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mestizo.jpg/180px-Mestizo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mestizo.jpg/240px-Mestizo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Casta painting. "Spanish and Indian produce Mestizo", 1780.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%221_De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_India_sale_Mestizo%22_-_1075.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Español, India, Mestizo."><img alt="Español, India, Mestizo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%221_De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_India_sale_Mestizo%22_-_1075.jpg/120px-BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%221_De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_India_sale_Mestizo%22_-_1075.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%221_De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_India_sale_Mestizo%22_-_1075.jpg/180px-BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%221_De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_India_sale_Mestizo%22_-_1075.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%221_De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_India_sale_Mestizo%22_-_1075.jpg/240px-BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%221_De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_India_sale_Mestizo%22_-_1075.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4546" data-file-height="3326" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Español, India, Mestizo.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castas_14chamizo_max.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Castizo, Mestiza, Chamizo. Miguel Cabrera 1763."><img alt="Castizo, Mestiza, Chamizo. Miguel Cabrera 1763." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Castas_14chamizo_max.jpg/92px-Castas_14chamizo_max.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Castas_14chamizo_max.jpg/138px-Castas_14chamizo_max.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Castas_14chamizo_max.jpg/185px-Castas_14chamizo_max.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Castizo, Mestiza, Chamizo. <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cabrera_(painter)" title="Miguel Cabrera (painter)">Miguel Cabrera</a> 1763.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Mulato_y_Mestiza.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mulatto and Mestiza, produce Mulatto, he is Torna Atrás [throwback]" by Juan Rodríguez Juárez"><img alt="Mulatto and Mestiza, produce Mulatto, he is Torna Atrás [throwback]" by Juan Rodríguez Juárez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/De_Mulato_y_Mestiza.jpg/120px-De_Mulato_y_Mestiza.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/De_Mulato_y_Mestiza.jpg/180px-De_Mulato_y_Mestiza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/De_Mulato_y_Mestiza.jpg/240px-De_Mulato_y_Mestiza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="702" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mulatto and Mestiza, produce Mulatto, he is <i>Torna Atrás</i> [throwback]" by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Juan Rodríguez Juárez">Juan Rodríguez Juárez</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabrera_15_Coyote.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mestizo, India, Coyote. Miguel Cabrera 1763."><img alt="Mestizo, India, Coyote. Miguel Cabrera 1763." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cabrera_15_Coyote.jpg/93px-Cabrera_15_Coyote.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cabrera_15_Coyote.jpg/140px-Cabrera_15_Coyote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cabrera_15_Coyote.jpg/186px-Cabrera_15_Coyote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mestizo, India, Coyote. <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cabrera_(painter)" title="Miguel Cabrera (painter)">Miguel Cabrera</a> 1763.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coiote.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De mestizo e India, sale coiote (From a Mestizo man and an Indigenous American woman, a Coyote is begotten)."><img alt="De mestizo e India, sale coiote (From a Mestizo man and an Indigenous American woman, a Coyote is begotten)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Coiote.jpg/120px-Coiote.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Coiote.jpg/180px-Coiote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Coiote.jpg/240px-Coiote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>De mestizo e India, sale coiote</i> (From a Mestizo man and an Indigenous American woman, a <a href="/wiki/Coyote_(racial_category)" title="Coyote (racial category)">Coyote</a> is begotten).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%2212_De_Mestizo_y_Alba_razada,_Barsina%22_-_9349.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mestizo, Albarazada, Barcina."><img alt="Mestizo, Albarazada, Barcina." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%2212_De_Mestizo_y_Alba_razada%2C_Barsina%22_-_9349.jpg/120px-BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%2212_De_Mestizo_y_Alba_razada%2C_Barsina%22_-_9349.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%2212_De_Mestizo_y_Alba_razada%2C_Barsina%22_-_9349.jpg/180px-BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%2212_De_Mestizo_y_Alba_razada%2C_Barsina%22_-_9349.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%2212_De_Mestizo_y_Alba_razada%2C_Barsina%22_-_9349.jpg/240px-BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%2212_De_Mestizo_y_Alba_razada%2C_Barsina%22_-_9349.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4597" data-file-height="3448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mestizo, Albarazada, Barcina.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mestizo._Mestiza._Mestiza.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mestizo, Mestiza, Mestizo Sample of a Peruvian casta painting, showing intermarriage within a casta category."><img alt="Mestizo, Mestiza, Mestizo Sample of a Peruvian casta painting, showing intermarriage within a casta category." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mestizo._Mestiza._Mestiza.jpg/120px-Mestizo._Mestiza._Mestiza.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mestizo._Mestiza._Mestiza.jpg/180px-Mestizo._Mestiza._Mestiza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mestizo._Mestiza._Mestiza.jpg/240px-Mestizo._Mestiza._Mestiza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1391" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Mestizo, Mestiza, Mestizo</i> Sample of a Peruvian casta painting, showing intermarriage <i>within</i> a casta category.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1919_The_Barrientos_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1919 Barrientos family in Baracoa, Cuba, headed by an ex Spanish soldier and his Indigenous wife"><img alt="1919 Barrientos family in Baracoa, Cuba, headed by an ex Spanish soldier and his Indigenous wife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/1919_The_Barrientos_family.jpg/120px-1919_The_Barrientos_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/1919_The_Barrientos_family.jpg/180px-1919_The_Barrientos_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/1919_The_Barrientos_family.jpg/240px-1919_The_Barrientos_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="2352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1919 Barrientos family in <a href="/wiki/Baracoa,_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Baracoa, Cuba">Baracoa, Cuba</a>, headed by an ex Spanish soldier and his Indigenous wife</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1808-BIRTH_(10-10-1808)_Jose_Francisco_Rosales_(Top_right)_(with_JoseRegino,Maria_Rosalia,JuanAntonioAmbrosio,JuanaBustos).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Examples of Mestizo and Mulatto classifications in 1808"><img alt="Examples of Mestizo and Mulatto classifications in 1808" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/1808-BIRTH_%2810-10-1808%29_Jose_Francisco_Rosales_%28Top_right%29_%28with_JoseRegino%2CMaria_Rosalia%2CJuanAntonioAmbrosio%2CJuanaBustos%29.jpg/120px-1808-BIRTH_%2810-10-1808%29_Jose_Francisco_Rosales_%28Top_right%29_%28with_JoseRegino%2CMaria_Rosalia%2CJuanAntonioAmbrosio%2CJuanaBustos%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/1808-BIRTH_%2810-10-1808%29_Jose_Francisco_Rosales_%28Top_right%29_%28with_JoseRegino%2CMaria_Rosalia%2CJuanAntonioAmbrosio%2CJuanaBustos%29.jpg/180px-1808-BIRTH_%2810-10-1808%29_Jose_Francisco_Rosales_%28Top_right%29_%28with_JoseRegino%2CMaria_Rosalia%2CJuanAntonioAmbrosio%2CJuanaBustos%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/1808-BIRTH_%2810-10-1808%29_Jose_Francisco_Rosales_%28Top_right%29_%28with_JoseRegino%2CMaria_Rosalia%2CJuanAntonioAmbrosio%2CJuanaBustos%29.jpg/240px-1808-BIRTH_%2810-10-1808%29_Jose_Francisco_Rosales_%28Top_right%29_%28with_JoseRegino%2CMaria_Rosalia%2CJuanAntonioAmbrosio%2CJuanaBustos%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4841" data-file-height="3620" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Examples of Mestizo and Mulatto classifications in 1808</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1763-MARRIAGE_(2-14-1763)_Juan_Antonio_Ambrosio_Rosales_and_Juana_Anastacia_Briones_(Right,_2nd_row)_(with_Salvador,JuanaJosefa).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Examples of Mestizo and Mulatto classifications in 1763"><img alt="Examples of Mestizo and Mulatto classifications in 1763" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1763-MARRIAGE_%282-14-1763%29_Juan_Antonio_Ambrosio_Rosales_and_Juana_Anastacia_Briones_%28Right%2C_2nd_row%29_%28with_Salvador%2CJuanaJosefa%29.jpg/120px-1763-MARRIAGE_%282-14-1763%29_Juan_Antonio_Ambrosio_Rosales_and_Juana_Anastacia_Briones_%28Right%2C_2nd_row%29_%28with_Salvador%2CJuanaJosefa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1763-MARRIAGE_%282-14-1763%29_Juan_Antonio_Ambrosio_Rosales_and_Juana_Anastacia_Briones_%28Right%2C_2nd_row%29_%28with_Salvador%2CJuanaJosefa%29.jpg/180px-1763-MARRIAGE_%282-14-1763%29_Juan_Antonio_Ambrosio_Rosales_and_Juana_Anastacia_Briones_%28Right%2C_2nd_row%29_%28with_Salvador%2CJuanaJosefa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1763-MARRIAGE_%282-14-1763%29_Juan_Antonio_Ambrosio_Rosales_and_Juana_Anastacia_Briones_%28Right%2C_2nd_row%29_%28with_Salvador%2CJuanaJosefa%29.jpg/240px-1763-MARRIAGE_%282-14-1763%29_Juan_Antonio_Ambrosio_Rosales_and_Juana_Anastacia_Briones_%28Right%2C_2nd_row%29_%28with_Salvador%2CJuanaJosefa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5322" data-file-height="3958" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Examples of Mestizo and Mulatto classifications in 1763</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Percentage_and_genetic_admixture_by_country_in_the_Americas">Percentage and genetic admixture by country in the Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Percentage and genetic admixture by country in the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Percentage</th> <th colspan="3">Genetic Admixture according<br />to Fuerst and Kirkegaard<sup id="cite_ref-Fuerst_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuerst-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Country</th> <th>%</th> <th>European</th> <th>Amerindian</th> <th>African </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></td> <td>90%<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>50%</td> <td>42%</td> <td>8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></td> <td>86.3%<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>15%</td> <td>75%</td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></td> <td>85.2% (including the <a href="/wiki/Montubio" title="Montubio">montubios</a> 7.7%)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>42%</td> <td>52%</td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></td> <td>78.3%<sup id="cite_ref-Lizcano_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lizcano-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>57%</td> <td>23%</td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></td> <td>74.5%<sup id="cite_ref-Lizcano_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lizcano-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>55%</td> <td>37%</td> <td>8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>70%<sup id="cite_ref-Lizcano_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lizcano-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>42%</td> <td>51%</td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td> <td>68%<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>21%</td> <td>71%</td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></td> <td>65%<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>25%</td> <td>36%</td> <td>39% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td> <td>63%<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>56%</td> <td>25%</td> <td>19% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td>60.2%<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>12%</td> <td>81%</td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td>58%<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>44%</td> <td>39%</td> <td>17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></td> <td>58%<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>47%</td> <td>17%</td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></td> <td>55%<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>40%</td> <td>53%</td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></td> <td>52.9%<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>25%</td> <td>38%</td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td>39.3%<sup id="cite_ref-Lizcano_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lizcano-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>52%</td> <td>43%</td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></td> <td>15%<sup id="cite_ref-Lizcano_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lizcano-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>49%</td> <td>31%</td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>11%<sup id="cite_ref-Lizcano_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lizcano-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>71%</td> <td>25%</td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></td> <td>8%<sup id="cite_ref-Lizcano_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lizcano-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>83%</td> <td>8%</td> <td>9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></td> <td>ND (49.8% are two or more races)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>64%</td> <td>15%</td> <td>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>ND (10.2% are two or more races)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>79%</td> <td>8%</td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>ND (45.3% are mixed)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>71%</td> <td>10%</td> <td>19% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></td> <td>ND</td> <td>70%</td> <td>8%</td> <td>22% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish-speaking_North_America">Spanish-speaking North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spanish-speaking North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Mexico" title="Mestizos in Mexico">Mestizos in Mexico</a></div> <p>Around 50–90% of Mexicans can be classified as "mestizos", meaning in modern Mexican usage that they identify fully neither with any European heritage nor with an Indigenous ethnic group, but rather identify as having cultural traits incorporating both European and Indigenous elements. In Mexico, mestizo has become a blanket term that not only refers to <a href="/wiki/Mixed_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed race">mixed</a> Mexicans but includes all Mexican citizens who do not speak <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Indigenous languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-redalyc_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redalyc-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gonzalo_Guerrero.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gonzalo_Guerrero.JPG/170px-Gonzalo_Guerrero.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gonzalo_Guerrero.JPG/255px-Gonzalo_Guerrero.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gonzalo_Guerrero.JPG/340px-Gonzalo_Guerrero.JPG 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A statue of <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Guerrero" title="Gonzalo Guerrero">Gonzalo Guerrero</a>, who adopted the Maya way of life and fathered the first mestizo children in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and in the mainland <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> (the only mestizos before were those born in the Caribbean to Spanish men and Indigenous Caribbean women)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sometimes, particularly outside of Mexico, the word "mestizo" is used with the meaning of Mexican persons with mixed Indigenous and European blood. This usage does not conform to the Mexican social reality where a person of pure Indigenous ancestry would be considered mestizo either by rejecting his Indigenous culture or by not speaking an Indigenous language,<sup id="cite_ref-Bartolomé_1996:2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartolomé_1996:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a person with none or very low Indigenous ancestry would be considered Indigenous either by speaking an Indigenous language or by identifying with a particular Indigenous cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_1990:73_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_1990:73-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a>, the word mestizo has a different meaning to the one used in the rest of Mexico, being used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Maya</a>-speaking populations living in traditional communities, because during the <a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">Caste War of Yucatán</a> of the late 19th century those Maya who did not join the rebellion were classified as mestizos.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartolomé_1996:2_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartolomé_1996:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chiapas, the term <a href="/wiki/Ladino_people" title="Ladino people"><i>Ladino</i></a> is used instead of Mestizo.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the extensiveness of the modern definition of mestizo, various publications offer different estimations of this group, some try to use a biological, racial perspective and calculate the mestizo population in contemporary Mexico as being around a half and two-thirds of the population,<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others use the culture-based definition, and estimate the percentage of mestizos as high as 90%<sup id="cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Mexican population, several others mix-up both due lack of knowledge in regards to the modern definition and assert that mixed ethnicity Mexicans are as much as 93% of Mexico's population.<sup id="cite_ref-INMEGEN1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INMEGEN1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paradoxically to its wide definition, the word mestizo has long been dropped off popular Mexican vocabulary, with the word sometimes having pejorative connotations,<sup id="cite_ref-Bartolomé_1996:2_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartolomé_1996:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which further complicates attempts to quantify mestizos via self-identification. </p><p>While for most of its history the concept of mestizo and mestizaje has been lauded by Mexico's intellectual circles, in recent times the concept has been a target of criticism, with its detractors claiming that it delegitimizes the importance of ethnicity in Mexico under the idea of "(racism) not existing here (in Mexico), as everybody is mestizo."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologist Federico Navarrete concludes that reintroducing racial classification, and accepting itself as a multicultural country, as opposed to a monolithic mestizo country, would bring benefits to Mexican society as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genetic_studies">Genetic studies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genetic studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG/220px-Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG/330px-Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG/440px-Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of admixture estimates for individuals from <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> (left) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quetalmahue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quetalmahue (page does not exist)">Quetalmahue</a>, Chile (right). The position of each dot on the triangle plot indicates the proportion of European, indigenous American and African ancestry estimated for each individual in the population.</figcaption></figure> <p>A 2012 study published by the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="Journal of Human Genetics">Journal of Human Genetics</a> found that the Y-chromosome (paternal) ancestry of the average Mexican mestizo was predominantly European (64.9%), followed by Indigenous American (30.8%), and African (4.2%). The European ancestry was more prevalent in the north and west (66.7–95%) and Indigenous American ancestry increased in the centre and south-east (37–50%), the African ancestry was low and relatively homogeneous (0–8.8%).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22832385_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22832385-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The states that participated in this study were Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Veracruz and Yucatán.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22832385_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22832385-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study of 104 mestizos from Sonora, Yucatán, Guerrero, Zacatecas, Veracruz, and Guanajuato by Mexico's National Institute of Genomic Medicine, reported that mestizo Mexicans are 58.96% European, 31.05% Indigenous American, and 10.03% African. <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> shows the highest European contribution (70.63%) and <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a> the lowest (51.98%) which also has the highest Indigenous American contribution (37.17%). African contribution ranges from 2.8% in Sonora to 11.13% in <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>. 80% of the Mexican population was classed as mestizo (defined as "being racially mixed in some degree").<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2009, the same institution (Mexico's National Institute of Genomic Medicine) issued a report on a genomic study of 300 mestizos from those same states. The study found that the mestizo population of these Mexican states were on average 55% of Indigenous ancestry followed by 41.8% of European, 1.8% of African, and 1.2% of East Asian ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19433783_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19433783-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study also noted that whereas mestizo individuals from the southern state of Guerrero showed on average 66% of Indigenous ancestry, those from the northern state of Sonora displayed about 61.6% European ancestry. The study found that there was an increase in Indigenous ancestry as one traveled towards to the Southern states in Mexico, while the Indigenous ancestry declined as one traveled to the Northern states in the country, such as Sonora.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19433783_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19433783-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_America">Central America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Central America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ladino_people" title="Ladino people">Ladino people</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ladino_people" title="Ladino people">Ladino people</a> are a mix of Mestizo or <a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Hispanicized</a> peoples<sup id="cite_ref-DRAE_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRAE-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, principally in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> <i>Ladino</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> word that derives from <i><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latino</a></i>. <i>Ladino</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> dating to the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonial era</a> to refer to those Spanish-speakers who were not colonial elites (<a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollos</a>), or Indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Costa Rica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chavela_Vargas_060701-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Chavela_Vargas_060701-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chavela_Vargas" title="Chavela Vargas">Chavela Vargas</a> Mixed-Costa Rican Born - Singer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RealM-Shahter15_(9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/RealM-Shahter15_%289%29.jpg/170px-RealM-Shahter15_%289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/RealM-Shahter15_%289%29.jpg/255px-RealM-Shahter15_%289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/RealM-Shahter15_%289%29.jpg/340px-RealM-Shahter15_%289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keylor_Navas" title="Keylor Navas">Keylor Navas</a> Mixed-Costa Rican - <a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Madrid">Real Madrid</a> Goalkeeper</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, most Costa Ricans are primarily of Spanish or mestizo ancestry with minorities of German, Italian, Jamaican, and Greek ancestry. </p><p>European migrants used Costa Rica to get across the isthmus of Central America as well to reach the U.S. West Coast (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>) in the late 19th century and until the 1910s (before the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> opened). Other ethnic groups known to live in Costa Rica include Nicaraguan, Colombians, Venezuelans, Peruvian, Brazilians, Portuguese, <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>, Caribbeans, Turks, Armenians, and Georgians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many of the first Spanish colonists in Costa Rica may have been Jewish converts to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> who were expelled from Spain in 1492 and fled to colonial backwaters to avoid the Inquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first sizable group of self-identified Jews immigrated from Poland, beginning in 1929. From the 1930s to the early 1950s, journalistic and official antisemitic campaigns fueled harassment of Jews; however, by the 1950s and 1960s, the immigrants won greater acceptance. Most of the 3,500 Costa Rican Jews today are not highly observant, but they remain largely endogamous.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Costa Rica has four small minority groups: <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulattos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Latin_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Latin Americans">Afro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous Costa Ricas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Asians">Asians</a>. About 8% of the population is of African descent or mulatto (mix of European and African) who are called <a href="/wiki/Afro-Costa_Rican" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Costa Rican">Afro-Costa Ricans</a>, English-speaking descendants of 19th century Afro-<a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaican</a> immigrant workers. </p><p>By the late 20th century, allusions in textbooks and political discourse to "whiteness," or to Spain as the "mother country" of all Costa Ricans, were diminishing, replaced with a recognition of the multiplicity of peoples that make up the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="El_Salvador">El Salvador</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: El Salvador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclama_de_libertad_(indep._Centroam%C3%A9rica).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Proclama_de_libertad_%28indep._Centroam%C3%A9rica%29.jpg/220px-Proclama_de_libertad_%28indep._Centroam%C3%A9rica%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Proclama_de_libertad_%28indep._Centroam%C3%A9rica%29.jpg/330px-Proclama_de_libertad_%28indep._Centroam%C3%A9rica%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Proclama_de_libertad_%28indep._Centroam%C3%A9rica%29.jpg/440px-Proclama_de_libertad_%28indep._Centroam%C3%A9rica%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the First Independence Movement celebration in San Salvador, El Salvador. At the center, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mat%C3%ADas_Delgado" title="José Matías Delgado">José Matías Delgado</a>, a Salvadoran priest and doctor known as El Padre de la Patria Salvadoreña (The Father of the Salvadoran Fatherland), alongside his nephew <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Jos%C3%A9_Arce" title="Manuel José Arce">Manuel José Arce</a>, future Salvadoran president of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, intermarriage by European men with Indigenous women, typically of <a href="/wiki/Lenca" title="Lenca">Lenca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cacaopera_people" title="Cacaopera people">Cacaopera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a> backgrounds in what is now <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> happened almost immediately after the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>. Other Indigenous groups in the country such as <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a> <a href="/wiki/Poqomam_people" title="Poqomam people">Poqomam people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a> <a href="/wiki/Ch%27orti%27_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ch'orti' people">Ch'orti' people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaguilac_people" title="Alaguilac people">Alaguilac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinca_people" title="Xinca people">Xinca people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixe_people" title="Mixe people">Mixe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangue_language" title="Mangue language">Mangue language</a> people became culturally extinct due to the mestizo process or diseases brought by the Spaniards. Mestizo culture quickly became the most successful and dominant culture in El Salvador. The majority of Salvadorans in modern El Salvador identify themselves as 86.3% Mestizo roots.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical evidence and census supports the explanation of "strong sexual asymmetry", as a result of a strong bias favoring children born to European man and Indigenous women, and to the important Indigenous male mortality during the conquest. The genetics thus suggests the Native men were sharply reduced in numbers due to the war and disease. Large numbers of Spaniard men settled in the region and married or forced themselves with the local women. The Natives were forced to adopt Spanish names, language, and religion, and in this way, the Lencas and Pipil women and children were Hispanicized. This has made El Salvador one of the worlds most highly mixed race nations. </p><p>In 1932, ruthless dictator <a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Maximiliano Hernández Martínez</a> was responsible for La Matanza ("The Slaughter"), known as the <a href="/wiki/1932_Salvadoran_peasant_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre">1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre</a> in which the Indigenous people were murdered in an effort to wipe out the Indigenous people in El Salvador during the 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising. Indigenous peoples, mostly of Lenca, Cacaopera, and Pipil descent are still present in El Salvador in several communities, conserving their languages, customs, and traditions. </p><p>There is a significant Arab population (of about 100,000), mostly from <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Salvadoran" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Salvadoran">Palestine</a> (especially from the area of Bethlehem), but also from Lebanon. Salvadorans of Palestinian descent numbered around 70,000 individuals, while Salvadorans of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> descent is around 27,000. There is also a small community of Jews who came to El Salvador from France, Germany, Morocco, Tunisia, and Turkey. Many of these Arab groups naturally mixed and contributed into the modern Salvadoran Mestizo population. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">Pardo</a> is the term that was used in colonial El Salvador to describe a person of tri-racial or Indigenous, European, and African descent. El Salvador is the only country in Central America that does not have a significant African population due to many factors including El Salvador not having a Caribbean coast, and because of president <a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Maximiliano Hernández Martínez</a>, who passed racial laws to keep people of African descent and others out of El Salvador, though <a href="/wiki/Afro-Salvadoran" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Salvadoran">Salvadorans with African ancestry</a>, called Pardos, were already present in El Salvador, the majority are tri-racial Pardo Salvadorans who largely cluster with the Mestizo population. They have been mixed into and were naturally bred out by the general Mestizo population, which is a combination of a Mestizo majority and the minority of Pardo people, both of whom are racially mixed populations. A total of only 10,000 enslaved Africans were brought to El Salvador over the span of 75 years, starting around 1548, about 25 years after El Salvador's colonization. The enslaved Africans that were brought to El Salvador during the colonial times, eventually came to mix and merged into the much larger and vaster Mestizo mixed European Spanish/Native Indigenous population creating Pardo or Afromestizos who cluster with Mestizo people, contributing into the modern day Mestizo population in El Salvador, thus, there remains no significant extremes of African physiognomy among Salvadorans like there is in the other countries of Central America. </p><p>Today, many Salvadorans identify themselves as being culturally part of the majority Salvadoran mestizo population, even if they are racially European (especially Mediterranean), as well as Indigenous people in El Salvador who do not speak Indigenous languages nor have an Indigenous culture, and tri-racial/pardo Salvadorans or Arab Salvadorans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Guatemala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guatemala" title="Demographics of Guatemala">Demographics of Guatemala</a></div> <p>The Ladino population in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> is officially recognized as a distinct ethnic group, and the Ministry of Education of Guatemala uses the following definition: </p> <blockquote><p>"The Ladino population has been characterized as a heterogeneous population which expresses itself in the Spanish language as a maternal language, which possesses specific cultural traits of Hispanic origin mixed with Indigenous cultural elements, and dresses in a style commonly considered as western."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish-speaking_South_America">Spanish-speaking South America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spanish-speaking South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina_and_Uruguay">Argentina and Uruguay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Argentina and Uruguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Argentines" title="Argentines">Argentines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguayans" title="Uruguayans">Uruguayans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_genetic_ancestry_among_441_individuals_from_Argentina_by_four_major_regions..png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Distribution_of_genetic_ancestry_among_441_individuals_from_Argentina_by_four_major_regions..png/220px-Distribution_of_genetic_ancestry_among_441_individuals_from_Argentina_by_four_major_regions..png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Distribution_of_genetic_ancestry_among_441_individuals_from_Argentina_by_four_major_regions..png/330px-Distribution_of_genetic_ancestry_among_441_individuals_from_Argentina_by_four_major_regions..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Distribution_of_genetic_ancestry_among_441_individuals_from_Argentina_by_four_major_regions..png/440px-Distribution_of_genetic_ancestry_among_441_individuals_from_Argentina_by_four_major_regions..png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of genetic ancestry among 441 individuals from Argentina by four major regions.</figcaption></figure> <p>Initially colonial <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> had a predominantly mestizo population like the rest of the Spanish colonies, but due to a flood of European migration in the 19th century and the repeated intermarriage with Europeans, the mestizo population became a so-called <a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a> population. With more Europeans arriving in the early 20th century, the majority of these immigrants coming from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the face of Argentina and Uruguay has overwhelmingly become European in culture and tradition. Because of this, the term Mestizo has fallen into disuse. Nevertheless, the cultural practice of the region is commonly centred on the figure of the <a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho">Gaucho</a>, which intrinsically mixes European and native traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Northwest" title="Argentine Northwest">Argentine Northwest</a> still has a important mestizo population, especially in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Jujuy_Province" title="Jujuy Province">Jujuy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salta_Province" title="Salta Province">Salta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>The Chilean race, as everybody knows, is a Mestizo race made of Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Araucanian</a>...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Palacios" title="Nicolás Palacios">Nicolás Palacios</a> in <i>La raza chilena</i> (1904).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chilean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean people">Chilean people</a></div> <p>In Chile, from the time the Spanish soldiers with <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a> entered northern Chile, a process of 'mestizaje' began where Spaniards began to intermarry and reproduce with the local bellicose <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> population of Indigenous Chileans to produce an overwhelmingly mestizo population during the first generation in all of the cities they founded. In Southern Chile, the Mapuche, were one of the only Indigenous tribes in the Americas that were in continuous conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> and did not submit to a European power. But because Southern Chile was settled by German settlers in 1848, many mestizos include descendants of Mapuche and German settlers. </p><p>A public health book from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chile" title="University of Chile">University of Chile</a> states that 60% of the population is of only European origin; mestizos are estimated to amount to a total of 35%, while Indigenous peoples comprise the remaining 5%. A genetic study by the same university showed that the average Chilean's genes in the Mestizo segment are 60% European and 40% Indigenous American. </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> is a territory of Chile and the native settlers are <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui</a>, descendants of intermarriages of European Chileans (mostly Spanish) and Rapa Nui are even considered by Chilean law as mestizos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mestizo_Colombians" title="Mestizo Colombians">Mestizo Colombians</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#FCD116; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 120.87923504096px; border-left-color:#003893"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#003893"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#003893"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 524.21835811132px 100px 0; border-right-color:#CE1126"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#CE1126"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Genetic ancestry of Mestizo Colombians according to Rojas et al (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-Rojas2010_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojas2010-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CE1126; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Colombia">Amerindian</a> (47%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003893; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/White_People" class="mw-redirect" title="White People">European</a> (42%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FCD116; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombians" title="Afro-Colombians">African</a> (11%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> whose land was named after explorer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> is the product of the interacting and mixing of the European <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a> and colonist with the different Amerindian peoples of Colombia. With the arrival of Europeans came the arrival of the enslaved Africans, whose cultural element was mostly introduced into the coastal areas of Colombia. To this day, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombians" title="Afro-Colombians">Afro-Colombians</a> form a majority in several coastal regions of the country. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Over time Colombia has become a primarily Mestizo country due to limited immigration from Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries, with the minorities being: the <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulattoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardos</a>, both mixed race groups of significant partial African ancestry who live primarily in coastal regions among other Afro-Colombians; and pockets of Amerindians living around the rural areas and the Amazonian Basin regions of the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Estimates of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mestizo</a> or Mixed population in Colombia vary, as Colombia's national census does not distinguish between <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> and Mestizo Colombians. According to the 2018 census, the Mestizo and White population combined make up approximately 87% of the Colombian population, while an estimated 50-60% of Colombians are Mestizo or mixed race.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study by Rojas et al reported an average of 47% Amerindian, 42% European, and 11% African.<sup id="cite_ref-Rojas2010_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojas2010-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A genetic study conducted by Criollo at el estimates that the average admixture for <a href="/wiki/Mestizo_Colombians" title="Mestizo Colombians">Mestizo Colombians</a> is 50.8% European, 40.7% Amerindian, and 8.5% African ancestry, however this varies significantly across region.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ecuador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the colonial era, the majority of Ecuadorians were Amerindians and the minorities were the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a>, who came with <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Belalc%C3%A1zar" title="Sebastián de Belalcázar">Sebastián de Belalcázar</a>. With the passage of time these Spanish conquerors and succeeding Spanish colonists sired offspring, largely nonconsensually, with the local Amerindian population, since Spanish immigration did not initially include many European females to the colonies. In a couple of generations a predominantly Mestizo population emerged in Ecuador with a drastically declining Amerindian population due to European diseases and wars.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorians" title="Afro-Ecuadorians">Afro-Ecuadorians</a>, (including <a href="/wiki/Zambos" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambos">zambos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulattoes</a>), are a significant minority in the country, and can be found mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Esmeraldas_Province" title="Esmeraldas Province">Esmeraldas Province</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Chota" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle del Chota">Valle del Chota</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imbabura_Province" title="Imbabura Province">Imbabura Province</a>. They form a majority in both of those regions. There are also small communities of Afro-Ecuadorians living along the coastal areas outside of the Esmeraldas province. However, significant numbers of Afro-Ecuadorians can be found in the countries' largest cities of <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, where they have been migrating to from their ancestral regions in search of better opportunities. </p><p>Mestizos are the largest of all the ethnic groups, and comprise 70% of the current population. The next 30% of the population is comprised by four ethnic groups with about 7.5% each, the <a href="/wiki/Montubio" title="Montubio">Montubio</a> (a term for Mestizos from the inland countryside of coastal Ecuador - who are culturally distinct from Mestizos from the rest of the country), Afro-Ecuadorian, Amerindians, and Europeans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paraguay">Paraguay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Paraguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguayan people">Paraguayan people</a></div> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia" title="José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia">José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia</a>, the first consul of <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> from 1811 to 1840, he imposed a law that no Spaniard may intermarry with another Spaniard, and that they may only wed mestizos or Amerindians.<sup id="cite_ref-theconversation.com_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theconversation.com-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was introduced to eliminate any sense of racial superiority, and also to end the predominantly Spanish influence in Paraguay. De Francia himself was not a Mestizo (although his paternal grandfather was <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Brazilian">Afro-Brazilian</a>), but feared that racial superiority would create <a href="/wiki/Class_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Class division">class division</a> which would threaten his <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">absolute rule</a>. </p><p>As a result of this, today 70% of Paraguay's population is mestizo, and the main language is the native <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaraní language">Guaraní</a>, spoken by 60% of the population as a first language, with Spanish spoken as a first language by 40% of the population, and fluently spoken by 75%, making Paraguay one of the most bilingual countries in the world. After the tremendous decline of male population as a result of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Triple_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Triple Alliance">War of the Triple Alliance</a>, European male worker émigrés mixed with the female Mestizo population to create a middle-class of largely Mestizo background.<sup id="cite_ref-theconversation.com_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theconversation.com-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mestizo._Mestiza._Mestiza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mestizo._Mestiza._Mestiza.jpg/220px-Mestizo._Mestiza._Mestiza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mestizo._Mestiza._Mestiza.jpg/330px-Mestizo._Mestiza._Mestiza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mestizo._Mestiza._Mestiza.jpg/440px-Mestizo._Mestiza._Mestiza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1391" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Mestizo-Mestiza, Peru, circa 1770</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Alberto Flores Galindo, "By the 1940 census, the last that utilized racial categories, Mestizos were grouped with white, and the two constituted more than 53% of the population. Mestizos likely outnumbered Indians and were the largest population group."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos in Venezuela">Mestizos in Venezuela</a></div> <p>Mestizos are the majority in Venezuela, accounting for 51.6% of the country's population. According to D'Ambrosio<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 57.1% of Mestizos have mostly European characteristics, 28.5% have mostly African characteristics and 14.2% have mostly Amerindian characteristics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_East_Indies">Spanish East Indies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Spanish East Indies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guam_and_Northern_Mariana_Islands">Guam and Northern Mariana Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Guam and Northern Mariana Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, which were administered from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>, the term <i>mestizo</i> referred to people of mixed <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro</a> (<i>indio</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipino</a> and Spanish ancestry. In the administrative racial hierarchy, they were ranked below the full-blooded Spaniards (<i><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">peninsulares</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Criollos" class="mw-redirect" title="Criollos">criollos</a></i>), but ranked higher than full-blooded Indigenous Filipinos and Chamorro. The term <i>indio</i> originally applied to both Filipinos and Indigenous Chamorro, but they were later separately designated in Spanish censuses in Guam.<sup id="cite_ref-mestisu_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mestisu-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like in the Philippines, this caste system was legally mandated and determined what taxes a person must pay. Both full-blooded Spaniards and <i>mestizos</i> were exempt from paying tribute as specified in the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern Guam, the <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a> term <i>mestisu</i> (feminine <i>mestisa</i>) refers to a person of mixed Chamorro and any foreign ancestry. It can be heritage-specific, such as <i>mestisan CHamoru yan Tagalu</i> ("female of mixed Chamorro and Filipino descent") or <i>mestison CHamoru yan Amerikanu</i> ("male of mixed Chamorro and <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White American</a> descent").<sup id="cite_ref-mestisu_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mestisu-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Filipino Mestizos</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_mestizo_costume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Spanish_mestizo_costume.jpg/220px-Spanish_mestizo_costume.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Spanish_mestizo_costume.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Mestizos</a> de <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Español</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> by Jean Mallat de Bassilan (c.1846), both are wearing native <a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">barong tagalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baro%27t_saya" title="Baro't saya">baro't saya</a> finery</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the term <i>mestizo</i> was used to refer to a person with mixed native (<i><a href="/wiki/Filipinos#Names" title="Filipinos">indio</a></i>) and either Spanish or Chinese ancestry during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_period_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish colonial period of the Philippines">Spanish colonial period</a> (1565–1898). It was a legal classification and played an important part in the colonial taxation system as well as social status.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reyes_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reyes-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Plehn_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plehn-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term most commonly applied to <i>mestizos de español</i> ("Spanish mestizos"), most of whom were descendants of intermarriage between Spanish settlers and the <a href="/wiki/Maginoo" title="Maginoo">pre-colonial ruling families</a> (<i>caciques</i>). They were part of the land-owning aristocratic class known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Principalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principalia">Principalia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riedinger_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riedinger-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like people of full Spanish ancestry (<i>blanco</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">peninsulares</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Insulares" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulares">insulares</a></i>), <i>mestizos de español</i> were not required to pay the "tribute" (a personal tax) levied on natives specified in the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plehn_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plehn-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>mestizo</i> classification was also applied to people of mixed native and Chinese ancestry who converted to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, of which there was a much larger population. They were differentiated from the Spanish mestizos as <i><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_de_sangley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos de sangley">mestizos de sangley</a></i> ("Chinese mestizos"), most of whom were merchants and traders. They paid about twice the amount of taxes than natives, but less taxes than someone of full Chinese ancestry (the <i><a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">sangleyes</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Plehn_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plehn-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wickberg_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickberg-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both <i>mestizos de español</i> and <i>mestizos de sangley</i> were often from wealthy families and thus part of the educated class in the late 19th century (the <i><a href="/wiki/Ilustrados" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilustrados">ilustrados</a></i>). Along with children from wealthy native families, they played a prominent part in the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a> (1880-1895), which called for reforms in the colonial government of the Philippines. <i>Mestizos</i> were a key demographic in the development of <a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickberg_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickberg-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cullinane_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullinane-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1700s, mixed <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipinos" title="Spanish Filipinos">Spanish Filipino</a> Mestizos formed about 5% of the total tribute paying population<sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Estadismo2_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estadismo2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31, 54, 113">: 31, 54, 113 </span></sup> whereas mixed <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipinos" title="Chinese Filipinos">Chinese Filipino</a> Mestizos formed 20% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-senate.gov.ph_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate.gov.ph-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-senate.gov.phb_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate.gov.phb-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_occupation_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="American occupation of the Philippines">American occupation of the Philippines</a> (1898–1946), the term expanded to include people of mixed native and American ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-Molnar_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molnar-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the modern <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mestiso" class="extiw" title="wikt:mestiso">mestiso</a></i> (feminine <i>mestisa</i>) refers to anyone who has the fair-skinned appearance of mixed native and European ancestry, often used as a compliment. It is commonly shortened to <i>"<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tisoy" class="extiw" title="wikt:tisoy">tisoy</a>"</i> (feminine <i>"tisay"</i>) in colloquial usage.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenzana_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenzana-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mestizo</i> is also considered one of the archetypal <a href="/wiki/Beauty_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Beauty standard">beauty standards</a> in the Philippines, the others being <i>moreno</i> (brown-skinned native appearance) and <i>chinito</i> (lighter-skinned <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> appearance).<sup id="cite_ref-Cruz_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruz-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sniegowski_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sniegowski-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elsewhere_in_the_Americas">Elsewhere in the Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Elsewhere in the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belize">Belize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Belize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Mestizo_communities_in_Belize" title="Category:Mestizo communities in Belize">Category:Mestizo communities in Belize</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiestas_Patrias_Parade,_South_Park,_Seattle,_2017_-_045_-_Joyas_Mestizas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fiestas_Patrias_Parade%2C_South_Park%2C_Seattle%2C_2017_-_045_-_Joyas_Mestizas.jpg/220px-Fiestas_Patrias_Parade%2C_South_Park%2C_Seattle%2C_2017_-_045_-_Joyas_Mestizas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fiestas_Patrias_Parade%2C_South_Park%2C_Seattle%2C_2017_-_045_-_Joyas_Mestizas.jpg/330px-Fiestas_Patrias_Parade%2C_South_Park%2C_Seattle%2C_2017_-_045_-_Joyas_Mestizas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fiestas_Patrias_Parade%2C_South_Park%2C_Seattle%2C_2017_-_045_-_Joyas_Mestizas.jpg/440px-Fiestas_Patrias_Parade%2C_South_Park%2C_Seattle%2C_2017_-_045_-_Joyas_Mestizas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The dance group Joyas Mestizas ("Mestiza jewels") performs at the Fiestas Patrias Parade, South Park, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, a number of <a href="/wiki/Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino Americans">Latino Americans</a> of Mexican or Central American or South American descent have family histories bound to categories such as <i>mestizaje</i>. The term <i>mestizo</i> is not used for official purposes, with <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> being classed in roughly equal proportions as "white" or "some other ethnicity".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 report by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> showed that "When asked if they identify as "mestizo," "mulatto" or some other mixed-race combination, one-third of U.S. Hispanics say they do". These were more likely to be U.S. born, non-Mexican, and have a higher education attainment than those who do not so identify.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mestizaje_in_Latin_America"><i>Mestizaje</i> in Latin America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mestizaje in Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Latin_America" title="Race and ethnicity in Latin America">Race and ethnicity in Latin America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JoseVasconcelosStatueDF.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/JoseVasconcelosStatueDF.JPG/170px-JoseVasconcelosStatueDF.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/JoseVasconcelosStatueDF.JPG/255px-JoseVasconcelosStatueDF.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/JoseVasconcelosStatueDF.JPG/340px-JoseVasconcelosStatueDF.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos" title="José Vasconcelos">José Vasconcelos</a> in Mexico City</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Mestizaje</i></span></b></i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[mes.tiˈsa.xe]</a></span>) is a term that came into usage in twentieth-century Latin America for racial mixing, not a colonial-era term.<sup id="cite_ref-Rappaport,_Joanne_p._247_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rappaport,_Joanne_p._247-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the modern era, it is used to denote the positive unity of race mixtures in modern Latin America. This ideological stance is in contrast to the term <i><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a></i>, which usually has negative connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1997_Mestizaje_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1997_Mestizaje-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main ideological advocate of <i>mestizaje</i> was <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos" title="José Vasconcelos">José Vasconcelos</a> (1882–1959), the Mexican Minister of Education in the 1920s. The term was in circulation in Mexico in the late nineteenth century, along with similar terms, <i>cruzamiento</i> ("crossing") and <i>mestización</i> (process of "mestizo-izing"). In Spanish America, the colonial-era system of castas sought to differentiate between individuals and groups on the basis of a hierarchical classification by ancestry, skin color, and status (<i>calidad</i>), giving separate labels to the perceived categorical differences and privileging whiteness. In contrast, the idea of modern <i>mestizaje</i> is the positive unity of a nation's citizenry based on racial mixture. "Mestizaje placed greater emphasis [than the casta system] on commonality and hybridity to engineer order and unity... [it] operated within the context of the nation-state and sought to derive meaning from Latin America's own internal experiences rather than the dictates and necessities of empire... ultimately [it] embraced racial mixture."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_post-revolution_Mexico">In post-revolution Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: In post-revolution Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At independence in Mexico, the casta classifications were abolished, but discrimination based on skin color and socioeconomic status continued. Liberal intellectuals grappled with the "Indian Problem", that is, the Amerindians' lack of cultural assimilation to Mexican national life as citizens of the nation, rather than members of their Indigenous communities. Urban elites spurned mixed-race urban plebeians and Amerindians along with their traditional popular culture. In the late nineteenth century during the <a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">rule of Porfirio Díaz</a>, elites sought to be, act, and look like modern Europeans, that is, different from the majority of the Mexican population. Díaz was mixed-race himself, but powdered his dark skin to hide his Mixtec Indigenous ancestry. At the end of the nineteenth century, however, as social and economic tensions increased in Mexico, two major works by Mexican intellectuals sought to rehabilitate the assessment of the mestizo. Díaz's Minister of Education, <a href="/wiki/Justo_Sierra" title="Justo Sierra">Justo Sierra</a> published <i>The Political Evolution of the Mexican People</i> (1902), which situated Mexican identity in the mixing of European whites and Amerindians. Mexicans are "the sons of two peoples, of two races. [This fact] dominates our whole history; to this we owe our soul."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intellectual <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Molina_Enr%C3%ADquez" title="Andrés Molina Enríquez">Andrés Molina Enríquez</a> also took a revisionist stance on Mestizos in his work <i>Los grandes problemas nacionales</i> (The Great National Problems) (1909). </p><p>The Mexican state after the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–20) embraced the ideology of mestizaje as a nation-building tool, aimed at integrating Amerindians culturally and politically in the construction of national identity. As such it has meant a systematic effort to eliminate Indigenous culture, in the name of integrating them into a supposedly inclusive mestizo identity. For <a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Afro-Mexicans</a>, the ideology has denied their historical contributions to Mexico and their current place in Mexican political life. Mexican politicians and reformers such as José Vasconcelos and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gamio" title="Manuel Gamio">Manuel Gamio</a> were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity on the concept of "mestizaje" (the process of ethnic homogenization).<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cultural policies in early post-revolutionary Mexico were paternalistic towards the Indigenous people, with efforts designed to "help" Indigenous peoples achieve the same level of progress as the mestizo society, eventually assimilating Indigenous peoples completely to mainstream Mexican culture, working toward the goal of eventually solving the "Indian problem" by transforming Indigenous communities into mestizo communities.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, Mestizos' sole claim to Mexican national identity has begun to erode, at least rhetorically."<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1997_Mestizaje_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1997_Mestizaje-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A constitutional changes to Article 4 that now says that the "Mexican Nation has a pluricultural composition, originally based on its Indigenous peoples. The law will protect and promote the development of their languages, cultures, uses, customs, resources, and specific forms of social organization and will guarantee their members effective access to the jurisdiction of the State." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere_in_Latin_America">Elsewhere in Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Elsewhere in Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been considerable academic work on race and race mixture in various parts of Latin America in recent years. Including South America;<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venezuela<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peru<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Colombia.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mestizos_migrating_to_Europe">Mestizos migrating to Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Mestizos migrating to Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mestizo" title="Special:EditPage/Mestizo">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s_(son_of_do%C3%B1a_Marina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martín Cortés (son of doña Marina)">Martín Cortés</a>, son of the <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Spanish conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>–<a href="/wiki/Maya_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya languages">Maya</a> Indigenous Mexican interpreter <a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">Malinche</a>, was one of the first documented mestizos to arrive in Spain. His first trip occurred in 1528, when he accompanied his father who sought to have him legitimized by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pope_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope of Rome">Pope of Rome</a> from 1523 to 1534. </p><p>There is also verified evidence of the grandchildren of <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> emperor, whose royal descent the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Crown">Spanish Crown</a> acknowledged, willingly having set foot on European soil. Among these descendants are the Counts of Miravalle, and the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Moctezuma_de_Tultengo" title="Duke of Moctezuma de Tultengo">Dukes of Moctezuma de Tultengo</a>, who became part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish peerage">Spanish peerage</a> and left many descendants in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Counts of Miravalle, residing in <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalucía</a>, Spain, demanded in 2003 that the government of Mexico recommence payment of the so-called "Moctezuma pensions" it had cancelled in 1934. </p><p>The mestizo historian <a href="/wiki/Inca_Garcilaso_de_la_Vega" title="Inca Garcilaso de la Vega">Inca Garcilaso de la Vega</a>, son of Spanish conquistador <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Garcilaso_de_la_Vega" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega">Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a> princess Isabel Chimpo Oclloun arrived in Spain from Peru. He lived in the town of <a href="/wiki/Montilla" title="Montilla">Montilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andaluc%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalucía">Andalucía</a>, where he died in 1616. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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#aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Berber">Arab-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_(racial_classification)" title="Brown (racial classification)">Brown (racial classification)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_(racial_classification)" title="Bronze (racial classification)">Bronze (racial classification)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo_art" title="Mestizo art">Mestizo art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischling" title="Mischling">Mischling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-blood" title="Mixed-blood">Mixed-blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/mestizo">"mestizo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=mestizo&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmestizo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-mestizo" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=mestizo">"mestizo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=mestizo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dmestizo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarez2007" class="citation book cs1">Marez, Curtis (2007). "Mestizo/a". In Burgett, Bruce; Hendler, Glenn (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keywords.nyupress.org/american-cultural-studies/essay/mestizoa/"><i>Keywords for American Cultural Studies, Third Edition</i></a>. NYU Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mestizo%2Fa&rft.btitle=Keywords+for+American+Cultural+Studies%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Marez&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkeywords.nyupress.org%2Famerican-cultural-studies%2Fessay%2Fmestizoa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mangan-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mangan_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mangan, Jane E. (30 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0240.xml">"Mestizos"</a>. <i>Atlantic History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199730414-0240">10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+History&rft.atitle=Mestizos&rft.date=2014-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199730414-0240&rft.aulast=Mangan&rft.aufirst=Jane+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199730414%2Fobo-9780199730414-0240.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/mestizo">"mestizo | Definition & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=mestizo+%7C+Definition+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fmestizo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rappaport, <i>The Disappearing Mestizo</i>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rappaport,_Joanne_p._247-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rappaport,_Joanne_p._247_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rappaport,_Joanne_p._247_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rappaport, Joanne. <i>The Disappearing Mestizo</i>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Stephen. "Mestizaje", in <i>The Encyclopedia of Mexico</i>. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997, p. 840.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarica2016" class="citation book cs1">Tarica, Estelle (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/latinamericanhistory/oso/viewentry/10.1093$002facrefore$002f9780199366439.001.0001$002facrefore-9780199366439-e-68">"Indigenismo"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History</i>. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199366439.013.68">10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936643-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936643-9"><bdi>978-0-19-936643-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indigenismo&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Latin+American+History&rft.pub=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedias&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199366439.013.68&rft.isbn=978-0-19-936643-9&rft.aulast=Tarica&rft.aufirst=Estelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Flatinamericanhistory%2Foso%2Fviewentry%2F10.1093%24002facrefore%24002f9780199366439.001.0001%24002facrefore-9780199366439-e-68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">"en el censo de 1930 el gobierno mexicano dejó de clasificar a la población del país en tres categorías raciales, blanco, mestizo e indígena, y adoptó una nueva clasificación étnica que distinguía a los hablantes de lenguas indígenas del resto de la población, es decir de los hablantes de español"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">the original</a> on 23 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=en+el+censo+de+1930+el+gobierno+mexicano+dej%C3%B3+de+clasificar+a+la+poblaci%C3%B3n+del+pa%C3%ADs+en+tres+categor%C3%ADas+raciales%2C+blanco%2C+mestizo+e+ind%C3%ADgena%2C+y+adopt%C3%B3+una+nueva+clasificaci%C3%B3n+%C3%A9tnica+que+distingu%C3%ADa+a+los+hablantes+de+lenguas+ind%C3%ADgenas+del+resto+de+la+poblaci%C3%B3n%2C+es+decir+de+los+hablantes+de+espa%C3%B1ol.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx%2FPortal%2FIzquierdo%2FBANCO%2FMxmulticultural%2FElmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartolomé1996" class="citation book cs1">Bartolomé, Miguel Alberto (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.cit.cornell.edu/iard4010/documents/Pluralismo_cultural_y_redefinicion_del_estado_en_Mexico.pdf">"Pluralismo cultural y redefinicion del estado en México"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Coloquio sobre derechos indígenas</i>. Oaxaca: IOC. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-6951-31-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-968-6951-31-8"><bdi>978-968-6951-31-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pluralismo+cultural+y+redefinicion+del+estado+en+M%C3%A9xico&rft.btitle=Coloquio+sobre+derechos+ind%C3%ADgenas&rft.place=Oaxaca&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=IOC&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-968-6951-31-8&rft.aulast=Bartolom%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Miguel+Alberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.cit.cornell.edu%2Fiard4010%2Fdocuments%2FPluralismo_cultural_y_redefinicion_del_estado_en_Mexico.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congreso.gob.pe/Docs/files/CONSTITUTION_27_11_2012_ENG.pdf">"Political Constitution of Peru"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+Constitution+of+Peru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congreso.gob.pe%2FDocs%2Ffiles%2FCONSTITUTION_27_11_2012_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban2021" class="citation journal cs1">Urban, Matthias (1 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2020.101354">"Linguistic and cultural divisions in pre-Hispanic Northern Peru"</a>. <i>Language Sciences</i>. <b>85</b>: 101354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2020.101354">10.1016/j.langsci.2020.101354</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0388-0001">0388-0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234217133">234217133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Sciences&rft.atitle=Linguistic+and+cultural+divisions+in+pre-Hispanic+Northern+Peru&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=101354&rft.date=2021-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234217133%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0388-0001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2020.101354&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.langsci.2020.101354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColerValenzuelaZariquiey2018" class="citation journal cs1">Coler, Matt; Valenzuela, Pilar; Zariquiey, Roberto (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/695541">"Introduction"</a>. <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>84</b> (S1): S1–S4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F695541">10.1086/695541</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7071">0020-7071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224808126">224808126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=S1&rft.pages=S1-S4&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224808126%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-7071&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F695541&rft.aulast=Coler&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=Valenzuela%2C+Pilar&rft.au=Zariquiey%2C+Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F695541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mestizo">"mestizo"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary</i>. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2008. <q>a person of mixed blood; specifically: Generally used in Latin America to describe a person of mixed European and American Indian indigenous ancestry.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=mestizo&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmestizo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary.reference.com-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dictionary.reference.com_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mestizo">"Mestizo – Define Mestizo at Dictionary.com"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Mestizo+%E2%80%93+Define+Mestizo+at+Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmestizo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlfonsoX-p261R-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AlfonsoX-p261R_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfonso_X1275" class="citation book cs1">Alfonso X (1275). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://Corpus.rae.es"><i>General Estoria. Primera parte</i></a>. Spain. p. 261R.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Estoria.+Primera+parte&rft.place=Spain&rft.pages=261R&rft.date=1275&rft.au=Alfonso+X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2FCorpus.rae.es&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbst-p.144-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herbst-p.144_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbst-p.144_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbst1997" class="citation book cs1">Herbst, Philip (1997). <i>The Color of Words: An Encyclopædic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States</i>. Yarmouth: Intercultural Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877864-42-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877864-42-1"><bdi>978-1-877864-42-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Color+of+Words%3A+An+Encyclop%C3%A6dic+Dictionary+of+Ethnic+Bias+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Yarmouth&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Intercultural+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-877864-42-1&rft.aulast=Herbst&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rappaport-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rappaport_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rappaport_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rappaport, Joanne, <i>The Disappearing Mestizo: Configuring Difference in the Colonial New Kingdom of Granada</i>. Durham: Duke University Press 2014, pp.208-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mörner, <i>Race Mixture</i>, p.58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mörner, <i>Race Mixture</i>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Laura A. <i>Hall of Mirrors: Power, Witchcraft, and Caste in Colonial Mexico</i>. Durham: Duke University Press 2003, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sr. Don Pedro Alonso O’Crouley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y208AAAAIAAJ&q=%20%22If%20the%20mixed-blood%20is%20the%20offspring%20of%20a%20Spaniard%20and%20an%20Indian,%20the%20stigma%22"><i>A Description of the Kingdom of New Spain</i></a> (1774), trans. and ed. Sean Galvin. San Francisco: John Howell Books, 1972, 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O’Crouley, "A Description of the Kingdom of New Spain’’, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, <i>Hall of Mirrors</i>, pp. 86-91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_N._StearnsWilliam_L._Langer2001" class="citation book cs1">Peter N. Stearns & William L. Langer (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MziRd4ddZz4C&q=mestizo+cuba&pg=RA1-PA401"><i>Encyclopedia of World History:Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+History%3AAncient%2C+Medieval%2C+and+Modern%2C+Chronologically+Arranged&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Peter+N.+Stearns&rft.au=William+L.+Langer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMziRd4ddZz4C%26q%3Dmestizo%2Bcuba%26pg%3DRA1-PA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnic_Groups_in_Venezuela-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnic_Groups_in_Venezuela_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/venezuela/17.htm">"Venezuela – ETHNIC GROUPS"</a>. <i>Countrystudies.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Countrystudies.us&rft.atitle=Venezuela+%E2%80%93+ETHNIC+GROUPS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fvenezuela%2F17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAS_CASTAS_EN_LA_SOCIEDAD_COLONIAL_VENEZOLANA-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LAS_CASTAS_EN_LA_SOCIEDAD_COLONIAL_VENEZOLANA_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194015/http://www.eldesafiodelahistoria.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=193:silvio-di-bernardo&catid=94:publicate&Itemid=129">"El Desafío de la Historia"</a>. <i>Eldesafiodelahistoria.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eldesafiodelahistoria.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=193:silvio-di-bernardo&catid=94:publicate&Itemid=129">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eldesafiodelahistoria.com&rft.atitle=El+Desaf%C3%ADo+de+la+Historia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldesafiodelahistoria.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D193%3Asilvio-di-bernardo%26catid%3D94%3Apublicate%26Itemid%3D129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuerst-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fuerst_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_G.R._Fuerst_and_Emil_O._W._Kirkegaard" class="citation web cs1">John G.R. Fuerst and Emil O. W. Kirkegaard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298214364_Admixture_in_the_Americas_Regional_and_National_Differences">"Admixture in the Americas: Regional and National Differences"</a>. <i>Research Gate</i>. p. 364-365.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Gate&rft.atitle=Admixture+in+the+Americas%3A+Regional+and+National+Differences&rft.pages=364-365&rft.au=John+G.R.+Fuerst+and+Emil+O.+W.+Kirkegaard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F298214364_Admixture_in_the_Americas_Regional_and_National_Differences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/honduras/#people-and-society">"Honduras"</a>. <i>Cia Factbook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cia+Factbook&rft.atitle=Honduras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fhonduras%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/#people-and-society">"El Salvador"</a>. <i>Cia Factbook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cia+Factbook&rft.atitle=El+Salvador&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fel-salvador%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador/#people-and-society">"Honduras"</a>. <i>Cia Factbook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cia+Factbook&rft.atitle=Honduras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fecuador%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lizcano-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lizcano_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lizcano_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lizcano_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lizcano_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lizcano_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lizcano_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lizcano_33-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisco_Lizcano" class="citation web cs1">Francisco Lizcano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26418676_Composicion_Etnica_de_las_Tres_Areas_Culturales_del_Continente_Americano_al_Comienzo_del_Siglo_XXI_Ethnic_Composition_of_the_Three_Cultural_Areas_of_the_American_Continent_at_the_Beginning_of_the_21st">"Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI / Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century"</a>. <i>Research Gate</i>. p. 218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Gate&rft.atitle=Composici%C3%B3n+%C3%89tnica+de+las+Tres+%C3%81reas+Culturales+del+Continente+Americano+al+Comienzo+del+Siglo+XXI+%2F+Ethnic+Composition+of+the+Three+Cultural+Areas+of+the+American+Continent+at+the+Beginning+of+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=218&rft.au=Francisco+Lizcano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F26418676_Composicion_Etnica_de_las_Tres_Areas_Culturales_del_Continente_Americano_al_Comienzo_del_Siglo_XXI_Ethnic_Composition_of_the_Three_Cultural_Areas_of_the_American_Continent_at_the_Beginning_of_the_21st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia/#people-and-society">"Bolivia"</a>. <i>Cia Factbook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cia+Factbook&rft.atitle=Bolivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbolivia%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/#people-and-society">"Panama"</a>. <i>Cia Factbook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cia+Factbook&rft.atitle=Panama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpanama%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Venezuela/Immigration-and-ethnic-composition">"Venezuela"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Venezuela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FVenezuela%2FImmigration-and-ethnic-composition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/#people-and-society">"Peru"</a>. <i>Cia Factbook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cia+Factbook&rft.atitle=Peru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fperu%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://user.iiasa.ac.at/~marek/fbook/04/geos/co.html">"Colombia"</a>. <i>Cia Factbook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cia+Factbook&rft.atitle=Colombia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuser.iiasa.ac.at%2F~marek%2Ffbook%2F04%2Fgeos%2Fco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/dominican-republic/#people-and-society">"Dominican Republic"</a>. <i>Cia Factbook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cia+Factbook&rft.atitle=Dominican+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fdominican-republic%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://user.iiasa.ac.at/~marek/fbook/04/geos/gt.html">"Guatemala"</a>. <i>Cia Factbook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cia+Factbook&rft.atitle=Guatemala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuser.iiasa.ac.at%2F~marek%2Ffbook%2F04%2Fgeos%2Fgt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belize/#people-and-society">"Belize"</a>. <i>Cia Factbook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cia+Factbook&rft.atitle=Belize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbelize%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html">"2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country"</a>. <i>United States census</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+census&rft.atitle=2020+Census+Illuminates+Racial+and+Ethnic+Composition+of+the+Country&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensus.gov%2Flibrary%2Fstories%2F2021%2F08%2Fimproved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P1?g=040XX00US72">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country: Puerto Rico"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>United States census</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+census&rft.atitle=%222020+Census+Illuminates+Racial+and+Ethnic+Composition+of+the+Country%3A+Puerto+Rico%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FDECENNIALPL2020.P1%3Fg%3D040XX00US72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/#people-and-society">"Brazil"</a>. <i>Cia Factbook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cia+Factbook&rft.atitle=Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbrazil%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-redalyc-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-redalyc_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220348/http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf">"Al respecto no debe olvidarse que en estos países buena parte de las personas consideradas biológicamente blancas son mestizas en el aspecto cultural, el que aquí nos interesa (p. 196)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Redalyc.org. 16 March 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al+respecto+no+debe+olvidarse+que+en+estos+pa%C3%ADses+buena+parte+de+las+personas+consideradas+biol%C3%B3gicamente+blancas+son+mestizas+en+el+aspecto+cultural%2C+el+que+aqu%C3%AD+nos+interesa+%28p.+196%29&rft.pub=Redalyc.org&rft.date=2005-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fpdf%2F105%2F10503808.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartolomé_1996:2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bartolomé_1996:2_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartolomé_1996:2_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartolomé_1996:2_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartolomé1996" class="citation book cs1">Bartolomé, Miguel Alberto (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.cit.cornell.edu/iard4010/documents/Pluralismo_cultural_y_redefinicion_del_estado_en_Mexico.pdf">"Pluralismo cultural y redefinicion del estado en México"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Coloquio sobre derechos indígenas</i>. Oaxaca: IOC. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-6951-31-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-968-6951-31-8"><bdi>978-968-6951-31-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pluralismo+cultural+y+redefinicion+del+estado+en+M%C3%A9xico&rft.btitle=Coloquio+sobre+derechos+ind%C3%ADgenas&rft.place=Oaxaca&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=IOC&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-968-6951-31-8&rft.aulast=Bartolom%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Miguel+Alberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.cit.cornell.edu%2Fiard4010%2Fdocuments%2FPluralismo_cultural_y_redefinicion_del_estado_en_Mexico.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight_1990:73-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knight_1990:73_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1990" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Alan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideaofraceinlat000grah/page/73">"Racism, Revolution and <i>indigenismo</i>: Mexico 1910–1940"</a>. In Graham, Richard (ed.). <i>The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideaofraceinlat000grah/page/73">73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73856-0"><bdi>978-0-292-73856-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racism%2C+Revolution+and+indigenismo%3A+Mexico+1910%E2%80%931940&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Race+in+Latin+America%2C+1870%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-292-73856-0&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fideaofraceinlat000grah%2Fpage%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade1997" class="citation book cs1">Wade, Peter (1997). <i>Race and Ethnicity in Latin America</i>. Chicago: Pluto Press. pp. 44–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0987-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0987-3"><bdi>978-0-7453-0987-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Ethnicity+in+Latin+America&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=44-47&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-0987-3&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/Ethnic-groups">"Mexico- Ethnic groups"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mexico-+Ethnic+groups&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMexico%2FEthnic-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INMEGEN1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INMEGEN1_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_SobrinoSilva_ZolezziSebastián_Medina2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González Sobrino, Blanca Zoila; Silva Zolezzi, Irma; Sebastián Medina, Leticia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705014357/http://www.inmegen.gob.mx/tema/cms_page_media/397/Miradas_LETY%20SEBASTI%C3%81N_.pdf">"Miradas sin rendicíon, imaginario y presencia del universo indígena"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). INMEGEN. pp. 51–67. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inmegen.gob.mx/tema/cms_page_media/397/Miradas_LETY%20SEBASTIÁN_.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miradas+sin+rendic%C3%ADon%2C+imaginario+y+presencia+del+universo+ind%C3%ADgena&rft.pages=51-67&rft.pub=INMEGEN&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Sobrino&rft.aufirst=Blanca+Zoila&rft.au=Silva+Zolezzi%2C+Irma&rft.au=Sebasti%C3%A1n+Medina%2C+Leticia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inmegen.gob.mx%2Ftema%2Fcms_page_media%2F397%2FMiradas_LETY%2520SEBASTI%C3%81N_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno_FigueroaMoreno_Figueroa2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moreno Figueroa, Mónica G.; Moreno Figueroa, Mónica G. (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1607-050X2016000200092&lng=es&nrm=iso">"El archivo del estudio del racismo en México"</a> [An Archive of the Study of Racism in Mexico]. <i>Desacatos</i> (in Spanish) (51): 92–107. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1812273925">1812273925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Desacatos&rft.atitle=El+archivo+del+estudio+del+racismo+en+M%C3%A9xico&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=92-107&rft.date=2016-08&rft.aulast=Moreno+Figueroa&rft.aufirst=M%C3%B3nica+G.&rft.au=Moreno+Figueroa%2C+M%C3%B3nica+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.mx%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS1607-050X2016000200092%26lng%3Des%26nrm%3Diso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801102632/http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf">"El mestizaje en Mexico"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+mestizaje+en+Mexico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenp4.unam.mx%2Famc%2Flibro_munioz_cota%2Flibro%2Fcap4%2Flec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22832385-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22832385_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22832385_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez-CortésSalazar-FloresGabriela_Fernández-RodríguezRubi-Castellanos2012" class="citation journal cs1">Martínez-Cortés, Gabriela; Salazar-Flores, Joel; Gabriela Fernández-Rodríguez, Laura; Rubi-Castellanos, Rodrigo; Rodríguez-Loya, Carmen; Velarde-Félix, Jesús Salvador; Francisco Muñoz-Valle, José; Parra-Rojas, Isela; Rangel-Villalobos, Héctor (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fjhg.2012.67">"Admixture and population structure in Mexican-Mestizos based on paternal lineages"</a>. <i>Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>57</b> (9): 568–574. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fjhg.2012.67">10.1038/jhg.2012.67</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22832385">22832385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Admixture+and+population+structure+in+Mexican-Mestizos+based+on+paternal+lineages&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=568-574&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fjhg.2012.67&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22832385&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez-Cort%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Gabriela&rft.au=Salazar-Flores%2C+Joel&rft.au=Gabriela+Fern%C3%A1ndez-Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Laura&rft.au=Rubi-Castellanos%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Loya%2C+Carmen&rft.au=Velarde-F%C3%A9lix%2C+Jes%C3%BAs+Salvador&rft.au=Francisco+Mu%C3%B1oz-Valle%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Parra-Rojas%2C+Isela&rft.au=Rangel-Villalobos%2C+H%C3%A9ctor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fjhg.2012.67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.K._EstradaA._Hidalgo-MirandaI._Silva-ZolezziG._Jimenez-Sanchez" class="citation web cs1">J.K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESTADISMO+DE+LAS+ISLAS+FILIPINAS+TOMO+PRIMERO+By+Joaqu%C3%ADn+Mart%C3%ADnez+de+Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga+%28Original+Spanish%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xeniaeditrice.it%2Fzu%25C3%25B1igaIocrpdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estadismo2-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo2_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia601608.us.archive.org/10/items/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ.pdf">ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senate.gov.ph-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-senate.gov.ph_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacrohon2013" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Macrohon, Pilar (21 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516035425/http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp">"Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday"</a> (Press release). PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp">the original</a> on 16 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+declares+Chinese+New+Year+as+special+working+holiday&rft.pub=PRIB%2C+Office+of+the+Senate+Secretary%2C+Senate+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft.aulast=Macrohon&rft.aufirst=Pilar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov.ph%2Fpress_release%2F2013%2F0121_prib1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101131721/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6689/b1744892x.pdf">"The ethnic Chinese variable in domestic and foreign policies in Malaysia and Indonesia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 96. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6689/b1744892x.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ethnic+Chinese+variable+in+domestic+and+foreign+policies+in+Malaysia+and+Indonesia&rft.pages=96&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsummit.sfu.ca%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Firitems1%2F6689%2Fb1744892x.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senate.gov.phb-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-senate.gov.phb_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacrohon2013" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Macrohon, Pilar (21 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp">"Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday"</a> (Press release). PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+declares+Chinese+New+Year+as+special+working+holiday&rft.pub=PRIB%2C+Office+of+the+Senate+Secretary%2C+Senate+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft.aulast=Macrohon&rft.aufirst=Pilar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov.ph%2Fpress_release%2F2013%2F0121_prib1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molnar-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Molnar_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolnar2017" class="citation book cs1">Molnar, Nicholas Trajano (2017). <i>American Mestizos, The Philippines, and the Malleability of Race: 1898-1961</i>. University of Missouri Press. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826221223" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826221223"><bdi>978-0826221223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Mestizos%2C+The+Philippines%2C+and+the+Malleability+of+Race%3A+1898-1961&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0826221223&rft.aulast=Molnar&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Trajano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorenzana-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lorenzana_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzana2013" class="citation book cs1">Lorenzana, Jozon A. (2013). "Being Indian in Post-colonial Metro Manila: Identities, Boundaries and the Media Practices". In Eng, Lai Ah; Collins, Francis L.; Yeoh, Brenda S.A. (eds.). <i>Migration and Diversity in Asian Contexts</i>. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 202–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814380478" title="Special:BookSources/9789814380478"><bdi>9789814380478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Being+Indian+in+Post-colonial+Metro+Manila%3A+Identities%2C+Boundaries+and+the+Media+Practices&rft.btitle=Migration+and+Diversity+in+Asian+Contexts&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=202-203&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789814380478&rft.aulast=Lorenzana&rft.aufirst=Jozon+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruz-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cruz_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz2012" class="citation book cs1">Cruz, Denise (2012). <i>Transpacific Femininities The Making of the Modern Filipina</i>. Duke University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822353164" title="Special:BookSources/9780822353164"><bdi>9780822353164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transpacific+Femininities+The+Making+of+the+Modern+Filipina&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780822353164&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Denise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sniegowski-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sniegowski_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSniegowski2013" class="citation news cs1">Sniegowski, Julia (26 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/ystyle/2013/04/26/934842/about-face-breaking-down-filipina-beauty">"About face: Breaking down Filipina beauty"</a>. <i>The Philippine Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=About+face%3A+Breaking+down+Filipina+beauty&rft.date=2013-04-26&rft.aulast=Sniegowski&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Flifestyle%2Fystyle%2F2013%2F04%2F26%2F934842%2Fabout-face-breaking-down-filipina-beauty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.heritage.org/civil-society/commentary/the-invention-hispanics-what-it-says-about-the-politics-race">https://www.heritage.org/civil-society/commentary/the-invention-hispanics-what-it-says-about-the-politics-race</a>, “[the] race idea is somewhat at odds with the experience of Mexican Americans, over half of whom designate themselves racially as white.” </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez-Barrera2015" class="citation web cs1">Gonzalez-Barrera, Ana (10 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/10/mestizo-and-mulatto-mixed-race-identities-unique-to-hispanics/#:~:text=The%20term%20mestizo%20means%20mixed,European%20and%20an%20indigenous%20background.">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Mestizo' and 'mulatto': Mixed-race identities among U.S. Hispanics"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=%27Mestizo%27+and+%27mulatto%27%3A+Mixed-race+identities+among+U.S.+Hispanics&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft.aulast=Gonzalez-Barrera&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2015%2F07%2F10%2Fmestizo-and-mulatto-mixed-race-identities-unique-to-hispanics%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520term%2520mestizo%2520means%2520mixed%2CEuropean%2520and%2520an%2520indigenous%2520background.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis_1997_Mestizaje-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_1997_Mestizaje_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_1997_Mestizaje_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1997" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Stephen (1997). "Mestizaje". In Werner, Michael S. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Mexico: M-Z</i>. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 840–841. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-31-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-31-2"><bdi>978-1-884964-31-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mestizaje&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mexico%3A+M-Z&rft.pages=840-841&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-31-2&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vinson, Ben III. <i>Before Mestizaje</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018, pp. 61-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sierra, Justo. <i>The Political Evolution of the Mexican People</i>. Trans. Charles Ramsdell. Austin: University of Texas Press. P. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade1997" class="citation book cs1">Wade, Peter (1997). <i>Race and Ethnicity in Latin America</i>. Chicago: Pluto Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0987-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0987-3"><bdi>978-0-7453-0987-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Ethnicity+in+Latin+America&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-0987-3&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1990" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Alan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideaofraceinlat000grah/page/78">"Racism, Revolution and <i>indigenismo</i>: Mexico 1910–1940"</a>. In Graham, Richard (ed.). <i>The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideaofraceinlat000grah/page/78">78–85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73856-0"><bdi>978-0-292-73856-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racism%2C+Revolution+and+indigenismo%3A+Mexico+1910%E2%80%931940&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Race+in+Latin+America%2C+1870%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=78-85&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-292-73856-0&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fideaofraceinlat000grah%2Fpage%2F78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Hale_(anthropologist)" title="Charles R. Hale (anthropologist)">Hale, Charles R.</a> (28 June 2008). "Mestizaje, Hybridity, and the Cultural Politics of Difference in Post-Revolutionary Central America". <i>Journal of Latin American Anthropology</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 34–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjlca.1996.2.1.34">10.1525/jlca.1996.2.1.34</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Mestizaje%2C+Hybridity%2C+and+the+Cultural+Politics+of+Difference+in+Post-Revolutionary+Central+America&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-61&rft.date=2008-06-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjlca.1996.2.1.34&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winthrop Wright, Cafe ́Con Leche: Race, Class and National Image in Venezuela. Austin: University of Texas Press 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sueann Caulfield, 'Interracial Courtship in the Rio de Janeiro Courts, 1918–1940,' in Nancy P. Appelbaum, Anne S. Macpherson and Karin A. Rosemblatt (eds.) in <i>Race and Nation in Modern Latin America</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marisol de la Cadena,<i>Indigenous Mestizos: The Politics of Race and Culture in Cuzco, 1919–1991</i>. Durham: Duke University Press 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wade, Peter, <i>Blackness and Race Mixture: The Dynamics of Racial Identity in Colombia</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alvarezgalloso.wordpress.com/2007/12/30/la-descendencia-espanola-de-moctezuma-reclama-pago-de-mexico/">"La descendencia española de Moctezuma reclama pago de Mexico"</a>. <i>El Noticiero de Alvarez Galloso</i>. 30 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Noticiero+de+Alvarez+Galloso&rft.atitle=La+descendencia+espa%C3%B1ola+de+Moctezuma+reclama+pago+de+Mexico&rft.date=2007-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falvarezgalloso.wordpress.com%2F2007%2F12%2F30%2Fla-descendencia-espanola-de-moctezuma-reclama-pago-de-mexico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Ades Queija, Berta. "Mestizos en hábito de indios: Estraegias transgresoras o identidades difusas?" <i>Pasar as fronteiras: Actas do II Colóqyui Internacional sobre Mediadores Culturais, séculos XV a XVIII</i> (Lagos-Outubro 1997). Ed. Rui Manuel Loureiro and Serge Gruzinski, 122-46. Lagos, Nigeria: Centro de Estudios Gil Eanes 1999.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatallaDennis1996" class="citation book cs1">Batalla, Guillermo; Dennis, Philip (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicoprofundore0000bonf"><i>Mexico Profundo: Reclaiming A Civilization</i></a></span>. Univ of Texas Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70843-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70843-3"><bdi>978-0-292-70843-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico+Profundo%3A+Reclaiming+A+Civilization&rft.pub=Univ+of+Texas+Pr&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70843-3&rft.aulast=Batalla&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft.au=Dennis%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmexicoprofundore0000bonf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2012" class="citation journal cs1">Becker, Marc (September 2012). "The Limits of Indigenismo in Ecuador". <i>Latin American Perspectives</i>. <b>39</b> (5): 45–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582x12447273">10.1177/0094582x12447273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145145902">145145902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Limits+of+Indigenismo+in+Ecuador&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=45-62&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0094582x12447273&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145145902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bonil Gómez, Katherine. <i>Gobierno y calidad en el orden colonial: Las categorías del mestizaje en la provincia de Mariquita en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII</i>. Bogotá: Ediciones Uniandes 2011.</li> <li>Chance, John K. <i>Race and Class in Colonial Oaxaca</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1978.</li> <li>Cope, R. Douglas. <i>The Limits of Racial Domination: Plebeian Society in Col-515.onial Mexico City, 1660-1720</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1994.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Cadena2005" class="citation journal cs1">de la Cadena, Marisol (May 2005). "Are Mestizos Hybrids? The Conceptual Politics of Andean Identities". <i>Journal of Latin American Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 259–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022216X05009004">10.1017/S0022216X05009004</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3875686">3875686</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/195913906">195913906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Are+Mestizos+Hybrids%3F+The+Conceptual+Politics+of+Andean+Identities&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-284&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022216X05009004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3875686%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=de+la+Cadena&rft.aufirst=Marisol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>de la Cadena, Marisol. <i>Indigenous Mestizos: The Politics of Race and Culture in Cuzco, Peru 1919-1991</i>. Durham: Duke University Press 2000.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuno_Gottberg2003" class="citation book cs1">Duno Gottberg, Luis (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/solventandolasdi0000duno"><i>Solventando las diferencias: la ideología del mestizaje en Cuba</i></a></span>. Madrid: Iberoamericana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8489-091-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8489-091-1"><bdi>978-84-8489-091-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solventando+las+diferencias%3A+la+ideolog%C3%ADa+del+mestizaje+en+Cuba&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Iberoamericana&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-84-8489-091-1&rft.aulast=Duno+Gottberg&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsolventandolasdi0000duno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fisher, Andrew B. and Matthew O'Hara, eds. <i>Imperial Subjects: Race and Identity in Colonial Latin America</i>. Durham: Duke University Press 2009.</li> <li>Frederick, Jake. "Without Impediment: Crossing Racial Boundaries in Colonial Mexico." The Americas 67. 4 (2011): 495-515.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraubart2009" class="citation journal cs1">Graubart, Karen B. (1 August 2009). "The Creolization of the New World: Local Forms of Identification in Urban Colonial Peru, 1560–1640". <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>89</b> (3): 471–499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-2009-003">10.1215/00182168-2009-003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Creolization+of+the+New+World%3A+Local+Forms+of+Identification+in+Urban+Colonial+Peru%2C+1560%E2%80%931640&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=471-499&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-2009-003&rft.aulast=Graubart&rft.aufirst=Karen+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gruzinski, Serge. <i>The Mestizo Mind: The Intellectual Dynamics of Colonization and Globalization</i>. Trans. Deke Dusinberre. Longon: Routledge 2002.</li> <li>Hill, ruth. "Casta as Culture and the <i>Sociedad de Castas</i> as Literature." <i>Interpreting Colonialism</i>. Ed. Philip Stueward and byron Wells, 231-59. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation 2004.</li> <li>Katzew, Ilona. <i>Casta Painting: Images of Race in Eighteenth-Century Mexico</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press 2004.</li> <li>Leibsohn, Dana, and Barbara E. Mundy, "Reckoning with Mestizaje," <i>Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520-1820</i> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vistas.ace.fordham.edu/themes/mestizaje-surveying/">http://www.fordham.edu/vistas</a>.</li> <li>Lewis, Laura. <i>Hall of Mirrors: Power, Witchcraft, and Caste in Colonial Mexico</i>. Durham: Duke University Press 2003.</li> <li>Martinez, Maria Elena. "Interrogating Blood Lines: "Purity of Blood," the Inquisition, and <i>Casta</i> categories." in <i>Religion in New Spain</i>. ed. Susan Schroeder and Stafford Poole, 196-217. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2007.</li> <li>Mörner, Magnus. <i>Race Mixture in the History of Latin America</i>. Boston: Little, Brown 1967,</li> <li>Rappaport, Joanne. <i>The Disappearing Mestizo: Configuring Difference in the Colonial Kingdom of Granada</i>. Durham: Duke University Press 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5636-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5636-3">978-0-8223-5636-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwaller2012" class="citation journal cs1">Schwaller, R. C. (1 October 2012). "The Importance of Mestizos and Mulatos as Bilingual Intermediaries in Sixteenth-Century New Spain". <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>59</b> (4): 713–738. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00141801-1642725">10.1215/00141801-1642725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Mestizos+and+Mulatos+as+Bilingual+Intermediaries+in+Sixteenth-Century+New+Spain&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=713-738&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00141801-1642725&rft.aulast=Schwaller&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080320205224.htm">"Genetic Study Of Latin Americans Sheds Light On A Troubled History"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Genetic+Study+Of+Latin+Americans+Sheds+Light+On+A+Troubled+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2008%2F03%2F080320205224.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vinson, Ben III. <i>Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangRayRojasParra2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, S.; Ray, N.; Rojas, W.; Parra, M. V.; Bedoya, G.; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2265669">"Geographic Patterns of Genome Admixture in Latin American Mestizos"</a>. <i>PLOS Genet</i>. <b>4</b> (3): e1000037. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000037">10.1371/journal.pgen.1000037</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2265669">2265669</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18369456">18369456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genet&rft.atitle=Geographic+Patterns+of+Genome+Admixture+in+Latin+American+Mestizos&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e1000037&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2265669%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18369456&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000037&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Ray%2C+N.&rft.au=Rojas%2C+W.&rft.au=Parra%2C+M.+V.&rft.au=Bedoya%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2265669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mestizo" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mestizo">Mestizo</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww.latinola.com/story.php?story=4614">The 1921 Mexican Census</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023050002/http://www2.truman.edu/~marc/webpages/andean2k/conquest/mestizo.html">The Construction and Function of Race: Creating The Mestizo</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Mestizo"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Mestizo">"Mestizo" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mestizo&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207065423/http://www.manaus.am.gov.br/secretarias/secretariaMunicipalDeAdministracaoEPlanejamento/servicos/dom/2006/pdf/dom20061397cad1">Copy of the Mestizo Day law - City of Manaus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacaomestica.org/lei_do_dia_do_mestico_am.JPG">Copy of the Mestizo Day law - State of Amazon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224215432/http://www.nacaomestica.org/lei_do_dia_do_mestico_am.JPG">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imprensaoficial.rr.gov.br/diarios/doe-20071010.pdf">Copy of the Mestizo Day law - State of Roraima</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815095643/http://www.imprensaoficial.rr.gov.br/diarios/doe-20071010.pdf">Archived</a> 15 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacaomestica.org/">Mestizo Nation Movement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nacaomestica.org/blog4/?p=1603">Legislative Assembly pays tribute to the caboclos and all Mestizos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405192023/https://nacaomestica.org/blog4/?p=1603">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Mestizo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">Mestiço</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Belizean" title="Hispanic and Latin American Belizean">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo_Colombian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizo Colombian">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-race_Brazilian#White/Amerindian" title="Mixed-race Brazilian">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">Caboclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%C3%A7aras" title="Caiçaras">Caiçaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">Mestiços</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardo Brazilian">Pardos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Mexico" title="Mestizos in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7os_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Mestiços (Sri Lanka)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><u><b>Related terms/topics:</b></u><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Blanqueamiento" title="Blanqueamiento">Blanqueamiento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_(racial_classification)" title="Bronze (racial classification)">Bronze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Cholo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half-breed" title="Half-breed">Half-breed</a>/<a href="/wiki/Half-caste" title="Half-caste">Half-caste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladino_people" title="Ladino people">Ladinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed-blood" title="Mixed-blood">Mixed-blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">Pardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_navbox" title="Template:Hispanic and Latino Americans navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_navbox" title="Template talk:Hispanic and Latino Americans navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hispanic and Latino Americans navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Index of articles related to Hispanic and Latino Americans">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_(ethnic_categories)" title="Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)">Hispanic and Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latino_(demonym)" title="Latino (demonym)">Latino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Demographics of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Demographics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creoles of Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_(Louisiana)" title="Isleños (Louisiana)">Isleño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridanos" title="Floridanos">Floridanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Nuevomexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejanos" title="Tejanos">Tejano</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuyorican" title="Nuyorican">Nuyorican</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South American<sup id="cite_ref-D_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Christianity among Hispanic and Latino Americans">Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_American_Muslims" title="Hispanic and Latino American Muslims">Muslims</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Arizona" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_California" title="Hispanics and Latinos in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_San_Diego" title="Hispanics and Latinos in San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Colorado" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Florida" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Maryland" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Massachusetts" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Nevada" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_Jersey" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_Mexico" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_York" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New York">New York</a></li> <li>Oregon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Portland,_Oregon" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Texas" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Houston">Houston</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Utah" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Hispanics and Latinos in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Stereotypes of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States">Stereotypes in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_politics" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in politics">In politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">In the United States Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_American_women_in_journalism" title="Hispanic and Latino American women in journalism">Women in journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-D-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hispanic_and_Latino_American_society" title="Category:Hispanic and Latino American society">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Miscegenation_in_Spanish_colonies" title="Template:Miscegenation in Spanish colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Miscegenation_in_Spanish_colonies" title="Template talk:Miscegenation in Spanish colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Miscegenation_in_Spanish_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Miscegenation in Spanish colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Casta_terms_for_interracial_marriage_in_Spanish_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></i> terms for <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="margin:auto; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Parent </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a> </td> <td>——— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peninsulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsulars">Peninsular</a> </td> <td>——— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peninsulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsulars">Peninsular</a> </td> <td>——— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindian</a> </td> <td>——— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>1st generation</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mestizo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>2nd generation (with one Spanish parent)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">Cuarterón de negro</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moreno#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:moreno">Moreno</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>2nd generation (with one Amerindian parent)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chino#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chino">Chino</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mestizo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Cholo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Sambu" title="Miskito Sambu">Cambujo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>2nd generation (with one black parent)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>Negro fino </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mulato" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulato">Mulato</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">Cimarrón</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prieto" class="extiw" title="wikt:prieto">Prieto</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Multiracial_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiethnicity" title="Template:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiethnicity" title="Template talk:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multiracial_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Jews" title="Amazonian Jews">Amazonian Jews</a></li> <li>Brazilians <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pt:ju%C3%A7ara" class="extiw" title="wikt:pt:juçara"><i>juçaras</i></a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cai%C3%A7aras" title="Caiçaras">caiçaras</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardo</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mameluco" title="Mameluco">mameluco</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarar%C3%A1" title="Sarará">sarará</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo"><i>cafuzo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla</a></li> <li>Eurasians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5i_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di" title="Bụi đời">Bụi đời</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_people" title="Anglo-Burmese people">Anglo-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Dutch Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Eurasian Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Filipino Mestizo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu">Hāfu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luk_khrueng" title="Luk khrueng">Luk khrueng</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Asians" title="Luso-Asians">Luso-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topasses" title="Topasses">Topasses</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people_in_China" title="Multiracial people in China">Hùnxuě'ér</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiço</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu"><i>ainoko</i></a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mestizo</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">castizo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">cholo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coyote_(racial_category)" title="Coyote (racial category)">coyote</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-blood" title="Mixed-blood">Mixed-blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto"><i>mulatos</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">Quadroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacatra" title="Sacatra">Sacatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diasporas" title="List of diasporas">Diasporas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_luk_khrueng_people" title="List of luk khrueng people">luk khrueng people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_of_the_future" title="Race of the future">Race of the future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106713#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106713#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106713#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1017453/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh93008230">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Métis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976662z">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Métis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976662z">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000011877">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546750405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&oldid=1257206432">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mestizo&oldid=1257206432</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mestizo" 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