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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mestizo Mexicans</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><i>Mexicanos mestizos (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara_mariachis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Guadalajara_mariachis.jpg/220px-Guadalajara_mariachis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Guadalajara_mariachis.jpg/330px-Guadalajara_mariachis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Guadalajara_mariachis.jpg/440px-Guadalajara_mariachis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="481" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">XIII International Meeting of Mariachi and Charreria in <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Mixed ancestry predominates</b><br /><b>51–115 million</b><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-INMEGEN1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INMEGEN1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />40%–90% of the Mexican population</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="Catholic Church in Mexico">Roman Catholicism</a><br />Minority: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Mexico" title="Protestantism in Mexico">Protestantism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians">Pardo Brazilians</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mestizo_Colombians" title="Mestizo Colombians">Mestizo Colombians</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Dominicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed Dominicans">Mixed Dominicans</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Moreno_Venezuelans" title="Moreno Venezuelans">Moreno Venezuelans</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Others</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Mexico, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a></i> (lit. "mixed") refers to an <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a> of those of mixed <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Mexico" title="Spaniards in Mexico">Spanish</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Mexican">Indigenous Mexican</a> ancestry. Some believe it can be defined by criteria ranging from ideological and cultural to self-identification, genetic ancestry, or physical appearance. According to these criteria, estimates of the number of <i>mestizos</i> in Mexico vary from about 40 percent of the population to over 90% (including Indigenous people that do not recognize themselves as part of an Indigenous culture and <a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">White Mexicans</a>) who do not belong to the country's culturally indigenous minorities. A survey done by Latinobarometro in 2018 found that around 58% of Mexicans self-identify as mestizos when asked about their race, and another survey by <i>Cohesión Social</i> found that over 70% of Mexicans identified as mixed-race. Some genetic studies have claimed that mestizos make up over 93% of Mexico's present-day population, but this is disputed, with many Mexicans, including those of mixed ancestry, identifying more with static racial labels such as "white" or "indigenous" rather than mestizo, and a large number simply identifying as "Mexican," rejecting racialized labels.<sup id="cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knight_1990:73_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_1990:73-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bartolomé_1996:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartolomé_1996:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lizcano_Fernández_2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lizcano_Fernández_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meaning of the word <i>mestizo</i> has changed with time; it was originally used in the <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">colonial era</a> to refer to individuals who had one Spanish and one <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindian</a> parent. Although the caste system and racial classification were officially abandoned when Mexico became <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">independent</a>, the label <i>mestizo</i> was still used in academic circles to refer to people of <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">mixed race</a>. A <i>mestizo</i> ideology was created (exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos" title="José Vasconcelos">José Vasconcelos</a> essay <i><a href="/wiki/La_raza_c%C3%B3smica" title="La raza cósmica">La raza cósmica</a></i>) that <i>mestizos</i> are the result of racial mixing, and all Mexico must become <i>mestizo</i> so the country could achieve prosperity. After the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>, the government adopted and promoted the <i>mestizo</i> ideology to create a unified Mexican identity with no racial distinctions. By 1930, racial identities other than "indigenous" disappeared from the Mexican census. All Mexicans who did not speak indigenous languages (including European Mexicans) were now considered <i>mestizo</i>, transforming a racial identity into a national one.<sup id="cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People of different <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypes</a> make up Mexico's <i>mestizo</i> population, with many being of predominantly European or predominantly Indigenous ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-Lizcano_Fernández_2005_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lizcano_Fernández_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the term has a number of socio-cultural, economic, racial and genetic meanings, estimates of the Mexican <i>mestizo</i> population vary widely. The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> estimate that around two-thirds of the Mexican population is <i>mestizo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Mexico's national identity, all Mexicans who are not indigenous and participate in the nation's <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico" title="Culture of Mexico">culture</a> may be considered <i>mestizo</i> (culturally Mexican) regardless of racial background.<sup id="cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word had disappeared from the popular Mexican vocabulary long ago, since it had a pejorative connotation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartolomé_1996:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartolomé_1996:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern academics have challenged the <i>mestizo</i> concept on the grounds that census data indicates that marriages between people of different races were rare;<sup id="cite_ref-MexicoRacista1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MexicoRacista1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arguing that the ideology has incentivized racism rather than ending it, denying Mexico's distinct ethnic groups and cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-El_mestizaje_en_Mexico_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El_mestizaje_en_Mexico-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizos_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_al_Mestizaje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of Gonzalo Guerrero in native dress with two young children" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Monumento_al_Mestizaje.jpg/251px-Monumento_al_Mestizaje.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Monumento_al_Mestizaje.jpg/377px-Monumento_al_Mestizaje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Monumento_al_Mestizaje.jpg/502px-Monumento_al_Mestizaje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Monument to the Mestizaje in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, showing <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernan Cortes</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a> and their son, <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s_(son_of_Malinche)" title="Martín Cortés (son of Malinche)">Martín Cortes</a>, one of the first mestizos in Mexico.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the term <i>mestizo</i> and the caste system were introduced to Mexico is unknown, but the earliest surviving records categorizing people by "qualities" (as castes were known in early colonial Mexico) are late-18th-century church birth and marriage records.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extensive caste system assigned a name to each possible racial combination; unlike later definitions of <i>mestizo</i>, in these records it referred only to people with half-Spanish and half-indigenous ancestry. The system is present in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>'s first national census (in 1793), in which <i>castizo</i>, <i>pardo</i>, <i>mulatto</i> and <i>zambo</i> are also collectively listed as "castes".<sup id="cite_ref-EnsayospoblaciónMéxico_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnsayospoblaciónMéxico-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The caste system and racial censuses were legally abandoned after independence, and academics who reviewed and republished the census figures referred to the castes simply as <i>mestizos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lerner1968_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lerner1968-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mestizo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mestizo.jpg/220px-Mestizo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mestizo.jpg/330px-Mestizo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mestizo.jpg/440px-Mestizo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>An 18th-century <i>casta</i> painting of an indigenous woman with her Spanish husband and their <i>mestizo</i> child</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of historians have questioned the existence of a caste system, considering it a fabrication by historians which began during the 1940s. <a href="/wiki/Pilar_Gonzalbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilar Gonzalbo">Pilar Gonzalbo</a>, in her study "The Trap of the Caste", discards the idea of a caste-based society in New Spain understood as a "social organization based on the race and supported by coercive power".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (November 2020)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casta_painting_all.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="More-detailed painting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Casta_painting_all.jpg/220px-Casta_painting_all.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Casta_painting_all.jpg/330px-Casta_painting_all.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Casta_painting_all.jpg/440px-Casta_painting_all.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>An 18th century <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">caste painting</a> with all 16 combinations of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> with the mestizo in frame # 1.</figcaption></figure> <p>Recent scholarship questions the existence of a caste system and reviewing the use of terms in colonial sources. According to a journal article, "In the twentieth century, the prestige of authors such as Angel Rosenblat and Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán, who unreservedly admitted the concept of society of caste, has determined the perpetuation of a myth of social stratification based on race".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new definition of <i>mestizo</i> was used in the 1921 census (the second nationwide census which included a comprehensive racial classification). The census was conducted after the Mexican Revolution, when the government was rebuilding the country and hoped to unite all Mexicans in a single national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-fnavarrete_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnavarrete-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government found the identity in the <i>mestizo</i> ideology forged by the academics and politicians <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos" title="José Vasconcelos">José Vasconcelos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gamio" title="Manuel Gamio">Manuel Gamio</a>, which asserted that Mexican <i>mestizos</i> resulted from mixing all the races; with the best qualities of each race, Mexico would achieve prosperity when the country's entire population became <i>mestizo</i>. By the 1930 census the racial classifications of "White" and "Mestizo" had disappeared, and all Mexicans who did not speak an indigenous language were implicitly considered <i>mestizo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government also implemented cultural policies designed to "help" indigenous peoples achieve the same level of progress as <i>mestizo</i> society, eventually assimilating them into mainstream Mexican culture to solve the "Indian problem" by transforming indigenous communities into <i>mestizo</i> ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartolomé_1996:5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartolomé_1996:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the concept of <i>mestizo</i> has been generally praised in Mexican intellectual circles, it has recently been criticized; according to detractors, it delegitimizes the importance of race in Mexico by saying that "(racism) [does] not exist here (in Mexico), as everybody is Mestizo."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study concludes that Mexico introducing racial classification and accepting itself as a multicultural country (rather than a monolithic <i>mestizo</i> country) would benefit Mexican society as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-El_mestizaje_en_Mexico_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El_mestizaje_en_Mexico-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other critics say that the ideology could not homogenize Mexico's races because it sought to "whiten" indigenous peoples rather than "Indianize" whites<sup id="cite_ref-MexicoRacista_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MexicoRacista-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and accidentally erased minority ethnic groups (such as Afro-Mexicans) from history.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside Mexico, the word <i>mestizo</i> is still used to refer to people with mixed indigenous and European ancestry. This does not conform to present-day Mexican usage, where a person of indigenous genetic heritage would be considered <i>mestizo</i> by rejecting his indigenous culture or not speaking an indigenous language<sup id="cite_ref-Bartolomé_1996:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartolomé_1996:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a person with little (or no) indigenous genetic heritage would be considered indigenous by speaking an indigenous language or identifying with an indigenous cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_1990:73_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_1990:73-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some regions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a>, <i>mestizo</i> refers to Maya-speaking populations in traditional communities for historical reasons. In <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ladino_people" title="Ladino people">Ladino</a></i> is used instead of <i>mestizo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartolomé_1996:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartolomé_1996:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Mestizo</i> is not widely used in contemporary Mexican society; its use is limited to social and cultural studies when referring to the non-indigenous Mexican population. It has a pejorative connotation; most Mexicans who would be defined as <i>mestizos</i> in sociological literature would probably self-identify as Mexicans,<sup id="cite_ref-Bartolomé_1996:2_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartolomé_1996:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> complicating their quantification via self-identification. This contrasts with ethno-racial terms such as "Indian", "White" and "Black", still common in everyday Mexican social interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-El_mestizaje_en_Mexico_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El_mestizaje_en_Mexico-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_studies">Genetic studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizos_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genetic studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1265750715">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}.mw-parser-output :not(.mw-parser-output):not(.documentation)>.tfd-dedup~.tfd-dedup,.mw-parser-output :not(.mw-parser-output):not(.documentation)>.tfd-dedup~* .tfd-dedup{display:none}</style><div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks tfd tfd-dated tfd-sidebar tfd-dedup">‹ The <a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">template</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Pie_chart" title="Template:Pie chart">Pie chart</a></i> is being <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2025_January_30#Template:Pie_chart" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2025 January 30">considered for merging</a>. ›</div> <div class="center"><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Green; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 307.76835371753px; border-left-color:#B00000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B00000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B00000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:0px 100px 0 0; border-top-color:#0000B0"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#0000B0"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left"> <p>Genetic ancestry of Mexicans according to various sources<sup id="cite_ref-Mestizos_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mestizos-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_Genomewide_Admixture_Map_for_Lati_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Genomewide_Admixture_Map_for_Lati-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000B0; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">European</a> (50%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B00000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Amerindian</a> (45%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">African</a> (5%)</div> </div> </div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_genetics">Population genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizos_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Population genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Vicente Guerrero, major figure during the late Mexican War of Independence, abolitionist and second President of Mexico, was an Afro-Mexican." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png/170px-Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png/255px-Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png/340px-Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a> was an Afro-Mestizo. His father was <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> and his mother was <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Mexicans who are genetically <i>mestizo</i> are primarily of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Native American</a> ancestry. </p><p>At the end of the colonial period, about 10 percent of the population (Euromestizos and Indomestizos were estimated at 1,000,000 and 600,000, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-Aguirre_Beltrán_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aguirre_Beltrán-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>mestizo</i> ideology, which has blurred racial lines at the institutional level, has significantly influenced Mexican genetic studies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the criteria used in studies to determine if a Mexican is <i>mestizo</i> or indigenous are often cultural traits (such as language spoken) instead of racial self-identification or a phenotype-based selection, studies of populations considered indigenous because of the language spoken (like the <a href="/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahuas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>) indicate a higher degree of European genetic admixture than populations considered <i>mestizo</i> in other studies.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Populations considered <i>mestizo</i> are also genetically closer to continental European peoples (like those in <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">European Americans</a> (like those in <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autosomal_studies">Autosomal studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizos_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Autosomal studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genetic ancestry of Mestizo Mexicans varies by methodology and study. Typically, older studies have pointed towards a heavier European admixture while more recent ones commonly show a dominant Native American component. Admixture also varies by region, wealth, and sample size. Findings from these studies show Native American admixture being more dominant in the Central and Southern regions of Mexico whereas European admixture is greater in the Northern and Western regions of Mexico. Some Mestizos may identify as "White," which generally indicates that European ancestry is the dominant element in their genetic makeup. This identity often reflects a heritage where European characteristics are the most visible or prominent in their appearance. However, this typically does <i>not</i> mean they are purely European in ancestry and likely have significant native contribution. Genetic research on the <a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexican population</a> is abundant, and has yielded a variety of results. Genetic studies in the same location vary. In <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, studies indicate an average <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> ancestry ranging from 38<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 78 percent;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, European admixture ranges from 21<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 70 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28557218_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28557218-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons for the variation may include the socioeconomic background of the analyzed samples<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28557218_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28557218-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the criteria for recruiting volunteers. Some studies only analyze Mexicans who self-identify as <i>mestizo</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ashg_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashg-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others classify the entire Mexican population as <i>mestizo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22832385_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22832385-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies may do both, such as the 2009 genetic study published by the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Medicina_Gen%C3%B3mica" title="Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica">Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica</a> (INMEGEN) which reported that 93 percent of the Mexican population is <i>mestizo</i>; the remainder were <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindian</a>. However, the INMEGEN study only recruited people who self-identified as <i>mestizo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19433783_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19433783-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies avoid racial classification, including anyone who self-identifies as Mexican. This <i>may</i> suggest that studies that use a more inclusive classification have higher European ancestry, but at the moment it is undetermined. </p><p>Regardless of criteria, the autosomal DNA studies agree that there is significant genetic variation depending on the region analyzed. Southern Mexico has the most prevalent Amerindian ancestry and small (but higher than average) <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">African</a> genetic contributions; Central Mexico (where most of the population lives) leans towards the Native American component. European admixture gradually increases in the West and especially the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">North</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cities on the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a>, studies suggest a significant resurgence of Amerindian and African admixture.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2006 INMEGEN study which <a href="/wiki/Genotyping" title="Genotyping">genotyped</a> 104 samples from the states of Sonora, Yucatan, Guerrero, Zacatecas, Veracruz, and Guanajuato, reported that <i>mestizo</i> Mexicans in those areas combined average 59 percent European, 35 percent "Asian" (primarily Amerindian), and 5 percent other.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> INMEGEN research has found that Mexico's <i>mestizo</i> population is not uniform in its genetic composition, with significant regional variation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19433783_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19433783-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Light-skinned <i>mestizos</i></a> predominate in <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, and <i>mestizos</i> from the central region (<a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a>) are split between indigenous and European composition.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19433783_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19433783-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest African contribution in the twelve participating <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico" title="List of states of Mexico">states</a> (representative of the country's major <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Mexico">regions</a>) was found in <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, and the highest Asian contribution was found in Guerrero and Sonora.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19433783_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19433783-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, In 2009 INMEGEN published an updated version of the study with a much larger sample size of 300 identified mestizos. The combined admixture average resulted in modest variation, with 55.2% Native American, 41.8% European, 1.8% African, and 1.2% Asian. In this group, Sonora had the most European admixture at 61.6%, while Guerrero had the least amount of European admixture at only 28.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers in other reports have indicated that recent samples are more likely to contain a dominant Native American component compared to older ones. Researchers Francisco Salzano and Mónica Sans stated, "European ancestry is most prevalent in the north (Chihuahua, 50%; Sonora, 62%; Nuevo León, 55%), but in a recent sample from Nuevo León and elsewhere in the country, Amerindian ancestry is dominant."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a nationwide autosomal DNA study from 2008, by the University of Brasília (UnB), Mexican genetic admixture is 60.1% Native American, 29.8% European, and 10.1% African.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, researchers Francisco Salzano and Mónica Sans looked through approximately twenty previous studies done on the admixture of Mexicans. Their general conclusion was the average Mexican is more Native American than European.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, in 2015, a separate team of researchers performed a meta-analysis, incorporating the findings of many previous studies with additional research. This comprehensive analysis revealed a genetic composition with an average of 62% Native American, 32% European, and 6% African.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> study which included Mexico, Brazil, Chile and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, conducted with each country's anthropology and genetics institutes, reported that the genetic ancestry of Mexican <i>mestizos</i> was 60 percent Native American, 36 percent European and 4% African, making Mexico (after Peru and Bolivia) the country with the highest Amerindian ancestry of the five sample populations however this mostly used individuals from the southern part of Mexico with little representation of the north, which comprises a significant portion of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-journals.plos.org_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journals.plos.org-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phenotypical traits were analyzed; the frequency of blond hair and <a href="/wiki/Eye_color" title="Eye color">light eyes</a> in Mexicans was 18.5 and 28.5 percent, respectively,<sup id="cite_ref-journals.plos.org_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journals.plos.org-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving Mexico the study's second-highest frequency of blond hair. The reason for the discrepancy between phenotypical traits and genetic ancestry may lie in the low African contribution in the Mexican population compared with that of Brazil and Colombia. </p><p>An extensive study published in 2020 estimated Mexican mestizo admixture using HLA class I and class II allele groups. The sample group was a total of 15,318 mixed ancestry Mexicans from all states of the country. Genetic estimators revealed that the main genetic components in Mexico as a whole are Native American (ranging from 37.8% in the northern part of the country to 81.5% in the southeastern region) and European (ranging from 11.5% in the southeast to 62.6% in northern Mexico).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional studies correlate a tendency toward higher European admixture with higher socioeconomic status, and higher Amerindian ancestry with lower socioeconomic status. A study of low-income <i>mestizos</i> in Mexico City found the mean admixture 0.590, 0.348 and 0.062 for Amerindian, European and African, respectively. European admixture was found to be about 70 percent on average for <i>mestizos</i> in one report in which they're suggested to be at a higher socioeconomic level, however, this data was published in 1978, which could make the findings outdated.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28557218_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28557218-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2011 <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> DNA study conducted in Mexico City with 1,310 samples indicated that the average proportion of Native American, European, and African ancestry for the population was 64, 32 and four percent, respectively. Additional autosomal DNA studies conducted on people from Mexico City show a predominantly Native American background, with Native American ancestry ranging from 61 to 69 percent in five studies. The number of people sampled in the studies ranged from 66 to 984.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Outlier" title="Outlier">outlier</a> study indicated a predominantly-European background for Mexico City <i>mestizos</i>: 57 percent European ancestry, 40 percent Native American ancestry, and three percent African ancestry. However, the study sampled only 19 people making it unlikely to be representative.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18369456_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18369456-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MtDna_and_Y_DNA_studies">MtDna and Y DNA studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizos_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: MtDna and Y DNA studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2012 study published by the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="Journal of Human Genetics">Journal of Human Genetics</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosomes</a> found the paternal ancestry of the Mexican <i>mestizo</i> population predominately European (64.9 percent), followed by Amerindian (30.8 percent) and African (1.2 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22832385_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22832385-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Y chromosome was more prevalent in the north and west (66.7 to 95 percent), and Native American ancestry increased in the center and southeast (37 to 50 percent); African ancestry relatively homogeneous (2 to 8.8 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22832385_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22832385-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States participating in the study where <a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a>, Chiapas, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22832385_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22832385-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greatest number of chromosomes found were identified as belonging to <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">haplogroups</a> from <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">Western Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">East Europe and Eurasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242" title="Haplogroup Q-M242">Siberia and the Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M170" title="Haplogroup I-M170">Northern Europe</a>, with traces of haplogroups from <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_P1_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup P1 (Y-DNA)">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M175" title="Haplogroup O-M175">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K2" title="Haplogroup K2">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">Western Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201" title="Haplogroup G-M201">the Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">North Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M96" title="Haplogroup E-M96">Near East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D-M174" title="Haplogroup D-M174">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M217" title="Haplogroup C-M217">Northeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)">Southwest Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_F-M89" title="Haplogroup F-M89">Middle East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22832385_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22832385-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study published in 2011 of Mexican <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> found that maternal ancestry was predominately Native American (85–90 percent), with a minority having European (five to seven percent) or African (three to five percent) mtDNA.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Mexico City autosomal ancestry study found that the European ancestry of Mexicans was 52 percent; the remainder was primarily Amerindian, with a small African contribution. Maternal ancestry was also analyzed, with 47 percent of European origin. The only criterion for sample selection was that the volunteers self-identified as Mexican. However, the sample pool was rather low at only 37 participants making its accuracy dubious at best.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17503322_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17503322-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizos_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Spain developed a culture distinct from indigenous and Spanish culture, with African and low Asian influences. After independence, the Mexican population was estimated at 50–60 percent indigenous, 18 to 22 percent <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole</a> and about two percent Black; the rest of the population (21 to 25 percent) was considered <i>mestizo</i>, an important part of the independence movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Lerner1968_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lerner1968-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music"><span class="anchor" id="Mestizo_music"></span>Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizos_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mestizos_in_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Mestizos in Mexico">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Band%C2%B4s_Sinaloa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old photo of male musicians" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Band%C2%B4s_Sinaloa.jpg/260px-Band%C2%B4s_Sinaloa.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Band%C2%B4s_Sinaloa.jpg/390px-Band%C2%B4s_Sinaloa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Band%C2%B4s_Sinaloa.jpg/520px-Band%C2%B4s_Sinaloa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>A Sinaloa band in 1900, a genre of <a href="/wiki/Regional_Mexican" title="Regional Mexican">regional Mexican</a> music invented by mestizo mexicans.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">banda de viento</i></span> is a musical ensemble primarily consisting of wind instruments, brass, and percussion. The history of Mexican <i>mestizo</i> music dates back to the mid-nineteenth century arrival of piston brass instruments, when communities tried to imitate military bands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine"><span class="anchor" id="Mestizo_cuisine"></span>Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizos_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mestizo</i> cuisine combines produce such as corn, chili peppers, tomatoes, potatoes and fruits and brushes from the Americas with meat and produce from Europe such as beef and chicken, wheat, and many old world fruits. Prior to European contact, only meats such as turkeys, deer, <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">quail</a> and fish were consumed. Europe introduced other meats (such as pork, goat, and sheep), dairy products (especially cheese and milk), and rice into Mexican cuisine. </p><p><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian influences</a> also minimally influenced <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CONACULTA_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CONACULTA-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mexican cuisine is an important aspect of the culture, social structure, and popular traditions of <i>mestizo</i> Mexico. An example of this blended cuisine is the use of <a href="/wiki/Mole_(sauce)" title="Mole (sauce)">mole</a> for special occasions and holidays throughout the country. Traditional Mexican cuisine was added to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity">Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Mestizo_Mexicans">Notable Mestizo Mexicans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizos_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable Mestizo Mexicans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Gabriel_en_Iquique.cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juan Gabriel, singer-songwriter and actor."><img alt="Juan Gabriel, singing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Juan_Gabriel_en_Iquique.cropped.jpg/210px-Juan_Gabriel_en_Iquique.cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Juan_Gabriel_en_Iquique.cropped.jpg/316px-Juan_Gabriel_en_Iquique.cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Juan_Gabriel_en_Iquique.cropped.jpg/421px-Juan_Gabriel_en_Iquique.cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gabriel" title="Juan Gabriel">Juan Gabriel</a>, singer-songwriter and actor.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porfirio_Diaz_in_uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porfirio Díaz, former president, politician and military leader."><img alt="Porfirio Díaz in uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Porfirio_Diaz_in_uniform.jpg/205px-Porfirio_Diaz_in_uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Porfirio_Diaz_in_uniform.jpg/308px-Porfirio_Diaz_in_uniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Porfirio_Diaz_in_uniform.jpg/410px-Porfirio_Diaz_in_uniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="729" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>, former president, politician and military leader.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ricardo_Elgado_-_50_a%C3%B1os_de_M%C3%A9xico_68.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ricardo Delgado, former professional boxer."><img alt="Photo of Ricardo Delgado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ricardo_Elgado_-_50_a%C3%B1os_de_M%C3%A9xico_68.jpg/202px-Ricardo_Elgado_-_50_a%C3%B1os_de_M%C3%A9xico_68.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ricardo_Elgado_-_50_a%C3%B1os_de_M%C3%A9xico_68.jpg/304px-Ricardo_Elgado_-_50_a%C3%B1os_de_M%C3%A9xico_68.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ricardo_Elgado_-_50_a%C3%B1os_de_M%C3%A9xico_68.jpg/405px-Ricardo_Elgado_-_50_a%C3%B1os_de_M%C3%A9xico_68.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Delgado_(boxer)" title="Ricardo Delgado (boxer)">Ricardo Delgado</a>, former professional boxer.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenoch_Huerta_Q%26A_festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="José Tenoch Huerta, actor, activist and model."><img alt="Tenoch Huerta, talking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tenoch_Huerta_Q%26A_festival.jpg/212px-Tenoch_Huerta_Q%26A_festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tenoch_Huerta_Q%26A_festival.jpg/319px-Tenoch_Huerta_Q%26A_festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tenoch_Huerta_Q%26A_festival.jpg/425px-Tenoch_Huerta_Q%26A_festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tenoch_Huerta" title="Tenoch Huerta">José Tenoch Huerta</a>, actor, activist and model.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GAE_-_Ajax_-_52787520422_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edson Omar Álvarez, professional footballer."><img alt="Edson Alvarez in A. F. C. Ajax" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/GAE_-_Ajax_-_52787520422_%28cropped%29.jpg/216px-GAE_-_Ajax_-_52787520422_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/GAE_-_Ajax_-_52787520422_%28cropped%29.jpg/325px-GAE_-_Ajax_-_52787520422_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/GAE_-_Ajax_-_52787520422_%28cropped%29.jpg/433px-GAE_-_Ajax_-_52787520422_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="1613" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Edson_%C3%81lvarez" title="Edson Álvarez">Edson Omar Álvarez</a>, professional footballer.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizos_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s_(son_of_Malinche)" title="Martín Cortés (son of Malinche)">Martín Cortés (son of Malinche)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_(racial_classification)" title="Bronze (racial classification)">Bronze (racial classification)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">Pardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Racism in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">White Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Native Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Black Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Mexicans" title="Asian Mexicans">East Asian Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico" title="Demographics of Mexico">Demographics of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Mexico" title="Spaniards in Mexico">Spaniards in Mexico</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_footnotes">References and footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizos_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References and footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/Ethnic-groups">"Mexico- Ethnic groups"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mexico-+Ethnic+groups&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMexico%2FEthnic-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizos+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INMEGEN1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INMEGEN1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_SobrinoSilva_ZolezziSebastián_Medina2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González Sobrino, Blanca Zoila; Silva Zolezzi, Irma; Sebastián Medina, Leticia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705014357/http://www.inmegen.gob.mx/tema/cms_page_media/397/Miradas_LETY%20SEBASTI%C3%81N_.pdf">"Miradas sin rendicíon, imaginario y presencia del universo indígena"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). INMEGEN. pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>67. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inmegen.gob.mx/tema/cms_page_media/397/Miradas_LETY%20SEBASTIÁN_.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miradas+sin+rendic%C3%ADon%2C+imaginario+y+presencia+del+universo+ind%C3%ADgena&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=INMEGEN&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Sobrino&rft.aufirst=Blanca+Zoila&rft.au=Silva+Zolezzi%2C+Irma&rft.au=Sebasti%C3%A1n+Medina%2C+Leticia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inmegen.gob.mx%2Ftema%2Fcms_page_media%2F397%2FMiradas_LETY%2520SEBASTI%C3%81N_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizos+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">en el censo de 1930 el gobierno mexicano dejó de clasificar a la población del país en tres categorías raciales, blanco, mestizo e indígena, y adoptó una nueva clasificación étnica que distinguía a los hablantes de lenguas indígenas del resto de la población, es decir de los hablantes de español.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">Archived</a> 2013-08-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight_1990:73-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_1990:73_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_1990:73_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1990" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Alan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideaofraceinlat000grah/page/73">"Racism, Revolution and <i>indigenismo</i>: Mexico 1910–1940"</a>. In Graham, Richard (ed.). <i>The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideaofraceinlat000grah/page/73">73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73856-0"><bdi>978-0-292-73856-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racism%2C+Revolution+and+indigenismo%3A+Mexico+1910%E2%80%931940&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Race+in+Latin+America%2C+1870%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-292-73856-0&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fideaofraceinlat000grah%2Fpage%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizos+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartolomé_1996:5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bartolomé_1996:5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartolomé_1996:5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartolomé1996" class="citation book cs1">Bartolomé, Miguel Alberto (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.cit.cornell.edu/iard4010/documents/Pluralismo_cultural_y_redefinicion_del_estado_en_Mexico.pdf">"Pluralismo cultural y redefinicion del estado en México"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Coloquio sobre derechos indígenas</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico+Racista&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+house+Grupo+Editorial+Mexico&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-607-31-4364-6&rft.au=Federico+Navarrete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFC_4CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizos+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-El_mestizaje_en_Mexico-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-El_mestizaje_en_Mexico_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_mestizaje_en_Mexico_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_mestizaje_en_Mexico_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801102632/http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf">"El mestizaje en Mexico"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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(November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1668-81042000000100018">"Ser mestizo en la nueva España a fines del siglo XVIII: Acatzingo, 1792"</a> [To be 'mestizo' in New Spain at the end of the XVIII th century. Acatzingo, 1792]. <i>Cuadernos de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. 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México y el Caribe 2</i></a>. Siglo XXI. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-23-0106-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-968-23-0106-3"><bdi>978-968-23-0106-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mexico: <a href="/wiki/UNAM" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAM">UNAM</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">the original</a> on 2013-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9xico+Multicultural&rft.atitle=El+mestizaje+y+las+culturas&rft.aulast=Navarrete&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx%2FPortal%2FIzquierdo%2FBANCO%2FMxmulticultural%2FElmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizos+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno_Figueroa2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moreno Figueroa, Mónica G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+Mexican+cuisine+%E2%80%93+ancestral%2C+ongoing+community+culture%2C+the+Michoac%C3%A1n+paradigm&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Ftraditional-mexican-cuisine-ancestral-ongoing-community-culture-the-michoacan-paradigm-00400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMestizos+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestizos_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inmegen.gob.mx/">Instituto Nacional de 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Belizean" title="Hispanic and Latin American Belizean">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo_Colombian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizo Colombian">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-race_Brazilian#White/Amerindian" title="Mixed-race Brazilian">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">Caboclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%C3%A7aras" title="Caiçaras">Caiçaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">Mestiços</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardo Brazilian">Pardos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7os_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Mestiços (Sri Lanka)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><u><b>Related terms/topics:</b></u><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Blanqueamiento" title="Blanqueamiento">Blanqueamiento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_(racial_classification)" title="Bronze (racial classification)">Bronze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Cholo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half-breed" title="Half-breed">Half-breed</a>/<a href="/wiki/Half-caste" title="Half-caste">Half-caste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladino_people" title="Ladino people">Ladinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed-blood" title="Mixed-blood">Mixed-blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">Pardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Mexico564" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Mexico" title="Template:Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Mexico" title="Template talk:Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Mexico564" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mexico">Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexicans</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Amerindian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mestizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">From Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_keniana_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración keniana en México">Kenyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From the Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_immigration_to_Mexico" title="American immigration to Mexico">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_colonies_in_Mexico" title="Mormon colonies in Mexico">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Mexicans" title="Argentine Mexicans">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_belice%C3%B1a_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración beliceña en México">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Mexicans" title="Brazilian Mexicans">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Mexicans" title="Canadian Mexicans">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Mexicans" title="Chilean Mexicans">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Mexicans" title="Colombian Mexicans">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_costarricense_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración costarricense en México">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Mexicans" title="Cuban Mexicans">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_dominicana_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración dominicana en México">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_ecuatoriana_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración ecuatoriana en México">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Mexicans" title="Guatemalan Mexicans">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Mexicans" title="Haitian Mexicans">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_hondure%C3%B1a_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración hondureña en México">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_nicarag%C3%BCense_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración nicaragüense en México">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Mexicans" title="Peruvian Mexicans">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Mexicans" title="Salvadoran Mexicans">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans_in_Mexico" title="Uruguayans in Mexico">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Mexicans" title="Venezuelan Mexicans">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Mexicans" title="Asian Mexicans">From South and East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Filipino immigration to Mexico">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mexicans" title="Indian Mexicans">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Mexicans" title="Japanese Mexicans">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Mexico_City" title="Japanese community of Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Mexico" title="Koreans in Mexico">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Mexicans" title="Romani Mexicans">Romani</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">From Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Mexicans" title="Austrian Mexicans">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Mexicans" title="Belgian Mexicans">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Mexico" title="Britons in Mexico">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora#Mexico" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_b%C3%BAlgara_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración búlgara en México">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Mexicans" title="Croatian Mexicans">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Mexicans" title="Czech Mexicans">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Mexicans" title="Dutch Mexicans">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Mexicans" title="French Mexicans">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Mexicans" title="German Mexicans">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Mexico" title="Mennonites in Mexico">Mennonite</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Mexicans" title="Greek Mexicans">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Mexicans" title="Hungarian Mexicans">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mexicans" title="Irish Mexicans">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Mexicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Mexicans">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Mexicans" title="Polish Mexicans">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mexicans" title="Portuguese Mexicans">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Mexicans" title="Romanian Mexicans">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mexicans" title="Russian Mexicans">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mexicans" title="Scandinavian Mexicans">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_noruega_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración noruega en México">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_sueca_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración sueca en México">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Mexico" title="Spaniards in Mexico">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Mexicans" title="Basque Mexicans">Basque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Mexicans" title="Swiss Mexicans">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Mexico" title="Ukrainians in Mexico">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Western Asia<br /> and North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Mexicans" title="Arab Mexicans">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Mexicans" title="Lebanese Mexicans">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Mexicans" title="Palestinian Mexicans">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Mexicans" title="Syrian Mexicans">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Mexicans" title="Armenian Mexicans">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Mexicans" title="Assyrian Mexicans">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Jewish</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_iran%C3%AD_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración iraní en México">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Mexico" title="Turks in Mexico">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Amerindian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">More than 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinantec people">Chinantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_people" title="Chʼol people">Ch'ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_people" title="Mazahua people">Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatec" title="Mazatec">Mazatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_people" title="Mixe people">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi">Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha" title="Purépecha">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%A1muri" title="Rarámuri">Rarámuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_people" title="Tlapanec people">Tlapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_people" title="Tzeltal people">Tzeltal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil" title="Tzotzil">Tzotzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples#Yucatec_Maya" title="Maya peoples">Yucatec Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000–100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgos" title="Amuzgos">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatinos" title="Chatinos">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya" title="Chontal Maya">Chontal Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_people" title="Cora people">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatecs" title="Cuicatecs">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_people" title="Huave people">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol" title="Huichol">Huichol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popoluca" title="Popoluca">Popoluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolabal_people" title="Tojolabal people">Tojolabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triqui" title="Triqui">Triqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoque_people" title="Zoque people">Zoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000–20,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_people" title="Chocho people">Chocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_people" title="Chichimeca Jonaz people">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_people" title="Chuj people">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarijio_people" title="Guarijio people">Guarijio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_people" title="Jakaltek people">Jacaltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicaneros" title="Mexicaneros">Mexicanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocuiltec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocuiltec people">Ocuiltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_people" title="Pame people">Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_people" title="Pima Bajo people">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_people" title="Qʼanjobʼal people">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuate" title="Tacuate">Tacuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehuas" title="Tepehuas">Tepehua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fewer than 1,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_people" title="Awakatek people">Aguacatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatecos" title="Ixcatecos">Ixcatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_people" title="Ixil people">Ixil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">K'iche'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Kickapoo" title="Mexican Kickapoo">Kikapú</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_people" title="Lacandon people">Lacandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motozintlecos" title="Motozintlecos">Motozintlec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_people" title="Paipai people">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC" title="Qʼeqchiʼ">Qʼeqchiʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_people" title="Seri people">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/16px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/24px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Jews and Romani originate in the Middle East and South Asia respectively, with most arriving to Mexico via Europe</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Primarily arrived via Canada</li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Originated in what is now the United States</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mestizos_in_Mexico&oldid=1274604571">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mestizos_in_Mexico&oldid=1274604571</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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