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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wound healing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wound_healing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clotting_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clotting_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Clotting phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clotting_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflammation_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflammation_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Inflammation phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflammation_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proliferative_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proliferative_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Proliferative phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proliferative_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maturation_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maturation_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Maturation phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maturation_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tissue_damaged_by_inflammation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tissue_damaged_by_inflammation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tissue damaged by inflammation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tissue_damaged_by_inflammation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tissue damaged by inflammation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tissue_damaged_by_inflammation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recall_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recall_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Recall phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recall_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resolution_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolution_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Resolution phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolution_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regeneration_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regeneration_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Regeneration phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regeneration_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repair_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repair_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Repair phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repair_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Healing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85" title="التئام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التئام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guariment" title="Guariment – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guariment" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healing" title="Healing – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Healing" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilung" title="Heilung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heilung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curaci%C3%B3n_(salud)" title="Curación (salud) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Curación (salud)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A9rison" title="Guérison – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guérison" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curaci%C3%B3n" title="Curación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Curación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%EC%9C%A0" title="치유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="치유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesembuhan" title="Kesembuhan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesembuhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarigione" title="Guarigione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guarigione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyembuhan" title="Penyembuhan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyembuhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genezing" title="Genezing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genezing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%92%E3%82%84%E3%81%97" title="癒やし – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="癒やし" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helbredelse" title="Helbredelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Helbredelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicatriza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Cicatrização – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cicatrização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%ABrimi" title="Shërimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shërimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="තුවාල සුවවීම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තුවාල සුවවීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healing" title="Healing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Healing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4kning" title="Läkning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Läkning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0yile%C5%9Fme" title="İyileşme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İyileşme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="רפואה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רפואה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%82%E7%99%92" title="療癒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="療癒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1581290#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing_factor&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Healing factor">Healing factor</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of the restoration of health</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Healing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Healing (disambiguation)">Healing (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:417_Tissue_Repair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/417_Tissue_Repair.jpg/300px-417_Tissue_Repair.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/417_Tissue_Repair.jpg/450px-417_Tissue_Repair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/417_Tissue_Repair.jpg/600px-417_Tissue_Repair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Diagram featuring stages of tissue healing</figcaption></figure> <p>With physical trauma or disease suffered by an organism, <b>healing</b> involves the repairing of damaged <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue(s)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">biological system</a> as a whole and resumption of (normal) functioning. Medicine includes the process by which the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body</a> regenerate and repair to reduce the size of a damaged or <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrotic</a> area and replace it with new living tissue. The replacement can happen in two ways: by <i>regeneration</i> in which the necrotic cells are replaced by new cells that form "like" tissue as was originally there; or by <i>repair</i> in which injured tissue is replaced with <a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">scar tissue</a>. Most <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> will heal using a mixture of both mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, healing is more often referred to as recovery, and postoperative recovery has historically been viewed simply as restitution of function and readiness for discharge. More recently, it has been described as an energy‐requiring process to decrease physical symptoms, reach a level of emotional well‐being, regain functions, and re‐establish activities<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Healing is also referred to in the context of the grieving process.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, healing is the process by which <a href="/wiki/Neuroses" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroses">neuroses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoses">psychoses</a> are resolved to the degree that the client is able to lead a normal or fulfilling existence without being overwhelmed by <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathological</a> phenomena. This process may involve <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> treatment or <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative</a> approaches such as <a href="/wiki/Holistic_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic health">traditional spiritual healing</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regeneration">Regeneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Regeneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order for an <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a> to be healed by regeneration, the cell type that was destroyed must be able to replicate. Cells also need a <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> framework along which to grow. Alongside most cells there is either a <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">basement membrane</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">collagenous network</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast" title="Fibroblast">fibroblasts</a> that will guide the cells' growth. Since <a href="/wiki/Ischaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischaemia">ischaemia</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a> do not destroy collagen, it will continue to exist even when the cells around it are dead.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example">Example</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Acute_tubular_necrosis" title="Acute tubular necrosis">Acute tubular necrosis</a> (ATN) in the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> is a case in which cells heal completely by regeneration. ATN occurs when the <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cell">epithelial cells</a> that line the kidney are destroyed by either a lack of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (such as in <a href="/wiki/Hypovolemic_shock" title="Hypovolemic shock">hypovolemic shock</a>, when blood supply to the kidneys is dramatically reduced), or by toxins (such as some <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">carbon tetrachloride</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although many of these epithelial cells are dead, there is typically patchy necrosis, meaning that there are patches of epithelial cells still alive. In addition, the collagen framework of the tubules remains completely intact.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The existing epithelial cells can replicate, and, using the basement membrane as a guide, eventually bring the kidney back to normal. After regeneration is complete, the damage is undetectable, even <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscopically</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Healing must happen by repair in the case of injury to cells that are unable to regenerate (e.g. neurons). Also, damage to the collagen network (e.g. by <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> or physical destruction), or its total collapse (as can happen in an <a href="/wiki/Infarct" class="mw-redirect" title="Infarct">infarct</a>) cause healing to take place by repair.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many genes play a role in healing.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, in wound healing, P21 has been found to allow mammals to heal spontaneously. It even allows some mammals (like mice) to heal wounds without scars.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/LIN28" title="LIN28">LIN28</a> gene also plays a role in wound healing. It is dormant in most mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the proteins <a href="/w/index.php?title=MG53&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MG53 (page does not exist)">MG53</a> and <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">TGF beta 1</a> play important roles in wound healing.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wound_healing">Wound healing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wound healing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">Wound healing</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scar_free_healing" title="Scar free healing">Scar free healing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haavoittuneita_Punaisen_ristin_sairaalassa_Tampereella_(26901645371).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Haavoittuneita_Punaisen_ristin_sairaalassa_Tampereella_%2826901645371%29.jpg/220px-Haavoittuneita_Punaisen_ristin_sairaalassa_Tampereella_%2826901645371%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Haavoittuneita_Punaisen_ristin_sairaalassa_Tampereella_%2826901645371%29.jpg/330px-Haavoittuneita_Punaisen_ristin_sairaalassa_Tampereella_%2826901645371%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Haavoittuneita_Punaisen_ristin_sairaalassa_Tampereella_%2826901645371%29.jpg/440px-Haavoittuneita_Punaisen_ristin_sairaalassa_Tampereella_%2826901645371%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3461" data-file-height="2619" /></a><figcaption>Wounded patients at the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> during the 1918 <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In response to an incision or wound, a <a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">wound healing cascade</a> is unleashed. This cascade takes place in four phases: clot formation, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clotting_phase">Clotting phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clotting phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Healing of a wound begins with <a href="/wiki/Clot" class="mw-redirect" title="Clot">clot</a> formation to stop bleeding and to reduce infection by bacteria, <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>. Clotting is followed by <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophil</a> invasion three to 24 hours after the wound has been incurred, with <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitoses</a> beginning in <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial</a> cells after 24 to 48 hours.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflammation_phase">Inflammation phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inflammation phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the inflammatory phase, <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytic</a> cells kill bacteria, debride damaged tissue and release chemical factors such as <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormones</a> that encourage fibroblasts, <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cell">epithelial cells</a> and endothelial cells which make new <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a> to migrate to the area and divide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proliferative_phase">Proliferative phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Proliferative phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the proliferative phase, immature <a href="/wiki/Granulation_tissue" title="Granulation tissue">granulation tissue</a> containing plump, active fibroblasts forms. Fibroblasts quickly produce abundant type III <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>, which fills the defect left by an open wound. Granulation tissue moves, as a wave, from the border of the injury towards the center.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As granulation tissue matures, the fibroblasts produce less collagen and become more spindly in appearance. They begin to produce the much stronger type I collagen. Some of the fibroblasts mature into myofibroblasts which contain the same type of <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">actin</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a>, which enables them to contract and reduce the size of the wound.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maturation_phase">Maturation phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maturation phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the maturation phase of wound healing, unnecessary vessels formed in granulation tissue are removed by <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>, and type III collagen is largely replaced by type I. Collagen which was originally disorganized is cross-linked and aligned along tension lines. This phase can last a year or longer. Ultimately a scar made of collagen, containing a small number of fibroblasts is left.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tissue_damaged_by_inflammation">Tissue damaged by inflammation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tissue damaged by inflammation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After inflammation has damaged tissue (when combatting bacterial infection for example) and pro-inflammatory <a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid" title="Eicosanoid">eicosanoids</a> have completed their function, healing proceeds in 4 phases.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recall_phase">Recall phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recall phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the recall phase the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal glands</a> increase production of <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> which shuts down eicosanoid production and inflammation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resolution_phase">Resolution phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Resolution phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Resolution phase, pathogens and damaged tissue are removed by <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> (white blood cells). Red blood cells are also removed from the damaged tissue by macrophages. Failure to remove all of the damaged cells and pathogens may retrigger inflammation. The two subsets of macrophage M1 & M2 plays a crucial role in this phase, M1 macrophage being a pro inflammatory while as M2 is a regenerative and the plasticity between the two subsets determine the tissue inflammation or repair.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regeneration_phase">Regeneration phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Regeneration phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Regeneration phase, blood vessels are repaired and new cells form in the damaged site similar to the cells that were damaged and removed. Some cells such as neurons and muscle cells (especially in the heart) are slow to recover.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repair_phase">Repair phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Repair phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Repair phase, new tissue is generated which requires a balance of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Anti-inflammatory eicosanoids include <a href="/wiki/Lipoxin" title="Lipoxin">lipoxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epi-lipoxin" title="Epi-lipoxin">epi-lipoxins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Resolvin" title="Resolvin">resolvins</a>, which cause release of growth hormones.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">Health</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPaulSharma2021" class="citation cs2">Paul, Willi; Sharma, Chandra P. 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March 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Genetic+discovery+promises+healing+without+scars&rft.date=2010-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2010%2Fmar%2F15%2Fmice-genetics-p21-heal-no-scar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedelbaevaSnyderGourevitchClark2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bedelbaeva, Khamilia; Snyder, Andrew; Gourevitch, Dmitri; Clark, Lise; Zhang, Xiang-Ming; Leferovich, John; Cheverud, James M.; Lieberman, Paul; Heber-Katz, Ellen (March 30, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2851923">"Lack of p21 expression links cell cycle control and appendage regeneration in mice"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>107</b> (13): 5845–5850. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..107.5845B">2010PNAS..107.5845B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1000830107">10.1073/pnas.1000830107</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2851923">2851923</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20231440">20231440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Lack+of+p21+expression+links+cell+cycle+control+and+appendage+regeneration+in+mice&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=5845-5850&rft.date=2010-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2851923%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20231440&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1000830107&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PNAS..107.5845B&rft.aulast=Bedelbaeva&rft.aufirst=Khamilia&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Gourevitch%2C+Dmitri&rft.au=Clark%2C+Lise&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xiang-Ming&rft.au=Leferovich%2C+John&rft.au=Cheverud%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+Paul&rft.au=Heber-Katz%2C+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2851923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaron" class="citation web cs1">Maron, Dina Fine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-limb-regeneration-ins/">"New Limb Regeneration Insight Surprises Scientists"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=New+Limb+Regeneration+Insight+Surprises+Scientists&rft.aulast=Maron&rft.aufirst=Dina+Fine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fnew-limb-regeneration-ins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160302135149.htm">"Gene identified that helps wound healing: New research on gene that regulates healing and may control scarring"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Gene+identified+that+helps+wound+healing%3A+New+research+on+gene+that+regulates+healing+and+may+control+scarring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2016%2F03%2F160302135149.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Anti-Inflammation Zone</i>, Barry Sears, pages 230–233, 2005.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822155330/http://www.childrenshospital.org/cfapps/research/data_admin/Site97/mainpageS97P5.html">How wounds heal and tumors form</a> With this simple Flash demonstration, Harvard professor Donald Ingber explains how wounds heal, why scars form, and how tumors develop. Presented by Children's Hospital Boston.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic411.htm">Wound Healing and Repair</a></li> <li>Lorenz H.P. and Longaker M.T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031002654/http://recon.stanford.edu/Articles/LorenzWH.pdf">Wounds: Biology, Pathology, and Management</a>. Stanford University Medical Center.</li> <li>Romo T. and McLaughlin L.A. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic13.htm">Wound Healing, Skin</a>. Emedicine.com.</li> <li>Rosenberg L. and de la Torre J. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic457.htm">Wound Healing, Growth Factors</a>. Emedicine.com.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftertheinjury.org">After the Injury- Children's Hospital Of Philadelphia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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