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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hoofdpagina" title="Naar de hoofdpagina gaan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hoofdpagina</span></a></li><li id="n-zoekartikel" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Navigatie"><span>Vind een artikel</span></a></li><li id="n-today" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/28_november"><span>Vandaag</span></a></li><li id="n-Etalage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etalage"><span>Etalage</span></a></li><li id="n-categories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles"><span>Categorieën</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen" title="Een lijst met recente wijzigingen in deze wiki. 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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Merv" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Merv" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Merv" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ligging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ligging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unesco_werelderfgoed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unesco_werelderfgoed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Unesco werelderfgoed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unesco_werelderfgoed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stedenband" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stedenband"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Stedenband</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stedenband-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geboren_in_Merv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geboren_in_Merv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geboren in Merv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geboren_in_Merv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Merv</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 62 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مرو الشاهجان – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرو الشاهجان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مرو الشاجان – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مرو الشاجان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99rv" title="Mərv – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mərv" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88" title="مرو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مرو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Мерв – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мерв" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Мерв – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мерв" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD" title="মার্ভ – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্ভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merw" title="Merw – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Merw" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B2" title="Μερβ – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μερβ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C)" title="مرو (شهر باستانی) – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرو (شهر باستانی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מרב העתיקה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרב העתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="मर्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मर्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BE" title="Մերվ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մերվ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marw" title="Marw – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marw" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%96%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1" title="メルブ遺跡 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メルブ遺跡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="მერვი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მერვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Мерв – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мерв" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%B8%8C" title="메르브 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메르브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Мерв – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мерв" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Margiana" title="Alexandria Margiana – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexandria Margiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervas" title="Mervas – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mervas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merva" title="Merva – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Merva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="प्राचीन मर्भ राज्य एतिहासिक आ सांस्कृतिक निकुञ्ज – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्राचीन मर्भ राज्य एतिहासिक आ सांस्कृतिक निकुञ्ज" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="മെർവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെർവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88" title="مرو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مرو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E2%80%9D_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="“प्राचीन मर्भ” राज्य एतिहासिक र सांस्कृतिक निकुञ्ज – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="“प्राचीन मर्भ” राज्य एतिहासिक र सांस्कृतिक निकुञ्ज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5" title="ਮਰਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਰਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia_Margia%C5%84ska" title="Antiochia Margiańska – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antiochia Margiańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marve" title="Marve – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marve" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Мерв – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мерв" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Мерв – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мерв" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Марв – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Марв" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merw" title="Merw – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Merw" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Мерв – Toevaans" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Мерв" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Toevaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Мерв – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мерв" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88" title="مرو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مرو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marv" title="Marv – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Marv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Merv" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB" title="梅尔夫 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="梅尔夫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB" title="梅尔夫 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="梅尔夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193325#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Inhoudspagina bekijken [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overleg:Merv&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Overleg over deze pagina (de pagina bestaat niet) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Taalvariant wijzigen" > <label 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title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&action=history" title="Eerdere versies van deze pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hulpmiddelen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Meer opties" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handelingen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Merv"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&action=history"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:VerwijzingenNaarHier/Merv" title="Lijst met alle pagina's die naar deze pagina verwijzen [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Links naar deze pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingenGelinkt/Merv" rel="nofollow" title="Recente wijzigingen in pagina's waar deze pagina naar verwijst [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Gerelateerde wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=nl" title="Bestanden uploaden [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Bestand uploaden</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:SpecialePaginas" title="Lijst met alle speciale pagina's [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Speciale pagina's</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&oldid=68147471" title="Permanente koppeling naar deze versie van deze pagina"><span>Permanente koppeling</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&action=info" title="Meer informatie over deze pagina"><span>Paginagegevens</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Citeren&page=Merv&id=68147471&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informatie over hoe u deze pagina kunt citeren"><span>Deze pagina citeren</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMerv"><span>Verkorte URL verkrijgen</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMerv"><span>QR-code downloaden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Afdrukken/exporteren </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Merv"><span>Boek aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Merv&action=show-download-screen"><span>Downloaden als PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&printable=yes" title="Printvriendelijke versie van deze pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Afdrukversie</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In andere projecten </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Merv" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193325" title="Koppeling naar item in verbonden gegevensrepository [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="tpl_Coordinaten"><span class="plainlinks" title="Klik op de coördinaten om een plattegrond of satellietfoto te bekijken" style="font-size:87%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Coördinaten"><img alt="Coördinaten" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Internet-web-browser.svg/23px-Internet-web-browser.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Internet-web-browser.svg/35px-Internet-web-browser.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Internet-web-browser.svg/46px-Internet-web-browser.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=nl&params=37_39_51_N_62_11_05_E_type:landmark_region:TM&pagename=Merv">37° 39′ 51″ NB, 62° 11′ 5″ OL</a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:firebrick; color:white; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">Historisch en cultureel nationaal park " Oud Merv " </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><b>Werelderfgoed cultuur</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Merv-eshaby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Merv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Merv-eshaby.jpg/266px-Merv-eshaby.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Merv-eshaby.jpg/399px-Merv-eshaby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Merv-eshaby.jpg/532px-Merv-eshaby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3503" data-file-height="2135" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Land </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Turkmenistan"><img alt="Vlag van Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Geografische_co%C3%B6rdinaten" title="Geografische coördinaten">Coördinaten</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="coordinates plainlinks"><span id="text_coordinates"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=nl&params=37_39_51_N_62_11_5_E_type:landmark&pagename=Merv">37° 40′ NB, 62° 11′ OL</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>UNESCO-regio </th> <td colspan="2">Azië en de Grote Oceaan </td></tr> <tr> <th>Criteria </th> <td colspan="2">ii, iii </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:firebrick; color:white;" colspan="3">Inschrijvingsverloop </th></tr> <tr> <th>UNESCO-volgnr. </th> <td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/886">886</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Inschrijving </th> <td colspan="2">1999 (<a href="/wiki/23e_sessie_van_de_Commissie_voor_het_Werelderfgoed" title="23e sessie van de Commissie voor het Werelderfgoed">23e sessie</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:firebrick; color:white;" colspan="3">Kaart </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><div style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; width: 266px; max-width: 266px; float:none; clear:both;"><div style="position: relative;border: 1px solid none; padding: 0px; width: 266px; max-width: 266px;"><span class="notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Relief_Map_of_Turkmenistan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Merv (Turkmenistan)"><img alt="Merv (Turkmenistan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Relief_Map_of_Turkmenistan.png/266px-Relief_Map_of_Turkmenistan.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Relief_Map_of_Turkmenistan.png/399px-Relief_Map_of_Turkmenistan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Relief_Map_of_Turkmenistan.png/532px-Relief_Map_of_Turkmenistan.png 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="878" /></a></span><br /><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; top: 66.7%; left: 67%; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: center; left: -5px; top: -5px; width: 10px; font-size: 10px; line-height:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Merv"><img alt="Merv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/10px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/15px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/20px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -1.5em; width: 6em; left: 0.5em; text-align: left;"><span style="padding: 1px;"></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 90%"> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Werelderfgoedlijst" title="Werelderfgoedlijst">UNESCO-werelderfgoedlijst</a></b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Mervturkmenistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mervturkmenistan.jpg/260px-Mervturkmenistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mervturkmenistan.jpg/390px-Mervturkmenistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mervturkmenistan.jpg/520px-Mervturkmenistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1339" /></a><figcaption>Luchtbeeld</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Merv</b>, in de <a href="/wiki/Klassieke_oudheid" title="Klassieke oudheid">klassieke oudheid</a> ook genoemd: <b>Alexandria in Margiana</b>, <b>Antiochië in Margiana</b> of <b>Antiochië bij de Parthen</b>, is een historische stad in een <a href="/wiki/Oase" title="Oase">oase</a> in <a href="/wiki/Centraal-Azi%C3%AB" title="Centraal-Azië">Centraal-Azië</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Transoxani%C3%AB" title="Transoxanië">Transoxanië</a>. De stad is gelegen nabij de moderne stad <a href="/wiki/Mary_(Turkmenistan)" title="Mary (Turkmenistan)">Mary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, in de oude landstreek <a href="/wiki/Margiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Margiana">Margiana</a>. De stad was gelegen aan de <a href="/wiki/Zijderoute" title="Zijderoute">zijderoute</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligging">Ligging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ligging" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ligging"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De stad ligt in een <a href="/wiki/Oase" title="Oase">oase</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Karakum" title="Karakum">Karakumwoestijn</a>. Het krijgt ook water van de <a href="/wiki/Murghab_(rivier)" title="Murghab (rivier)">Murghab</a> en vanaf ongeveer 1960 ook uit het <a href="/wiki/Karakumkanaal" title="Karakumkanaal">Karakumkanaal</a>. Het lag op belangrijke handelsroutes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De oorsprong van Merv gaat terug tot het <a href="/wiki/3e_millennium_v.Chr." title="3e millennium v.Chr.">3e millennium v.Chr.</a>, als deel van het <a href="/wiki/Archeologisch_complex_Bactri%C3%AB-Margiana" title="Archeologisch complex Bactrië-Margiana">archeologisch complex Bactrië-Margiana</a>. De stad wordt samen met <a href="/wiki/Balch_(Afghanistan)" title="Balch (Afghanistan)">Balch</a> vermeld in de <a href="/wiki/Avesta_(literatuur)" title="Avesta (literatuur)">Zend-Avesta</a>. </p><p>De stad behoorde tot de rijken van de <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthen</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Sassaniden" title="Sassaniden">Sassaniden</a>. Onder de <a href="/wiki/Achaemeniden" title="Achaemeniden">Achaemeniden</a> wordt Merv genoemd als zijnde een plaats van enig belang. Als <a href="/wiki/Margu" title="Margu">Margu</a> (Latijn: <i>Margiana</i>) wordt ze vermeld als deel van een van de <a href="/wiki/Satrapie" title="Satrapie">satrapieën</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Behistuninscriptie" title="Behistuninscriptie">Behistuninscriptie</a> (ca. 515 v.Chr.) van <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>. De oude stad lijkt te zijn hergesticht door <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_II_de_Grote" title="Cyrus II de Grote">Cyrus de Grote</a> (559 tot 530 v.Chr.). </p><p>De stad werd <i>Alexandria Margiana</i> vernoemd naar de Macedonische veroveraar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_de_Grote" title="Alexander de Grote">Alexander de Grote</a>. Tijdens het <a href="/wiki/Seleucidische_Rijk" title="Seleucidische Rijk">Seleucidisch bestuur</a> veranderde de naam in Antiochië, als eerbetoon aan de dynastie der Seleuciden. </p><p>In de jaren twintig van de 5e eeuw had Merv een <a href="/wiki/Bisschop" title="Bisschop">bisschop</a> en het werd in 544 een <a href="/wiki/Metropoliet" title="Metropoliet">metropoliet</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Assyrische_Kerk_van_het_Oosten" title="Assyrische Kerk van het Oosten">Oosterse (Nestoriaanse) Kerk</a>. Merv was een ideale uitvalsbasis voor missies naar het oosten, naar de Turkse stammen in Centraal-Azië en naar China. Rond 500 werden belangrijke werken uit het Grieks en <a href="/wiki/Syrisch" title="Syrisch">Oudsyrisch</a> naar Centraal- en Oost-Aziatische talen vertaald door geleerden in Merv. Merv had vanaf de 6e tot ver in de 13e eeuw een rijke christelijke intellectuele en spirituele geschiedenis. Geleerden van Merv beschikten over Oudsyrische versies van <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a>, toen die in West-Europa waren vergeten. De geniale <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isho%27dad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isho'dad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Isho'dad</a>, een van de grootste Oudsyrische geleerden, droeg de titel 'van Merv'. Door de wedijver met andere geloven moest er door de geleerden een hoog intellectueel peil worden gehaald. </p><p>In 651 werd de stad door de Arabieren van het <a href="/wiki/Islamitisch_Kalifaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamitisch Kalifaat">Islamitisch Kalifaat</a> veroverd. Door haar gunstige ligging aan de Zijderoute had de oasegemeenschap een bloeitijd in de loop van de <a href="/wiki/Middeleeuwen" title="Middeleeuwen">Middeleeuwen</a>. Vanaf de 8e eeuw was de stad een uitvalsbasis voor de moslims, die richting <a href="/wiki/Centraal-Azi%C3%AB" title="Centraal-Azië">Centraal-Azië</a> wilden uitbreiden. </p><p>Halverwege de 12e eeuw was Merv even een van de grootste steden op aarde met 200.000 inwoners. Het was ook een paar eeuwen een van de grootste <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">christelijke</a> centra van de wereld. Christenen leefden onder de islamitische heerschappij vreedzaam samen met <a href="/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme">boeddhisten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrisme" title="Zoroastrisme">zoroastrianen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Maniche%C3%AFsme" title="Manicheïsme">manicheïsten</a>. Wijd en zijd was Merv bekend om haar samenstelling van oude en nieuwe geloven. In de 8e eeuw was Merv de thuisbasis van <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Moeqanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Moeqanna (de pagina bestaat niet)">al-Moeqanna</a></i>, de Gesluierde Profeet, die de vleesgeworden God beweerde te zijn. </p><p>De geschiedenis van Merv bewijst dat het 'Semitisch christendom' tot in het tweede millennium overleefde en dat Aziatische christenen er als een getolereerde minderheid in een volstrekt niet-Europese context leefden. Het verhaal van een bijzonder vitale tak van de christelijke traditie, buiten de grenzen van het Romeinse Rijk, in Afrika en Azië, is vaak onderbelicht als de geschiedenis van het christendom wordt doorverteld. </p><p>In 1221 werd de stad veroverd door een <a href="/wiki/Mongoolse_Rijk" title="Mongoolse Rijk">Mongools</a> leger onder <a href="/wiki/Tolui_Khan" title="Tolui Khan">Tolui Khan</a>, zoon van <a href="/wiki/Dzjengis_Khan" title="Dzjengis Khan">Dzjengis Khan</a>, als reactie op de executie van 450 handelaren die ervan werden verdacht Mongoolse spionnen te zijn. Vierhonderd inwoners van Merv werden meegenomen om als ambachtslieden te werken, de rest werd geëxecuteerd. De stad zelf werd voor het grootste deel verwoest. </p><p>Een generatie na de vernietiging van Merv schreef de <a href="/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Iran" title="Geschiedenis van Iran">Perzische</a> historicus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ata_al-Mulk_Juvayni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ata al-Mulk Juvayni (de pagina bestaat niet)">Juvayni</a>: </p> <blockquote style="margin:1em 0; padding:0 32px;"><p>De Mongolen bevolen dat, afgezien van vierhonderd ambachtslui ... de gehele bevolking, met inbegrip van de vrouwen en kinderen, moest worden gedood, en niemand, of vrouw of man, mocht worden gespaard. Elke Mongoolse soldaat was de executie van drie tot vierhonderd Perzen toegewezen. Zoveel werden gedood dat bij het vallen van de avond de bergen tot heuvels werden, en de vlakte was doordrenkt met het bloed van de machtigen.</p></blockquote> <p>Sommige historici geloven dat meer dan een miljoen mensen stierven in de nasleep van de verovering, met inbegrip van honderdduizenden vluchtelingen van elders, wat het tot een van de grootste <a href="/wiki/Bloedbad" title="Bloedbad">bloedbaden</a> uit de wereldgeschiedenis zou maken. </p><p>De Mongoolse invasie was het einde voor Merv en andere belangrijke centra voor meer dan een eeuw. In het begin van de 14e eeuw werd de stad de zetel van een christelijk aartsbisdom van de Oosterse Kerk. Tot 1380 behoorde Merv tot het rijk van <a href="/wiki/Timoer_Lenk" title="Timoer Lenk">Timoer Lenk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unesco_werelderfgoed">Unesco werelderfgoed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Unesco werelderfgoed" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Unesco werelderfgoed"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999 werd de historische locatie door <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> tot <a href="/wiki/Werelderfgoed" title="Werelderfgoed">werelderfgoed</a> verklaard. Volgens Unseco is Merv de oudste en best bewaard gebleven oasestad langs de <a href="/wiki/Zijderoute" title="Zijderoute">Zijderoute</a> in Centraal Azië. Het historische stadscentrum van Merv bestaat uit een reeks aangrenzende ommuurde steden. Erk Kala, met een oppervlakte van 20 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a>, is een ommuurde waterburcht met een interne citadel. Gyaur Kala is bijna vierkant met muren die ongeveer 2 kilometer lang zijn. Binnen de muren zijn de Beni Makhan-moskee en een boeddhistische <a href="/wiki/Stoepa" title="Stoepa">stoepa</a> te vinden. In Sultan Kala staat het <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> van <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Ahmad Sanjar</a>, dat oorspronkelijk deel uitmaakte van een groot religieus complex. Net buiten Sultan Kala staat de <a href="/wiki/Great_Kyz_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Kyz Kala">Great Kyz Kala</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:GreatKyzKala3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gyaur Kala"><img alt="Gyaur Kala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/GreatKyzKala3.jpg/180px-GreatKyzKala3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/GreatKyzKala3.jpg/270px-GreatKyzKala3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/GreatKyzKala3.jpg/360px-GreatKyzKala3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Gyaur Kala</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:18_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_XIX_%D0%B2.).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Restanten moskee"><img alt="Restanten moskee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/18_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_XIX_%D0%B2.%29.jpg/180px-18_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_XIX_%D0%B2.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/18_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_XIX_%D0%B2.%29.jpg/270px-18_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_XIX_%D0%B2.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/18_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_XIX_%D0%B2.%29.jpg/360px-18_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_XIX_%D0%B2.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Restanten moskee</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Mausoleum_of_Sultan_Sanjar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mausoleum van Ahmad Sanjar"><img alt="Mausoleum van Ahmad Sanjar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mausoleum_of_Sultan_Sanjar.jpg/112px-Mausoleum_of_Sultan_Sanjar.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mausoleum_of_Sultan_Sanjar.jpg/169px-Mausoleum_of_Sultan_Sanjar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mausoleum_of_Sultan_Sanjar.jpg/225px-Mausoleum_of_Sultan_Sanjar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Mausoleum van Ahmad Sanjar</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stedenband">Stedenband</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Stedenband" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Stedenband"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Turkije"><img alt="Vlag van Turkije" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/20px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Istanboel" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanboel">Istanboel</a> (Turkije)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geboren_in_Merv">Geboren in Merv</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geboren in Merv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geboren in Merv"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jelena_Bonner" title="Jelena Bonner">Jelena Bonner</a> (1923-2011), kinderarts en tijdens de Sovjet-periode een bekende dissidente (vrouw van dissident en <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_de_Vrede" title="Nobelprijs voor de Vrede">Nobelprijs voor de Vrede</a>-winnaar <a href="/wiki/Andrej_Sacharov" title="Andrej Sacharov">Andrej Sacharov</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Literatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jenkins, P. (2008), <i>Het vergeten christendom</i>, Nieuw Amsterdam (2011), p.60,61 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merv&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Merv#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Merv">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-klein toccolours noprint" style="box-sizing:border-box; display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; font-size:85%; clear:right; float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.5em; width:270px;"> <div style="min-width:fit-content;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> heeft mediabestanden in de categorie <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Merv#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Merv">Merv</a></b></i>.</div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=886">Pagina bij UNESCO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/merv">Ancient Merv Project UCL</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}</style><div class="navigatie mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Bibliografische informatie" data-collapsetext="Inklappen" data-expandtext="Uitklappen"><div id="Bibliografische_informatie" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bibliografische_informatie" title="Wikipedia:Bibliografische informatie">Bibliografische informatie</a></div><div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content plainlist ta-left"><ul style="column-width:36em"><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4341831-4">4341831-4</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">Library of Congress Control Number</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh92000145">sh92000145</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Isra%C3%ABl" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël">Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544384405171">987007544384405171</a></span></li><li><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21527102" class="extiw" title="d:Q21527102">TDVİA</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/merv">merv</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">Virtual International Authority File</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/247360153">247360153</a></span></li><li><b></b> <b><a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a></b> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/247360153">247360153</a></li></ul></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merv&oldid=68147471">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merv&oldid=68147471</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Archeologische_vindplaats_in_Turkmenistan" title="Categorie:Archeologische vindplaats in Turkmenistan">Archeologische vindplaats in Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Historische_stad" title="Categorie:Historische stad">Historische stad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Werelderfgoed_in_Turkmenistan" title="Categorie:Werelderfgoed in Turkmenistan">Werelderfgoed in Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Oud-Griekse_stad_in_de_Levant" title="Categorie:Oud-Griekse stad in de Levant">Oud-Griekse stad in de Levant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Parthen" title="Categorie:Parthen">Parthen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Voormalig_bisdom" title="Categorie:Voormalig bisdom">Voormalig bisdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Bloedbad" title="Categorie:Bloedbad">Bloedbad</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Co%C3%B6rdinaten_op_Wikidata" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Coördinaten op Wikidata">Wikipedia:Coördinaten op Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 21 sep 2024 om 18:45.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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