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id="toc-Berlin's_General_Building_Inspector_(1937–1942)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berlin's_General_Building_Inspector_(1937–1942)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Berlin's General Building Inspector (1937–1942) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berlin's_General_Building_Inspector_(1937–1942)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Armaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Armaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Minister of Armaments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Minister_of_Armaments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Minister of Armaments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Armaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment_and_increasing_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment_and_increasing_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Appointment and increasing power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment_and_increasing_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_arms_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_arms_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Consolidation of arms production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_arms_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_of_Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_of_Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Defeat of Nazi Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_of_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Post-war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuremberg_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuremberg_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nuremberg trial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuremberg_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imprisonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imprisonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Imprisonment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imprisonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release_and_later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_and_later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Release and later life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_and_later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Speer_myth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Speer_myth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 The Speer myth </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Speer_myth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The Speer myth subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_Speer_myth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Good_Nazi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Good_Nazi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 The Good Nazi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Good_Nazi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denial_of_responsibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denial_of_responsibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Denial of responsibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denial_of_responsibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armaments_miracle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armaments_miracle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Armaments miracle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armaments_miracle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Architectural legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Albert Speer</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ألبرت شبير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألبرت شبير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_%C5%9Epeer" title="Albert Şpeer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Albert Şpeer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="آلبرت اشپر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلبرت اشپر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Альберт Шпеер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альберт Шпеер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алберт Шпеер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алберт Шпеер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Άλμπερτ Σπέερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλμπερτ Σπέερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="آلبرت اشپر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلبرت اشپر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8A%88%ED%8E%98%EC%96%B4" title="알베르트 슈페어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알베르트 슈페어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%87%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալբերտ Շպեեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալբերտ Շպեեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="אלברט שפר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלברט שפר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ალბერტ შპეერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალბერტ შპეერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Speer" title="Albertus Speer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Albertus Speer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberts_%C5%A0p%C4%93rs" title="Alberts Špērs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alberts Špērs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer_(%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9sz,_1905%E2%80%931981)" title="Albert Speer (építész, 1905–1981) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Albert Speer (építész, 1905–1981)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алберт Шпер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алберт Шпер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="ആൽബർട്ട് സ്പീയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൽബർട്ട് സ്പീയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="البرت سبير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البرت سبير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%98%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အဲဘတ်စပီးယား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဲဘတ်စပီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2" title="アルベルト・シュペーア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルベルト・シュペーア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BC_%D8%B4%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1" title="البرټ شپېر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="البرټ شپېر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Шпеер, Альберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шпеер, Альберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="ئەلبێرت شپێر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلبێرت شپێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алберт Шпер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алберт Шпер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อัลแบร์ท ชแปร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลแบร์ท ชแปร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Альберт Шпеер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альберт Шпеер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E4%BD%A9%E7%88%BE" title="阿爾伯特·施佩爾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿爾伯特·施佩爾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Albert Speer" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E4%BD%A9%E5%B0%94" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German architect (1905–1981)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Albert Speer (disambiguation)">Albert Speer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Albert Speer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146II-277,_Albert_Speer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monochrome photograph of the upper body of Albert Speer, signed at the bottom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146II-277%2C_Albert_Speer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146II-277%2C_Albert_Speer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146II-277%2C_Albert_Speer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146II-277%2C_Albert_Speer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146II-277%2C_Albert_Speer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146II-277%2C_Albert_Speer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="794" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Speer in 1933</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Minister_of_Armaments_and_War_Production" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production">Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 February 1942 – 30 April 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a> (as Minister of Armaments and Munitions)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Saur" title="Karl Saur">Karl Saur</a> (as Minister of Munitions)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Reich Minister of Industry and Production</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 5 May 1945 – 23 May 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Head of state</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Head of government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Inspector_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General">Inspector General</a> of German Roadways</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 February 1942 – 23 May 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Inspector_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General">Inspector General</a> for Water and Energy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 February 1942 – 23 May 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt#Under_Albert_Speer,_1942–1945" title="Organisation Todt">Head of Organization Todt</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 February 1942 – 14 April 1944</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Dorsch" title="Franz Xaver Dorsch">Franz Xaver Dorsch</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">General Building Inspector for the Reich Capital</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 30 January 1937 – 23 May 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position created</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position abolished</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer</div> (1905-03-19)19 March 1905 <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duchy of Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1981(1981-09-01) (aged 76) London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (1931–1945)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich" title="Technical University of Munich">Technical University of Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Karlsruhe" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Karlsruhe">University of Karlsruhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Architect, government official, author</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Hitler cabinet</a> <a href="/wiki/Flensburg_Government" title="Flensburg Government">Schwerin von Krosigk cabinet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Speer_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Albert Speer's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Albert_Speer_Signature.svg/60px-Albert_Speer_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Albert_Speer_Signature.svg/91px-Albert_Speer_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Albert_Speer_Signature.svg/121px-Albert_Speer_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="177" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Criminal conviction<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">Conviction(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">War crimes</a> <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Trial</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data">20 years imprisonment</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Millions of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">slave laborers</a>; <a href="/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a> and others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Imprisoned at</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spandau_Prison" title="Spandau Prison">Spandau Prison</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʃpɛər/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʃpeːɐ̯]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a7\/De-Albert_Speer.ogg\/De-Albert_Speer.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Albert Speer.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/De-Albert_Speer.ogg/De-Albert_Speer.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Albert_Speer.ogg" title="File:De-Albert Speer.ogg">ⓘ</a>; 19 March 1905 – 1 September 1981) was a German <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a> who served as the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Armaments_and_War_Production" title="Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production">Minister of Armaments and War Production</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during most of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. A close ally of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, he was convicted at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> and sentenced to 20 years in prison. An architect by training, Speer joined the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> in 1931. His architectural skills made him increasingly prominent within the Party, and he became a member of Hitler's inner circle. Hitler commissioned him to design and construct structures, including the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Rally_Grounds" title="Nazi Party Rally Grounds">Nazi Party rally grounds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>. In 1937, Hitler appointed Speer as General Building Inspector for Berlin. In this capacity he was responsible for the Central Department for Resettlement that <a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi persecution of Jews">evicted Jewish tenants</a> from their homes in Berlin. In February 1942, Speer was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Reich_Minister_of_Armaments_and_War_Production" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production">Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production</a>. Using misleading statistics, he promoted himself as having performed an armaments miracle that was widely credited with keeping Germany in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015174–175-2">[1]</a> In 1944, Speer established a <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4gerstab" title="Jägerstab">task force</a> to increase production of fighter aircraft. It became instrumental in exploiting <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">slave labor</a> for the benefit of the German war effort. After the war, Albert Speer was among <a href="/wiki/List_of_defendants_at_the_International_Military_Tribunal" title="List of defendants at the International Military Tribunal">the 24 "major war criminals"</a> charged by the International Military Tribunal for Nazi atrocities. He was found guilty of <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, principally for the use of slave labor, narrowly avoiding a death sentence. Having served his full term, Speer was released in 1966. He used his writings from the time of imprisonment as the basis for two autobiographical books, <a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Third_Reich" title="Inside the Third Reich">Inside the Third Reich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spandau:_The_Secret_Diaries" title="Spandau: The Secret Diaries">Spandau: The Secret Diaries</a>. Speer's books were a success; the public was fascinated by the inside view of the Third Reich he provided. He died of a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> in 1981. Through his autobiographies and interviews, Speer carefully constructed an image of himself as a man who deeply regretted having failed to discover the crimes of the Third Reich. He continued to deny explicit knowledge of, and responsibility for, <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. This image dominated his <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> in the decades following the war, giving rise to the "Speer myth": the perception of him as an <a href="/wiki/Apoliticism" title="Apoliticism">apolitical</a> <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocrat</a> responsible for revolutionizing the German war machine. The myth began to fall apart in the 1980s, when the armaments miracle was attributed to <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi propaganda</a>. Twenty-five years after Speer's death, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Adam Tooze</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Wages_of_Destruction" title="The Wages of Destruction">The Wages of Destruction</a> that the idea that Speer was an apolitical technocrat was "absurd". <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kitchen" title="Martin Kitchen">Martin Kitchen</a>, writing in <a href="/wiki/Speer:_Hitler%27s_Architect" title="Speer: Hitler's Architect">Speer: Hitler's Architect</a>, stated that much of the increase in Germany's arms production was actually due to systems instituted by Speer's predecessor (<a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a>) and that Speer was intimately aware of and involved in the "<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"; evidence of which has been conclusively shown in the decades following the Nuremberg trials. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years_and_personal_life">Early years and personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years and personal life">edit</a>]</div> Speer was born in <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, into an upper-middle-class family. He was the second of three sons of Luise Máthilde Wilhelmine (Hommel) and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Friedrich_Speer" title="Albert Friedrich Speer">Albert Friedrich Speer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchubert20065-3">[2]</a> In 1918, the family leased their Mannheim residence and moved to a home they had in Heidelberg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201515-4">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_T._King" title="Henry T. King">Henry T. King</a>, deputy prosecutor at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> who later wrote a book about Speer said, "Love and warmth were lacking in the household of Speer's youth."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199727-5">[4]</a> His brothers, Ernst and Hermann, bullied him throughout his childhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2010124-6">[5]</a> Speer was active in sports, taking up skiing and mountaineering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat199723-7">[6]</a> He followed in the footsteps of his father and grandfather and studied architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest199911–13-8">[7]</a> Speer began his architectural studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Karlsruhe" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Karlsruhe">University of Karlsruhe</a> instead of a more highly acclaimed institution because the <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">hyperinflation crisis of 1923</a> limited his parents' income.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201517–18-9">[8]</a> In 1924, when the crisis had abated, he transferred to the "much more reputable" Technische Hochschule München (now <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich" title="Technical University of Munich">Technical University of Munich</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny199563-10">[9]</a> In 1925, he transferred again, this time to the Technische Hochschule Berlin-Chalottenburg (now <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a>) where he studied under <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Tessenow" title="Heinrich Tessenow">Heinrich Tessenow</a>, whom Speer greatly admired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201518–19-11">[10]</a> After passing his exams in 1927, Speer became Tessenow's assistant, a high honor for a man of 22.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat199734–36-12">[11]</a> As such, Speer taught some of his classes while continuing his own postgraduate studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny199571–73-13">[12]</a> In Munich Speer began a close friendship, ultimately spanning over 50 years, with <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Wolters" title="Rudolf Wolters">Rudolf Wolters</a>, who also studied under Tessenow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat199733–34-14">[13]</a> In mid-1922, Speer began courting Margarete (Margret) Weber (1905–1987), the daughter of a successful craftsman who employed 50 workers. The relationship was frowned upon by Speer's class-conscious mother, who felt the Webers were socially inferior. Despite this opposition, the two married in Berlin on 28 August 1928; seven years elapsed before Margarete was invited to stay at her in-laws' home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny199547–49-15">[14]</a> The couple would have six children together, but Albert Speer grew increasingly distant from his family after 1933. He remained so even after his release from imprisonment in 1966, despite their efforts to forge closer bonds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015327–328-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_architect_and_government_functionary">Party architect and government functionary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Party architect and government functionary">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joining_the_Nazis_(1931–1934)">Joining the Nazis (1931–1934)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Joining the Nazis (1931–1934)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-V00555-3,_Obersalzberg,_Albert_Speer,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-V00555-3%2C_Obersalzberg%2C_Albert_Speer%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-V00555-3%2C_Obersalzberg%2C_Albert_Speer%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-V00555-3%2C_Obersalzberg%2C_Albert_Speer%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-V00555-3%2C_Obersalzberg%2C_Albert_Speer%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-V00555-3%2C_Obersalzberg%2C_Albert_Speer%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-V00555-3%2C_Obersalzberg%2C_Albert_Speer%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Speer shows Hitler a project at <a href="/wiki/Obersalzberg" title="Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a>.</figcaption></figure> In January 1931, Speer applied for <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> membership, and on 1 March 1931, he became member number 474,481.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201524-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[b]</a> The same year, with stipends shrinking amid <a href="/wiki/The_Depression" class="mw-redirect" title="The Depression">the Depression</a>, Speer surrendered his position as Tessenow's assistant and moved to Mannheim, hoping to make a living as an architect. After he failed to do so, his father gave him a part-time job as manager of his properties. In July 1932, the Speers visited Berlin to help out the Party before the <a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">Reichstag elections</a>. While they were there his friend, Nazi Party official <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a> recommended the young architect to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> to help renovate the Party's Berlin headquarters. When the commission was completed, Speer returned to Mannheim and remained there as Hitler <a href="/wiki/Machtergreifung" class="mw-redirect" title="Machtergreifung">took office</a> in January 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201525–26-20">[18]</a> The organizers of the 1933 <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Rally">Nuremberg Rally</a> asked Speer to submit designs for the rally, bringing him into contact with Hitler for the first time. Neither the organizers nor <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a> were willing to decide whether to approve the plans, and Hess sent Speer to Hitler's Munich apartment to seek his approval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1995100–101-21">[19]</a> This work won Speer his first national post, as Nazi Party "Commissioner for the Artistic and Technical Presentation of Party Rallies and Demonstrations".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat199749-22">[20]</a> Shortly after Hitler came into power, he began to make plans to rebuild the chancellery. At the end of 1933, he contracted <a href="/wiki/Paul_Troost" title="Paul Troost">Paul Troost</a> to renovate the entire building. Hitler appointed Speer, whose work for Goebbels had impressed him, to manage the building site for Troost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201541-23">[21]</a> As Chancellor, Hitler had a residence in the building and came by every day to be briefed by Speer and the building supervisor on the progress of the renovations. After one of these briefings, Hitler invited Speer to lunch, to the architect's great excitement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1995101–103-24">[22]</a> Speer quickly became part of Hitler's inner circle; he was expected to call on him in the morning for a walk or chat, to provide consultation on architectural matters, and to discuss Hitler's ideas. Most days he was invited to dinner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1995106-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201541–42-26">[24]</a> In the English version of his memoirs, Speer says that his political commitment merely consisted of paying his "monthly dues". He assumed his German readers would not be so gullible and told them the Nazi Party offered a "new mission". He was more forthright in an interview with William Hamsher in which he said he joined the party in order to save "Germany from Communism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamsher1970-27">[25]</a> After the war, he claimed to have had little interest in politics at all and had joined almost by chance. Like many of those in power in the Third Reich, he was not an ideologue, "nor was he anything more than an instinctive anti-Semite."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201524-17">[16]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Brechtken" title="Magnus Brechtken">Magnus Brechtken</a>, discussing Speer, said he did not give anti-Jewish public speeches and that his <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitism</a> can best be understood through his actions—which were anti-Semitic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinecke2017-28">[26]</a> Brechtken added that, throughout Speer's life, his central motives were to gain power, rule, and acquire wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrechtken201745-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_architect_(1934–1937)">Nazi architect (1934–1937)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nazi architect (1934–1937)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-1130-502,_N%C3%BCrnberg,_Reichsparteitag,_Lichtdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-1130-502%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Lichtdom.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-1130-502%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Lichtdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-1130-502%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Lichtdom.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-1130-502%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Lichtdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-1130-502%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Lichtdom.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-1130-502%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Lichtdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Light" title="Cathedral of Light">Cathedral of Light</a> above the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_party_rally_grounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi party rally grounds">Zeppelintribune</a></figcaption></figure> When Troost died on 21 January 1934, Speer effectively replaced him as the Party's chief architect. Hitler appointed Speer as head of the Chief Office for Construction, which placed him nominally on Hess's staff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat199760-30">[28]</a> One of Speer's first commissions after Troost's death was the Zeppelinfeld stadium in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>. It was used for <a href="/wiki/Nazi_party_rally_grounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi party rally grounds">Nazi propaganda rallies</a> and can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a>'s propaganda film <a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a>. The building was able to hold 340,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat199759-31">[29]</a> Speer insisted that as many events as possible be held at night, both to give greater prominence to his lighting effects and to hide the overweight Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1995131-32">[30]</a> Nuremberg was the site of many official Nazi buildings. Many more buildings were planned. If built, the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Stadion" title="Deutsches Stadion">German Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> would have accommodated 400,000 spectators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat199759-31">[29]</a> Speer modified <a href="/wiki/Werner_March" title="Werner March">Werner March</a>'s design for the <a href="/wiki/Olympiastadion_(Berlin)#1936–1945:_Olympiastadion" title="Olympiastadion (Berlin)">Olympic Stadium</a> being built for the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a>. He added a stone exterior that pleased Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat199765-33">[31]</a> Speer designed the German Pavilion for the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne" title="Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne">1937 international exposition in Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201560-34">[32]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berlin's_General_Building_Inspector_(1937–1942)">Berlin's General Building Inspector (1937–1942)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Berlin's General Building Inspector (1937–1942)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welthauptstadt_germania_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Welthauptstadt_germania_11.jpg/220px-Welthauptstadt_germania_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Welthauptstadt_germania_11.jpg/330px-Welthauptstadt_germania_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Welthauptstadt_germania_11.jpg/440px-Welthauptstadt_germania_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Model of the Große Halle (also called Ruhmeshalle or Volkshalle) with the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag building</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a></figcaption></figure> On 30 January 1937, Hitler appointed Speer as General Building Inspector for the Reich Capital. This carried with it the rank of <a href="/wiki/State_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secretary">State Secretary</a> in the Reich government and gave him extraordinary powers over the Berlin city government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest199964-35">[33]</a> He was to report directly to Hitler, and was independent of both the mayor and the <a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a> of Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer1970118-36">[34]</a> Hitler ordered Speer to develop plans to <a href="/wiki/Germania_(city)" title="Germania (city)">rebuild Berlin</a>. These centered on a three-mile-long grand boulevard running from north to south, which Speer called the Prachtstrasse, or Street of Magnificence;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1995140-37">[35]</a> he also referred to it as the "North–South Axis".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1995141-38">[36]</a> At the northern end of the boulevard, Speer planned to build the <a href="/wiki/Volkshalle" title="Volkshalle">Volkshalle</a>, a huge domed assembly hall over 700 feet (210 m) high, with floor space for 180,000 people. At the southern end of the avenue, a great triumphal arch, almost 400 feet (120 m) high and able to fit the <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a> inside its opening, was planned. The existing Berlin railroad termini were to be dismantled, and two large new stations built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201565–70-39">[37]</a> Speer hired Wolters as part of his design team, with special responsibility for the Prachtstrasse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny199527-40">[38]</a> The outbreak of World War II in 1939 led to the postponement, and later the abandonment, of these plans,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest199971-41">[39]</a> which, after Nazi capitulation, Speer himself considered as “awful”.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1995550-42">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-373,_Modell_der_Neugestaltung_Berlins_(%22Germania%22).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-373%2C_Modell_der_Neugestaltung_Berlins_%28%22Germania%22%29.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-373%2C_Modell_der_Neugestaltung_Berlins_%28%22Germania%22%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-373%2C_Modell_der_Neugestaltung_Berlins_%28%22Germania%22%29.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-373%2C_Modell_der_Neugestaltung_Berlins_%28%22Germania%22%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-373%2C_Modell_der_Neugestaltung_Berlins_%28%22Germania%22%29.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-373%2C_Modell_der_Neugestaltung_Berlins_%28%22Germania%22%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Volkshalle's Great Dome can be seen at the top of this model of Hitler's plan for Berlin.</figcaption></figure> Plans to build a new Reich Chancellery had been underway since 1934. Land had been purchased by the end of 1934 and starting in March 1936 the first buildings were demolished to create space at <a href="/wiki/Vo%C3%9Fstra%C3%9Fe" title="Voßstraße">Voßstraße</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201546–47-43">[41]</a> Speer was involved virtually from the beginning. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a>, he had been commissioned to renovate the <a href="/wiki/Borsig_Palace" title="Borsig Palace">Borsig Palace</a> on the corner of Voßstraße and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmstra%C3%9Fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelmstraße">Wilhelmstraße</a> as headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> (SA).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201545-44">[42]</a> He completed the preliminary work for the new chancellery by May 1936. In June 1936 he charged a personal honorarium of 30,000 Reichsmark and estimated the chancellery would be completed within three to four years. Detailed plans were completed in July 1937 and the first shell of the new chancellery was complete on 1 January 1938. On 27 January 1938, Speer received plenipotentiary powers from Hitler to finish the new chancellery by 1 January 1939. For propaganda Hitler claimed during the topping-out ceremony on 2 August 1938, that he had ordered Speer to complete the new chancellery that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201546–49-45">[43]</a> Shortages of labor meant the construction workers had to work in ten-to-twelve-hour shifts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201553–56-46">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> built two concentration camps in 1938 and used the inmates to quarry stone for its construction. A brick factory was built near the <a href="/wiki/Oranienburg_concentration_camp" title="Oranienburg concentration camp">Oranienburg concentration camp</a> at Speer's behest; when someone commented on the poor conditions there, Speer stated, "The Yids got used to making bricks while in Egyptian captivity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201572-47">[45]</a> The chancellery was completed in early January 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201553–56-46">[44]</a> The building itself was hailed by Hitler as the "crowning glory of the greater German political empire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201553–56-46">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Hitler_in_Paris_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Adolf_Hitler_in_Paris_1940.jpg/170px-Adolf_Hitler_in_Paris_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Adolf_Hitler_in_Paris_1940.jpg/255px-Adolf_Hitler_in_Paris_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Adolf_Hitler_in_Paris_1940.jpg/340px-Adolf_Hitler_in_Paris_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="2930" /></a><figcaption>Hitler in Paris in 1940 with Speer (left) and sculptor <a href="/wiki/Arno_Breker" title="Arno Breker">Arno Breker</a></figcaption></figure> During the Chancellery project, the <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> took place. Speer made no mention of it in the first draft of Inside the Third Reich. It was only on the urgent advice of his publisher that he added a mention of seeing the ruins of the Central Synagogue in Berlin from his car.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1995164-48">[46]</a> Kristallnacht accelerated Speer's ongoing efforts to dispossess Berlin's Jews from their homes. From 1939 on, Speer's Department used the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> to evict Jewish tenants of non-Jewish landlords in Berlin, to make way for non-Jewish tenants displaced by redevelopment or bombing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest1999116-49">[47]</a> Eventually, 75,000 Jews were displaced by these measures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest1999120-50">[48]</a> Speer denied he knew they were being put on <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a> and claimed that those displaced were, "Completely free and their families were still in their apartments".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1984189-51">[49]</a> He also said: " ... en route to my ministry on the city highway, I could see ... crowds of people on the platform of nearby Nikolassee Railroad Station. I knew that these must be Berlin Jews who were being evacuated. I am sure that an oppressive feeling struck me as I drove past. I presumably had a sense of somber events."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1984189-51">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Schmidt" title="Matthias Schmidt">Matthias Schmidt</a> said Speer had personally inspected <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a> and described his comments as an "outright farce".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1984190-52">[50]</a> Martin Kitchen described Speer's often repeated line that he knew nothing of the "dreadful things" as hollow—not only was he fully aware of the fate of the Jews, he actively participated in their persecution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015322-53">[51]</a> As Germany started World War II in Europe, Speer instituted quick-reaction squads to construct roads or clear away debris; before long, these units would be used to clear bomb sites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest1999115-54">[52]</a> Speer used forced Jewish labor on these projects, in addition to regular German workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201578-55">[53]</a> Construction stopped on the Berlin and Nüremberg plans at the outbreak of war. Though stockpiling of materials and other work continued, this slowed to a halt as more resources were needed for the armament industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201539–40-56">[54]</a> Speer's offices undertook building work for each branch of the military, and for the SS, using slave labor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201578-55">[53]</a> Speer's building work made him among the wealthiest of the Nazi elite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201575–76-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minister_of_Armaments">Minister of Armaments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Minister of Armaments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment_and_increasing_power">Appointment and increasing power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Appointment and increasing power">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J16636,_Nordeuropa,_Eduard_Dietl,_Albert_Speer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J16636%2C_Nordeuropa%2C_Eduard_Dietl%2C_Albert_Speer.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J16636%2C_Nordeuropa%2C_Eduard_Dietl%2C_Albert_Speer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J16636%2C_Nordeuropa%2C_Eduard_Dietl%2C_Albert_Speer.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J16636%2C_Nordeuropa%2C_Eduard_Dietl%2C_Albert_Speer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J16636%2C_Nordeuropa%2C_Eduard_Dietl%2C_Albert_Speer.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J16636%2C_Nordeuropa%2C_Eduard_Dietl%2C_Albert_Speer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Speer (wearing <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a> armband) and Heer general <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Dietl" title="Eduard Dietl">Eduard Dietl</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi_Airport" title="Rovaniemi Airport">Rovaniemi Airport</a> in Finland, December 1943</figcaption></figure> As one of the younger and more ambitious men in Hitler's inner circle, Speer was approaching the height of his power. In 1938, Prussian <a href="/wiki/Minister_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister President">Minister President</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> had appointed him to the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_State_Council_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)">Prussian State Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilla2005239,_298-58">[56]</a> In 1941, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Reichstag (Nazi Germany)">Reichstag</a> from electoral constituency 2 (Berlin–West).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWistrich1982291-59">[57]</a> On 8 February 1942, <a href="/wiki/Reich_Minister_of_Armaments_and_War_Production" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production">Reich Minister of Armaments and Munitions</a> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a> died in a plane crash shortly after taking off from Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Wolf%27s_Lair" title="Wolf's Lair">eastern headquarters</a> at <a href="/wiki/K%C4%99trzyn" title="Kętrzyn">Rastenburg</a>. Speer arrived there the previous evening and accepted Todt's offer to fly with him to Berlin. Speer cancelled some hours before take-off because the previous night he had been up late in a meeting with Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015117–118-60">[58]</a> Hitler appointed Speer in Todt's place. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kitchen" title="Martin Kitchen">Martin Kitchen</a>, a British historian, says that the choice was not surprising. Speer was loyal to Hitler, and his experience building prisoner of war camps and other structures for the military qualified him for the job.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015120–121-61">[59]</a> Speer succeeded Todt not only as Reich Minister but in all his other powerful positions, including Inspector General of German Roadways, Inspector General for Water and Energy and Head of the Nazi Party's Office of Technology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWistrich1982291-59">[57]</a> At the same time, Hitler also appointed Speer as head of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a>, a massive, government-controlled construction company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen20156-62">[60]</a> Characteristically Hitler did not give Speer any clear remit; he was left to fight his contemporaries in the regime for power and control. As an example, he wanted to be given power over all armaments issues under Göring's <a href="/wiki/Four_Year_Plan" title="Four Year Plan">Four Year Plan</a>. Göring was reluctant to grant this. However Speer secured Hitler's support, and on 1 March 1942, Göring signed a decree naming Speer "General Plenipotentiary for Armament Tasks" in the Four Year Plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2018234-63">[61]</a> Speer proved to be ambitious, unrelenting and ruthless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015122-64">[62]</a> Speer set out to gain control not just of armaments production in the army, but in the whole armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015122-64">[62]</a> It did not immediately dawn on his political rivals that his calls for rationalization and reorganization were hiding his desire to sideline them and take control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015148–149-65">[63]</a> By April 1942, Speer had persuaded Göring to create a three-member <a href="/wiki/Central_Planning_Board" title="Central Planning Board">Central Planning Board</a> within the Four Year Plan, which he used to obtain supreme authority over procurement and allocation of raw materials and scheduling of production in order to consolidate German war production in a single agency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Government1950374-66">[64]</a> Speer was fêted at the time, and in the post-war era, for performing an "armaments miracle" in which German war production dramatically increased. This miracle was brought to a halt in the summer of 1943 by, among other factors, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">first</a> sustained <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">bombing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006597–598-67">[65]</a> Other factors probably contributed to the increase more than Speer himself. Germany's armaments production had already begun to result in increases under his predecessor, Todt. Naval armaments were not under Speer's supervision until October 1943, nor the Luftwaffe's armaments until June of the following year. Yet each showed comparable increases in production despite not being under Speer's control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015368–370-68">[66]</a> Another factor that produced the boom in ammunition was the policy of allocating more coal to the steel industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006575–576-69">[67]</a> Production of every type of weapon peaked in June and July 1944, but there was now a severe shortage of fuel. After August 1944, oil from the Romanian fields was no longer available. Oil production became so low that any possibility of offensive action became impossible and weaponry lay idle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015232–233-70">[68]</a> As Minister of Armaments, Speer was responsible for supplying weapons to the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015127-71">[69]</a> With Hitler's full agreement, he decided to prioritize tank production, and he was given unrivaled power to ensure success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015145–147-72">[70]</a> Hitler was closely involved with the design of the tanks, but kept changing his mind about the specifications. This delayed the program, and Speer was unable to remedy the situation. In consequence, despite tank production having the highest priority, relatively little of the armaments budget was spent on it. This led to a significant German Army failure at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prokhorovka" title="Battle of Prokhorovka">Battle of Prokhorovka</a>, a major turning point on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> against the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015147–148-73">[71]</a> As head of Organisation Todt, Speer was directly involved in the construction and alteration of concentration camps. He agreed to expand <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> and some other camps, allocating 13.7 million Reichsmarks for the work to be carried out. This allowed an extra 300 huts to be built at Auschwitz, increasing the total human capacity to 132,000. Included in the building works was material to build <a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas chamber">gas chambers</a>, crematoria and morgues. The SS called this "Professor Speer's Special Programme".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015156-74">[72]</a> Speer realized that with six million workers drafted into the armed forces, there was a labor shortage in the war economy, and not enough workers for his factories. In response, Hitler appointed <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sauckel" title="Fritz Sauckel">Fritz Sauckel</a> as a "manpower dictator" to obtain new workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015150-75">[73]</a> Speer and Sauckel cooperated closely to meet Speer's labor demands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015151–152-76">[74]</a> Hitler gave Sauckel a free hand to obtain labor, something that delighted Speer, who had requested 1,000,000 "voluntary" laborers to meet the need for armament workers. Sauckel had whole villages in France, Holland and Belgium forcibly rounded up and shipped to Speer's factories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015159-77">[75]</a> Sauckel obtained new workers often using the most brutal methods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest1999146–150-78">[76]</a> In occupied areas of the Soviet Union, that had been subject to partisan action, civilian men and women were rounded up en masse and sent to work forcibly in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015165–166-79">[77]</a> By April 1943, Sauckel had supplied 1,568,801 "voluntary" laborers, forced laborers, prisoners of war and concentration camp prisoners to Speer for use in his armaments factories. It was for the maltreatment of these people, that Speer was principally convicted at the Nuremberg trials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015160-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_arms_production">Consolidation of arms production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consolidation of arms production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28426,_A._Speer,_E._Milch,_W._Messerschmitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28426%2C_A._Speer%2C_E._Milch%2C_W._Messerschmitt.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28426%2C_A._Speer%2C_E._Milch%2C_W._Messerschmitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28426%2C_A._Speer%2C_E._Milch%2C_W._Messerschmitt.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28426%2C_A._Speer%2C_E._Milch%2C_W._Messerschmitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28426%2C_A._Speer%2C_E._Milch%2C_W._Messerschmitt.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28426%2C_A._Speer%2C_E._Milch%2C_W._Messerschmitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Speer with Luftwaffe field marshal <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Milch" title="Erhard Milch">Erhard Milch</a> and aircraft designer <a href="/wiki/Willy_Messerschmitt" title="Willy Messerschmitt">Willy Messerschmitt</a>, May 1944</figcaption></figure> Following his appointment as Minister of Armaments, Speer was in control of armaments production solely for the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">Army</a>. He coveted control of the production of armaments for the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> as well. He set about extending his power and influence with unexpected ambition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen20157–8-81">[79]</a> His close relationship with Hitler provided him with political protection, and he was able to outwit and outmaneuver his rivals in the regime. Hitler's cabinet was dismayed at his tactics, but, regardless, he was able to accumulate new responsibilities and more power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen20157–8-81">[79]</a> By July 1943, he had gained control of armaments production for the Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015167–169-82">[80]</a> In August 1943, he took control of most of the Ministry of Economics, to become, in <a href="/wiki/Admiral_D%C3%B6nitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Dönitz">Admiral Dönitz</a>'s words, "Europe's economic dictator". His formal title was changed on 2 September 1943, to "Reich Minister for Armaments and War Production". He had become one of the most powerful people in Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen20157–8-81">[79]</a> Speer and his hand-picked director of submarine construction <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Merker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Merker (page does not exist)">Otto Merker</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Merker_(Generaldirektor)" class="extiw" title="de:Otto Merker (Generaldirektor)">de</a>] believed that the shipbuilding industry was being held back by outdated methods, and revolutionary new approaches imposed by outsiders would dramatically improve output.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006614-83">[81]</a> This belief proved incorrect, and Speer and Merker's attempt to build the Kriegsmarine's new generation of submarines, the <a href="/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine" title="Type XXI submarine">Type XXI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Type_XXIII_submarine" title="Type XXIII submarine">Type XXIII</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Prefabrication" title="Prefabrication">prefabricated</a> sections at different facilities rather than at single dockyards contributed to the failure of this strategically important program. The designs were rushed into production, and the completed submarines were crippled by flaws which resulted from the way they had been constructed. While dozens of submarines were built, few ever entered service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006616–618-84">[82]</a> In December 1943, Speer visited Organisation Todt workers in <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a>, where he seriously damaged his knee and was incapacitated for several months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen20158–9-85">[83]</a> He was under the dubious care of Professor <a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a> at a medical clinic called Hohenlychen where patients "mysteriously failed to survive".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015188-86">[84]</a> In mid-January 1944, Speer had a lung embolism and fell seriously ill. Concerned about retaining power, he did not appoint a deputy and continued to direct work of the Armaments Ministry from his bedside. Speer's illness coincided with the Allied "<a href="/wiki/Big_Week" title="Big Week">Big Week</a>", a series of bombing raids on the German aircraft factories that were a devastating blow to aircraft production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015188–189-87">[85]</a> His political rivals used the opportunity to undermine his authority and damage his reputation with Hitler. He lost Hitler's unconditional support and began to lose power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen20158–9-85">[83]</a> In response to the Allied Big Week, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> authorized the creation of a <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4gerstab" title="Jägerstab">Fighter Staff committee</a>. Its aim was to ensure the preservation and growth of fighter aircraft production. The task force was established by 1 March 1944, orders of Speer, with support from <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Milch" title="Erhard Milch">Erhard Milch</a> of the Reich Aviation Ministry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoogKrebsVogel2006347-88">[86]</a> Production of German fighter aircraft more than doubled between 1943 and 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2002343-89">[87]</a> The growth, however, consisted in large part of models that were becoming obsolescent and proved easy prey for Allied aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006582–584-90">[88]</a> On 1 August 1944, Speer merged the Fighter Staff into a newly formed <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstungsstab" title="Rüstungsstab">Armament Staff committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUziel201282-91">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cberlebende_KZ_M%C3%BChldorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%C3%9Cberlebende_KZ_M%C3%BChldorf.jpg/170px-%C3%9Cberlebende_KZ_M%C3%BChldorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%C3%9Cberlebende_KZ_M%C3%BChldorf.jpg/255px-%C3%9Cberlebende_KZ_M%C3%BChldorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/%C3%9Cberlebende_KZ_M%C3%BChldorf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Survivors of the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChldorf_concentration_camp_complex" title="Mühldorf concentration camp complex">Mühldorf concentration camp</a> upon liberation in 1945. Mühldorf supplied slave workers for the <a href="/wiki/Weingut_I" title="Weingut I">Weingut I</a> project.</figcaption></figure> The Fighter Staff committee was instrumental in bringing about the increased exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">slave labor</a> in the war economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuggeln201445-92">[90]</a> The SS provided 64,000 prisoners for 20 separate projects from various concentration camps including <a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittelbau-Dora">Mittelbau-Dora</a>. Prisoners worked for <a href="/wiki/Junkers" title="Junkers">Junkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt" title="Messerschmitt">Messerschmitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henschel_%26_Son" title="Henschel & Son">Henschel</a> and <a href="/wiki/BMW#1939–1945:_World_War_II" title="BMW">BMW</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuggeln201446–48-93">[91]</a> To increase production, Speer introduced a system of punishments for his workforce. Those who feigned illness, slacked off, sabotaged production or tried to escape were denied food or sent to concentration camps. In 1944, this became endemic; over half a million workers were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015215-94">[92]</a> By this time, 140,000 people were working in Speer's underground factories. These factories were death-traps; discipline was brutal, with regular executions. There were so many corpses at the Dora underground factory, for example, that the crematorium was overwhelmed. Speer's own staff described the conditions there as "hell".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015221-95">[93]</a> The largest technological advance under Speer's command came through the rocket program. It began in 1932 but had not supplied any weaponry. Speer enthusiastically supported the program and in March 1942 made an order for A4 rockets, the predecessor of the world's first ballistic missile, the <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a>. The rockets were researched at a facility in <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a>. The V-2's first target was Paris on 8 September 1944. The program while advanced proved to be an impediment to the war economy. The large capital investment was not repaid in military effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015216-96">[94]</a> The rockets were built at an underground factory at <a href="/wiki/Mittelwerk" title="Mittelwerk">Mittelwerk</a>. Labor to build the A4 rockets came from the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp. Of the 60,000 people who ended up at the camp 20,000 died, due to the appalling conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015221-95">[93]</a> On 14 April 1944, Speer lost control of Organisation Todt to his deputy, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Dorsch" title="Franz Xaver Dorsch">Franz Xaver Dorsch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer1970432–433-97">[95]</a> He opposed the <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">assassination attempt against Hitler</a> on 20 July 1944. He was not involved in the plot, and played a minor role in the regime's efforts to regain control over Berlin after Hitler survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015204–205-98">[96]</a> After the plot Speer's rivals attacked some of his closest allies and his management system fell out of favor with radicals in the party. He lost yet more authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen20158-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat_of_Nazi_Germany">Defeat of Nazi Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Defeat of Nazi Germany">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nazi_Personalities_BU6713.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nazi_Personalities_BU6713.jpg/220px-Nazi_Personalities_BU6713.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nazi_Personalities_BU6713.jpg/330px-Nazi_Personalities_BU6713.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nazi_Personalities_BU6713.jpg/440px-Nazi_Personalities_BU6713.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Speer (left), <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jodl" title="Alfred Jodl">Alfred Jodl</a> (right) after their arrest by the British Army in <a href="/wiki/Flensburg" title="Flensburg">Flensburg</a> in Northern Germany in May 1945</figcaption></figure> Losses of territory and a dramatic expansion of the Allied strategic bombing campaign caused the collapse of the German economy from late 1944. Air attacks on the transport network were particularly effective, as they cut the main centres of production off from essential coal supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006648–651-100">[98]</a> In January 1945, Speer told Goebbels that armaments production could be sustained for at least a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006652-101">[99]</a> However, he concluded that the war was lost after Soviet forces captured the important <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesian</a> industrial region later that month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015259-102">[100]</a> Nevertheless, Speer believed that Germany should continue the war for as long as possible with the goal of winning better conditions from the Allies than the <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_surrender" title="Unconditional surrender">unconditional surrender</a> they insisted upon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012289-103">[101]</a> During January and February, Speer claimed that his ministry would deliver "decisive weapons" and a large increase in armaments production which would "bring about a dramatic change on the battlefield".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015254-104">[102]</a> Speer gained control over the railways in February, and asked <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> to supply concentration camp prisoners to work on their repair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015261–262-105">[103]</a> By mid-March, Speer had accepted that Germany's economy would collapse within the next eight weeks. While he sought to frustrate directives to destroy industrial facilities in areas at risk of capture, so that they could be used after the war, he still supported the war's continuation. Speer provided Hitler with a memorandum on 15 March, which detailed Germany's dire economic situation and sought approval to cease demolitions of infrastructure. Three days later, he also proposed to Hitler that Germany's remaining military resources be concentrated along the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> rivers in an attempt to prolong the fighting. This ignored military realities, as the German armed forces were unable to match the Allies' firepower and were facing total defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006652–653-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015262–263-107">[105]</a> Hitler rejected Speer's proposal to cease demolitions. Instead, he issued the "<a href="/wiki/Nero_Decree" title="Nero Decree">Nero Decree</a>" on 19 March, which called for the destruction of all infrastructure as the army retreated. Speer was appalled by this order, and persuaded several key military and political leaders to ignore it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015265–267-108">[106]</a> During a meeting with Speer on 28/29 March, Hitler rescinded the decree and gave him authority over demolitions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015269–270-109">[107]</a> Speer ended them, though the army continued to blow up bridges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012291-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[c]</a> By April, little was left of the armaments industry, and Speer had few official duties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015275-112">[109]</a> Speer visited the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Führerbunker">Führerbunker</a> on 22 April for the last time. He met Hitler and toured the damaged Chancellery before leaving Berlin to return to Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest1999263–270-113">[110]</a> Speer would later claim in his memoirs that during this visit he "confessed to Hitler [...] that he was disobeying his 'scorched-earth' policy",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1997202-114">[111]</a> an assertion which has been described as "pure invention"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1997202-114">[111]</a> by historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a>. On 29 April, the day before committing suicide, Hitler dictated a <a href="/wiki/Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler">final political testament</a> which dropped Speer from the successor government. Speer was to be replaced by his subordinate, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Saur" title="Karl Saur">Karl-Otto Saur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997234-115">[112]</a> Speer was disappointed that Hitler had not selected him as his successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015277-116">[113]</a> After Hitler's death, Speer offered his services to Hitler's successor, <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest1999273–281-117">[114]</a> On 2 May, Dönitz asked <a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk</a> to form a new government, and discussions went on about the formation of the administration for the next few days. On May 5, Schwerin von Krosigk presented his cabinet (known as the <a href="/wiki/Flensburg_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Flensburg government">Flensburg government</a>) and Speer was named as Minister of Industry and Production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaskot2002140–141-118">[115]</a> Speer provided information to the Allies, regarding the effects of the air war, and on a broad range of subjects, beginning on 10 May. On 23 May, two weeks after the surrender of German forces, British troops arrested the members of the Flensburg Government and brought Nazi Germany to a formal end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015288-119">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war">Post-war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-war">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuremberg_trial">Nuremberg trial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nuremberg trial">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert-Speer-72-929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Albert-Speer-72-929.jpg/220px-Albert-Speer-72-929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Albert-Speer-72-929.jpg/330px-Albert-Speer-72-929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Albert-Speer-72-929.jpg/440px-Albert-Speer-72-929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Speer at the Nuremberg trial</figcaption></figure> Speer was taken to several internment centres for Nazi officials and interrogated. In September 1945, he was told that he would be tried for <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, and several days later, he was moved to Nuremberg and incarcerated there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1995561-120">[117]</a> Speer was indicted on four counts: participating in a common plan or <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (crime)">conspiracy</a> for the accomplishment of <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against peace">crime against peace</a>; planning, initiating and waging <a href="/wiki/War_of_aggression" title="War of aggression">wars of aggression</a> and other crimes against peace; war crimes; and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest1999285-121">[118]</a> The chief United States prosecutor, <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> said, "Speer joined in planning and executing the program to dragoon prisoners of war and foreign workers into German war industries, which waxed in output while the workers waned in starvation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConot1983471-122">[119]</a> Speer's attorney, Hans Flächsner, successfully contrasted Speer from other defendants<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriemel2016139–140-123">[120]</a> and portrayed him as an artist thrust into political life who had always remained a non-ideologue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest1999287–288-124">[121]</a> Speer was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, principally for the use of slave labor and forced labor. He was acquitted on the other two counts. He had claimed that he was unaware of Nazi extermination plans, and the Allies had no proof that he was aware. His claim was revealed to be false in a private correspondence written in 1971 and publicly disclosed in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2007-125">[122]</a> On 1 October 1946, he was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997281–282-126">[123]</a> While three of the eight judges (two Soviet and American <a href="/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Francis Biddle</a>) advocated the death penalty for Speer, the other judges did not, and a compromise sentence was reached after two days of discussions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny199529-127">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imprisonment">Imprisonment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Imprisonment">edit</a>]</div> On 18 July 1947, Speer was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Spandau_Prison" title="Spandau Prison">Spandau Prison</a> in Berlin to serve his prison term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997288-128">[125]</a> There he was known as Prisoner Number Five.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015314–315-129">[126]</a> Speer's parents died while he was incarcerated. His father, who died in 1947, despised the Nazis and was silent upon meeting Hitler. His mother died in 1952. As a Nazi Party member, she had greatly enjoyed dining with Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2010124-6">[5]</a> Wolters and longtime Speer secretary Annemarie Kempf, while not permitted direct communication with Speer in Spandau, did what they could to help his family and carry out the requests Speer put in letters to his wife—the only written communication he was officially allowed. Beginning in 1948, Speer had the services of Toni Proost, a sympathetic Dutch orderly, to smuggle mail and his writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997292–297-130">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6th_Inf_Regt_Spandau_Prison_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/6th_Inf_Regt_Spandau_Prison_1951.jpg/220px-6th_Inf_Regt_Spandau_Prison_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/6th_Inf_Regt_Spandau_Prison_1951.jpg/330px-6th_Inf_Regt_Spandau_Prison_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/6th_Inf_Regt_Spandau_Prison_1951.jpg/440px-6th_Inf_Regt_Spandau_Prison_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Speer spent most of his sentence at <a href="/wiki/Spandau_Prison" title="Spandau Prison">Spandau Prison</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1949, Wolters opened a bank account for Speer and began fundraising among those architects and industrialists who had benefited from Speer's activities during the war. Initially, the funds were used only to support Speer's family, but increasingly the money was used for other purposes. They paid for Toni Proost to go on holiday, and for bribes to those who might be able to secure Speer's release. Once Speer became aware of the existence of the fund, he sent detailed instructions about what to do with the money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997292–297-130">[127]</a> Wolters raised a total of <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">DM</a>158,000 for Speer over the final seventeen years of his sentence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997298-131">[128]</a> The prisoners were forbidden to write memoirs. Speer was able to have his writings sent to Wolters, however, and they eventually amounted to 20,000 pages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest1999316-132">[129]</a> He had completed his memoirs by November 1953, and they became the basis of Inside the Third Reich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015325-133">[130]</a> In Spandau Diaries, Speer aimed to present himself as a tragic hero who had made a <a href="/wiki/Faustian_bargain" class="mw-redirect" title="Faustian bargain">Faustian bargain</a> for which he endured a harsh prison sentence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015321–322-134">[131]</a> Much of Speer's energy was dedicated to keeping fit, both physically and mentally, during his long confinement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015323-135">[132]</a> Spandau had a large enclosed yard where inmates were allocated plots of land for gardening. Speer created an elaborate garden complete with lawns, flower beds, shrubbery, and fruit trees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015316-136">[133]</a> To make his daily walks around the garden more engaging Speer embarked on an imaginary trip around the globe. Speer started his “walk” from Berlin and went eastward across the entirety of Eurasia, crossed the Bering Strait into Alaska and then traveled south down the west coast of North America. Carefully measuring distance travelled each day, he mapped distances to the real-world geography. He had walked more than 30,000 kilometres (19,000 mi), ending his sentence near <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015316,_325-137">[134]</a> Speer also read, studied architectural journals, and brushed up on English and French. In his writings, Speer claimed to have finished five thousand books while in prison. His sentence of twenty years amounted to 7,305 days, which only allotted one and a half days per book.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015316–317-138">[135]</a> Speer's supporters maintained calls for his release. Among those who pledged support for his sentence to be commuted were <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> and US diplomat <a href="/wiki/George_Wildman_Ball" class="mw-redirect" title="George Wildman Ball">George Wildman Ball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest1999319-139">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> was an advocate of his release,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997319-140">[137]</a> putting an end to the de-Nazification proceedings against him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997324-141">[138]</a> which could have caused his property to be confiscated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997299–300-142">[139]</a> Speer's efforts for an early release came to naught. The Soviet Union, having demanded a death sentence at trial, was unwilling to entertain a reduced sentence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015320–321-143">[140]</a> Speer served a full term and was released at midnight on 1 October 1966.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997324–325-144">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_and_later_life">Release and later life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Release and later life">edit</a>]</div> Speer's release from prison was a worldwide media event. Reporters and photographers crowded both the street outside Spandau and the lobby of the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Berlin,_Berlin" title="Hotel Berlin, Berlin">Hotel Berlin</a> where Speer spent the night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest1999320–321-145">[142]</a> He said little, reserving most comments for a major interview published in <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> in November 1966.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997333–334-146">[143]</a> Although he stated he hoped to resume an architectural career, his sole project, a collaboration for a brewery, was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015327–328-16">[15]</a> Instead, he revised his Spandau writings into two autobiographical books, <a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Third_Reich" title="Inside the Third Reich">Inside the Third Reich</a> (in German, Erinnerungen, or Reminiscences<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny19955-147">[144]</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Spandau:_The_Secret_Diaries" title="Spandau: The Secret Diaries">Spandau: The Secret Diaries</a>. He later published a work about Himmler and the SS, which has been published in English as The Slave State: Heinrich Himmler's Masterplan for SS Supremacy or Infiltration: How Heinrich Himmler Schemed to Build an SS Industrial Empire (in German, Der Sklavenstaat - Meine Auseinandersetzung mit der SS). Speer was aided in shaping the works by <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Joachim Fest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Jobst_Siedler" title="Wolf Jobst Siedler">Wolf Jobst Siedler</a> from the publishing house <a href="/wiki/Ullstein_Verlag" title="Ullstein Verlag">Ullstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997329–330-148">[145]</a> He found himself unable to re-establish a relationship with his children, even with his son <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer_(born_1934)" title="Albert Speer (born 1934)">Albert</a>, who had also become an architect. According to Speer's daughter <a href="/wiki/Hilde_Schramm" title="Hilde Schramm">Hilde Schramm</a>, "One by one, my sister and brothers gave up. There was no communication."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1995664–665-149">[146]</a> He provided financial support for his brother Hermann after the war. However, his other brother Ernst died at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, despite repeated requests from his parents for Speer to repatriate him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2010124-6">[5]</a> Following his release from Spandau, Speer donated the Chronicle, his personal diary, to the <a href="/wiki/German_Federal_Archives" title="German Federal Archives">German Federal Archives</a>. It had been edited by Wolters and made no mention of the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997339–343-150">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Irving" title="David Irving">David Irving</a> discovered discrepancies between the deceptively edited Chronicle and independent documents. Speer asked Wolters to destroy the material he had omitted from his donation but Wolters refused and retained an original copy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1995226–227-151">[148]</a> Wolters' friendship with Speer deteriorated, and one year before Speer's death, Wolters gave Matthias Schmidt access to the unedited Chronicle. Schmidt authored the first book highly critical of Speer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997359–361-152">[149]</a> Speer's memoirs were a phenomenal success. The public was fascinated by an inside view of the Third Reich and a major war criminal became a popular figure almost overnight. Importantly, he provided an alibi to older Germans who had been Nazis. If Speer, who had been so close to Hitler, had not known the full extent of the crimes of the Nazi regime and had just been "following orders", then they could tell themselves and others they too had done the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015335-153">[150]</a> So great was the need to believe this "Speer myth" that Fest and Siedler were able to strengthen it—even in the face of mounting historical evidence to the contrary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015366-154">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_speer_grab-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_speer_grab-1.jpg/220px-A_speer_grab-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_speer_grab-1.jpg/330px-A_speer_grab-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_speer_grab-1.jpg/440px-A_speer_grab-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption>Speer's grave in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></figcaption></figure> Speer made himself widely available to historians and other enquirers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997354-155">[152]</a> In October 1973, he made his first trip to Britain, flying to London to be interviewed on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Midweek programme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2003-156">[153]</a> In the same year, he appeared on the television programme <a href="/wiki/The_World_at_War" title="The World at War">The World at War</a>. Speer returned to London in 1981 to participate in the BBC <a href="/wiki/Newsnight" title="Newsnight">Newsnight</a> programme. He suffered a stroke and died in London on 1 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest1999337-157">[154]</a> He had remained married to his wife, but he had formed a relationship with a German woman living in London and was with her at the time of his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997362–363-158">[155]</a> His daughter, <a href="/wiki/Margret_Nissen" title="Margret Nissen">Margret Nissen</a>, wrote in her 2005 memoirs that after his release from Spandau he spent all of his time constructing the "Speer Myth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015343-159">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Speer_myth">The Speer myth</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Speer myth">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Good_Nazi">The Good Nazi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Good Nazi">edit</a>]</div> After his release from Spandau, Speer portrayed himself as the "good Nazi".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015327–360-160">[157]</a> He was well-educated, middle class, and <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a>, and could contrast himself with those who, in the popular mind, typified "Bad Nazis".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015362-161">[158]</a> In his memoirs and interviews, he had distorted the truth and made so many major omissions that his lies became known as "myths".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelow2018-162">[159]</a> Speer even invented his own birth's circumstances, stating falsely that he was born at midday amid crashes of thunder and bells of the nearby Christ Church, whereas it was between three and five o'clock, and the church was built only some years after.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201514-163">[160]</a> Speer took his myth-making to a mass media level and his "cunning apologies" were reproduced frequently in post-war Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelow2018-162">[159]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isabell_Trommer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isabell Trommer (page does not exist)">Isabell Trommer</a> writes in her biography of Speer that Fest and Siedler were co-authors of Speer's memoirs and co-creators of his myths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrommer201680-164">[161]</a> In return they were paid handsomely in royalties and other financial inducements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwendemann2016-165">[162]</a> Speer, Siedler and Fest had constructed a masterpiece; the image of the "good Nazi" remained in place for decades, despite historical evidence indicating that it was false.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrommer2016330-166">[163]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-052-06A,_Albert_Speer_spricht_in_Munitionsfabrik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photograph of a group of men wearing business suits raising their right arms in a Nazi salute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-052-06A%2C_Albert_Speer_spricht_in_Munitionsfabrik.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-052-06A%2C_Albert_Speer_spricht_in_Munitionsfabrik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-052-06A%2C_Albert_Speer_spricht_in_Munitionsfabrik.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-052-06A%2C_Albert_Speer_spricht_in_Munitionsfabrik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-052-06A%2C_Albert_Speer_spricht_in_Munitionsfabrik.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-052-06A%2C_Albert_Speer_spricht_in_Munitionsfabrik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Speer during a visit to a munitions factory in May 1944</figcaption></figure> Speer had carefully constructed an image of himself as an <a href="/wiki/Apoliticism" title="Apoliticism">apolitical</a> technocrat who deeply regretted having failed to discover the monstrous crimes of the Third Reich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015345–346-167">[164]</a> This construction was accepted almost at face value by historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Hugh Trevor-Roper</a> when investigating the death of Adolf Hitler for <a href="/wiki/British_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="British Intelligence">British Intelligence</a> and in writing The Last Days of Hitler. Trevor-Roper frequently refers to Speer as "a technocrat [who] nourished a technocrat's philosophy", one who cared only for his building projects or his ministerial duties, and who thought that politics was irrelevant, at least until Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Nero_Decree" title="Nero Decree">Nero Decree</a> which Speer, according to his own telling, worked assiduously to counter. Trevor-Roper – who calls Speer an administrative genius whose basic instincts were peaceful and constructive – does take Speer to task, however, for his failure to recognize the immorality of Hitler and Nazism, calling him "the real criminal of Nazi Germany":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevor-Roper199568–70,_214–215-168">[165]</a> <blockquote>For ten years he sat at the very centre of political power; his keen intelligence diagnosed the nature and observed the mutations of Nazi government and policy; he saw and despised the personalities around him; he heard their outrageous orders and understood their fantastic ambitions; but he did nothing. Supposing politics to be irrelevant, he turned aside and built roads and bridges and factories, while the logical consequences of government by madmen emerged. Ultimately, when their emergence involved the ruin of all his work, Speer accepted the consequences and acted. Then it was too late; Germany had been destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevor-Roper1995214–215-169">[166]</a></blockquote> After Speer's death, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Schmidt" title="Matthias Schmidt">Matthias Schmidt</a> published a book that demonstrated that Speer had ordered the eviction of Jews from their Berlin homes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1984186-170">[167]</a> By 1999, historians had amply demonstrated that Speer had lied extensively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015360–362-171">[168]</a> Even so, public perceptions of Speer did not change substantially until <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Breloer" title="Heinrich Breloer">Heinrich Breloer</a> aired the biographical film <a href="/wiki/Speer_und_Er" title="Speer und Er">Speer und Er</a> on television in 2004. The film began a process of demystification and critical reappraisal of Speer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015335-153">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Adam Tooze</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Wages_of_Destruction" title="The Wages of Destruction">The Wages of Destruction</a> said Speer had manoeuvred himself through the ranks of the regime skillfully and ruthlessly and that the idea he was a technocrat blindly carrying out orders was "absurd".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006553-172">[169]</a> Trommer said Speer was not an apolitical technocrat; instead, he was, in reality, one of the most powerful and unscrupulous leaders in the entire Nazi regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwendemann2016-165">[162]</a> Kitchen said Speer had deceived the Nuremberg Tribunal and post-war Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015360–362-171">[168]</a> Brechtken said that if Speer's extensive involvement in the Holocaust had been known at the time of his trial he would have been sentenced to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinecke2017-28">[26]</a> The image of the "good Nazi" was supported by numerous Speer myths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelow2018-162">[159]</a> In addition to the myth that he was an apolitical technocrat, he claimed he did not have full knowledge of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> or the persecution of the Jews. Another myth posits that Speer revolutionized the German war machine after his appointment as Minister of Armaments. He was credited with a dramatic increase in the shipment of arms that was widely reported as keeping Germany in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006552-173">[170]</a> Another myth centered around a nonexistent plan to assassinate Hitler with poisonous gas. The idea for this myth came to him after he recalled the panic when car fumes came through an air ventilation system. He fabricated the additional details.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015296–297-174">[171]</a> Brechtken wrote that Speer's most brazen lie was fabricated during an interview with a French journalist in 1952. The journalist described an invented scenario in which Speer had refused Hitler's orders and Hitler had left with tears in his eyes. Speer liked the scenario so much that he included it in his memoirs. The journalist had unwittingly collaborated in creating one of his myths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinecke2017-28">[26]</a> Speer also sought to portray himself as an opponent of Hitler's leadership. Despite his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a>, he falsely claimed in his memoirs to have been sympathetic to the plotters. He maintained Hitler was cool towards him for the remainder of his life after learning they had included him on a list of potential ministers. This formed a key element of the myths Speer encouraged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015205-175">[172]</a> Speer also falsely claimed that he had realised the war was lost at an early stage, and thereafter worked to preserve the resources needed for the civilian population's survival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012289-103">[101]</a> In reality, Speer had sought to prolong the war until further resistance was impossible, thus contributing to the large number of deaths and the extensive destruction Germany suffered during the final months of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012289-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006653-176">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denial_of_responsibility">Denial of responsibility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Denial of responsibility">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-207,_KZ_Mauthausen,_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_der_Desinfektion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group several hundred naked men is crowded in an enclosed courtyard, with garage doors visible on three sides." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-207%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_der_Desinfektion.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-207%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_der_Desinfektion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-207%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_der_Desinfektion.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-207%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_der_Desinfektion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-207%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_der_Desinfektion.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-207%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_der_Desinfektion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1593" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>New prisoners awaiting disinfection in the garage yard of <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp complex">Mauthausen concentration camp</a></figcaption></figure> Speer maintained at the Nuremberg trials and in his memoirs that he had no direct knowledge of the Holocaust. He admitted only to being uncomfortable around Jews in the published version of the Spandau Diaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015322-53">[51]</a> In his final statement at Nuremberg, Speer gave the impression of apologizing, although he did not directly admit any personal guilt and the only victim he mentioned was the German people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriemel2016141-177">[174]</a> Historian Martin Kitchen states that Speer was actually "fully aware of what had happened to the Jews" and was "intimately involved in the '<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015100,_322-178">[175]</a> Brechtken said Speer only admitted to a generalized responsibility for the Holocaust to hide his direct and actual responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelow2018-162">[159]</a> Speer was photographed with slave laborers at <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen concentration camp</a> during a visit on 31 March 1943; he also visited <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen concentration camp</a>. Although survivor <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Boix" title="Francisco Boix">Francisco Boix</a> testified at the Nuremberg trials about Speer's visit,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW_6CAgAAQBAJpgPA340_340,_fn_40]-179">[176]</a> Taylor writes that, had the photo been available, he would have been hanged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2010204–205-180">[177]</a> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> reported that documents had surfaced indicating that Speer had approved the allocation of materials for the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a> after two of his assistants inspected the facility on a day when almost a thousand Jews were massacred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2005-181">[178]</a> Heinrich Breloer, discussing the construction of Auschwitz, said Speer was not just a cog in the work—he was the "terror itself".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2005-181">[178]</a> Speer did not deny being present at the <a href="/wiki/Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a> to Nazi leaders at a conference in Posen (<a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>) on 6 October 1943, but claimed to have left the auditorium before Himmler said during his speech: "The grave decision had to be taken to cause this people to vanish from the earth",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997167–168-182">[179]</a> and later, "The Jews must be exterminated".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015345-183">[180]</a> Speer is mentioned several times in the speech, and Himmler addresses him directly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015345-183">[180]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that a letter from Speer dated 23 December 1971, had been found in a collection of his correspondence with Hélène Jeanty, the widow of a Belgian resistance fighter. In the letter, Speer says, "There is no doubt—I was present as Himmler announced on October 6, 1943, that all Jews would be killed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2007-125">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armaments_miracle">Armaments miracle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Armaments miracle">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koeln_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Koeln_1945.jpg/310px-Koeln_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Koeln_1945.jpg/465px-Koeln_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Koeln_1945.jpg/620px-Koeln_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2919" data-file-height="2092" /></a><figcaption>The German city of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> in ruins at the end of the war</figcaption></figure> Speer was credited with an "armaments miracle". During the winter of 1941–42, in the light of Germany's disastrous defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a>, the German leadership including <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Fromm" title="Friedrich Fromm">Friedrich Fromm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Thomas" title="Georg Thomas">Georg Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a> had come to the conclusion that the war could not be won.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006554-184">[181]</a> The rational position to adopt was to seek a political solution that would end the war without defeat. Speer in response used his propaganda expertise to display a new dynamism of the war economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006554-184">[181]</a> He produced spectacular statistics, claiming a sixfold increase in munitions production, a fourfold increase in artillery production, and he sent further propaganda to the newsreels of the country. He was able to curtail the discussion that the war should be ended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006554-184">[181]</a> The armaments "miracle" was a myth; Speer had used statistical manipulation to support his claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006555-185">[182]</a> The production of armaments did rise; however, this was due to the normal causes of reorganization before Speer came to office, the relentless mobilization of slave labor and a deliberate reduction in the quality of output to favor quantity. By July 1943 Speer's armaments propaganda became irrelevant because a catalogue of dramatic defeats on the battlefield meant the prospect of losing the war could no longer be hidden from the German public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006552–557-186">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architectural_legacy">Architectural legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Architectural legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:09055087_Berlin_Tempelhof,_General-Pape-Stra%C3%9Fe_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photograph of a cylindrical structure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/09055087_Berlin_Tempelhof%2C_General-Pape-Stra%C3%9Fe_002.JPG/220px-09055087_Berlin_Tempelhof%2C_General-Pape-Stra%C3%9Fe_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/09055087_Berlin_Tempelhof%2C_General-Pape-Stra%C3%9Fe_002.JPG/330px-09055087_Berlin_Tempelhof%2C_General-Pape-Stra%C3%9Fe_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/09055087_Berlin_Tempelhof%2C_General-Pape-Stra%C3%9Fe_002.JPG/440px-09055087_Berlin_Tempelhof%2C_General-Pape-Stra%C3%9Fe_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Schwerbelastungsk%C3%B6rper" title="Schwerbelastungskörper">Schwerbelastungskörper</a> in 2011</figcaption></figure> Little remains of Speer's personal architectural works, other than the plans and photographs. No buildings designed by Speer during the Nazi era are extant in Berlin, other than the four entrance pavilions and underpasses leading to the Victory Column, or <a href="/wiki/Siegess%C3%A4ule" class="mw-redirect" title="Siegessäule">Siegessäule</a>,<a href="#cite_note-187">[d]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Schwerbelastungsk%C3%B6rper" title="Schwerbelastungskörper">Schwerbelastungskörper</a>, a heavy load-bearing body built around 1941. The concrete cylinder, 14 metres (46 ft) high, was used to measure ground <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> as part of feasibility studies for a massive <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a> and other large structures planned within Hitler's post-war renewal project for the city of Berlin as the <a href="/wiki/Germania_(city)" title="Germania (city)">world capital Germania</a>. The cylinder is now a protected landmark and is open to the public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat199775-188">[184]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tribune_(architecture)" title="Tribune (architecture)">tribune</a> of the Zeppelinfeld stadium in Nuremberg, though partly demolished, can also be seen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseen_der_Stadt_Nürnberg-189">[185]</a> During the war, the Speer-designed <a href="/wiki/New_Reich_Chancellery" class="mw-redirect" title="New Reich Chancellery">New Reich Chancellery</a> was largely destroyed by air raids and in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a>. The exterior walls survived, but they were eventually dismantled by the Soviets. Unsubstantiated rumors have claimed that the remains were used for other building projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohrenstra%C3%9Fe_(Berlin_U-Bahn)" title="Mohrenstraße (Berlin U-Bahn)">Mohrenstraße metro station</a> and Soviet war memorials in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201556-190">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speer_Goes_to_Hollywood" title="Speer Goes to Hollywood">Speer Goes to Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downfall_(2004_film)" title="Downfall (2004 film)">Downfall</a>, 2004 German film where he was portrayed by actor <a href="/wiki/Heino_Ferch" title="Heino Ferch">Heino Ferch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_Speer" title="Legion Speer">Legion Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportflotte_Speer" title="Transportflotte Speer">Transportflotte Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportkorps_Speer" title="Transportkorps Speer">Transportkorps Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Giesler" title="Hermann Giesler">Hermann Giesler</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> Informational notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Until 2 September 1943, the position's official name was Reich Minister of Armaments and Munitions. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> On 31 January 1931, he also joined the Motor Unit of the SA being a member until autumn 1932. On 20 July 1942, Speer was enrolled by order of Heinrich Himmler as a SS Man/member of <a href="/wiki/Personal_Staff_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS">Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS</a> [SS Number 46104]. However his application was never completed, becoming <a href="/wiki/Nolle_prosequi" title="Nolle prosequi">nolle prosequi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENazi_conspiracy_and_aggression1946256–257-18">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> For a treatise on this aspect of the war including Speer's involvement see: Randall, Hansen, Disobeying Hitler: German Resistance in the Last Year of WWII, Faber & Faber, 2014, 1st edition, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-28451-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-28451-1">978-0-571-28451-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> See the 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<a href="#CITEREFTooze2006">Tooze 2006</a>, p. 552. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015296–297-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015296–297_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKitchen2015">Kitchen 2015</a>, pp. 296–297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015205-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015205_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKitchen2015">Kitchen 2015</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006653-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2006653_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTooze2006">Tooze 2006</a>, p. 653. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriemel2016141-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriemel2016141_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPriemel2016">Priemel 2016</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015100,_322-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015100,_322_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKitchen2015">Kitchen 2015</a>, pp. 100, 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW_6CAgAAQBAJpgPA340_340,_fn_40]-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW_6CAgAAQBAJpgPA340_340,_fn_40]_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPike2003">Pike 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W_6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA340">340, fn 40</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2010204–205-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2010204–205_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2010">Taylor 2010</a>, pp. 204–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2005-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2005_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2005_181-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnolly2005">Connolly 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997167–168-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat1997167–168_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Vat1997">van der Vat 1997</a>, pp. 167–168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015345-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015345_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2015345_183-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKitchen2015">Kitchen 2015</a>, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006554-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2006554_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2006554_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2006554_184-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTooze2006">Tooze 2006</a>, p. 554. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006555-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2006555_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTooze2006">Tooze 2006</a>, p. 555. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006552–557-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2006552–557_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTooze2006">Tooze 2006</a>, pp. 552–557. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat199775-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat199775_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Vat1997">van der Vat 1997</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseen_der_Stadt_Nürnberg-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseen_der_Stadt_Nürnberg_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuseen_der_Stadt_Nürnberg">Museen der Stadt Nürnberg</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201556-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen201556_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKitchen2015">Kitchen 2015</a>, p. 56. </li> </ol></div> Bibliography <dl><dd>Printed sources</dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoogKrebsVogel2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Horst_Boog" title="Horst Boog">Boog, Horst</a>; Krebs, Gerhard; <a href="/wiki/Detlef_Vogel" title="Detlef Vogel">Vogel, Detlef</a> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Second_World_War" title="Germany and the Second World War">Germany and the Second World War: Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943–1944/5</a>, London: Clarendon Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198228899" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198228899"><bdi>978-0198228899</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War%3A+Volume+VII%3A+The+Strategic+Air+War+in+Europe+and+the+War+in+the+West+and+East+Asia%2C+1943%E2%80%931944%2F5&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0198228899&rft.aulast=Boog&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft.au=Krebs%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Detlef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrechtken2017" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Brechtken" title="Magnus Brechtken">Brechtken, Magnus</a> (2017), Albert Speer: Eine deutsche Karriere, Germany: Siedler Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3827500403" title="Special:BookSources/978-3827500403"><bdi>978-3827500403</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Speer%3A+Eine+deutsche+Karriere&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Siedler+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3827500403&rft.aulast=Brechtken&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuggeln2014" class="citation cs2">Buggeln, Marc (2014), Slave Labor in Nazi Concentration Camps, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198707974" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198707974"><bdi>978-0198707974</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slave+Labor+in+Nazi+Concentration+Camps&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0198707974&rft.aulast=Buggeln&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2018" class="citation cs2">Carroll, Berenice Anita (2018), Design for Total War: Arms and Economics in the Third Reich, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3111359588" title="Special:BookSources/978-3111359588"><bdi>978-3111359588</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+for+Total+War%3A+Arms+and+Economics+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co.&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3111359588&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Berenice+Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConot1983" class="citation cs2">Conot, Robert (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justiceatnurembe00cono">Justice at Nuremberg</a>, New York: Harper & Row, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88184-032-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88184-032-2"><bdi>978-0-88184-032-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+at+Nuremberg&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-88184-032-2&rft.aulast=Conot&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjusticeatnurembe00cono&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1997" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (1997), Rereading German History: From Unification to Reunification 1800-1996, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41-515899-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41-515899-2"><bdi>978-0-41-515899-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rereading+German+History%3A+From+Unification+to+Reunification+1800-1996&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-41-515899-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFest1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Fest, Joachim</a> (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speerfinalverdic00fest">Speer: The Final Verdict</a>, translated by Ewald Osers and Alexandra Dring, Harcourt, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-100556-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-100556-7"><bdi>978-0-15-100556-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speer%3A+The+Final+Verdict&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-15-100556-7&rft.aulast=Fest&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeerfinalverdic00fest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamsher1970" class="citation cs2">Hamsher, William (1970), Albert Speer-Victim of Nuremberg?, Leslie Frewin Publishers Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0091015107" title="Special:BookSources/978-0091015107"><bdi>978-0091015107</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Speer-Victim+of+Nuremberg%3F&rft.pub=Leslie+Frewin+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0091015107&rft.aulast=Hamsher&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaskot2002" class="citation book cs2">Jaskot, Paul B. (2002), The Architecture of Oppression: The SS, Forced Labor and the Nazi Monumental Building Economy, London and New York: Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13459-462-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13459-462-7"><bdi>978-1-13459-462-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Oppression%3A+The+SS%2C+Forced+Labor+and+the+Nazi+Monumental+Building+Economy&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-13459-462-7&rft.aulast=Jaskot&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2012), The End: Hitler's Germany, 1944–45, London: Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-01421-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-01421-0"><bdi>978-0-141-01421-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End%3A+Hitler%27s+Germany%2C+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-141-01421-0&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_T._King" title="Henry T. King">King, Henry T.</a> (1997), The Two Worlds of Albert Speer: Reflections of a Nuremberg Prosecutor, University Press of America, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0872-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0872-5"><bdi>978-0-7618-0872-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Worlds+of+Albert+Speer%3A+Reflections+of+a+Nuremberg+Prosecutor&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-0872-5&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Henry+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kitchen" title="Martin Kitchen">Kitchen, Martin</a> (2015), <a href="/wiki/Speer:_Hitler%27s_Architect" title="Speer: Hitler's Architect">Speer: Hitler's Architect</a>, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19044-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19044-1"><bdi>978-0-300-19044-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speer%3A+Hitler%27s+Architect&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19044-1&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilla2005" class="citation book cs2">Lilla, Joachim (2005), Der Prußische Staatsrat 1921–1933: Ein biographisches Handbuch, Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-770-05271-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-770-05271-4"><bdi>978-3-770-05271-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Pru%C3%9Fische+Staatsrat+1921%E2%80%931933%3A+Ein+biographisches+Handbuch&rft.place=D%C3%BCsseldorf&rft.pub=Droste+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-770-05271-4&rft.aulast=Lilla&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazi_conspiracy_and_aggression1946" class="citation cs2">Office of United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality (1946), "Document 3568-PS", Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, VI, Washington: United States Government Printing Office</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nazi+Conspiracy+and+Aggression&rft.atitle=Document+3568-PS&rft.volume=VI&rft.date=1946&rft.au=Office+of+United+States+Chief+of+Counsel+For+Prosecution+of+Axis+Criminality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a> (2002) [1995], War and Economy in the Third Reich, Oxford: Clarendon Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820599-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820599-9"><bdi>978-0-19-820599-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Economy+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820599-9&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike2003" class="citation cs2">Pike, David Wingeate (2003), Spaniards in the Holocaust: Mauthausen, Horror on the Danube, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58713-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58713-1"><bdi>978-1-134-58713-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spaniards+in+the+Holocaust%3A+Mauthausen%2C+Horror+on+the+Danube&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-58713-1&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=David+Wingeate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriemel2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Christian_Priemel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Christian Priemel">Priemel, Kim Christian</a> (2016), The Betrayal: The Nuremberg Trials and German Divergence, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-256374-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-256374-3"><bdi>978-0-19-256374-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Betrayal%3A+The+Nuremberg+Trials+and+German+Divergence&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-256374-3&rft.aulast=Priemel&rft.aufirst=Kim+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1984" class="citation cs2">Schmidt, Matthias (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albertspeerendof00schm">Albert Speer: The End of a Myth</a>, St. Martin's Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-01709-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-01709-5"><bdi>978-0-312-01709-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Speer%3A+The+End+of+a+Myth&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-312-01709-5&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falbertspeerendof00schm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchubert2006" class="citation cs2">Schubert, Philipp (2006), Albert Speer: Architekt – Günstling Hitlers – Rüstungsminister – Hauptkriegsverbrecher, Munich: GRIN Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-59047-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-638-59047-1"><bdi>978-3-638-59047-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Speer%3A+Architekt+%E2%80%93+G%C3%BCnstling+Hitlers+%E2%80%93+R%C3%BCstungsminister+%E2%80%93+Hauptkriegsverbrecher&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-638-59047-1&rft.aulast=Schubert&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSereny1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gitta_Sereny" title="Gitta Sereny">Sereny, Gitta</a> (1995), Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth, Knopf, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52915-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52915-8"><bdi>978-0-394-52915-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Speer%3A+His+Battle+with+Truth&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-394-52915-8&rft.aulast=Sereny&rft.aufirst=Gitta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeer1970" class="citation cs2">Speer, Albert (1970), Inside the Third Reich, New York: Avon Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0380000715" title="Special:BookSources/978-0380000715"><bdi>978-0380000715</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Avon+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0380000715&rft.aulast=Speer&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2010" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Blaine (2010), Hitler's Engineers: Fritz Todt and Albert Speer – Master Builders of the Third Reich, Translated by <a href="/wiki/Richard_and_Clara_Winston" title="Richard and Clara Winston">Richard and Clara Winston</a>, Havertown, PA and Newbury, England: Casemate Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932033-68-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932033-68-7"><bdi>978-1-932033-68-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Engineers%3A+Fritz+Todt+and+Albert+Speer+%E2%80%93+Master+Builders+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Havertown%2C+PA+and+Newbury%2C+England&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-932033-68-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Blaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTooze2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Tooze, Adam</a> (2006), <a href="/wiki/The_Wages_of_Destruction" title="The Wages of Destruction">The Wages of Destruction</a>, London: Allen Lane, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9566-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9566-4"><bdi>978-0-7139-9566-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Destruction&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4&rft.aulast=Tooze&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor-Roper1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Trevor-Roper, Hugh</a> (1995) [1947], The Last Days of Hitler (seventh ed.), London: Pan Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-1861-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-1861-6"><bdi>978-1-4472-1861-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+Hitler&rft.place=London&rft.edition=seventh&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-4472-1861-6&rft.aulast=Trevor-Roper&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrommer2016" class="citation cs2">Trommer, Isabell (2016), Rechtfertigung und Entlastung: Albert Speer in der Bundesrepublik, Campus Verlag GmbH, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3593505299" title="Special:BookSources/978-3593505299"><bdi>978-3593505299</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rechtfertigung+und+Entlastung%3A+Albert+Speer+in+der+Bundesrepublik&rft.pub=Campus+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3593505299&rft.aulast=Trommer&rft.aufirst=Isabell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUziel2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Uziel" title="Daniel Uziel">Uziel, Daniel</a> (2012), Arming the Luftwaffe: The German Aviation Industry in World War II, McFarland, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6521-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6521-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-6521-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arming+the+Luftwaffe%3A+The+German+Aviation+Industry+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6521-7&rft.aulast=Uziel&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Vat1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Dan_van_der_Vat" title="Dan van der Vat">van der Vat, Dan</a> (1997), The Good Nazi: The Life and Lies of Albert Speer, George Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81721-5"><bdi>978-0-297-81721-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good+Nazi%3A+The+Life+and+Lies+of+Albert+Speer&rft.pub=George+Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-297-81721-5&rft.aulast=van+der+Vat&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWistrich1982" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wistrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Wistrich">Wistrich, Robert</a> (1982), Who's Who in Nazi Germany, Macmillan Publishing Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-630600-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-630600-X"><bdi>0-02-630600-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-02-630600-X&rft.aulast=Wistrich&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <dl><dd>Online sources</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher2003" class="citation cs2">Asher, Edgar (21 November 2003), "The day I met Hitler's Architect", <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Jewish_Star" title="Chicago Jewish Star">Chicago Jewish Star</a>, pp. 7, 9</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Jewish+Star&rft.atitle=The+day+I+met+Hitler%27s+Architect&rft.pages=7%2C+9&rft.date=2003-11-21&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2005" class="citation cs2">Connolly, Kate (11 May 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1489793/Wartime-reports-debunk-Speer-as-the-Good-Nazi.html">"Wartime reports debunk Speer as the good Nazi"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, UK, retrieved 11 January 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Wartime+reports+debunk+Speer+as+the+good+Nazi&rft.date=2005-05-11&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fgermany%2F1489793%2FWartime-reports-debunk-Speer-as-the-Good-Nazi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2007" class="citation cs2">Connolly, Kate (13 March 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/13/secondworldwar.kateconnolly">"Letter proves Speer knew of Holocaust plan"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, retrieved 7 May 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Letter+proves+Speer+knew+of+Holocaust+plan&rft.date=2007-03-13&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fmar%2F13%2Fsecondworldwar.kateconnolly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinecke2017" class="citation cs2">Reinecke, Stefan (22 June 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taz.de/!5418482/">"Historiker über Albert Speer: "Er tat alles für den Endsieg""</a>, Die Tageszeitung: Taz, Germany, retrieved 22 June 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Tageszeitung%3A+Taz&rft.atitle=Historiker+%C3%BCber+Albert+Speer%3A+%22Er+tat+alles+f%C3%BCr+den+Endsieg%22&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft.aulast=Reinecke&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taz.de%2F%215418482%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwendemann2016" class="citation cs2">Schwendemann, Heinrich (30 November 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsozkult.de/publicationreview/id/rezbuecher-25978">"Rechtfertigung und Entlastung. Albert Speer in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland"</a>, Rezensiert für H-Soz-Kult von, Germany, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783593505299" title="Special:BookSources/9783593505299"><bdi>9783593505299</bdi></a>, retrieved 12 April 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rezensiert+f%C3%BCr+H-Soz-Kult+von&rft.atitle=Rechtfertigung+und+Entlastung.+Albert+Speer+in+der+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland&rft.date=2016-11-30&rft.isbn=9783593505299&rft.aulast=Schwendemann&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsozkult.de%2Fpublicationreview%2Fid%2Frezbuecher-25978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeelow2018" class="citation cs2">Seelow, A. (2018), "Demystifying Hitler's Favorite Architect. Review of: Magnus Brechtken, Albert Speer. Eine deutsche Karriere", Architectural Histories, 6 (1): 1–11, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fah.334">10.5334/ah.334</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+Histories&rft.atitle=Demystifying+Hitler%27s+Favorite+Architect.+Review+of%3A+Magnus+Brechtken%2C+Albert+Speer.+Eine+deutsche+Karriere&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Fah.334&rft.aulast=Seelow&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuseen_der_Stadt_Nürnberg" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memorium-nuremberg.de">Official website of the Memorium Nuremberg Trials</a>, Museen der Stadt Nürnberg, retrieved 5 November 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+website+of+the+Memorium+Nuremberg+Trials&rft.pub=Museen+der+Stadt+N%C3%BCrnberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memorium-nuremberg.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Government1950" class="citation book cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">U.S. Government (1950), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610120426/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_Vol-II.pdf">Trials of the War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals</a> (PDF), vol. II: The Milch Case, United States Printing Office, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_Vol-II.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 June 2021, retrieved 27 June 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trials+of+the+War+Criminals+Before+the+Nuernberg+Military+Tribunals&rft.pub=United+States+Printing+Office&rft.date=1950&rft.au=U.S.+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Ffrd%2FMilitary_Law%2Fpdf%2FNT_war-criminals_Vol-II.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCausey2016" class="citation cs2">Causey, Charles M. (2016), The Lion and the Lamb: The True Holocaust Story of a Powerful Nazi Leader and a Dutch Resistance Worker, Westbow Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-51276-109-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-51276-109-2"><bdi>978-1-51276-109-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lion+and+the+Lamb%3A+The+True+Holocaust+Story+of+a+Powerful+Nazi+Leader+and+a+Dutch+Resistance+Worker&rft.pub=Westbow+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-51276-109-2&rft.aulast=Causey&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrier1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Krier" title="Léon Krier">Krier, Léon</a> (1985), Albert Speer's life: Architecture, 1932–1942, Archives D'Architecture Moderne, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87143-006-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87143-006-3"><bdi>978-2-87143-006-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Speer%27s+life%3A+Architecture%2C+1932%E2%80%931942&rft.pub=Archives+D%27Architecture+Moderne&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-2-87143-006-3&rft.aulast=Krier&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeter2018" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schroeter, Wolfgang (2018), Albert Speer: Aufstieg und Fall eines Mythos (in German), Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-657-78913-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-657-78913-9"><bdi>978-3-657-78913-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Speer%3A+Aufstieg+und+Fall+eines+Mythos&rft.pub=Verlag+Ferdinand+Sch%C3%B6ningh&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-657-78913-9&rft.aulast=Schroeter&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Albert_Speer" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/016838">Newspaper clippings about Albert Speer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/Speer.html">"Speer cross-examination"</a>, law2.umkc.edu, University of Missouri–Kansas City, retrieved 8 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=law2.umkc.edu&rft.atitle=Speer+cross-examination&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw2.umkc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprojects%2Fftrials%2Fnuremberg%2FSpeer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Speer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/film/trial-testimony-against-albert-speer">Francisco Boix identifies Speer at Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2018/12/18/albert-speer-chief-architect-of-the-third-reich/">Albert Speer: Chief Architect of the Third Reich - warfarehistorynetwork.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albert_Speer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albert Speer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albert_Speer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Speer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Realised structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Rally_Grounds" title="Nazi Party Rally Grounds">Nazi Party Rally Grounds</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Light" title="Cathedral of Light">Cathedral of Light</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiastadion_(Berlin)" title="Olympiastadion (Berlin)">Olympiastadion</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlerhorst" title="Adlerhorst">Adlerhorst</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Operating_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Operating Base">Berlin Operating Base</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerbelastungsk%C3%B6rper" title="Schwerbelastungskörper">Schwerbelastungskörper</a> (1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrealised plans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Stadion" title="Deutsches Stadion">Deutsches Stadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(city)" title="Germania (city)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkshalle" title="Volkshalle">Volkshalle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Third_Reich" title="Inside the Third Reich">Inside the Third Reich</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandau:_The_Secret_Diaries" title="Spandau: The Secret Diaries">Spandau: The Secret Diaries</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bunker_(1981_film)" title="The Bunker (1981 film)">The Bunker</a> (1981 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Third_Reich_(film)" title="Inside the Third Reich (film)">Inside the Third Reich</a> (1982 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer_(play)" title="Albert Speer (play)">Albert Speer</a> (2000 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speer_und_Er" title="Speer und Er">Speer und Er</a> (2005 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg:_Nazis_on_Trial" title="Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial">Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial</a> (2006 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speer:_Hitler%27s_Architect" title="Speer: Hitler's Architect">Speer: Hitler's Architect</a> (2015 biography)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speer_Goes_to_Hollywood" title="Speer Goes to Hollywood">Speer Goes to Hollywood</a> (2020 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_of_Labour" title="Beauty of Labour">Beauty of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Armaments_and_War_Production" title="Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production">Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruin_value" title="Ruin value">Ruin value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hitler_Cabinet" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Template:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Template talk:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hitler_Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Members of the Hitler Cabinet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice-Chancellor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a></li> <li>Deputy Führer: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Reichstag" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Reichstag">President of the Reichstag</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:60em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Armaments_and_War_Production" title="Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production">Armaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Speer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)">Aviation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Church Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Muhs" title="Hermann Muhs">Hermann Muhs</a> (acting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_for_the_Occupied_Eastern_Territories" title="Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories">Eastern Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schmitt" title="Kurt Schmitt">Kurt Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Ministry of Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture">Food and Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe">Herbert Backe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_G%C3%BCrtner" title="Franz Gürtner">Franz Gürtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schlegelberger" title="Franz Schlegelberger">Franz Schlegelberger</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Georg_Thierack" title="Otto Georg Thierack">Otto Georg Thierack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:60em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Franz Seldte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postal Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ohnesorge" title="Wilhelm Ohnesorge">Wilhelm Ohnesorge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Reichswehr" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Transport" title="Reich Ministry of Transport">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Dorpm%C3%BCller" title="Julius Dorpmüller">Julius Dorpmüller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Reichsministers without portfolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Hierl" title="Konstantin Hierl">Konstantin Hierl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Hans Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hermann_Frank" title="Karl Hermann Frank">Karl Hermann Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Fritsch" title="Werner von Fritsch">Werner von Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Meissner" title="Otto Meissner">Otto Meissner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsführer SS">Reichsführer SS</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabschef_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabschef SA">Stabschef SA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazi_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NSDAP" title="Template:NSDAP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NSDAP" title="Template talk:NSDAP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NSDAP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NSDAP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazi_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Leader</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Anton Drexler</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1921–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_House,_Munich" title="Brown House, Munich">Brown House, Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6hm_scandal" title="Röhm scandal">Röhm scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society">Thule Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Party offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amt_Rosenberg" title="Amt Rosenberg">Amt Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Chancellery" title="Hitler's Chancellery">Hitler's Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Chancellery" title="Nazi Party Chancellery">Nazi Party Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Colonial_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Colonial Policy">Office of Colonial Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Military_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Military Policy">Office of Military Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Office_of_Racial_Policy" title="Nazi Party Office of Racial Policy">Office of Racial Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs">Office of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party/Foreign_Organization" title="Nazi Party/Foreign Organization">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Education_Office" title="SS Education Office">SS Education Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innviertler_Heimatblatt" title="Innviertler Heimatblatt">Innviertler Heimatblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitertum" title="Arbeitertum">Arbeitertum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfverlag" title="Kampfverlag">Kampfverlag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Notable members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Axmann" title="Artur Axmann">Artur Axmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Kurt Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diels" title="Rudolf Diels">Rudolf Diels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Dietrich Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Freisler" title="Roland Freisler">Roland Freisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hanfstaengl" title="Ernst Hanfstaengl">Ernst Hanfstaengl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">Baldur von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Gregor Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Otto Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a>) / <a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_Schools" title="Adolf Hitler Schools">Adolf Hitler Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Documentation_Centre_for_the_History_of_National_Socialism" title="Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism">Munich Documentation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Political_Institutes_of_Education" title="National Political Institutes of Education">National Political Institutes of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_songs" title="Nazi songs">Nazi songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party">Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_branch_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Samoan branch of the Nazi Party">Samoan branch of the Nazi Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism" title="Template:Nazism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazism" title="Template talk:Nazism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Geheime Staatspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fichte-Bund" title="Deutscher Fichte-Bund">Deutscher Fichte-Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">NSDÄB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">NSDStB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">NSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">NSFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">NSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi media organizations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Monatshefte" title="Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte">Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> (SA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Gefolge_(Women%27s_SS_Division)" title="SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)">SS Gefolge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#History" title="Nazi Germany">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Machtergreifung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Adolf Hitler's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final solution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Labour camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Germany" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazism#Ideology_and_programme" title="Nazism">Ideology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Socialism_and_communism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Liberalism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism_and_Neo-Nazism" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_equality" title="Völkisch equality">Völkisch equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksk%C3%B6rper" title="Volkskörper">Volkskörper</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Bierbaumer" title="Käthe Bierbaumer">Bierbaumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Julius_Bloem" title="Walter Julius Bloem">Bloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Keller" title="Carlos Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Lutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling#Head_of_the_government" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht#Involvement_with_the_NSDAP_(Nazi_Party)_and_government" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Seldte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li>Speer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazis" title="Category:Nazis">Ideologues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li>Pre-Machtergreifung <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Burnouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">von Liebenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns#Reception_in_National_Socialist_Germany" title="Hermann Löns">Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Lueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_and_fascism" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> (Contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel#Writings" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Ratzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Riehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin#Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Views" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li></ul></li> <ul><li>Post-Machtergreifung <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anacker" title="Heinrich Anacker">Anacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Ingemar_Berndt" title="Alfred-Ingemar Berndt">Berndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eggers" title="Kurt Eggers">Eggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Eichrodt" title="Walther Eichrodt">Eichrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Grimm" title="Hans Grimm">Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger_and_Nazism" title="Martin Heidegger and Nazism">Heidegger</a> (Contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Hentschel" title="Willibald Hentschel">Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoche" title="Alfred Hoche">Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Ties_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krieck" title="Ernst Krieck">Kriek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#Antisemitism_and_views_on_race" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Plenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach" title="Herman Schmalenbach">Schmalenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> (Contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Sebottendorf" title="Rudolf von Sebottendorf">von Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Wirsing" title="Giselher Wirsing">Wirsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zimmermann" title="Ferdinand Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_war_crimes" title="Category:Nazi war crimes">Atrocities and war crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Brazil" title="Nazism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_in_Greece" title="Template:Nazism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden" title="Nazism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_parties" title="Category:Nazi parties">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Bibliography of Adolf Hitler">Bibliography of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">NSDAP leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">Last surviving war crime suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Party ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches given by Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role and impact in German society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">The Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_German_nobility_in_the_Nazi_Party" title="Former German nobility in the Nazi Party">Nobility</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League#Historical_interpretation" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1zism" title="Atsızism">Atsızism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazi</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denordification" title="Denordification">Denordification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom">Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Final_occupants_of_the_FührerbunkerCategory:Articles_containing_German-language_text_by_date_of_departure_(1945)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Final_occupants_of_the_F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Template:Final occupants of the Führerbunker"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Final_occupants_of_the_F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Template talk:Final occupants of the Führerbunker"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Final_occupants_of_the_F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Final occupants of the Führerbunker"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Final_occupants_of_the_FührerbunkerCategory:Articles_containing_German-language_text_by_date_of_departure_(1945)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Final occupants of the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Führerbunker">Führerbunker</a> by date of departure (1945)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20 April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21 April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Jesko_von_Puttkamer" title="Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer">Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">22 April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Blaschke" title="Hugo Blaschke">Hugo Blaschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Schroeder" title="Christa Schroeder">Christa Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Wolf" title="Johanna Wolf">Johanna Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckhard_Christian" title="Eckhard Christian">Eckhard Christian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">23 April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bormann" title="Albert Bormann">Albert Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schaub" title="Julius Schaub">Julius Schaub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">24 April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Frentz" title="Walter Frentz">Walter Frentz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">28 April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ritter_von_Greim" title="Robert Ritter von Greim">Robert Ritter von Greim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch" title="Hanna Reitsch">Hanna Reitsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">29 April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Freytag_von_Loringhoven" title="Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven">Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Boldt" title="Gerhard Boldt">Gerhard Boldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Weiss" title="Rudolf Weiss">Rudolf Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Zander" title="Wilhelm Zander">Wilhelm Zander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Lorenz" title="Heinz Lorenz">Heinz Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Johannmeyer" title="Willy Johannmeyer">Willy Johannmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Wagner_(notary)" title="Walter Wagner (notary)">Walter Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30 April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_von_Below" title="Nicolaus von Below">Nicolaus von Below</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1 May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Mohnke" title="Wilhelm Mohnke">Wilhelm Mohnke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traudl_Junge" title="Traudl Junge">Traudl Junge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Christian" title="Gerda Christian">Gerda Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constanze_Manziarly" title="Constanze Manziarly">Constanze Manziarly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Else Krüger">Else Krüger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_G%C3%BCnsche" title="Otto Günsche">Otto Günsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Hewel" title="Walther Hewel">Walther Hewel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst-G%C3%BCnther_Schenck" title="Ernst-Günther Schenck">Ernst-Günther Schenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Erich_Voss" title="Hans-Erich Voss">Hans-Erich Voss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Rattenhuber" title="Johann Rattenhuber">Johann Rattenhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H%C3%B6gl" title="Peter Högl">Peter Högl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Naumann" title="Werner Naumann">Werner Naumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Baur" title="Hans Baur">Hans Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Stumpfegger" title="Ludwig Stumpfegger">Ludwig Stumpfegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Axmann" title="Artur Axmann">Artur Axmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Betz" title="Georg Betz">Georg Betz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Linge" title="Heinz Linge">Heinz Linge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Kempka" title="Erich Kempka">Erich Kempka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Doose" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Doose">Heinrich Doose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Schw%C3%A4germann" title="Günther Schwägermann">Günther Schwägermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Lindloff" title="Ewald Lindloff">Ewald Lindloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reisser" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Reisser">Hans Reisser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_D._Lehmann" title="Armin D. Lehmann">Armin D. Lehmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Ochs" title="Josef Ochs">Josef Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kr%C3%BCger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Krüger">Heinz Krüger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Schwiedel" class="mw-redirect" title="Werner Schwiedel">Werner Schwiedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schach" title="Gerhard Schach">Gerhard Schach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Fritzsche" title="Hans Fritzsche">Hans Fritzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Blaschke#Life" title="Hugo Blaschke">Käthe Heusermann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2 May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Weidling" title="Helmuth Weidling">Helmuth Weidling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Refior" title="Hans Refior">Hans Refior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_von_Dufving" title="Theodor von Dufving">Theodor von Dufving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Knappe" title="Siegfried Knappe">Siegfried Knappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochus_Misch" title="Rochus Misch">Rochus Misch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Still present on 2 May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Haase" title="Werner Haase">Werner Haase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Flegel" title="Erna Flegel">Erna Flegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kunz" title="Helmut Kunz">Helmut Kunz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Tornow" title="Fritz Tornow">Fritz Tornow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Flegel#Biography" title="Erna Flegel">Liselotte Chervinska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_children#Helmut_Christian" title="Goebbels children">Johanna Ruf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hentschel" title="Johannes Hentschel">Johannes Hentschel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Committed suicide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst-Robert_Grawitz" title="Ernst-Robert Grawitz">Ernst-Robert Grawitz</a> (24 April)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (30 April)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Braun" title="Eva Braun">Eva Hitler</a> (née Braun, 30 April)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> (1 May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magda_Goebbels" title="Magda Goebbels">Magda Goebbels</a> (1 May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwin-Broder_Albrecht" title="Alwin-Broder Albrecht">Alwin-Broder Albrecht</a> (1 May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Burgdorf" title="Wilhelm Burgdorf">Wilhelm Burgdorf</a> (2 May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(Wehrmacht_general)" title="Hans Krebs (Wehrmacht general)">Hans Krebs</a> (2 May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Sch%C3%A4dle" title="Franz Schädle">Franz Schädle</a> (2 May)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Killed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Fegelein" title="Hermann Fegelein">Hermann Fegelein</a> (executed for desertion, 28 April)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blondi" title="Blondi">Blondi</a> (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_children" title="Goebbels children">Goebbels children</a> (poisoned 1 May)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Schwerin_von_Krosigk_Cabinet_(2–23_May_1945)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cabinet_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Template:Cabinet Schwerin von Krosigk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cabinet_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Template talk:Cabinet Schwerin von Krosigk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet Schwerin von Krosigk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Schwerin_von_Krosigk_Cabinet_(2–23_May_1945)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Schwerin von Krosigk</a> <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Schwerin von Krosigk">Cabinet</a> (2–23 May 1945)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Graf Schwerin von Krosigk</a> (Chief Minister, independent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe">Herbert Backe</a> (NSDAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Grand Admiral Dönitz</a> (independent)1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Dorpm%C3%BCller" title="Julius Dorpmüller">Julius Heinrich Dorpmüller</a> (NSDAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Klemm" title="Herbert Klemm">Herbert Klemm</a> (NSDAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Franz Seldte</a> (NSDAP)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Speer</a> (NSDAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stuckart" title="Wilhelm Stuckart">Wilhelm Stuckart</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 In his capacity as Reichskriegsminister.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials" title="Template:Major defendants at the Nuremberg trials"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials" title="Template talk:Major defendants at the Nuremberg trials"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major defendants at the Nuremberg trials"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major defendants at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_executions" title="Nuremberg executions">Sentenced to death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jodl" title="Alfred Jodl">Alfred Jodl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sauckel" title="Fritz Sauckel">Fritz Sauckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Imprisoned (terms)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> (10 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a> (life)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a> (life)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a> (15 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a> (life)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">Baldur von Schirach</a> (20 years)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Speer</a> (20 years)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Acquitted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Fritzsche" title="Hans Fritzsche">Hans Fritzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">No decision</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Krupp_von_Bohlen_und_Halbach" title="Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach">Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a>4</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div style="font-size: 92%"> <ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">In absentia</a>. Remains discovered in Berlin in 1972 and conclusively identified in 1998; confirmed to have committed suicide on 2 May 1945</li> <li>2 Committed suicide on 15 October 1946 before sentence could be carried out</li> <li>3 Found unfit to stand trial</li> <li>4 Committed suicide on 25 October 1945</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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