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<span>Hunger Plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunger_Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest_and_suicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_and_suicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Arrest and suicide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_and_suicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83" title="هربرت باك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هربرت باك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Херберт Баке – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Херберт Баке" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B5" title="Χέρμπερτ Μπάκε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χέρμπερτ Μπάκε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%87" title="هربرت باکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هربرت باکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B0%94%EC%BC%80" title="헤르베르트 바케 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤르베르트 바케" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%94" title="הרברט בקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרברט בקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%94" title="ჰერბერტ ბაკე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰერბერტ ბაკე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbertus_Backe" title="Herbertus Backe – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Herbertus Backe" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83" title="هيربيرت باك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيربيرت باك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%B1" title="ヘルベルト・バッケ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘルベルト・バッケ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Бакке, Герберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бакке, Герберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Херберт Баке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Херберт Баке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD" title="แฮร์แบร์ท บัคเคอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฮร์แบร์ท บัคเคอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Herbert Backe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Герберт Бакке – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Герберт Бакке" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q57578#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German Nazi politician and SS functionary (1896–1947)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Herbert Backe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Backe_-_DPLA_-_bfe050b52abc432d67e78315969c52de.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Herbert_Backe_-_DPLA_-_bfe050b52abc432d67e78315969c52de.jpg/220px-Herbert_Backe_-_DPLA_-_bfe050b52abc432d67e78315969c52de.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Herbert_Backe_-_DPLA_-_bfe050b52abc432d67e78315969c52de.jpg/330px-Herbert_Backe_-_DPLA_-_bfe050b52abc432d67e78315969c52de.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Herbert_Backe_-_DPLA_-_bfe050b52abc432d67e78315969c52de.jpg/440px-Herbert_Backe_-_DPLA_-_bfe050b52abc432d67e78315969c52de.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="2847" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Backe in U.S. custody, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1946–47</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Reichsminister" title="Reichsminister">Minister</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture">Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 April 1944 – 23 May 1945<br /><small>(Acting from 23 May 1942)</small></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secretary">State Secretary</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture">Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 October 1933 – 6 April 1944</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Joachim_von_Rohr" title="Hans Joachim von Rohr">Hans Joachim von Rohr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Riecke" title="Hans-Joachim Riecke">Hans-Joachim Riecke</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Herbert Friedrich Wilhelm Backe</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1896-05-01</span>)</span>1 May 1896<br /><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutais_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutais Governorate">Kutais Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 April 1947<span style="display:none">(1947-04-06)</span> (aged 50)<br /><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_(Nuremberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Justice (Nuremberg)">Nuremberg Prison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">Suicide by hanging</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agronomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agronomist">Agronomist</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Herbert Friedrich Wilhelm Backe</b> (1 May 1896 – 6 April 1947) was a German politician and <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> Senior group leader (SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> who served as <a href="/wiki/State_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secretary">State Secretary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reichsminister" title="Reichsminister">Minister</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture">Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture</a>. He was a doctrinaire racial ideologue, a long-time associate of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a> and a personal friend of <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2008478_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008478-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He developed and implemented the <a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Operation Hunger</a> that envisioned death by starvation of millions of Slavic and Jewish "useless eaters" following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the 1941 invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>Operation Hunger was developed during the planning phase of Operation Barbarossa and provided for diverting and redirecting of Ukrainian food stuffs away from central and northern Russia for the benefit of the invading army and the population in Germany. As a result, millions of local civilians died in the German-occupied territories. He was arrested in 1945 at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and was due to be tried for <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ministries_Trial" title="Ministries Trial">Ministries Trial</a> but he committed suicide in his prison cell in 1947. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Backe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herbert Backe was born in <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, the son of a retired <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> lieutenant turned trader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeim200819_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeim200819-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother was a <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Caucasus German</a>, whose family had emigrated from <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a> to Russia in the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeim200819_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeim200819-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied at the <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> gymnasium (grammar school) from 1905 and was interned on the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> as an enemy alien because he was a citizen of Prussia. This experience of being imprisoned for being German and witnessing the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> made Backe an <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeim200819_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeim200819-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Backe moved to Germany during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> with the help of the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Swedish Red Cross</a>. In Germany, he initially worked as a laborer, and enrolled to study <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> in 1920. After completing his degree he briefly worked in agriculture and then became an assistant lecturer on agricultural geography at <a href="/wiki/Leibniz_University_Hannover" title="Leibniz University Hannover">Hanover Technical University</a>. In 1926, he submitted his doctoral dissertation<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the University of Göttingen, but it was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeim200819_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeim200819-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Backe's thesis was in fact a manifesto for racial imperialism", where an upper class of German occupiers would fight against the local, 'ethnically inferior', population for the control of their foodstuff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2008179_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008179-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Backe joined the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> in 1922 and in 1925 in Hanover the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann19934_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann19934-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the dissolution of the regional political entity (<i><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany">Gau</a></i>) for South-Hanover, Backe let his membership expire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann19934_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann19934-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927 Backe was inspector and administrator on a big farm in <a href="/wiki/Pommern" class="mw-redirect" title="Pommern">Pommern</a>. In 1928 he was married to Ursula. With financial support of his father-in-law, in November 1928 he became tenant of domain Hornsen, with around 950 acres in the district of <a href="/wiki/Alfeld_(Leine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfeld (Leine)">Alfeld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann19933_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann19933-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proceeded to lead the farm successfully. After the <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Chancellor_to_dictator" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Nazi seizure of power</a>, Backe became the <a href="/wiki/State_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secretary">State Secretary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture">Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture</a> on 27 October 1933,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201552_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201552-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the same month he joined the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeim200820_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeim200820-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Backe became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_State_Council_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)">Prussian State Council</a> and, in October 1936, he was made the agricultural representative to <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Four_Year_Plan" title="Four Year Plan">Four Year Plan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201552_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201552-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the minister of Food and Agriculture <a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a> was placed on an extended leave of absence on 23 May 1942, Backe was charged with carrying out his responsibilities, though nominally remaining State Secretary. Backe also was charged with Darré's responsibilities as Reich Farmers Leader in the Nazi Party national leadership. On 9 November 1942, Backe was promoted to SS-Senior Group Leader (SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201553_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201553-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 April 1944, Hitler finally named Backe minister of the Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Backe was a prominent member of the younger generation of Nazi <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocrats</a> who occupied second-tier administrative positions in the Nazi system such as <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Werner Best</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stuckart" title="Wilhelm Stuckart">Wilhelm Stuckart</a>. Like Stuckart, who held the real power in the Interior Ministry (officially led by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ohnesorge" title="Wilhelm Ohnesorge">Wilhelm Ohnesorge</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Postal_Ministry" title="Reich Postal Ministry">Reich Postal Ministry</a> (officially led by the conservative <a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Eltz-Rübenach</a>), Backe was the <i>de facto</i> Minister of Food and Agriculture under Darré, even before he formally took over those duties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGesine200950–4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGesine200950–4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hunger_Plan">Hunger Plan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Backe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hunger Plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J02034,_Herbert_Backe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J02034%2C_Herbert_Backe.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J02034%2C_Herbert_Backe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J02034%2C_Herbert_Backe.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J02034%2C_Herbert_Backe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J02034%2C_Herbert_Backe.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J02034%2C_Herbert_Backe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Backe in 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Backe was nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_for_the_Occupied_Eastern_Territories" title="Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories">Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>, as the Secretary of State of the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a> where he could implement his radical and racist policies, the <a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a> (<i>Der Hungerplan</i> also <i>Der Backe-Plan</i>). Its objective was to inflict deliberate mass starvation on the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> civilian populations under German occupation by directing all food supplies to the German home population and the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German Armed forces</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2008668_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008668-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important accomplice of Herbert Backe was <a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Riecke" title="Hans-Joachim Riecke">Hans-Joachim Riecke</a>, who headed the agricultural section of the Economic Staff East. According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a>, as a result of Backe's plan, "4.2 million Soviet citizens (largely Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians) were starved by the German occupiers in 1941–1944".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrest_and_suicide">Arrest and suicide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Backe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arrest and suicide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Backe was retained as <i>Reichsminister</i> of Food and Agriculture in <a href="/wiki/Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler">Hitler's will</a> and he remained in this position until 23 May 1945 in the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Flensburg_Government" title="Flensburg Government">Flensburg Government</a> led by <i><a href="/wiki/Grossadmiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossadmiral">Grossadmiral</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">German Instrument of Surrender</a>, Backe was ordered by the allies, together with <a href="/wiki/Julius_Dorpm%C3%BCller" title="Julius Dorpmüller">Julius Dorpmüller</a>, to fly to <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">Eisenhower's headquarters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was surprised to be arrested; he thought the Americans would need him as an expert to avoid hunger problems. Backe prepared himself for an expected conversation with General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGesine200963_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGesine200963-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to his wife on 31 January 1946, he defended Nazism as one of the "greatest ideas of all times", which "found its strongest blow in the National Socialist agricultural policy".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGesine200963_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGesine200963-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Allied captivity, Backe was interrogated during the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> of 21 February and 14 March 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his prison cell in the Nuremberg war criminals' prison, Backe wrote two treatises: a so-called big report about his life and his work on Nazism, and also on 31 January 1946, a testament outline for his wife Ursula and his four children. Because of his fear that he was to be delivered to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">suicide by hanging</a> himself in his prison cell on 6 April 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGesine200964_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGesine200964-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Backe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_by_hanging#suicide_by_hanging" title="List of people who died by hanging">List of people who died by suicide by hanging</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Backe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German: <i lang="de">Die russische Getreidewirtschaft als Grundlage der Land- und Volkswirtschaft Russlands</i> [The Russian Grain Economy as the Basis for the Agrarian and People Economy of Russia] (<a href="/wiki/Self-published" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-published">self-published</a> version, with a run of 10,000 copies, submitted in 1941 to the German authorities in occupied <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>). <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeim200819_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeim200819-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dönitz wrote: "Mitte Mai bekamen der Verkehrsminister Dr. Dorpmüller und der Ernährungsminister Backe von den Alliierten Anweisung, ins amerikanische Hauptquartier zu fliegen. Da sie in den Problemen ihres Ressorts besonders häufig mit den alliierten Kontrollbehörden in Mürwik verkehrt hatten, glaubten sie, der Flug nach Reims solle ihrer zukünftigen praktischen Mitarbeit auf ihren Tätigkeitsgebieten dienen. Wir hörten jedoch nichts mehr von ihnen. Sehr viel später erfuhr ich, daß zum mindesten Backe nicht zur Mitarbeit, sondern in die Gefangenschaft weggeflogen war." ["In mid-May the Minister of transport Dr. Dorpmüller and the Minister of Food and Agriculture Backe were instructed by the Allies to fly to the American headquarters. Since they had frequently interacted on the problems of their departments with the Allied Control Authorities in Mürwik, they believed that the flight to Reims would serve their future cooperation in their fields of activity. However, we heard nothing more of them. Very much later, I learned that at least Backe was flown out not to cooperate, but to be put in captivity.]"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Backe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008478-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2008478_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTooze2008">Tooze 2008</a>, p. 478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeim200819-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeim200819_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeim200819_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeim200819_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeim200819_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeim200819_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeim2008">Heim 2008</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008179-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2008179_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTooze2008">Tooze 2008</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann19934-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann19934_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann19934_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehmann1993">Lehmann 1993</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann19933-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann19933_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehmann1993">Lehmann 1993</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKehrl1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kehrl, Hans (1973). <i>Krisenmanager im Dritten Reich. 6 Jahre Frieden, 6 Jahre Krieg: Erinnerungen</i> (in German). Critical comments and afterword by Erwin Viefhaus. Düsseldorf: Droste. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3770003556" title="Special:BookSources/978-3770003556"><bdi>978-3770003556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krisenmanager+im+Dritten+Reich.+6+Jahre+Frieden%2C+6+Jahre+Krieg%3A+Erinnerungen&rft.place=D%C3%BCsseldorf&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=Droste&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-3770003556&rft.aulast=Kehrl&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Backe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201552-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201552_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201552_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2015">Williams 2015</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeim200820-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeim200820_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeim2008">Heim 2008</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201553-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201553_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2015">Williams 2015</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Reich Changes Food Minister". <i>The New York Times</i>. 7 April 1944. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reich+Changes+Food+Minister&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1944-04-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Backe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGesine200950–4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGesine200950–4_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGesine2009">Gesine 2009</a>, pp. 50–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008668-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2008668_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTooze2008">Tooze 2008</a>, p. 668.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2010" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Timothy (2010). <i>Bloodlands. Europe between Hitler and Stalin</i>. London: The Bodley Head. p. 411.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodlands.+Europe+between+Hitler+and+Stalin&rft.place=London&rft.pages=411&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Backe" class="Z3988"></span> Compare <a href="#CITEREFGesine2009">Gesine 2009</a>, pp. 57–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2011). <i>Das Ende. Kampf bis in den Untergang NS-Deutschlands 1944/45</i>. München: DVA. pp. 511–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-421-05807-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-421-05807-2"><bdi>978-3-421-05807-2</bdi></a>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Ende.+Kampf+bis+in+den+Untergang+NS-Deutschlands+1944%2F45&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=511-2&rft.pub=DVA&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-421-05807-2&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Backe" class="Z3988"></span> citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDönitz1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz, Karl</a> (1958). <i>Zehn Jahre und zwanzig Tage</i>. Bonn: Athenäum. pp. 470–1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zehn+Jahre+und+zwanzig+Tage&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pages=470-1&rft.pub=Athen%C3%A4um&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=D%C3%B6nitz&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Backe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGesine200963-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGesine200963_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGesine200963_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGesine2009">Gesine 2009</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From a letter to his wife, 31 January 1946.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/captured-german-records/microfilm/m1019.pdf"><i>Records of the United States Nuernberg War Crimes trials Interrogations 1946–1949.</i></a> (PDF; 186 kB), published 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wm4zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8-4HAAAAIBAJ&pg=5910,1506750&dq=herbert-backe+arrest&hl=en">"Arrest German Reich Heads: To Face Trial."</a> <i>Lodi News-Sentinel</i>, 24 May 1945. Retrieved: 19 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGesine200964-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGesine200964_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGesine2009">Gesine 2009</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehmann1993">Lehmann 1993</a>, p. 10 mentions a different date for Backe's death: 7 April 1947.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Backe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGesine2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gesine, Gérard (2009). "Food and Genocide. Nazi Agrarian Politics in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union". <i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_European_History" title="Contemporary European History">Contemporary European History</a></i>. <b>18</b> (1): 45–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777308004827">10.1017/S0960777308004827</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155045613">155045613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+European+History&rft.atitle=Food+and+Genocide.+Nazi+Agrarian+Politics+in+the+occupied+territories+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-65&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0960777308004827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155045613%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gesine&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Backe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeim2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Heim" title="Susanne Heim">Heim, Susanne</a> (2008). <i>Plant Breeding and Agrarian Research in Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institutes, 1933–1945. Calories, Caoutchouc, Careers</i>. New York City: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40206-718-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40206-718-1"><bdi>978-1-40206-718-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Breeding+and+Agrarian+Research+in+Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institutes%2C+1933%E2%80%931945.+Calories%2C+Caoutchouc%2C+Careers&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-40206-718-1&rft.aulast=Heim&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Backe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lehmann, Joachim (1993). "Herbert Backe – Technokrat und Agrarideologe". In Ronald Smelser; Enrico Syring; Rainer Zitelmann (eds.). <i>Die braune Elite II</i> (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3534801229" title="Special:BookSources/3534801229"><bdi>3534801229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herbert+Backe+%E2%80%93+Technokrat+und+Agrarideologe&rft.btitle=Die+braune+Elite+II&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=3534801229&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Backe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloodlands:_Europe_Between_Hitler_and_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin">Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin</a></i>. London: The Bodley Head, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-08141-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-08141-2">978-0-224-08141-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTooze2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Tooze, Adam</a> (2008). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wages_of_Destruction" title="The Wages of Destruction">The Wages of Destruction</a>:the Making and Breaking of Nazi Economy</i> (ebook reprint ed.). Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101564950" title="Special:BookSources/9781101564950"><bdi>9781101564950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Destruction%3Athe+Making+and+Breaking+of+Nazi+Economy&rft.edition=ebook+reprint&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781101564950&rft.aulast=Tooze&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Backe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Max (2015). <i>SS Elite: The Senior Leaders of Hitler's Praetorian Guard</i>. Vol. I. Fonthill Media LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-433-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-433-3"><bdi>978-1-78155-433-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SS+Elite%3A+The+Senior+Leaders+of+Hitler%27s+Praetorian+Guard&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media+LLC&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78155-433-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Backe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zentner, Christian and Friedemann Bedürftig. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich">The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</a></i>. New York: Macmillan, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1431-1320-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1431-1320-1">978-0-1431-1320-1</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Backe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Herbert_Backe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Herbert Backe">Herbert Backe</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/000839">Newspaper clippings about Herbert Backe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Template:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Template talk:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hitler_Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Members of the Hitler Cabinet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice-Chancellor</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>Deputy Führer:</b> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Reichstag" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Reichstag">President of the Reichstag</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:60em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Armaments_and_War_Production" title="Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production">Armaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)">Aviation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Church Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Muhs" title="Hermann Muhs">Hermann Muhs</a> (acting)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_for_the_Occupied_Eastern_Territories" title="Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories">Eastern Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schmitt" title="Kurt Schmitt">Kurt Schmitt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Ministry of Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture">Food and Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herbert Backe</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_G%C3%BCrtner" title="Franz Gürtner">Franz Gürtner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schlegelberger" title="Franz Schlegelberger">Franz Schlegelberger</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Georg_Thierack" title="Otto Georg Thierack">Otto Georg Thierack</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:60em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Franz Seldte</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postal Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ohnesorge" title="Wilhelm Ohnesorge">Wilhelm Ohnesorge</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Reichswehr" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Transport" title="Reich Ministry of Transport">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Dorpm%C3%BCller" title="Julius Dorpmüller">Julius Dorpmüller</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Reichsministers without portfolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Hierl" title="Konstantin Hierl">Konstantin Hierl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Hans Lammers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Members granted rank & authority<br />equivalent to a Reichsminister</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hermann_Frank" title="Karl Hermann Frank">Karl Hermann Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Fritsch" title="Werner von Fritsch">Werner von Fritsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Meissner" title="Otto Meissner">Otto Meissner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsführer SS">Reichsführer SS</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Stabschef_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabschef SA">Stabschef SA</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Schwerin_von_Krosigk_Cabinet_(2–23_May_1945)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cabinet_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Template:Cabinet Schwerin von Krosigk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cabinet_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Template talk:Cabinet Schwerin von Krosigk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet Schwerin von Krosigk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Schwerin_von_Krosigk_Cabinet_(2–23_May_1945)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Schwerin von Krosigk</a> <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Schwerin von Krosigk">Cabinet</a> (2–23 May 1945)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Graf Schwerin von Krosigk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Chief Minister, independent)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herbert Backe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(NSDAP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Grand Admiral Dönitz</a> <small>(independent)<sup>1</sup></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Dorpm%C3%BCller" title="Julius Dorpmüller">Julius Heinrich Dorpmüller</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(NSDAP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Klemm" title="Herbert Klemm">Herbert Klemm</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(NSDAP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Franz Seldte</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(NSDAP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(NSDAP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stuckart" title="Wilhelm Stuckart">Wilhelm Stuckart</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> In his capacity as <i>Reichskriegsminister</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57578#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57578#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57578#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110257529">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44292753">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/324413/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhtvpg9Ypcdc9GxJ9xDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116029390">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93064759">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11320449p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11320449p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Backe, Herbert"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse20231181078&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1215695">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069676097">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=129664">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810654766805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007281685505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058598226406706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116029390.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/116029390">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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