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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8D_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жузэ Мартыніяну ды Аленкар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жузэ Мартыніяну ды Аленкар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жузе ди Аленкар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жузе ди Аленкар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Martiniano_de_Alencar" title="José Martiniano de Alencar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="José Martiniano de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ژوزه د آلنکار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژوزه د آلنکار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5_%D5%A4%D5%A5_%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Ժոզե դե Ալենկար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժոզե դե Ալենկար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Martiniano_de_Alencar" title="José Martiniano de Alencar – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="José Martiniano de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="چوسى دى الينكار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چوسى دى الينكار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ジョゼ・デ・アレンカール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョゼ・デ・アレンカール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80,_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Аленкар, Жозе де – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аленкар, Жозе де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="José de Alencar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жозе де Аленкар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жозе де Аленкар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E7%91%9F%E5%9F%BA%E9%98%BF%E5%80%AB%E5%8D%A1" title="若瑟基阿倫卡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="若瑟基阿倫卡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%BE%A4%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%80%AB%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE" title="若澤·德·阿倫卡爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="若澤·德·阿倫卡爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Brazilian writer (1829–1877)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="José de Alencar (disambiguation)">José de Alencar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with former Brazilian Vice President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alencar" title="José Alencar">José Alencar</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">José de Alencar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_de_Alencar.png" class="mw-file-description" title="José de Alencar, c. 1870"><img alt="José de Alencar, c. 1870" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jose_de_Alencar.png/200px-Jose_de_Alencar.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jose_de_Alencar.png/300px-Jose_de_Alencar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jose_de_Alencar.png/400px-Jose_de_Alencar.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="577" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">José de Alencar, c. 1870</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">José Martiniano de Alencar<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1829-05-01</span>)</span>May 1, 1829<br /><a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">December 12, 1877<span style="display:none">(1877-12-12)</span> (aged 48)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Pen name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.4em;">Erasmo <br /> Ig</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orator" title="Orator">orator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dramatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatist">dramatist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Brazilian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guarani" title="The Guarani">O Guarani</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Senhora_(novel)" title="Senhora (novel)">Senhora</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Luc%C3%ADola" title="Lucíola">Lucíola</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iracema" title="Iracema">Iracema</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ubirajara_(novel)" title="Ubirajara (novel)">Ubirajara</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Georgina Augusta Cochrane</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Augusto de Alencar, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_de_Alencar" title="Mário de Alencar">Mário de Alencar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Martiniano_Pereira_de_Alencar" title="José Martiniano Pereira de Alencar">José Martiniano Pereira de Alencar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonel_Martiniano_de_Alencar,_Baron_of_Alencar" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonel Martiniano de Alencar, Baron of Alencar">Leonel Martiniano de Alencar</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_signature.svg/150px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_signature.svg/225px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_signature.svg/300px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>José Martiniano de Alencar</b> (May 1, 1829 – December 12, 1877) was a Brazilian lawyer, politician, orator, novelist and dramatist. He is considered to be one of the most famous and influential Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> novelists of the 19th century, and a major exponent of the literary tradition known as "<a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a>". Sometimes he signed his works with the <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> <b>Erasmo</b>. He was patron of the 23rd chair of the <a href="/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letras" title="Academia Brasileira de Letras">Brazilian Academy of Letters</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_(by_Tom_Junior).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Casa_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_%28by_Tom_Junior%29.jpg/150px-Casa_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_%28by_Tom_Junior%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Casa_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_%28by_Tom_Junior%29.jpg/225px-Casa_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_%28by_Tom_Junior%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Casa_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_%28by_Tom_Junior%29.jpg/300px-Casa_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_%28by_Tom_Junior%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The house where José de Alencar was born and lived in until 1844, in the Messejana neighborhood, in <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a></figcaption></figure> <p>José Martiniano de Alencar was born in Messejana, <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a>, on May 1, 1829, to politician <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Martiniano_Pereira_de_Alencar" title="José Martiniano Pereira de Alencar">José Martiniano Pereira de Alencar</a> and his cousin Ana Josefina de Alencar. His family was a rich and influential clan in Northeastern Brazil, his grandmother being famous landowner Barbara Pereira de Alencar, heroine of the Pernambucan Revolution. Moving to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> in 1844, he graduated in <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Faculdade_de_Direito_da_Universidade_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo">Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo</a> in 1850 and started his career in law in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>. Invited by his friend <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Otaviano" title="Francisco Otaviano">Francisco Otaviano</a>, he became a collaborator for the journal <i>Correio Mercantil</i>. He also wrote many <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicles</a> for the <i>Diário do Rio de Janeiro</i> and the <i>Jornal do Commercio</i>. Alencar would compile all the chronicles he wrote for these newspapers in 1874, under the name <i>Ao Correr da Pena</i>. </p><p>It was in the <i>Diário do Rio de Janeiro</i>, during the year of 1856, that Alencar gained notoriety, writing the <i>Cartas sobre A Confederação dos Tamoios</i>, under the pseudonym <b>Ig</b>. In them, he bitterly criticized the <a href="/wiki/A_Confedera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_Tamoios" class="mw-redirect" title="A Confederação dos Tamoios">homonymous poem</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Gonçalves de Magalhães</a>. Even the Brazilian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>, who esteemed Magalhães very much, participated in this polemic, albeit under a pseudonym. Also in 1856, he wrote and published under <i><a href="/wiki/Feuilleton" title="Feuilleton">feuilleton</a></i> form his first romance, <i><a href="/wiki/Five_Minutes_(novel)" title="Five Minutes (novel)">Cinco Minutos</a></i>, that received critical acclaim. In the following year, his breakthrough novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guarani" title="The Guarani">O Guarani</a></i>, was released; it would be adapted into <a href="/wiki/Il_Guarany" title="Il Guarany">a famous opera</a> by Brazilian composer <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Antônio Carlos Gomes</a> 13 years later. <i>O Guarani</i> would be first novel of what is informally called Alencar's "<a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianist</a> Trilogy" – a series of three novels by Alencar that focused on the foundations of the Brazilian nation, and on its indigenous peoples and culture. The other two novels, <i><a href="/wiki/Iracema" title="Iracema">Iracema</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ubirajara_(novel)" title="Ubirajara (novel)">Ubirajara</a></i>, would be published on 1865 and 1874, respectively. Although called a trilogy, the three books are unrelated in their plots. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_a_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Monumento_a_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar.jpg/150px-Monumento_a_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Monumento_a_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar.jpg/225px-Monumento_a_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Monumento_a_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar.jpg/300px-Monumento_a_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2285" data-file-height="3427" /></a><figcaption>Monument to José de Alencar in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Alencar was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Brazil)" title="Conservative Party (Brazil)">Conservative Party of Brazil</a>, being elected as a general deputy for Ceará. He was the Brazilian Minister of Justice from 1868 to 1870, having famously opposed the abolition of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also planned to be a senator, but Pedro II never appointed him, under the pretext of Alencar being too young;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with his feelings hurt, he would abandon politics later. </p><p>He was very close friends with the also famous writer <a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a>, who wrote an article in 1866 praising his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Iracema" title="Iracema">Iracema</a></i>, that was published the year before, comparing his Indianist works to <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Gonçalves Dias</a>, saying that "Alencar was in prose what Dias was in poetry". When Assis founded the <a href="/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letras" title="Academia Brasileira de Letras">Brazilian Academy of Letters</a> in 1897, he chose Alencar as the patron of his chair. </p><p>In 1864 he married Georgina Augusta Cochrane, daughter of an eccentric British aristocrat. They would have six children – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_de_Alencar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augusto de Alencar (page does not exist)">Augusto</a> (who would be the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Relations_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of External Relations (Brazil)">Minister of External Relations</a> in 1919, and also the Brazilian ambassador in the United States from 1920 to 1924), Clarisse, Ceci, Elisa, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_de_Alencar" title="Mário de Alencar">Mário</a> (who would be a journalist and writer, and a member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters) and Adélia. (It is implied that Mário de Alencar was actually an illegitimate son of Machado de Assis, a fact that inspired Assis to write his famous novel <i><a href="/wiki/Dom_Casmurro" title="Dom Casmurro">Dom Casmurro</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Alencar died in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> in 1877, a victim of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. A theatre in Fortaleza, the <a href="/wiki/Theatro_Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="Theatro José de Alencar">Theatro José de Alencar</a>, was named after him. His works were marked by the influence of his Roman Catholic faith.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Minutes_(novel)" title="Five Minutes (novel)">Cinco Minutos</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1856_in_literature" title="1856 in literature">1856</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Viuvinha" class="mw-redirect" title="A Viuvinha">A Viuvinha</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1857_in_literature" title="1857 in literature">1857</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guarani" title="The Guarani">O Guarani</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1857_in_literature" title="1857 in literature">1857</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luc%C3%ADola" title="Lucíola">Lucíola</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1862_in_literature" title="1862 in literature">1862</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diva_(Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diva (José de Alencar novel)">Diva</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1864_in_literature" title="1864 in literature">1864</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iracema" title="Iracema">Iracema</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1865_in_literature" title="1865 in literature">1865</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/As_Minas_de_Prata" class="mw-redirect" title="As Minas de Prata">As Minas de Prata</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1865_in_literature" title="1865 in literature">1865</a> — <a href="/wiki/1866_in_literature" title="1866 in literature">1866</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Ga%C3%BAcho" class="mw-redirect" title="O Gaúcho">O Gaúcho</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1870_in_literature" title="1870 in literature">1870</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Pata_da_Gazela" class="mw-redirect" title="A Pata da Gazela">A Pata da Gazela</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1870_in_literature" title="1870 in literature">1870</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Tronco_do_Ip%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="O Tronco do Ipê">O Tronco do Ipê</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1871_in_literature" title="1871 in literature">1871</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guerra_dos_Mascates" class="mw-redirect" title="A Guerra dos Mascates">A Guerra dos Mascates</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1871_in_literature" title="1871 in literature">1871</a> — <a href="/wiki/1873_in_literature" title="1873 in literature">1873</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Til_(novel)" title="Til (novel)">Til</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1871_in_literature" title="1871 in literature">1871</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonhos_d%27Ouro" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonhos d'Ouro">Sonhos d'Ouro</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1872_in_literature" title="1872 in literature">1872</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfarr%C3%A1bios" title="Alfarrábios">Alfarrábios</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1873_in_literature" title="1873 in literature">1873</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubirajara_(novel)" title="Ubirajara (novel)">Ubirajara</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1874_in_literature" title="1874 in literature">1874</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Sertanejo" class="mw-redirect" title="O Sertanejo">O Sertanejo</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1875_in_literature" title="1875 in literature">1875</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senhora_(novel)" title="Senhora (novel)">Senhora</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1875_in_literature" title="1875 in literature">1875</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encarna%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(novel)" title="Encarnação (novel)">Encarnação</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1893_in_literature" title="1893 in literature">1893</a> — posthumous)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre_plays">Theatre plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theatre plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=O_Cr%C3%A9dito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O Crédito (page does not exist)">O Crédito</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1857_in_literature" title="1857 in literature">1857</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verso_e_Reverso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verso e Reverso (page does not exist)">Verso e Reverso</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1857_in_literature" title="1857 in literature">1857</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=O_Dem%C3%B4nio_Familiar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O Demônio Familiar (page does not exist)">O Demônio Familiar</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1857_in_literature" title="1857 in literature">1857</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=As_Asas_de_um_Anjo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="As Asas de um Anjo (page does not exist)">As Asas de um Anjo</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1858_in_literature" title="1858 in literature">1858</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A3e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mãe (page does not exist)">Mãe</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1860_in_literature" title="1860 in literature">1860</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Expia%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Expiação (page does not exist)">A Expiação</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1867_in_literature" title="1867 in literature">1867</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=O_Jesu%C3%ADta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O Jesuíta (page does not exist)">O Jesuíta</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1875_in_literature" title="1875 in literature">1875</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronicles">Chronicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chronicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ao_Correr_da_Pena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ao Correr da Pena (page does not exist)">Ao Correr da Pena</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1874_in_literature" title="1874 in literature">1874</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autobiography">Autobiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Autobiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Como_e_Por_Que_sou_Romancista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Como e Por Que sou Romancista (page does not exist)">Como e Por Que sou Romancista</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1873_in_literature" title="1873 in literature">1873</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critics_and_polemics">Critics and polemics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Critics and polemics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Cartas sobre A Confederação dos Tamoios</i> (<a href="/wiki/1856_in_literature" title="1856 in literature">1856</a>)</li> <li><i>Cartas Políticas de Erasmo</i> (<a href="/wiki/1865_in_literature" title="1865 in literature">1865</a> — <a href="/wiki/1866_in_literature" title="1866 in literature">1866</a>)</li> <li><i>O Sistema Representativo</i> (<a href="/wiki/1866_in_literature" title="1866 in literature">1866</a>)</li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002254/https://www.hedra.com.br/livros/cartas-a-favor-da-escravidao">"Cartas a favor da escravidão | Hedra"</a>. <i>www.hedra.com.br</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hedra.com.br/livros/cartas-a-favor-da-escravidao">the original</a> on 2017-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hedra.com.br&rft.atitle=Cartas+a+favor+da+escravid%C3%A3o+%7C+Hedra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hedra.com.br%2Flivros%2Fcartas-a-favor-da-escravidao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+de+Alencar" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RODRIGUES, Antonio Edmilson Martins; <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Falcon" class="extiw" title="pt:Francisco Falcon">FALCON, Francisco José Calazans</a>. <i>José de Alencar: O Poeta Armado do Século XIX</i>. [S.l.]: FGV Editora, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veja.abril.com.br/110899/p_138.html">Mário de Alencar: Machado de Assis' son?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003090846/http://veja.abril.com.br/110899/p_138.html">Archived</a> 2008-10-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanches2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sanches, Rafaela Mendes Mano (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seer.ufrgs.br/cadernosdoil/article/view/92221">"Figurações da Religião Cristã Em José de Alencar: Entre Santos, Errantes e Amaldiçoados"</a>. <i>Cadernos do Il</i> (58): 134–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22456%2F2236-6385.92221">10.22456/2236-6385.92221</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cadernos+do+Il&rft.atitle=Figura%C3%A7%C3%B5es+da+Religi%C3%A3o+Crist%C3%A3+Em+Jos%C3%A9+de+Alencar%3A+Entre+Santos%2C+Errantes+e+Amaldi%C3%A7oados&rft.issue=58&rft.pages=134-149&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22456%2F2236-6385.92221&rft.aulast=Sanches&rft.aufirst=Rafaela+Mendes+Mano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseer.ufrgs.br%2Fcadernosdoil%2Farticle%2Fview%2F92221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+de+Alencar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuelhas2020" class="citation book cs1">Quelhas, Iza Terezinha Gonçalves (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atenaeditora.com.br/post-artigo/40820">"O Suicídio Na Ficção e No Periódico Católico: A Viuvinha, de José de Alencar, e a Abelha – Verdade e Caridade"</a>. <i>Reflexão Estética da Literatura 2</i>. pp. 74–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22533%2Fat.ed.8942026107">10.22533/at.ed.8942026107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786557064894" title="Special:BookSources/9786557064894"><bdi>9786557064894</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229000993">229000993</a>.</cite><span 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:José de Alencar">José de Alencar</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/15px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/30px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a> has quotations related to: <b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/pt:Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" class="extiw" title="q:pt:José de Alencar">José de Alencar</a></b></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/33653">Works by José Martiniano de Alencar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Alencar%2C%20José%20de%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alencar%2C%20José%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alencar%2C%20J%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22José%20de%20Alencar%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22José%20d%2E%20Alencar%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20d%2E%20Alencar%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alencar%2C%20José%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22José%20Alencar%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22José%20de%20Alencar%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22José%20d%2E%20Alencar%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20d%2E%20Alencar%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20de%20Alencar%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alencar%2C%20José%20de%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alencar%2C%20José%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alencar%2C%20J%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alencar%2C%20J%2E%20de%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22José%20Alencar%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alencar%2C%20José%22%20OR%20title%3A%22José%20de%20Alencar%22%20OR%20title%3A%22José%20d%2E%20Alencar%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20d%2E%20Alencar%22%20OR%20title%3A%22José%20Alencar%22%20OR%20description%3A%22José%20de%20Alencar%22%20OR%20description%3A%22José%20d%2E%20Alencar%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20d%2E%20Alencar%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alencar%2C%20José%20de%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alencar%2C%20José%20d%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22José%20Alencar%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alencar%2C%20José%22%20OR%20%28Jos%2A%20Alencar%29%29%20OR%20%28%221829-1877%22%20AND%20Alencar%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about José de Alencar</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/274">Works by José de Alencar</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.org.br/abl/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?sid=239">José de Alencar's biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portalmessejana.com.br/noticias.php?exibir=destaque&id_noticia=3561">A biography of Alencar at the official site of Messejana</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">New creation</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olivenkranz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Olivenkranz.png/20px-Olivenkranz.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Olivenkranz.png/30px-Olivenkranz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Olivenkranz.png/40px-Olivenkranz.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="427" /></a></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letras" title="Academia Brasileira de Letras">Brazilian Academy of Letters</a> – <a href="/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letras#Original_patrons" title="Academia Brasileira de Letras">Patron of the 23rd chair</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a> (founder)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="Template:José de Alencar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="Template talk:José de Alencar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:José de Alencar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Novels_by_José_de_Alencar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Novels by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">José de Alencar</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Minutes_(novel)" title="Five Minutes (novel)">Cinco Minutos</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Viuvinha" class="mw-redirect" title="A Viuvinha">A Viuvinha</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guarani" title="The Guarani">O Guarani</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luc%C3%ADola" title="Lucíola">Lucíola</a></i> (1862)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diva_(Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diva (José de Alencar novel)">Diva</a></i> (1864)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iracema" title="Iracema">Iracema</a></i> (1865)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/As_minas_de_prata" title="As minas de prata">As minas de prata</a></i> (1865–1866)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_ga%C3%BAcho" title="O gaúcho">O gaúcho</a></i> (1870)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_pata_da_gazela" title="A pata da gazela">A pata da gazela</a></i> (1870)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Tronco_do_Ip%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="O Tronco do Ipê">O Tronco do Ipê</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_guerra_dos_mascates" title="A guerra dos mascates">A guerra dos mascates</a></i> (1871–1873)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Til_(novel)" title="Til (novel)">Til</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonhos_d%27ouro" title="Sonhos d'ouro">Sonhos d'ouro</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfarr%C3%A1bios" title="Alfarrábios">Alfarrábios</a></i> (1873)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubirajara_(novel)" title="Ubirajara (novel)">Ubirajara</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_sertanejo" title="O sertanejo">O sertanejo</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senhora_(novel)" title="Senhora (novel)">Senhora</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encarna%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(novel)" title="Encarnação (novel)">Encarnação</a></i> (1893)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patrons_and_members_of_the_Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patrons_and_members_of_the_Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" title="Template:Patrons and members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patrons_and_members_of_the_Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" title="Template talk:Patrons and members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patrons_and_members_of_the_Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patrons and members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patrons_and_members_of_the_Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Patrons and members of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Academy of Letters">Brazilian Academy of Letters</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs<br />1 to 10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p>1 (<a href="/wiki/Adelino_Fontoura" title="Adelino Fontoura">Adelino Fontoura</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Murat" title="Luís Murat">Luís Murat</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afonso_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay" title="Afonso d'Escragnolle Taunay">Afonso d'Escragnolle Taunay</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Monteiro_de_Barros_Lins" title="Ivan Monteiro de Barros Lins">Ivan Monteiro de Barros Lins</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_%C3%89lis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernardo Élis (page does not exist)">Bernardo Élis</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Evandro_Lins_e_Silva" title="Evandro Lins e Silva">Evandro Lins e Silva</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ana_Maria_Machado" title="Ana Maria Machado">Ana Maria Machado</a></span><br /> 2 (<a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Álvares de Azevedo</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coelho_Neto" title="Coelho Neto">Coelho Neto</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Neves_da_Fontoura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Neves da Fontoura (page does not exist)">João Neves da Fontoura</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Guimar%C3%A3es_Rosa" title="João Guimarães Rosa">João Guimarães Rosa</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Palm%C3%A9rio" title="Mário Palmério">Mário Palmério</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tarc%C3%ADsio_Padilha" title="Tarcísio Padilha">Tarcísio Padilha</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Giannetti_da_Fonseca" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo Giannetti da Fonseca">Eduardo Giannetti da Fonseca</a></span><br /> 3 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_de_Oliveira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur de Oliveira (page does not exist)">Artur de Oliveira</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Filinto_de_Almeida" title="Filinto de Almeida">Filinto de Almeida</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Simonsen" title="Roberto Simonsen">Roberto Simonsen</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=An%C3%ADbal_Freire_da_Fonseca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aníbal Freire da Fonseca (page does not exist)">Aníbal Freire da Fonseca</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herberto_Sales" title="Herberto Sales">Herberto Sales</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Heitor_Cony" title="Carlos Heitor Cony">Carlos Heitor Cony</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Falc%C3%A3o" title="Joaquim Falcão">Joaquim Falcão</a></span><br /> 4 (<a href="/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlio_da_Gama" title="Basílio da Gama">Basílio da Gama</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alu%C3%ADsio_Azevedo" title="Aluísio Azevedo">Aluísio Azevedo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcides_Maia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcides Maia (page does not exist)">Alcides Maia</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viana_Moog" title="Viana Moog">Viana Moog</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Nejar" title="Carlos Nejar">Carlos Nejar</a></span><br /> 5 (<a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Bernardo Guimarães</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Correia" title="Raimundo Correia">Raimundo Correia</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Cruz" title="Oswaldo Cruz">Oswaldo Cruz</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alo%C3%ADsio_de_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aloísio de Castro (page does not exist)">Aloísio de Castro</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A2ndido_Mota_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cândido Mota Filho (page does not exist)">Cândido Mota Filho</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_de_Queiroz" title="Rachel de Queiroz">Rachel de Queiroz</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Murilo_de_Carvalho" title="José Murilo de Carvalho">José Murilo de Carvalho</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ailton_Krenak" title="Ailton Krenak">Ailton Krenak</a></span><br /> 6 (<a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Casimiro de Abreu</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teixeira_de_Melo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teixeira de Melo (page does not exist)">Teixeira de Melo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Artur_Silveira_da_Mota,_Baron_of_Jaceguai" title="Artur Silveira da Mota, Baron of Jaceguai">Artur Jaceguai</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Maria_Goulart_de_Andrade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Maria Goulart de Andrade (page does not exist)">Goulart de Andrade</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbosa_Lima_Sobrinho" title="Barbosa Lima Sobrinho">Barbosa Lima Sobrinho</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Faoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Raimundo Faoro">Raimundo Faoro</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADcero_Sandroni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cícero Sandroni (page does not exist)">Cícero Sandroni</a></span><br /> 7 (<a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Castro Alves</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentim_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Valentim Magalhães">Valentim Magalhães</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Euclides_da_Cunha" title="Euclides da Cunha">Euclides da Cunha</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afr%C3%A2nio_Peixoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrânio Peixoto">Afrânio Peixoto</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afonso_Pena_J%C3%BAnior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afonso Pena Júnior (page does not exist)">Afonso Pena Júnior</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Lima" title="Hermes Lima">Hermes Lima</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Cavalcanti_Pontes_de_Miranda" title="Francisco Cavalcanti Pontes de Miranda">Pontes de Miranda</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A1_Silveira_de_Queir%C3%B3s" title="Diná Silveira de Queirós">Diná Silveira de Queirós</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9rgio_Correia_da_Costa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sérgio Correia da Costa (page does not exist)">Sérgio Correia da Costa</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Pereira_dos_Santos" title="Nelson Pereira dos Santos">Nelson Pereira dos Santos</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cac%C3%A1_Diegues" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacá Diegues">Cacá Diegues</a></span><br /> 8 (<a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Manuel_da_Costa" title="Cláudio Manuel da Costa">Cláudio Manuel da Costa</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_de_Oliveira" title="Alberto de Oliveira">Alberto de Oliveira</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oliveira_Viana" title="Oliveira Viana">Oliveira Viana</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austreg%C3%A9silo_de_Athayde" title="Austregésilo de Athayde">Austregésilo de Athayde</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Calado" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Calado">Antônio Calado</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Olinto" title="Antônio Olinto">Antônio Olinto</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cleonice_Berardinelli" title="Cleonice Berardinelli">Cleonice Berardinelli</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricardo_Cavaliere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ricardo Cavaliere (page does not exist)">Ricardo Cavaliere</a></span><br /> 9 (<a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Gonçalves de Magalhães</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Magalh%C3%A3es_de_Azeredo" title="Carlos Magalhães de Azeredo">Carlos Magalhães de Azeredo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marques_Rebelo" title="Marques Rebelo">Marques Rebelo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Chagas_Filho" title="Carlos Chagas Filho">Carlos Chagas Filho</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_da_Costa_e_Silva" title="Alberto da Costa e Silva">Alberto da Costa e Silva</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lilia_Moritz_Schwarcz" title="Lilia Moritz Schwarcz">Lilia Moritz Schwarcz</a></span><br /> 10 (<a href="/wiki/Evaristo_da_Veiga" title="Evaristo da Veiga">Evaristo da Veiga</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rui_Barbosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rui Barbosa">Rui Barbosa</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laudelino_Freire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laudelino Freire (page does not exist)">Laudelino Freire</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osvaldo_Orico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osvaldo Orico (page does not exist)">Osvaldo Orico</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Or%C3%ADgenes_Lessa" title="Orígenes Lessa">Orígenes Lessa</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAdo_Ivo" title="Lêdo Ivo">Lêdo Ivo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosiska_Darcy_de_Oliveira" title="Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira">Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira</a></span> </p> </span></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olivenkranz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Olivenkranz.png/80px-Olivenkranz.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Olivenkranz.png/120px-Olivenkranz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Olivenkranz.png/160px-Olivenkranz.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs<br />11 to 20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p>11 (<a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Fagundes Varela</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%BAcio_de_Mendon%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lúcio de Mendonça (page does not exist)">Lúcio de Mendonça</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Augusto_Carneiro_Lessa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Augusto Carneiro Lessa (page does not exist)">Pedro Augusto Carneiro Lessa</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Ramos_(poet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Ramos (poet) (page does not exist)">Eduardo Ramos</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs_Alves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Luís Alves (page does not exist)">João Luís Alves</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adelmar_Tavares" title="Adelmar Tavares">Adelmar Tavares</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deolindo_Couto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deolindo Couto (page does not exist)">Deolindo Couto</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darcy_Ribeiro" title="Darcy Ribeiro">Darcy Ribeiro</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Celso_Furtado" title="Celso Furtado">Celso Furtado</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lio_Jaguaribe" title="Hélio Jaguaribe">Hélio Jaguaribe</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1cio_de_Loyola_Brand%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignácio de Loyola Brandão">Ignácio de Loyola Brandão</a></span><br /> 12 (<a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a_J%C3%BAnior" title="França Júnior">França Júnior</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbano_Duarte_de_Oliveira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urbano Duarte de Oliveira (page does not exist)">Urbano Duarte de Oliveira</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Augusto_de_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Augusto de Lima">Antônio Augusto de Lima</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADtor_Viana" title="Vítor Viana">Vítor Viana</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_de_Macedo_Soares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Carlos de Macedo Soares (page does not exist)">José Carlos de Macedo Soares</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abgar_Renault" title="Abgar Renault">Abgar Renault</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Moreira_Neves" title="Lucas Moreira Neves">Lucas Moreira Neves</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bosi" title="Alfredo Bosi">Alfredo Bosi</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulo_Niemeyer_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulo Niemeyer Filho (page does not exist)">Paulo Niemeyer Filho</a></span><br /> 13 (<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Otaviano" title="Francisco Otaviano">Francisco Otaviano</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco de Castro (page does not exist)">Francisco de Castro</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Isidoro_Martins_J%C3%BAnior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Isidoro Martins Júnior (page does not exist)">Martins Júnior</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Carneiro_de_Sousa_Bandeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Carneiro de Sousa Bandeira (page does not exist)">Sousa Bandeira</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A9lio_Lobo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hélio Lobo (page does not exist)">Hélio Lobo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Meyer" title="Augusto Meyer">Augusto Meyer</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Assis_Barbosa" title="Francisco de Assis Barbosa">Francisco de Assis Barbosa</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Paulo_Rouanet" title="Sérgio Paulo Rouanet">Sérgio Paulo Rouanet</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruy_Castro" title="Ruy Castro">Ruy Castro</a></span><br /> 14 (<a href="/wiki/Franklin_T%C3%A1vora" title="Franklin Távora">Franklin Távora</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%B3vis_Bevil%C3%A1qua" title="Clóvis Beviláqua">Clóvis Beviláqua</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B4nio_Carneiro_Le%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antônio Carneiro Leão (page does not exist)">Antônio Carneiro Leão</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_de_Azevedo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando de Azevedo (page does not exist)">Fernando de Azevedo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Reale" title="Miguel Reale">Miguel Reale</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Celso_Lafer" title="Celso Lafer">Celso Lafer</a></span><br /> 15 (<a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Gonçalves Dias</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Olavo_Bilac" title="Olavo Bilac">Olavo Bilac</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amadeu_Amaral" title="Amadeu Amaral">Amadeu Amaral</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guilherme_de_Almeida" title="Guilherme de Almeida">Guilherme de Almeida</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odilo_Costa_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odilo Costa Filho (page does not exist)">Odilo Costa Filho</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcos_Barbosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcos Barbosa (page does not exist)">Marcos Barbosa</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Bastos_de_%C3%81vila" title="Fernando Bastos de Ávila">Fernando Bastos de Ávila</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marco_Lucchesi" title="Marco Lucchesi">Marco Lucchesi</a></span><br /> 16 (<a href="/wiki/Greg%C3%B3rio_de_Matos" title="Gregório de Matos">Gregório de Matos</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Araripe_J%C3%BAnior" title="Araripe Júnior">Araripe Júnior</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Pacheco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix Pacheco (page does not exist)">Félix Pacheco</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Calmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Calmon (page does not exist)">Pedro Calmon</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lygia_Fagundes_Telles" title="Lygia Fagundes Telles">Lygia Fagundes Telles</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Caldeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorge Caldeira (page does not exist)">Jorge Caldeira</a></span><br /> 17 (<a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_da_Costa" title="Hipólito da Costa">Hipólito da Costa</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADlvio_Romero" title="Sílvio Romero">Sílvio Romero</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Os%C3%B3rio_Duque-Estrada" title="Osório Duque-Estrada">Osório Duque-Estrada</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Roquette-Pinto" title="Edgar Roquette-Pinto">Edgar Roquette-Pinto</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Lins" title="Álvaro Lins">Álvaro Lins</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Houaiss" title="Antônio Houaiss">Antônio Houaiss</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Affonso_Arinos_de_Mello_Franco" title="Affonso Arinos de Mello Franco">Affonso Arinos de Mello Franco</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Montenegro" title="Fernanda Montenegro">Fernanda Montenegro</a></span><br /> 18 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Francisco_Lisboa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Francisco Lisboa (page does not exist)">João Francisco Lisboa</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ver%C3%ADssimo" title="José Veríssimo">José Veríssimo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar%C3%A3o_Homem_de_Melo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barão Homem de Melo (page does not exist)">Barão Homem de Melo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Faria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberto Faria (page does not exist)">Alberto Faria</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADs_Carlos_da_Fonseca_Monteiro_de_Barros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luís Carlos da Fonseca Monteiro de Barros (page does not exist)">Luís Carlos</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B4nio_Joaquim_Pereira_da_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antônio Joaquim Pereira da Silva (page does not exist)">Pereira da Silva</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peregrino_J%C3%BAnior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peregrino Júnior (page does not exist)">Peregrino Júnior</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Niskier" title="Arnaldo Niskier">Arnaldo Niskier</a></span><br /> 19 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Caetano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquim Caetano (page does not exist)">Joaquim Caetano</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alcindo_Guanabara" title="Alcindo Guanabara">Alcindo Guanabara</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silv%C3%A9rio_Gomes_Pimenta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvério Gomes Pimenta (page does not exist)">Silvério Gomes Pimenta</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Barroso" title="Gustavo Barroso">Gustavo Barroso</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_da_Silva_Melo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio da Silva Melo">Silva Melo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Am%C3%A9rico_Jacobina_Lacombe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Américo Jacobina Lacombe (page does not exist)">Américo Jacobina Lacombe</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcos_Almir_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcos Almir Madeira (page does not exist)">Marcos Almir Madeira</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Secchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Carlos Secchin">Antônio Carlos Secchin</a></span><br /> 20 (<a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Joaquim Manuel de Macedo</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="Salvador de Mendonça">Salvador de Mendonça</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Em%C3%ADlio_de_Meneses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emílio de Meneses (page does not exist)">Emílio de Meneses</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Humberto_de_Campos_(journalist)" title="Humberto de Campos (journalist)">Humberto de Campos</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAcio_Le%C3%A3o" title="Múcio Leão">Múcio Leão</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lio_de_Lira_Tavares" title="Aurélio de Lira Tavares">Aurélio de Lira Tavares</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murilo_Melo_Filho" title="Murilo Melo Filho">Murilo Melo Filho</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Gil" title="Gilberto Gil">Gilberto Gil</a></span><br /> </p> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs<br />21 to 30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p>21 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Serra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquim Serra (page does not exist)">Joaquim Serra</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_do_Patroc%C3%ADnio" title="José do Patrocínio">José do Patrocínio</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_de_Alencar" title="Mário de Alencar">Mário de Alencar</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oleg%C3%A1rio_Mariano" title="Olegário Mariano">Olegário Mariano</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81lvaro_Moreira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Álvaro Moreira (page does not exist)">Álvaro Moreira</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adonias_Filho" title="Adonias Filho">Adonias Filho</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dias_Gomes" title="Dias Gomes">Dias Gomes</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_de_Oliveira_Campos" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto de Oliveira Campos">Roberto Campos</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Coelho" title="Paulo Coelho">Paulo Coelho</a></span><br /> 22 (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_the_Younger" title="José Bonifácio the Younger">José Bonifácio the Younger</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Medeiros_e_Albuquerque" title="Medeiros e Albuquerque">Medeiros e Albuquerque</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Os%C3%B3rio_de_Almeida" title="Miguel Osório de Almeida">Miguel Osório de Almeida</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Viana_Filho" title="Luís Viana Filho">Luís Viana Filho</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Pitanguy" title="Ivo Pitanguy">Ivo Pitanguy</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Almino" title="João Almino">João Almino</a></span><br /> 23 (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">José de Alencar</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Rodrigues_Pereira" title="Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira">Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Pujol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfredo Pujol (page does not exist)">Alfredo Pujol</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ot%C3%A1vio_Mangabeira" title="Otávio Mangabeira">Otávio Mangabeira</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Amado" title="Jorge Amado">Jorge Amado</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9lia_Gattai" title="Zélia Gattai">Zélia Gattai</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luiz_Paulo_Horta" title="Luiz Paulo Horta">Luiz Paulo Horta</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B4nio_Torres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antônio Torres (page does not exist)">Antônio Torres</a></span><br /> 24 (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Ribeiro" title="Júlio Ribeiro">Júlio Ribeiro</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcia_Redondo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garcia Redondo (page does not exist)">Garcia Redondo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADs_Guimar%C3%A3es_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luís Guimarães Filho (page does not exist)">Luís Guimarães Filho</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bandeira" title="Manuel Bandeira">Manuel Bandeira</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyro_dos_Anjos" title="Cyro dos Anjos">Cyro dos Anjos</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1bato_Magaldi" title="Sábato Magaldi">Sábato Magaldi</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Carneiro" title="Geraldo Carneiro">Geraldo Carneiro</a></span><br /> 25 (<a href="/wiki/Junqueira_Freire" title="Junqueira Freire">Junqueira Freire</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin_D%C3%B3ria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklin Dória (page does not exist)">Franklin Dória</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_Orlando_da_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur Orlando da Silva (page does not exist)">Artur Orlando da Silva</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataulfo_de_Paiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ataulfo de Paiva (page does not exist)">Ataulfo de Paiva</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lins_do_Rego" title="José Lins do Rego">José Lins do Rego</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afonso_Arinos_de_Melo_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco">Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Venancio_Filho" title="Alberto Venancio Filho">Alberto Venancio Filho</a></span><br /> 26 (<a href="/wiki/Laurindo_Rabelo" title="Laurindo Rabelo">Laurindo Rabelo</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guimar%C3%A3es_Passos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guimarães Passos (page does not exist)">Guimarães Passos</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_do_Rio" title="João do Rio">João do Rio</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Const%C3%A2ncio_Alves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constâncio Alves (page does not exist)">Constâncio Alves</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribeiro_Couto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribeiro Couto (page does not exist)">Ribeiro Couto</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilberto_Amado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilberto Amado (page does not exist)">Gilberto Amado</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauro_Mota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauro Mota (page does not exist)">Mauro Mota</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcos_Vila%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcos Vilaça (page does not exist)">Marcos Vilaça</a></span><br /> 27 (<a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Peregrino_Maciel_Monteiro,_2nd_Baron_of_Itamarac%C3%A1" title="Antônio Peregrino Maciel Monteiro, 2nd Baron of Itamaracá">Antônio Peregrino Maciel Monteiro</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Joaquim Nabuco</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dantas_Barreto" title="Dantas Barreto">Dantas Barreto</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greg%C3%B3rio_da_Fonseca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregório da Fonseca (page does not exist)">Gregório da Fonseca</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Levi_Carneiro" title="Levi Carneiro">Levi Carneiro</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ot%C3%A1vio_de_Faria" title="Otávio de Faria">Otávio de Faria</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Portella" title="Eduardo Portella">Eduardo Portella</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cicero" title="Antonio Cicero">Antonio Cicero</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap">Vacant</span><br /> 28 (<a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingl%C3%AAs_de_Sousa" title="Inglês de Sousa">Inglês de Sousa</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Marques" title="Xavier Marques">Xavier Marques</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Menotti_Del_Picchia" title="Menotti Del Picchia">Menotti Del Picchia</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Dias_Correia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oscar Dias Correia (page does not exist)">Oscar Dias Correia</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dom%C3%ADcio_Proen%C3%A7a_Filho" title="Domício Proença Filho">Domício Proença Filho</a></span><br /> 29 (<a href="/wiki/Martins_Pena" title="Martins Pena">Martins Pena</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Artur_Azevedo" title="Artur Azevedo">Artur Azevedo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicente_de_Carvalho_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicente de Carvalho (writer) (page does not exist)">Vicente de Carvalho</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cl%C3%A1udio_de_Sousa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cláudio de Sousa (page does not exist)">Cláudio de Sousa</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josu%C3%A9_Montello" title="Josué Montello">Josué Montello</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mindlin" title="José Mindlin">José Mindlin</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Holanda_Cavalcanti" title="Geraldo Holanda Cavalcanti">Geraldo Holanda Cavalcanti</a></span><br /> 30 (<a href="/wiki/Pardal_Mallet" title="Pardal Mallet">Pardal Mallet</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rabelo" title="Pedro Rabelo">Pedro Rabelo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Her%C3%A1clito_Gra%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heráclito Graça (page does not exist)">Heráclito Graça</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B4nio_Austreg%C3%A9silo_Rodrigues_de_Lima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antônio Austregésilo Rodrigues de Lima (page does not exist)">Antônio Austregésilo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lio_Buarque_de_Holanda_Ferreira" title="Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira">Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9lida_Pi%C3%B1on" title="Nélida Piñon">Nélida Piñon</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helo%C3%ADsa_Teixeira" title="Heloísa Teixeira">Heloísa Teixeira</a></span> </p> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs<br />31 to 40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p>31 (<a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lu%C3%ADs_Pereira_de_Sousa" title="Pedro Luís Pereira de Sousa">Pedro Luís Pereira de Sousa</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Caetano_Pereira_Guimar%C3%A3es_J%C3%BAnior" title="Luís Caetano Pereira Guimarães Júnior">Luís Caetano Pereira Guimarães Júnior</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Batista_Ribeiro_de_Andrade_Fernandes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Batista Ribeiro de Andrade Fernandes (page does not exist)">João Batista Ribeiro de Andrade Fernandes</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Set%C3%BAbal" title="Paulo Setúbal">Paulo Setúbal</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cassiano_Ricardo" title="Cassiano Ricardo">Cassiano Ricardo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Carvalho" title="José Cândido de Carvalho">José Cândido de Carvalho</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geraldo_Fran%C3%A7a_de_Lima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geraldo França de Lima (page does not exist)">Geraldo França de Lima</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moacyr_Scliar" title="Moacyr Scliar">Moacyr Scliar</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merval_Pereira" title="Merval Pereira">Merval Pereira</a></span><br /> 32 (<a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_de_Laet" title="Carlos de Laet">Carlos de Laet</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Galv%C3%A3o" title="Ramiz Galvão">Ramiz Galvão</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viriato_Correia" title="Viriato Correia">Viriato Correia</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joracy_Camargo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joracy Camargo (page does not exist)">Joracy Camargo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genolino_Amado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genolino Amado (page does not exist)">Genolino Amado</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ariano_Suassuna" title="Ariano Suassuna">Ariano Suassuna</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zuenir_Ventura" title="Zuenir Ventura">Zuenir Ventura</a></span><br /> 33 (<a href="/wiki/Raul_Pompeia" title="Raul Pompeia">Raul Pompeia</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dom%C3%ADcio_da_Gama" title="Domício da Gama">Domício da Gama</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Fernando Magalhães">Fernando Magalhães</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADs_Edmundo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luís Edmundo (page does not exist)">Luís Edmundo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afr%C3%A2nio_Coutinho" title="Afrânio Coutinho">Afrânio Coutinho</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Evanildo_Bechara" title="Evanildo Bechara">Evanildo Bechara</a></span><br /> 34 (<a href="/wiki/Sousa_Caldas" title="Sousa Caldas">Sousa Caldas</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel_Pereira_da_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Manuel Pereira da Silva (page does not exist)">João Manuel Pereira da Silva</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Baron_of_Rio_Branco" title="José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco">José Maria da Silva Paranhos Jr.</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lauro_M%C3%BCller" title="Lauro Müller">Lauro Müller</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Aquino_Correia" title="Francisco de Aquino Correia">Aquino Correia</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raimundo_Magalh%C3%A3es_J%C3%BAnior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raimundo Magalhães Júnior (page does not exist)">Magalhães Júnior</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Castelo_Branco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Castelo Branco (page does not exist)">Carlos Castelo Branco</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Ubaldo_Ribeiro" title="João Ubaldo Ribeiro">João Ubaldo Ribeiro</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zuenir_Ventura" title="Zuenir Ventura">Zuenir Ventura</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Evaldo_Cabral_de_Mello" title="Evaldo Cabral de Mello">Evaldo Cabral de Mello</a></span><br /> 35 (<a href="/wiki/Aureliano_C%C3%A2ndido_Tavares_Bastos" title="Aureliano Cândido Tavares Bastos">Tavares Bastos</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Ot%C3%A1vio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodrigo Otávio (page does not exist)">Rodrigo Otávio</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Ot%C3%A1vio_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodrigo Otávio Filho (page does not exist)">Rodrigo Otávio Filho</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Hon%C3%B3rio_Rodrigues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Honório Rodrigues (page does not exist)">José Honório Rodrigues</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celso_Ferreira_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celso Ferreira da Cunha (page does not exist)">Celso Cunha</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A2ndido_Mendes_de_Almeida_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cândido Mendes de Almeida (writer) (page does not exist)">Cândido Mendes de Almeida</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Godofredo_de_Oliveira_Neto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Godofredo de Oliveira Neto (page does not exist)">Godofredo de Oliveira Neto</a></span><br /> 36 (<a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Dias" title="Teófilo Dias">Teófilo Dias</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afonso_Celso_de_Assis_Figueiredo_J%C3%BAnior" title="Afonso Celso de Assis Figueiredo Júnior">Afonso Celso</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clementino_Fraga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clementino Fraga (page does not exist)">Clementino Fraga</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulo_Carneiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulo Carneiro (page does not exist)">Paulo Carneiro</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guilherme_Merquior" title="José Guilherme Merquior">José Guilherme Merquior</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_de_Scantimburgo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João de Scantimburgo (page does not exist)">João de Scantimburgo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a></span><br /> 37 (<a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Ant%C3%B3nio_Gonzaga" title="Tomás António Gonzaga">Tomás António Gonzaga</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_J%C3%BAlio_da_Silva_Ramos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Júlio da Silva Ramos (page does not exist)">José Júlio da Silva Ramos</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alc%C3%A2ntara_Machado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José de Alcântara Machado (page does not exist)">José de Alcântara Machado</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assis_Chateaubriand" title="Assis Chateaubriand">Assis Chateaubriand</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Cabral_de_Melo_Neto" title="João Cabral de Melo Neto">João Cabral de Melo Neto</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Junqueira" title="Ivan Junqueira">Ivan Junqueira</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ferreira_Gullar" title="Ferreira Gullar">Ferreira Gullar</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Wehling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Wehling (page does not exist)">Arno Wehling</a></span><br /> 38 (<a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Tobias Barreto</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Aranha" title="Graça Aranha">Graça Aranha</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont" title="Alberto Santos-Dumont">Alberto Santos-Dumont</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Celso_Vieira_(writer)" title="Celso Vieira (writer)">Celso Vieira</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_Campos_de_Medeiros" title="Maurício Campos de Medeiros">Maurício Campos de Medeiros</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Am%C3%A9rico_de_Almeida" title="José Américo de Almeida">José Américo de Almeida</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="José Sarney">José Sarney</a></span><br /> 39 (<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen,_Viscount_of_Porto_Seguro" title="Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, Viscount of Porto Seguro">Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Oliveira_Lima" title="Manuel de Oliveira Lima">Manuel de Oliveira Lima</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberto_de_Faria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberto de Faria (page does not exist)">Alberto de Faria</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rocha_Pombo" title="Rocha Pombo">Rocha Pombo</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodolfo_Garcia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodolfo Garcia (page does not exist)">Rodolfo Garcia</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elmano_Cardim" title="Elmano Cardim">Elmano Cardim</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lara_Resende" title="Otto Lara Resende">Otto Lara Resende</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Marinho" title="Roberto Marinho">Roberto Marinho</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marco_Maciel" title="Marco Maciel">Marco Maciel</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paulo_Cavalcanti_Filho" title="José Paulo Cavalcanti Filho">José Paulo Cavalcanti Filho</a></span><br /> 40 (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco" title="José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco">José Maria da Silva Paranhos Sr.</a>): <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Paulo_da_Silva_Prado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Paulo da Silva Prado (page does not exist)">Eduardo Prado</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afonso_Arinos" title="Afonso Arinos">Afonso Arinos</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Couto" title="Miguel Couto">Miguel Couto</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alceu_Amoroso_Lima" title="Alceu Amoroso Lima">Alceu Amoroso Lima</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Evaristo_de_Moraes_Filho" title="Evaristo de Moraes Filho">Evaristo de Moraes Filho</a> ►</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmar_Bacha" title="Edmar Bacha">Edmar Bacha</a></span> </p> </span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanticism" title="Category:Romanticism">Category</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchism_in_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Template:Monarchism in Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Template talk:Monarchism in Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchism in Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchism_in_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Patrianovist_Imperial_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action">Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guard_(Brazil)" title="Black Guard (Brazil)">Black Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diret%C3%B3rio_Mon%C3%A1rquico_do_Brasil" title="Diretório Monárquico do Brasil">Diretório Monárquico do Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Patrianovist_Guard" title="Imperial Patrianovist Guard">Imperial Patrianovist Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Restorative_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Restorative Union (page does not exist)">National Restorative Union</a> (UNR)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazilimperialblason.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms consisting of a shield with a green field with a golden armillary sphere superimposed on the red and white Cross of the Order of Christ, surrounded by a blue band with 20 silver stars; the bearers are two arms of a wreath, with a coffee branch on the left and a flowering tobacco branch on the right; and above the shield is an arched golden and jeweled crown." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Brazilimperialblason.svg/120px-Brazilimperialblason.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Brazilimperialblason.svg/180px-Brazilimperialblason.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Brazilimperialblason.svg/240px-Brazilimperialblason.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="1123" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Brazil,_1831)" title="Liberal Party (Brazil, 1831)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Party_(Brazil)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese Party (Brazil) (page does not exist)">Portuguese Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Party" title="Brazilian Party">Brazilian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restorer_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Restorer Party (page does not exist)">Restorer Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Liberal_Party" title="Moderate Liberal Party">Moderate Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regressive_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regressive Party (page does not exist)">Regressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Brazil)" title="Conservative Party (Brazil)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_League_(Brazil)" title="Progressive League (Brazil)">Progressive League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rebou%C3%A7as" title="André Rebouças">André Rebouças</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Joaquim Nabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco" title="José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco">José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Lustosa_da_Cunha_Paranagu%C3%A1,_Marquis_of_Paranagu%C3%A1" title="João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá, Marquis of Paranaguá">João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá, Marquis of Paranaguá</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">José de Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_Philippe_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza" title="Luiz Philippe of Orléans-Braganza">Luiz Philippe of Orléans-Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">Arlindo Veiga dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Conselheiro" title="Antônio Conselheiro">Antônio Conselheiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_do_Patroc%C3%ADnio" title="José do Patrocínio">José do Patrocínio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bonifácio de Andrada">José Bonifácio de Andrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva,_Duke_of_Caxias" title="Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias">Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Prado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Prado (page does not exist)">Eduardo Prado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a> (1822)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolta_da_Armada" title="Revolta da Armada">Revolta da Armada</a> (1893-1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Revolution" title="Federalist Revolution">Federalist Revolution</a> (1893-1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Canudos" title="War of Canudos">War of Canudos</a> (1896-1897)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolta_de_Ribeir%C3%A3ozinho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolta de Ribeirãozinho (page does not exist)">Revolta de Ribeirãozinho</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Brazilian_constitutional_referendum" title="1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum">1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza#Vassouras_line" title="House of Orléans-Braganza">Vassouras branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Henrique_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza" title="Pedro Henrique of Orléans-Braganza">Pedro Henrique</a> (1921–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luiz_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Luiz of Orléans-Braganza">Luiz</a> (1981–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza" title="Bertrand of Orléans-Braganza">Bertrand</a> (since 2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza#Petrópolis_line" title="House of Orléans-Braganza">Petrópolis branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Pedro_Gast%C3%A3o_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza">Pedro Gastão</a> (1940–2007)</li> <li>Prince Pedro Carlos (since 2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relevant Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">Kingdom of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Brazil" title="List of monarchs of Brazil">List of monarchs of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchism in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nobility" title="Brazilian nobility">Brazilian nobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q455703#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q455703#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q455703#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118644580">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50047298">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12033006v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12033006v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00680262">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alencar, José : de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV187461">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35855975">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981000071&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1180783">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/515">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070268215">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90561730">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201770874">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtxchz5tst4pq">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810674579705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007426592905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521774706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09444105?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/445272">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118644580.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118644580">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027752003">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67s8r6r">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=José_de_Alencar&oldid=1236555092">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=José_de_Alencar&oldid=1236555092</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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