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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ernst Ruska</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 71 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7" title="إرنست روسكا – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرنست روسكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ارنست روسکا – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ارنست روسکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="আর্নস্ট রুস্কা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্নস্ট রুস্কা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эрнст Аўгуст Руска – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрнст Аўгуст Руска" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ернст Руска – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ернст Руска" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84_%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Ερνστ Ρούσκα – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερνστ Ρούσκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ارنست روسکا – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارنست روسکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – goansk konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="goansk konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4" title="에른스트 루스카 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에른스트 루스카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Էռնստ Ռուսկա – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էռնստ Ռուսկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%94" title="ארנסט רוסקה – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארנסט רוסקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эрнст Август Руска – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эрнст Август Руска" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_August_Friedrich_Ruska" title="Ernst August Friedrich Ruska – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ernst August Friedrich Ruska" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestus_Ruska" title="Ernestus Ruska – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ernestus Ruska" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernsts_Ruska" title="Ernsts Ruska – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ernsts Ruska" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ернст Руска – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ернст Руска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अर्न्स्ट रुस्का – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अर्न्स्ट रुस्का" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ارنست روسكا – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارنست روسكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ارنست روسکا – mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ارنست روسکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अर्न्स्ट रुस्का – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अर्न्स्ट रुस्का" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB" title="エルンスト・ルスカ – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルンスト・ルスカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ارنسٹ رسکا – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارنسٹ رسکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Руска, Эрнст Август – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Руска, Эрнст Август" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%95%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ئێرنست ڕوسکا – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێرنست ڕوسکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ернст Руска – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ернст Руска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="ஏர்ணஸ்ட் ருஸ்கா – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏர்ணஸ்ட் ருஸ்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эрнст Руска – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эрнст Руска" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2" title="แอ็นสท์ รุสคา – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอ็นสท์ รุสคา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ернст Руска – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ернст Руска" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ارنسٹ رسکا – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارنسٹ رسکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="恩斯特·鲁斯卡 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="恩斯特·鲁斯卡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="恩斯特·鲁斯卡 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="恩斯特·鲁斯卡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q71022#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskusjon:Ernst_Ruska&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden (ikke skrevet ennå) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Ernst_Ruska" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Ernst_Ruska" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&oldid=19778505" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Ernst_Ruska&id=19778505&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FErnst_Ruska"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FErnst_Ruska"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ernst_Ruska&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ernst_Ruska" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q71022" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" 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class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Ernst August Friedrich Ruska</th></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P1477 edit-props-P569 edit-props-P19">Født</span></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/25._desember" title="25. desember">25. desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Det_tyske_keiserrike" title="Det tyske keiserrike">Tyskland</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P570 edit-props-P20 edit-props-P509">Død</span></th><td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/27._mai" title="27. mai">27. mai</a></span> <a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a> (81 år)<br /><a href="/wiki/Vest-Berlin" title="Vest-Berlin">Vest-Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Beskjeftigelse</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fysiker" title="Fysiker">Fysiker</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utdannet ved</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Technische Universität München">Technische Universität München</a><br />Kurfürst-Friedrich-Gymnasium (Heidelberg)</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Doktorgrads-<br />veileder</th><td colspan="2">Max Knoll</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Far</th><td colspan="2">Julius Ruska</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Nasjonalitet</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a> (<span title="startdato: 1949">1949</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 1988">1988</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Den_allierte_okkupasjonen_av_Tyskland" title="Den allierte okkupasjonen av Tyskland">Den allierte okkupasjonen av Tyskland</a> (<span title="startdato: 1945">1945</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 1949">1949</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tysklands_historie_(1933%E2%80%931945)" title="Tysklands historie (1933–1945)">Nazi-Tyskland</a> (<span title="startdato: 1933">1933</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 1945">1945</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Weimarrepublikken" title="Weimarrepublikken">Weimarrepublikken</a> (<span title="startdato: 1919">1919</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 1933">1933</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Det_tyske_keiserrike" title="Det tyske keiserrike">Det tyske keiserrike</a> (<span title="startdato: 1906">1906</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 1919">1919</span>)</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Gravlagt</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Waldfriedhof_Zehlendorf" title="Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf">Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Medlem av</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Leopoldina" title="Leopoldina">Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina</a> (<span title="startdato: 1966">1966</span>–)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-d5cc98ed581b12c77e4829ee2d534a29375d4240_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-d5cc98ed581b12c77e4829ee2d534a29375d4240-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utmerkelser</th><td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysikk" title="Nobelprisen i fysikk">Nobelprisen i fysikk</a> (1986)</span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Arbeidssted</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fritz-Haber-Institut_der_Max-Planck-Gesellschaft" title="Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft">Fritz-Haber-Institut</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Område</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fysikk" title="Fysikk">Fysikk</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Fagfelt</th><td colspan="2">Elektronoptikk</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Doktorgrads-<br />veileder</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Knoll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Knoll (ikke skrevet ennå)">Max Knoll</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Kjent for</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elektronmikroskop" title="Elektronmikroskop">Elektronmikroskopi</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ernst_Ruska" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska på Commons</a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="toccolours" align="right" style="margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/85px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/128px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/170px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysikk" title="Nobelprisen i fysikk">Nobelprisen i fysikk</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ernst August Friedrich Ruska</b> (født <a href="/wiki/25._desember" title="25. desember">25. desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a> i <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, død <a href="/wiki/25._mai" title="25. mai">25. mai</a> <a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a> i <a href="/wiki/Vest-Berlin" title="Vest-Berlin">Vest-Berlin</a>) var en <a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">tysk</a> <a href="/wiki/Fysiker" title="Fysiker">fysiker</a>. Ruska mottok <a href="/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysikk" title="Nobelprisen i fysikk">Nobelprisen i fysikk</a> i 1986 «for hans fundamentale elektronoptiske arbeid og konstruksjon av det første <a href="/wiki/Elektronmikroskop" title="Elektronmikroskop">elektronmikroskopet</a>». Den andre halvdelen av prisen ble tildelt <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Gerd Binnig</a> og <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a> «for deres konstruksjon av <a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_mikroskop" title="Scanning tunneling mikroskop">Scanning tunneling mikroskop</a>». </p><p>Etter å ha fullført sin <a href="/wiki/Filosofisk_doktorgrad" title="Filosofisk doktorgrad">filosofiske doktorgrad</a> i 1933, fortsatte Ruska å jobbe innen elektronoptikk, først ved Fernseh Ltd i Berlin-Zehlendorf og deretter hos <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG</a>. Hos Siemens var han involvert i å utvikle det første kommersielt produserte <a href="/wiki/Elektronmikroskop" title="Elektronmikroskop">elektronmikroskopet</a> i 1939. I tillegg til å utvikle teknologi for elektronmikroskop mens han var hos Siemens, jobbet Ruska også ved andre vitenskapelige institusjoner og oppmuntret Siemens til å sette opp et laboratorium for gjesteforskere. Dette laboratoriet ble først ledet av Ruskas bror <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Ruska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmut Ruska (ikke skrevet ennå)">Helmut</a>, en lege som utviklet bruken av elektronmikroskopet for medisinske og biologiske applikasjoner. </p><p>I 1960 mottok han også <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Basic_Medical_Research_Award" title="Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award">Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hash-d5cc98ed581b12c77e4829ee2d534a29375d4240-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-d5cc98ed581b12c77e4829ee2d534a29375d4240_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Mitglieder/CV_Ruska_Ernst_D.pdf">www.leopoldina.org</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="Engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1986/summary/">Nobelprisen i fysikk 1986</a> hos Nobelprize.org</li> <li><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="Engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1986/ruska-autobio/facts/">Ernst Ruska</a> hos Nobelprize.org i forbindelse med tildelingen av Nobelprisen i fysikk 1986</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_H._van_Vleck" title="John H. van Vleck">van Vleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1978" title="Vitenskapsåret 1978">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Kapitsa" title="Pjotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1979" title="Vitenskapsåret 1979">1979</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1980" title="Vitenskapsåret 1980">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1981" title="Vitenskapsåret 1981">1981</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1982" title="Vitenskapsåret 1982">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1983" title="Vitenskapsåret 1983">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/Subramanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1984" title="Vitenskapsåret 1984">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">van der Meer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1985" title="Vitenskapsåret 1985">1985</a>: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1986" title="Vitenskapsåret 1986">1986</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1987" title="Vitenskapsåret 1987">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Georg_Bednorz" title="Johannes Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1988" title="Vitenskapsåret 1988">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1989" title="Vitenskapsåret 1989">1989</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_jr." title="Norman Foster Ramsey jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1990" title="Vitenskapsåret 1990">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall"> Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1991" title="Vitenskapsåret 1991">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1992" title="Vitenskapsåret 1992">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1993" title="Vitenskapsåret 1993">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor jr.">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1994" title="Vitenskapsåret 1994">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1995" title="Vitenskapsåret 1995">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_L._Perl" title="Martin L. Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1996" title="Vitenskapsåret 1996">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_M._Lee" title="David M. Lee">Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroff" title="Douglas D. Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1997" title="Vitenskapsåret 1997">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1998" title="Vitenskapsåret 1998">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1999" title="Vitenskapsåret 1999">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%E2%80%99t_Hooft" title="Gerardus ’t Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J.G._Veltman" title="Martinus J.G. Veltman">Veltman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_2000" title="Vitenskapsåret 2000">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zjores_Alfjorov" title="Zjores Alfjorov">Alfjorov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; border-top: 1px solid #d3d3d3;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobelprisvinnere_i_fysikk" title="Mal:Nobelprisvinnere i fysikk">Hele listen</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobelprisvinnere_i_fysikk_1901%E2%80%931925" title="Mal:Nobelprisvinnere i fysikk 1901–1925">1901–25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobelprisvinnere_i_fysikk_1926%E2%80%931950" title="Mal:Nobelprisvinnere i fysikk 1926–1950">1926–50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobelprisvinnere_i_fysikk_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Mal:Nobelprisvinnere i fysikk 1951–1975">1951–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobelprisvinnere_i_fysikk_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Mal:Nobelprisvinnere i fysikk 1976–2000">1976–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobelprisvinnere_i_fysikk_2001%E2%80%932025" title="Mal:Nobelprisvinnere i fysikk 2001–2025">2001– i dag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div id="catlinks"><p id="portlinks" class="catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portaler" title="Wikipedia:Portaler">Portal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vitenskap" title="Portal:Vitenskap">Vitenskap</a></p></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561737"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Autoritetsdata" title="Hjelp:Autoritetsdata">Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Ernst_Ruska">Store norske leksikon</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Ernst_Ruska">Store Danske Encyklopædi</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernst-Ruska">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prabook.com/web/person-view.html?profileId=2424979">Prabook</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/ruska-ernst-august-friedrich">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118750437.html">Deutsche Biographie</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/ernst-ruska/">Encyclopædia Universalis</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/ernst-ruska">Nationalencyklopedin</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibsys-almaprimo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/dlSearch.do?institution=BIBSYS&vid=BIBSYS&search_scope=blended_scope&query=lsr39,exact,99030106">BIBSYS</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000030072673387">Geni</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ruska-27">WikiTree</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/40173810/">VIAF</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118750437">GND</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81056954">LCCN</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/0000000116262118">ISNI</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02934740">CiNii</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000008271">Munzinger (iba)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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