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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sewage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sewage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sewage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sewage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resource" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Resource</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Waste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storm_drains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storm_drains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Storm drains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storm_drains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Electricity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Heating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Water heating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Food production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Autonomous building</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аўтаномны будынак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аўтаномны будынак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edificio_aut%C3%B3nomo" title="Edificio autónomo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edificio autónomo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84" title="ساختمان مستقل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساختمان مستقل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2timent_autonome" title="Bâtiment autonome – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bâtiment autonome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangunan_otonom" title="Bangunan otonom – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bangunan otonom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auton%C3%B3m_%C3%A9p%C3%BClet" title="Autonóm épület – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Autonóm épület" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uavhengige_bygninger" title="Uavhengige bygninger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Uavhengige bygninger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budynek_autonomiczny" title="Budynek autonomiczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Budynek autonomiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Автономное здание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автономное здание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தானியங்கு கட்டிடம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தானியங்கு கட்டிடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerism" title="Category:Anti-consumerism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theories and ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_hacking" title="Billboard hacking">Billboard hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer%27s_remorse" title="Buyer's remorse">Buyer's remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Bioeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day" title="Buy Nothing Day">Buy Nothing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsive_buying_disorder" title="Compulsive buying disorder">Compulsive buying disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conviviality" title="Conviviality">Conviviality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Feminist political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food loss and waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperconsumerism" title="Hyperconsumerism">Hyperconsumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laconophilia" title="Laconophilia">Laconophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">Local food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Non-possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">Planned obsolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumerism" title="Post-consumerism">Post-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_Food" title="Slow Food">Slow Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subvertising" title="Subvertising">Subvertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Sustainable consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Affluent_Society" title="The Affluent Society">The Affluent Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></li> <li>The Society of the Spectacle <span class="noitalic">(<a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">book</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle_(film)" title="The Society of the Spectacle (film)">film</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Consumer_Society:_Myths_and_Structures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures (page does not exist)">The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_consommation_(ouvrage)" class="extiw" title="fr:La Société de consommation (ouvrage)">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Book" title="Steal This Book">Steal This Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Have_or_to_Be%3F" title="To Have or to Be?">To Have or to Be?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Primitive_and_Other_Essays" title="Future Primitive and Other Essays">Future Primitive and Other Essays</a></li> <li>Fight Club <span class="noitalic">(<a href="/wiki/Fight_Club_(novel)" title="Fight Club (novel)">novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fight_Club" title="Fight Club">film</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Logo" title="No Logo">No Logo</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Profit_over_People" title="Profit over People">Profit over People: Neoliberalism<br />and Global Order</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cultural_Creatives" title="The Cultural Creatives">The Cultural Creatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza:_The_All-Consuming_Epidemic" title="Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic">Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evasion_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evasion (book)">Evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(2003_film)" title="The Corporation (2003 film)">The Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus:_Terrorized_into_Being_Consumers" title="Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers">Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So,_What%27s_Your_Price%3F" title="So, What's Your Price?">So, What's Your Price?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Would_Jesus_Buy%3F" title="What Would Jesus Buy?">What Would Jesus Buy?</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerist_groups" title="Category:Anti-consumerist groups">Organizations and groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adbusters" title="Adbusters">Adbusters</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrimethInc." title="CrimethInc.">CrimethInc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Green_Resistance" title="Deep Green Resistance">Deep Green Resistance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate_(periodical)" title="Fifth Estate (periodical)"><i>Fifth Estate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freecycle_Network" title="The Freecycle Network">Freecycle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Anarchy">Green Anarchy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Ecology" title="Institute for Social Ecology">Institute for Social Ecology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverend_Billy_and_the_Church_of_Stop_Shopping" title="Reverend Billy and the Church of Stop Shopping">Reverend Billy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venus_Project" title="The Venus Project">The Venus Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yes_Men" title="The Yes Men">The Yes Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/350.org" title="350.org">350.org</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerists" title="Category:Anti-consumerists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Bonaiuti" title="Mauro Bonaiuti">Mauro Bonaiuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Georgescu-Roegen" title="Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen">Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Goldsmith" title="Edward Goldsmith">Edward Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Latouche" title="Serge Latouche">Serge Latouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rabhi" title="Pierre Rabhi">Pierre Rabhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Stiegler" title="Bernard Stiegler">Bernard Stiegler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related social movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporate activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">Diggers (theater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs" title="Food Not Bombs">Food Not Bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">Consumption (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_(sociology)" title="Consumption (sociology)">Consumption (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneyfication" title="Disneyfication">Disneyfication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">Economic materialism</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_problems" title="Category:Economic problems">Economic problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness" title="Gross National Happiness">Gross National Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">HospEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illth" title="Illth">Illth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">Informal sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monetary_economy" title="Non-monetary economy">Non-monetary economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-materialism">Post-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism" title="Productivism">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">Subsistence economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">Sweatshops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Template:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>autonomous building</b> is a building designed to be operated independently from <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructural</a> support services such as the <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a> grid, <a href="/wiki/Gas_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas grid">gas grid</a>, municipal water systems, <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm drains</a>, communication services, and in some cases, <a href="/wiki/Public_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Public road">public roads</a>. </p><p>Advocates of autonomous building describe advantages that include reduced <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact">environmental impacts</a>, increased security, and lower <a href="/wiki/Costs_of_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Costs of ownership">costs of ownership</a>. Some cited advantages satisfy tenets of <a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green building</a>, not independence per se (see below). <a href="/wiki/Off-the-grid" title="Off-the-grid">Off-grid</a> buildings often rely very little on <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil services</a> and are therefore safer and more comfortable during civil disaster or military attacks. For example, Off-grid buildings would not lose power or water if public supplies were compromised. </p><p>As of 2018, most research and published articles concerning autonomous building focus on residential homes. </p><p>In 2002, British architects <a href="/wiki/Brenda_and_Robert_Vale" title="Brenda and Robert Vale">Brenda and Robert Vale</a> said that </p> <blockquote><p>It is quite possible in all parts of Australia to construct a 'house with no bills', which would be comfortable without heating and cooling, which would make its own electricity, collect its own water and deal with its own waste...These houses can be built now, using off-the-shelf techniques. It is possible to build a "house with no bills" for the same price as a conventional house, but it would be (25%) smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, groups of <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineers</a> were inspired by the warnings of imminent <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource depletion</a> and starvation. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> a group calling themselves the <a href="/wiki/New_Alchemy_Institute" title="New Alchemy Institute">New Alchemists</a> were famous for the depth of research effort placed in their projects. Using conventional <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> techniques, they designed a series of "<a href="/wiki/Bioshelter" title="Bioshelter">bioshelter</a>" projects, the most famous of which was <a href="/wiki/The_Ark_(Prince_Edward_Island)" title="The Ark (Prince Edward Island)">The Ark</a> <a href="/wiki/Bioshelter" title="Bioshelter">bioshelter</a> community for <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>. They published the plans for all of these, with detailed design calculations and blueprints. The Ark used wind-based water pumping and electricity and was self-contained in food production. It had living quarters for people, <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">fish</a> tanks raising <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a> for <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> watered with fish water, and a closed-loop sewage reclamation system that <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycled human waste</a> into sanitized fertilizer for the fish tanks. As of January 2010, the successor organization to the New Alchemists has a web page up as the "New Alchemy Institute".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PEI Ark has been abandoned and partially renovated several times. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PHOENIXBATH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/PHOENIXBATH.jpg/220px-PHOENIXBATH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/PHOENIXBATH.jpg/330px-PHOENIXBATH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/PHOENIXBATH.jpg/440px-PHOENIXBATH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>The bathroom of an <a href="/wiki/Earthship" title="Earthship">Earthship</a>, featuring a recycled <a href="/wiki/Bottle_wall" title="Bottle wall">bottle wall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 1990s saw the development of <a href="/wiki/Earthship" title="Earthship">Earthships</a>, similar in intent to the Ark project, but organized as a for-profit venture, with construction details published in a series of 3 books by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Reynolds_(architect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Reynolds (architect)">Mike Reynolds</a>. The building material is <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a> filled with <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">earth</a>. This makes a wall that has large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">thermal mass</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Earth_sheltering" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth sheltering">earth sheltering</a>). <a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">Berms</a> are placed on exposed surfaces to further increase the house's temperature stability. The water system starts with rain water, processed for drinking, then washing, then plant watering, then toilet flushing, and finally <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">black water</a> is recycled again for more plant watering. The <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cisterns</a> are placed and used as thermal masses. Power, including electricity, heat and water heating, is from <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar power</a>. </p><p>1990s architects such as <a href="/wiki/William_McDonough" title="William McDonough">William McDonough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Yeang" title="Ken Yeang">Ken Yeang</a> applied environmentally responsible building design to large commercial buildings, such as office buildings, making them largely self-sufficient in energy production. One major bank building (<a href="/wiki/ING_Group" title="ING Group">ING's</a> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> headquarters) in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> was constructed to be autonomous and artistic as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an architect or engineer becomes more concerned with the disadvantages of transportation networks, and dependence on distant resources, their designs tend to include more autonomous elements. The historic path to autonomy was a concern for secure sources of heat, power, water and food. A nearly parallel path toward autonomy has been to start with a concern for environmental impacts, which cause disadvantages. </p><p>Autonomous buildings can increase security and reduce environmental impacts by using on-site resources (such as sunlight and rain) that would otherwise be wasted. Autonomy often dramatically reduces the costs and impacts of networks that serve the building, because autonomy short-circuits the multiplying inefficiencies of collecting and transporting resources. Other impacted resources, such as oil reserves and the retention of the local watershed, can often be cheaply conserved by thoughtful designs. </p><p>Autonomous buildings are usually <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy-efficient</a> in operation, and therefore cost-efficient, for the obvious reason that smaller energy needs are easier to satisfy off-grid. But they may substitute energy production or other techniques to avoid diminishing returns in extreme conservation. </p><p>An autonomous structure is not always environmentally friendly. The goal of independence from support systems is associated with, but not identical to, other goals of environmentally responsible <a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green building</a>. However, autonomous buildings also usually include some degree of <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> through the use of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and other renewable resources, producing no more <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> than they consume, and other measures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Autonomous_building" title="Special:EditPage/Autonomous building">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>First and fundamentally, independence is a matter of degree. For example, eliminating dependence on the electrical grid is relatively easy. In contrast, running an efficient, reliable food source can be a chore. </p><p>Living within an autonomous shelter may also require sacrifices in lifestyle or social opportunities. Even the most comfortable and technologically advanced autonomous homes could require alterations of residents' behavior. Some may not welcome the extra chores. The Vails described some clients' experiences as inconvenient, irritating, isolating, or even as an unwanted full-time job. A well-designed building can reduce this issue, but usually at the expense of reduced autonomy. </p><p>An autonomous house must be custom-built (or extensively retrofitted) to suit the <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> and location. Passive solar techniques, alternative toilet and sewage systems, thermal massing designs, basement battery systems, efficient windowing, and the array of other design tactics require some degree of non-standard construction, added expense, ongoing experimentation and <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance (technical)">maintenance</a>, and also have an effect on the <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> of the space. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systems">Systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This section includes some minimal descriptions of methods, to give some feel for such a building's practicality, provide indexes to further information, and give a sense of modern trends. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceres_rainwater_tank_2_Pengo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ceres_rainwater_tank_2_Pengo.jpg/220px-Ceres_rainwater_tank_2_Pengo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ceres_rainwater_tank_2_Pengo.jpg/330px-Ceres_rainwater_tank_2_Pengo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ceres_rainwater_tank_2_Pengo.jpg/440px-Ceres_rainwater_tank_2_Pengo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A domestic <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">rainwater harvesting</a> system</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unterirdische_Zisterne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Unterirdische_Zisterne.jpg/220px-Unterirdische_Zisterne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Unterirdische_Zisterne.jpg/330px-Unterirdische_Zisterne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Unterirdische_Zisterne.jpg/440px-Unterirdische_Zisterne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1629" /></a><figcaption>A concrete under-floor cistern being installed.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many methods of collecting and conserving water. Use reduction is cost-effective. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a> systems reuse drained wash water to flush <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilets</a> or to water lawns and <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">gardens</a>. Greywater systems can halve the water use of most residential buildings; however, they require the purchase of a sump, greywater pressurization pump, and secondary <a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">plumbing</a>. Some builders are installing <a href="/wiki/Waterless_urinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterless urinal">waterless urinals</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">composting toilets</a> that eliminate water usage in sewage disposal. </p><p>The classic solution with minimal life-style changes is using a <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">well</a>. Once <a href="/wiki/Drilling" title="Drilling">drilled</a>, a well-foot requires substantial power. However, advanced well-foots can reduce power usage by twofold or more from older models. Well water can be contaminated in some areas. The <a href="/wiki/Sono_arsenic_filter" title="Sono arsenic filter">Sono arsenic filter</a> eliminates unhealthy <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> in well water. </p><p>However drilling a well is an uncertain activity, with aquifers depleted in some areas. It can also be expensive. </p><p>In regions with sufficient rainfall, it is often more economical to design a building to use <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">rainwater harvesting</a>, with supplementary water deliveries in a <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>. Rain water makes excellent soft washwater, but needs antibacterial treatment. If used for drinking, mineral supplements or mineralization is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> climates get at least 250 millimetres (9.8 in) of <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a> per year. This means that a typical one-story <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">house</a> with a greywater system can supply its year-round water needs from its roof alone. In the driest areas, it might require a <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cistern</a> of 30 cubic metres (7,900 US gal). Many areas average 13 millimetres (0.51 in) of rain per week, and these can use a cistern as small as 10 cubic metres (2,600 US gal). </p><p>In many areas, it is difficult to keep a roof clean enough for drinking.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To reduce dirt and bad tastes, systems use a metal collecting-roof and a "roof cleaner" tank that diverts the first 40 liters. Cistern water is usually <a href="/wiki/Water_chlorination" title="Water chlorination">chlorinated</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a> systems provide even better quality drinking water. </p><p>In the classic Roman house ("Domus"), household water was provided from a cistern (the "impluvium"), which was a decorative feature of the atrium, the house's main public space. It was fed by downspout tiles from the inward-facing roof-opening (the "compluvium"). Often water lilies were grown in it to purify the water. Wealthy households often supplemented the rain with a small fountain fed from a city's cistern. The impluvium always had an overflow drain so it could not flood the house.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern cisterns are usually large plastic tanks. Gravity tanks on short towers are reliable, so pump repairs are less urgent. The least expensive bulk cistern is a fenced pond or pool at ground level. </p><p>Reducing autonomy reduces the size and expense of cisterns. Many autonomous homes can reduce water use below 10 US gallons (38 L) per person per day, so that in a <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> a month of water can be delivered inexpensively via truck. Self-delivery is often possible by installing fabric water tanks that fit the bed of a pick-up truck. </p><p>It can be convenient to use the cistern as a heat sink or trap for a <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pump</a> or <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">air conditioning</a> system; however this can make cold drinking water warm, and in drier years may decrease the efficiency of the HVAC system. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Solar_still" title="Solar still">Solar stills</a> can efficiently produce drinking water from ditch water or cistern water, especially high-efficiency <a href="/wiki/Multiple_effect_humidification" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple effect humidification">multiple effect humidification</a> designs, which separate the evaporator(s) and condenser(s). </p><p>New technologies, like <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a> can create unlimited amounts of pure water from polluted water, ocean water, and even from humid air. <a href="/wiki/Watermaker" title="Watermaker">Watermakers</a> are available for yachts that convert seawater and electricity into <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">potable water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_water_generator" title="Atmospheric water generator">Atmospheric water generators</a> extract moisture from dry desert air and filter it to pure water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sewage">Sewage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sewage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resource">Resource</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Resource"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nature_Loo_Waterless_Composting_Toilet_Pedestal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nature_Loo_Waterless_Composting_Toilet_Pedestal.jpg/220px-Nature_Loo_Waterless_Composting_Toilet_Pedestal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nature_Loo_Waterless_Composting_Toilet_Pedestal.jpg/330px-Nature_Loo_Waterless_Composting_Toilet_Pedestal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nature_Loo_Waterless_Composting_Toilet_Pedestal.jpg/440px-Nature_Loo_Waterless_Composting_Toilet_Pedestal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A composting toilet</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">Composting toilets</a> use bacteria to decompose human <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> into useful, odourless, sanitary compost. The process is sanitary because soil bacteria eat the human pathogens as well as most of the mass of the waste. Nevertheless, most health authorities forbid direct use of "<a href="/wiki/Humanure" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanure">humanure</a>" for growing food.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk is microbial and viral contamination, as well as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal toxicity">heavy metal toxicity</a>. In a dry composting toilet, the waste is evaporated or digested to gas (mostly carbon dioxide) and vented, so a toilet produces only a few pounds of compost every six months. To control the odor, modern toilets use a small fan to keep the toilet under negative pressure, and exhaust the gasses to a vent pipe.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some home sewage treatment systems use biological treatment, usually beds of plants and aquaria, that absorb nutrients and bacteria and convert greywater and sewage to clear water. This odor- and color-free <a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a> can be used to flush toilets and water outside plants. When tested, it approaches standards for potable water. In climates that freeze, the plants and aquaria need to be kept in a small greenhouse space. Good systems need about as much care as a large <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquarium</a>. </p><p>Electric <a href="/wiki/Incinerating_toilet" title="Incinerating toilet">incinerating toilets</a> turn excrement into a small amount of ash. They are cool to the touch, have no water and no pipes, and require an air vent in a wall. They are used in remote areas where use of septic tanks is limited, usually to reduce nutrient loads in lakes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bioreactor" title="Bioreactor">bioreactor</a> is an extremely advanced biological sewage system. It can turn sewage into air and water through microbial action. NASA plans to use it in the crewed <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> mission. Another method is NASA's <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>-to-water <a href="/wiki/Distill" class="mw-redirect" title="Distill">distillation</a> system. </p><p>A big disadvantage of complex biological sewage treatment systems is that if the house is empty, the sewage system biota may starve to death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Waste">Waste</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sewage handling is essential for public health. Many <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a> are transmitted by poorly functioning sewage systems. </p><p>The standard system is a tiled leach field combined with a <a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">septic tank</a>. The basic idea is to provide a small system with primary <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a>. Sludge settles to the bottom of the septic tank, is partially reduced by <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a>, and fluid is dispersed in the leach field. The leach field is usually under a yard growing grass. Septic tanks can operate entirely by gravity, and if well managed, are reasonably safe. </p><p>Septic tanks have to be pumped periodically by a <a href="/wiki/Cesspool_emptier" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesspool emptier">vacuum truck</a> to eliminate non reducing solids. Failure to pump a septic tank can cause overflow that damages the leach field, and contaminates ground water. Septic tanks may also require some lifestyle changes, such as not using garbage disposals, minimizing fluids flushed into the tank, and minimizing non-digestible solids flushed into the tank. For example, septic safe toilet paper is recommended. </p><p>However, septic tanks remain popular because they permit standard plumbing fixtures, and require few or no lifestyle sacrifices. </p><p>Composting or <a href="/wiki/Packaging_toilet" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging toilet">packaging toilets</a> make it economical and sanitary to throw away sewage as part of the normal garbage collection service. They also reduce water use by half, and eliminate the difficulty and expense of septic tanks. However, they require the local landfill to use sanitary practices. </p><p>Incinerator systems are quite practical. The ashes are biologically safe, and less than 1/10 the volume of the original waste, but like all incinerator waste, are usually classified as hazardous waste. </p><p>Traditional methods of sewage handling include <a href="/wiki/Pit_toilet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit toilet">pit toilets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latrine" title="Latrine">latrines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Outhouse" title="Outhouse">outhouses</a>. These can be safe, inexpensive and practical. They are still used in many regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storm_drains">Storm drains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Storm drains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drainage systems are a crucial compromise between human habitability and a secure, sustainable watershed. Paved areas and lawns or turf do not allow much precipitation to filter through the ground to recharge aquifers. They can cause flooding and damage in neighbourhoods, as the water flows over the surface towards a low point. </p><p>Typically, elaborate, capital-intensive <a href="/wiki/Storm_sewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm sewer">storm sewer</a> networks are engineered to deal with <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a>. In some cities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> London sewers or much of the old City of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, the storm water system is combined with the sanitary sewer system. In the event of heavy precipitation, the load on the sewage treatment plant at the end of the pipe becomes too great to handle and raw sewage is dumped into holding tanks, and sometimes into surface water. </p><p>Autonomous buildings can address precipitation in a number of ways. If a water-absorbing <a href="/wiki/Swale_(geographical_feature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swale (geographical feature)">swale</a> for each yard is combined with permeable <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> streets, storm drains can be omitted from the neighbourhood. This can save more than $800 per house (1970s) by eliminating storm drains.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One way to use the savings is to purchase larger lots, which permits more amenities at the same cost. Permeable concrete is an established product in warm climates, and in development for freezing climates. In freezing climates, the elimination of storm drains can often still pay for enough land to construct swales (shallow water collecting ditches) or water impeding berms instead. This plan provides more land for homeowners and can offer more interesting topography for landscaping. Additionally, a <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roof</a> captures precipitation and uses the water to grow plants. It can be built into a new building or used to replace an existing roof. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity">Electricity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Electricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Building_by_Terry_Farrel_and_Partners_394640345.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Green_Building_by_Terry_Farrel_and_Partners_394640345.jpg/220px-Green_Building_by_Terry_Farrel_and_Partners_394640345.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Green_Building_by_Terry_Farrel_and_Partners_394640345.jpg/330px-Green_Building_by_Terry_Farrel_and_Partners_394640345.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Green_Building_by_Terry_Farrel_and_Partners_394640345.jpg/440px-Green_Building_by_Terry_Farrel_and_Partners_394640345.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Wind turbine on the roof in Manchester, UK</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_panels_on_house_roof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Solar_panels_on_house_roof.jpg/220px-Solar_panels_on_house_roof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Solar_panels_on_house_roof.jpg/330px-Solar_panels_on_house_roof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Solar_panels_on_house_roof.jpg/440px-Solar_panels_on_house_roof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A PV-solar system</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero emissions">Zero emissions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zero-energy_building" title="Zero-energy building">Zero-energy building</a></div><p>Since electricity is an expensive utility, the first step towards autonomy is to design a house and lifestyle to reduce demand. <a href="/wiki/LED_light" class="mw-redirect" title="LED light">LED lights</a>, laptop computers and gas-powered refrigerators save electricity, although gas-powered refrigerators are not very efficient.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also superefficient electric refrigerators, such as those produced by the Sun Frost company, some of which use only about half as much electricity as a mass-market <a href="/wiki/Energy_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy star">energy star</a>-rated refrigerator. </p><p>Using a solar roof, <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cells</a> can provide electric power. Solar roofs can be more cost-effective than retrofitted solar power, because buildings need roofs anyway. Modern solar cells last about 40 years, which makes them a reasonable investment in some areas. At a sufficient angle, solar cells are cleaned by run-off rain water and therefore have almost no life-style impact. </p><p>Many areas have long winter nights or dark cloudy days. In these climates, a solar installation might not pay for itself or large battery storage systems are necessary to achieve electric self-sufficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In stormy or windy climates, <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> can replace or significantly supplement solar power.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average autonomous house needs only one <a href="/wiki/Small_wind_turbine" title="Small wind turbine">small wind turbine</a>, 5 metres or less in diameter. On a 30-metre (100-foot) tower, this turbine can provide enough power to supplement solar power on cloudy days. Commercially available wind turbines use sealed, one-moving-part AC generators and passive, self-feathering blades for years of operation without service. </p><p>The main advantage of <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> is that larger wind turbines have a lower per-watt cost than solar cells, provided there is wind. Turbine location is critical: just as some locations lack sun for solar cells, many areas lack enough wind to make a turbine pay for itself. In the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> of the United States, a 10-metre (33-foot) turbine can supply enough energy to heat and cool a well-built all-electric house. Economic use in other areas requires research, and possibly a site survey.<sup id="cite_ref-Gipe_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gipe-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sites have access to a stream with a change in elevation. These sites can use <a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">small hydropower systems</a> to generate electricity. If the difference in elevation is above 30 metres (100 feet), and the stream runs in all seasons, this can provide continuous power with a small, inexpensive installation. Lower changes of elevation require larger installations or dams, and can be less efficient. Clogging at the turbine intake can be a practical problem. The usual solution is a small pool and waterfall (a penstock) to carry away floating debris. Another solution is to utilize a turbine that resists debris, such as a <a href="/wiki/Gorlov_helical_turbine" title="Gorlov helical turbine">Gorlov helical turbine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ossberger_turbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossberger turbine">Ossberger turbine</a>. </p><p>During times of low demand, excess power can be stored in batteries for future use. However, batteries need to be replaced every few years. In many areas, battery expenses can be eliminated by attaching the building to the <a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">electric power grid</a> and operating the power system with <a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">net metering</a>. Utility permission is required, but such cooperative generation is legally mandated in some areas (for example, California).<sup id="cite_ref-Gipe_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gipe-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A grid-based building is less autonomous, but more economical and sustainable with fewer lifestyle sacrifices. In rural areas the grid's cost and impacts can be reduced by using <a href="/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return" title="Single-wire earth return">single-wire earth return</a> systems (for example, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=MALT_(electricity_system)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MALT (electricity system) (page does not exist)">MALT</a>-system). </p><p>In areas that lack access to the grid, battery size can be reduced with a generator to recharge the batteries during energy droughts such as extended fogs. Auxiliary generators are usually run from <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, or sometimes <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>. An hour of charging usually provides a day of operation. Modern residential chargers permit the user to set the charging times, so the generator is quiet at night. Some generators automatically test themselves once per week.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent advances in <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_levitation" title="Magnetic levitation">passively stable magnetic bearings</a> may someday permit inexpensive storage of power in a <a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">flywheel</a> in a vacuum. Research groups like Canada's <a href="/wiki/Ballard_Power_Systems" title="Ballard Power Systems">Ballard Power Systems</a> are also working to develop a "<a href="/wiki/Regenerative_fuel_cell" title="Regenerative fuel cell">regenerative fuel cell</a>", a device that can generate hydrogen and oxygen when power is available, and combine these efficiently when power is needed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Earth_battery" title="Earth battery">Earth batteries</a> tap electric currents in the earth called <a href="/wiki/Telluric_current" title="Telluric current">telluric current</a>. They can be installed anywhere in the ground. They provide only low voltages and current. They were used to power <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraphs</a> in the 19th century. As appliance efficiencies increase, they may become practical. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microbial_fuel_cell" title="Microbial fuel cell">Microbial fuel cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric_generator" title="Thermoelectric generator">thermoelectric generators</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allow electricity to be generated from biomass. The plant can be dried, chopped and converted or burned as a whole, or it can be left alive so that waste saps from the plant can be converted by bacteria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heating">Heating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Active_Solar_Water_Heater_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Active_Solar_Water_Heater_Diagram.svg/150px-Active_Solar_Water_Heater_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Active_Solar_Water_Heater_Diagram.svg/225px-Active_Solar_Water_Heater_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Active_Solar_Water_Heater_Diagram.svg/300px-Active_Solar_Water_Heater_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of an active solar heating system</figcaption></figure> <p>Most autonomous buildings are designed to use insulation, thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples of these are <a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">trombe walls</a> and other technologies as <a href="/wiki/Steve_Baer" title="Steve Baer">skylights</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar heating</a> can heat most buildings in even the mild and chilly climates. In colder climates, extra construction costs can be as little as 15% more than new, conventional buildings. In warm climates, those having less than two weeks of frosty nights per year, there is no cost impact. </p><p>The basic requirement for passive solar heating is that the solar collectors must face the prevailing sunlight (south in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, north in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>), and the building must incorporate <a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">thermal mass</a> to keep it warm in the night. </p><p>A recent, somewhat experimental <a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">solar heating</a> system "<a href="/wiki/Annualized_geo_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Annualized geo solar">Annualized geo solar</a> heating" is practical even in regions that get little or no sunlight in winter.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephens_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses the ground beneath a building for thermal mass. Precipitation can carry away the heat, so the ground is shielded with <span class="nowrap">6 m</span> skirts of plastic insulation. The thermal mass of this system is sufficiently inexpensive and large that it can store enough summer heat to warm a building for the whole winter, and enough winter cold to cool the building in summer. </p><p>In annualized geo solar systems, the solar collector is often separate from (and hotter or colder than) the living space. The building may actually be constructed from <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulation</a>, for example, <a href="/wiki/Straw-bale_construction" title="Straw-bale construction">straw-bale construction</a>. Some buildings have been aerodynamically designed so that convection via ducts and interior spaces eliminates any need for electric fans. </p><p>A more modest "daily solar" design is practical. For example, for about a 15% premium in building costs, the <a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passivhaus</a> building codes in Europe use high performance insulating windows, R-30 insulation, HRV ventilation, and a small thermal mass. With modest changes in the building's position, modern <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>- or <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>-insulated windows permit normal-looking windows to provide passive solar heat without compromising insulation or structural strength. If a small heater is available for the coldest nights, a slab or basement cistern can inexpensively provide the required <a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">thermal mass</a>. Passivhaus building codes, in particular, bring unusually good interior air quality, because the buildings change the air several times per hour, passing it through a heat exchanger to keep heat inside. </p><p>In all systems, a small supplementary heater increases personal security and reduces lifestyle impacts for a small reduction of autonomy. The two most popular heaters for ultra-high-efficiency houses are a small <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pump</a>, which also provides <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>, or a central hydronic (radiator) air heater with water recirculating from the <a href="/wiki/Water_heating" title="Water heating">water heater</a>. Passivhaus designs usually integrate the heater with the ventilation system. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Earth_sheltering" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth sheltering">Earth sheltering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windbreak" title="Windbreak">windbreaks</a> can also reduce the absolute amount of heat needed by a building. Several feet below the earth, temperature ranges from 4 °C (39 °F) in North Dakota to 26 °C (79 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-Stephens_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Southern Florida. Wind breaks reduce the amount of heat carried away from a building. </p><p>Rounded, aerodynamic buildings also lose less heat. </p><p>An increasing number of commercial buildings use a <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle">combined cycle</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a> to provide heating, often water heating, from the output of a natural gas <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">reciprocating engine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stirling_engine" title="Stirling engine">stirling</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">electric generator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Houses designed to cope with interruptions in civil services generally incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Wood_stove" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood stove">wood stove</a>, or heat and power from <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bottled_gas" title="Bottled gas">bottled gas</a>, regardless of their other heating mechanisms. </p><p>Electric heaters and electric stoves may provide pollution-free heat (depending on the power source), but use large amounts of electricity. If enough electricity is provided by solar panels, wind turbines, or other means, then electric heaters and stoves become a practical autonomous design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_heating">Water heating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Water heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Solar_hot_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar hot water">Solar hot water</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_heat_recycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water heat recycling">Hot water heat recycling</a> units recover heat from water drain lines. They increase a building's autonomy by decreasing the heat or fuel used to heat water. They are attractive because they have no lifestyle changes. </p><p>Current practical, comfortable domestic water-heating systems combine a solar preheating system with a <a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Tankless water heater">thermostatic gas-powered flow-through heater</a>, so that the temperature of the water is consistent, and the amount is unlimited. This reduces life-style impacts at some cost in autonomy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Solar_water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar water heater">Solar water heaters</a> can save large amounts of fuel. Also, small changes in lifestyle, such as doing laundry, dishes and bathing on sunny days, can greatly increase their efficiency. Pure solar heaters are especially useful for laundries, swimming pools and external baths, because these can be scheduled for use on sunny days. </p><p>The basic trick in a <a href="/wiki/Solar_water_heating" title="Solar water heating">solar water heating</a> system is to use a well-insulated holding tank. Some systems are <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>- insulated, acting something like large <a href="/wiki/Thermos" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermos">thermos</a> bottles. The tank is filled with hot water on sunny days, and made available at all times. Unlike a conventional tank water heater, the tank is filled only when there is sunlight. Good storage makes a smaller, higher-technology collector feasible. Such collectors can use relatively exotic technologies, such as vacuum insulation, and reflective concentration of sunlight. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a> systems produce hot water from <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">waste heat</a>. They usually get the heat from the exhaust of a generator or fuel cell. </p><p>Heat recycling, <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a> and solar pre-heating can save 50–75% of the gas otherwise used. Also, some combinations provide redundant reliability by having several sources of heat. Some authorities advocate replacing <a href="/wiki/Bottled_gas" title="Bottled gas">bottled gas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> with <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a>. However, this is usually impractical unless live-stock are on-site. The wastes of a single family are usually insufficient to produce enough <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> for anything more than small amounts of cooking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooling">Cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Annualized geo solar buildings often have buried, sloped water-tight skirts of insulation that extend 6 metres (20 ft) from the foundations, to prevent heat leakage between the earth used as thermal mass, and the surface. </p><p>Less dramatic improvements are possible. Windows can be shaded in summer. Eaves can be overhung to provide the necessary shade. These also shade the walls of the house, reducing cooling costs. </p><p>Another trick is to cool the building's thermal mass at night, perhaps with a <a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">whole-house fan</a> and then cool the building from the thermal mass during the day. It helps to be able to route cold air from a sky-facing radiator (perhaps an air heating solar collector with an alternate purpose) or evaporative cooler directly through the thermal mass. On clear nights, even in tropical areas, sky-facing radiators can cool below freezing. </p><p>If a circular building is aerodynamically smooth, and cooler than the ground, it can be passively cooled by the "dome effect." Many installations have reported that a reflective or light-colored dome induces a local vertical heat-driven vortex that sucks cooler overhead air downward into a dome if the dome is vented properly (a single overhead vent, and peripheral vents). Some people have reported a temperature differential as high as <span class="nowrap">8 °C</span> (<span class="nowrap">15 °F</span>) between the inside of the dome and the outside. <a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a> discovered this effect with a simple house design adapted from a <a href="/wiki/Grain_silo" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain silo">grain silo</a>, and adapted his <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_house" title="Dymaxion house">Dymaxion house</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">geodesic domes</a> to use it. </p><p>Refrigerators and air conditioners operating from the waste heat of a diesel engine exhaust, heater flue or solar collector are entering use. These use the same principles as a gas refrigerator. Normally, the heat from a flue powers an "<a href="/wiki/Absorptive_refrigeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorptive refrigeration">absorptive chiller</a>". The cold water or brine from the chiller is used to cool air or a refrigerated space. </p><p>Cogeneration is popular in new commercial buildings. In current cogeneration systems small gas turbines or <a href="/wiki/Stirling_engine" title="Stirling engine">stirling engines</a> powered from natural gas produce electricity and their exhaust drives an <a href="/wiki/Absorptive_chiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorptive chiller">absorptive chiller</a>. </p><p>A truck trailer refrigerator operating from the waste heat of a tractor's <a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">diesel exhaust</a> was demonstrated by NRG Solutions, Inc. NRG developed a hydronic <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> gas heat exchanger and vaporizer, the two essential new, not commercially available components of a waste heat driven refrigerator. </p><p>A similar scheme (multiphase cooling) can be by a multistage evaporative cooler. The air is passed through a spray of salt solution to dehumidify it, then through a spray of water solution to cool it, then another salt solution to dehumidify it again. The brine has to be regenerated, and that can be done economically with a low-temperature solar still. Multiphase evaporative coolers can lower the air's temperature by 50 °F (28 °C), and still control humidity. If the brine regenerator uses high heat, it also partially sterilises to the air. </p><p>If enough electric power is available, cooling can be provided by conventional air conditioning using a <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pump</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_production">Food production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Food production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Food production has often been included in historic autonomous projects to provide security.<sup id="cite_ref-publications_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publications-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skilled, intensive <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">gardening</a> can support an adult from as little as 100 square meters of land per person,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly requiring the use of organic farming and <a href="/wiki/Aeroponics" title="Aeroponics">aeroponics</a>. Some proven intensive, low-effort food-production systems include <a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban gardening</a> (indoors and outdoors). <a href="/wiki/Grow_house" title="Grow house">Indoor cultivation</a> may be set up using <a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponics</a>, while outdoor cultivation may be done using <a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">permaculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">forest gardening</a>, <a href="/wiki/No-till_farming" title="No-till farming">no-till farming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Do_nothing_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Do nothing farming">do nothing farming</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouses</a> are also sometimes included.<sup id="cite_ref-publications_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publications-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes they are also outfitted with irrigation systems or <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy_storage" title="Thermal energy storage">heat sink</a> systems which can respectively irrigate the plants or help to store energy from the sun and redistribute it at night (when the greenhouses starts to cool down).<sup id="cite_ref-publications_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publications-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a> – Type of design principles for human habitats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a> – Concept in the philosophy and politics of technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a> – Engineering discipline of engineering systems of buildings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a> – Global sum of all ecosystems on Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_2" title="Biosphere 2">Biosphere 2</a> – Closed ecological research centre in Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOS-3" title="BIOS-3">BIOS-3</a> – Closed ecosystem at the Institute of Biophysics in Krasnoyarsk, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Building</a> – Structure, typically with a roof and walls, standing more or less permanently in one place</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_and_Robert_Vale" title="Brenda and Robert Vale">Brenda and Robert Vale</a> – Sustainable housing architects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_modular_construction" title="Commercial modular construction">Commercial modular construction</a> – Non-residential structures that are mostly built offsite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a> – Flood control measure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthship" title="Earthship">Earthship</a> – Style of architecture that uses native materials and upcycled materials to build homes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a> – Community with the goal of becoming more sustainable</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a> – Engineering discipline related to environmental science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a> – Structures and processes of building structures that are more environmentally responsible</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen station">Hydrogen station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-situ_resource_utilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In-situ resource utilization">In-situ resource utilization</a> – Astronautical use of materials harvested in outer space<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a> – Small-scale heating and electric power creation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a> – Type of house</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadruple_glazing" title="Quadruple glazing">Quadruple glazing</a> – Type of insulated glazing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a> – Application of renewable energy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_Farm" title="Street Farm">Street Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a> – Solar collection system which provides heating and cooling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_farming" title="Vertical farming">Vertical farming</a> – Practice of growing crops in vertically stacked layers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-energy_building" title="Zero-energy building">Zero-energy building</a> – Energy efficiency standard for buildings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_heating_building" title="Zero heating building">Zero heating building</a> – Building without heating demand</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVale2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brenda_and_Robert_Vale" title="Brenda and Robert Vale">Vale, Brenda and Robert</a> (2000). <i>The New Autonomous House</i>. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-34176-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-34176-1"><bdi>0-500-34176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Autonomous+House&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+Ltd&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-500-34176-1&rft.aulast=Vale&rft.aufirst=Brenda+and+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+building" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vsb.cape.com/~nature/greencenter/newalchemy.html">"New Alchemy Institute"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060818015757/http://www.vsb.cape.com/~nature/greencenter/newalchemy.html">Archived</a> 2006-08-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Website). <i>The Green Center</i>. Retrieved on 2010-01-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040912052010/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/nutconsensus/en/">"WHO | Nutrient minerals in drinking-water and the potential health consequences of consumption of demineralized and remineralized and altered mineral content drinking-water: Consensus of the meeting"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/nutconsensus/en/">the original</a> on September 12, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHO+%26%23124%3B+Nutrient+minerals+in+drinking-water+and+the+potential+health+consequences+of+consumption+of+demineralized+and+remineralized+and+altered+mineral+content+drinking-water%3A+Consensus+of+the+meeting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwater_sanitation_health%2Fdwq%2Fnutconsensus%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+building" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517155419/http://www.uaf.edu/ces/publications/freepubs/HCM-01557.pdf">"Cistern Design, University of Alaska, referenced 2007-12-27"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaf.edu/ces/publications/freepubs/HCM-01557.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cistern+Design%2C+University+of+Alaska%2C+referenced+2007-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Fces%2Fpublications%2Ffreepubs%2FHCM-01557.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+building" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker" class="citation web cs1">Becker, Jefferey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/beginners-guide-rome/a/roman-domestic-architecture-domus">"The Roman House (Domus)"</a>. <i>Khan Academy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=The+Roman+House+%28Domus%29&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Jefferey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fancient-art-civilizations%2Froman%2Fbeginners-guide-rome%2Fa%2Froman-domestic-architecture-domus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+building" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitruvius1914" class="citation book cs1">Vitruvius (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academics.triton.edu/faculty/fheitzman/Vitruvius__the_Ten_Books_on_Architecture.pdf"><i>The Ten Books of Architecture</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by Morgan, Morris Hickey. Harvard University Press. p. 6.3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://academics.triton.edu/faculty/fheitzman/Vitruvius__the_Ten_Books_on_Architecture.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ten+Books+of+Architecture&rft.pages=6.3&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Vitruvius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademics.triton.edu%2Ffaculty%2Ffheitzman%2FVitruvius__the_Ten_Books_on_Architecture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+building" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2005" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, J.C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanurehandbook.com"><i>The Humanure Handbook: A Guide to Composting Human Manure</i></a>. Grove City, PA: Joseph Jenkins, Inc.; 3rd edition. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9644258-3-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9644258-3-5"><bdi>978-0-9644258-3-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Humanure+Handbook%3A+A+Guide+to+Composting+Human+Manure&rft.place=Grove+City%2C+PA&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Joseph+Jenkins%2C+Inc.%3B+3rd+edition&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9644258-3-5&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanurehandbook.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+building" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">composting toilet</a> for references.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swales replacing drains: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hawken" title="Paul Hawken">Paul Hawken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amory_Lovins" title="Amory Lovins">Amory Lovins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Lovins" title="Hunter Lovins">Hunter Lovins</a>, "Natural Capitalism," ch. 5, p. 83. The cited development is Village Homes, Davis, California, built in the 1970s by Michael and Judy Corbett</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sunfrost rates 15 cu ft (420 L). refrigerators at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunfrost.com/extreme_efficiency.html">0.27 kWh/day</a> (2007-12-27), while Dometic brand (formerly Servel brand) gas refrigerators cool only 8 cubic feet (0.23 m<sup>3</sup>) for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunfrost.com/extreme_efficiency.html">325 W continuous</a> (i.e. 7.8 kWh/day) ALternatively, they use about 8 US gallons (30 L; 6.7 imp gal) of LP gas per month, which in most places is more expensive than the equivalent electricity.(2007-12-27)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamirez_CamargoNitschGruberDorner2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ramirez Camargo, Luis; Nitsch, Felix; Gruber, Katharina; Dorner, Wolfgang (2018-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2018.06.118">"Electricity self-sufficiency of single-family houses in Germany and the Czech Republic"</a>. <i>Applied Energy</i>. <b>228</b>: 902–915. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApEn..228..902R">2018ApEn..228..902R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2018.06.118">10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.06.118</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-2619">0306-2619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Energy&rft.atitle=Electricity+self-sufficiency+of+single-family+houses+in+Germany+and+the+Czech+Republic&rft.volume=228&rft.pages=902-915&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft.issn=0306-2619&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2018.06.118&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ApEn..228..902R&rft.aulast=Ramirez+Camargo&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft.au=Nitsch%2C+Felix&rft.au=Gruber%2C+Katharina&rft.au=Dorner%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.apenergy.2018.06.118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+building" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamirez_CamargoNitschGruberValdes2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ramirez Camargo, Luis; Nitsch, Felix; Gruber, Katharina; Valdes, Javier; Wuth, Jane; Dorner, Wolfgang (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fen12214185">"Potential Analysis of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Self-Sufficient Residential Use in Germany and the Czech Republic"</a>. <i>Energies</i>. <b>12</b> (21): 4185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fen12214185">10.3390/en12214185</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energies&rft.atitle=Potential+Analysis+of+Hybrid+Renewable+Energy+Systems+for+Self-Sufficient+Residential+Use+in+Germany+and+the+Czech+Republic&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=4185&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fen12214185&rft.aulast=Ramirez+Camargo&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft.au=Nitsch%2C+Felix&rft.au=Gruber%2C+Katharina&rft.au=Valdes%2C+Javier&rft.au=Wuth%2C+Jane&rft.au=Dorner%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fen12214185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+building" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gipe-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gipe_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gipe_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Gipe, "Wind Power for Home and Business"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eaton.com">Eaton power</a>; see the specifications and manuals. Referenced 2007-12-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.KohlerSmartPower.com">Kohler Generators</a>; see the specifications and manuals. Referenced 2007-12-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bioliteenergy.com/collections/stoves">"Biolite Portable Stoves"</a>. <i>bioliteenergy.com</i>. Biolite<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bioliteenergy.com&rft.atitle=Biolite+Portable+Stoves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioliteenergy.com%2Fcollections%2Fstoves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+building" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firebeecharger.com/">"Firebee:Charge your USB Device!"</a>. <i>firebeecharger.com</i>. Firebee<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=firebeecharger.com&rft.atitle=Firebee%3ACharge+your+USB+Device%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirebeecharger.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+building" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephens-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephens, Don. September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenershelter.com/TokyoPaper.pdf">"'Annualized Geo-Solar Heating' as a Sustainable Residential-scale Solution for Temperate Climates with Less than Ideal Daily Heating Season Solar Availability."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061031115210/http://www.greenershelter.com/TokyoPaper.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-10-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("Requested Paper for the Global Sustainable Building Conference 2005, Tokyo, Japan"). Greenershelter.org website. Retrieved on 2007-09-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microturbine.com/_docs/WCEMC04.pdf">Capstone Microturbine White-Paper (PDF) Retrieved on 2007-12-28.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813123637/http://www.microturbine.com/_docs/WCEMC04.pdf">Archived</a> August 13, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-publications-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-publications_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-publications_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-publications_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nature.my.cape.com/greencenter/pubonline.html">Publications list of the New Alchemy Institute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100217004825/http://nature.my.cape.com/greencenter/pubonline.html">Archived</a> February 17, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2010-02-05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100204130925/http://www.pathtofreedom.com/urban-homestead#%23Urban%20Homestead%20at%20a%20Glance%23">"Path of Freedom"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathtofreedom.com/urban-homestead#%23Urban%20Homestead%20at%20a%20Glance%23">the original</a> on February 4, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Path+of+Freedom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pathtofreedom.com%2Furban-homestead%23%2523Urban%2520Homestead%2520at%2520a%2520Glance%2523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+building" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">How to Grow a Complete Diet in Less Than 1000 Square Feet Dave Duhon & Cindy Gebhard, 1984, 200 pp. Ecology Action GROW BIOINTENSIVE(R) Publications</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The PEI Ark was a greenhouse with fishponds and living quarters.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The PEI Ark used its fishponds as both thermal mass and water storage.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_building&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfi.org">Buckminster Fuller Institute</a> is still in existence. B. Fuller left thousands of pages of notes to the university where he last taught.</li> <li>There is a section on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020327082836/http://reality.sculptors.com/cgi-bin/wiki?Autonomous_Houses">Autonomous Houses</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020206042521/http://reality.sculptors.com/cgi-bin/wiki">Reality Sculptors</a> wiki, including links to a mailing list which frequently discusses autonomous design considerations.</li> <li>Designs for a <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">geodesic dome</a> version of an Autonomous House can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020305092037/http://reality.sculptors.com/~salsbury/House/">reality.sculptors.com</a>.</li> <li>"Wind Power for Home and Business" by Paul Gipe</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=1906">An opinion piece by Brenda and Robert Vale</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cropthornehouse.co.uk/design">The Cropthorne House</a> - notes on design and comparison with the Vales' Southwell House</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070307062524/http://www.stormbear.com/bagend2/index.php">Bad End 2 - 21st Century Hobbit Hole</a> - precast concrete in home construction</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050804003446/http://www.off-grid.net/index.php">Off-grid.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.self-sufficiency-guide.com">Self Sufficiency Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.new-self-sufficient-living.com/how-to-save-water.html">Self Sufficient Living</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412042242/http://www.new-self-sufficient-living.com/how-to-save-water.html">Archived</a> 2021-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenspec.co.uk/">GreenSpec</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HVAC" title="Template talk:HVAC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> 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