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href="#Theft_of_arms_from_the_north_canton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Theft of arms from the north canton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theft_of_arms_from_the_north_canton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic_embassy_siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic_embassy_siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Dominican Republic embassy siege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic_embassy_siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_peace_talks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_peace_talks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>First peace talks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_peace_talks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palace_of_Justice_siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palace_of_Justice_siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Palace of Justice siege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palace_of_Justice_siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demobilization_and_participation_in_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demobilization_and_participation_in_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demobilization and participation in politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demobilization_and_participation_in_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">19th of April Movement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_19_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84" title="حركة 19 أبريل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة 19 أبريل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%E2%80%9E19_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%E2%80%9C" title="Движение „19 април“ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Движение „19 април“" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alian%C3%A7a_Democr%C3%A0tica_M-19" title="Aliança Democràtica M-19 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aliança Democràtica M-19" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_19_de_Abril" title="Movimiento 19 de Abril – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Movimiento 19 de Abril" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_19_de_abril" title="Movimiento 19 de abril – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento 19 de abril" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-19" title="M-19 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="M-19" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apirilaren_19ko_mugimendua" title="Apirilaren 19ko mugimendua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apirilaren 19ko mugimendua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%DB%B1%DB%B9_%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="جنبش ۱۹ آوریل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش ۱۹ آوریل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_du_19_avril" title="Mouvement du 19 avril – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement du 19 avril" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movemento_19_de_Abril" title="Movemento 19 de Abril – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Movemento 19 de Abril" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%C2%B719_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="4·19 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="4·19 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_19_April" title="Gerakan 19 April – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan 19 April" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-19" title="M-19 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="M-19" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-19" title="M-19 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="M-19" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%E6%9C%8819%E6%97%A5%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="4月19日運動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="4月19日運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruch_19_Kwietnia" title="Ruch 19 Kwietnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ruch 19 Kwietnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_19_de_Abril" title="Movimento 19 de Abril – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Movimento 19 de Abril" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_19_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_(%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Движение 19 апреля (Колумбия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Движение 19 апреля (Колумбия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_of_April_Movement" title="19th of April Movement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="19th of April Movement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-19" title="M-19 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="M-19" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%88%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E6%97%A5%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="四月十九日運動 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="四月十九日運動" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Defunct left-wing guerilla movement in Colombia (1974–1990)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/April_Revolution" title="April Revolution">April Revolution</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">19th of April Movement</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname" lang="es">Movimiento 19 de Abril</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_M-19.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="M-19's flag"><img alt="M-19's flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/150px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/225px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/300px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag and logo of the M-19.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Bateman_Cay%C3%B3n" title="Jaime Bateman Cayón">Jaime Bateman Cayón</a> <a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">#</a> (17 January 1974 – 28 April 1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Marino_Ospina" title="Iván Marino Ospina">Iván Marino Ospina</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> (28 April 1983 – 28 August 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Fayad" title="Álvaro Fayad">Álvaro Fayad</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> (28 August 1985 – 13 March 1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pizarro_Leong%C3%B3mez" title="Carlos Pizarro Leongómez">Carlos Pizarro Leongómez</a> (13 March 1986 – 8 March 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Toledo_Plata" title="Carlos Toledo Plata">Carlos Toledo Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Dates of operation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">17 January 1974 – 8 March 1990</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caquet%C3%A1_Department" title="Caquetá Department">Caquetá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Nariño">Nariño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle del Cauca">Valle del Cauca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quind%C3%ADo" class="mw-redirect" title="Quindío">Quindío</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label">Concentrated in southern and central Colombia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major actions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Theft of Bolívar's sword (1974)</li> <li>Kidnapping and Murder of José Raquel Mercado (1976)</li> <li>Theft of weapons from the North Canton (1978)</li> <li>Takeover of the embassy of the Dominican Republic (1980)</li> <li>Hijacking of the Aeropesca Curtis C-46 Plane (1981)</li> <li>Sinking of El Karina (1981)</li> <li>Kidnapping of Martha Nieves Ochoa (1981)</li> <li>Battle of Yarumales (1984)</li> <li>Battalion America (1986)</li> <li>Kidnapping of Álvaro Gómez Hurtado (1988)</li> <li>Kidnapping of politicians, industrialists and journalists</li> <li>48 Guerrilla takeovers of towns.</li> <li>Intervention of newspapers, radio and television.</li> <li>Attacks on Battalions and Embassies.</li> <li>Theft of milk trucks to distribute the merchandise in popular sectors</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable attacks</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Attack on the House of Nariño (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_Siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Justice Siege">Palace of Justice Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Dominican_Republic_Embassy_siege_in_Bogot%C3%A1" title="1980 Dominican Republic Embassy siege in Bogotá">Dominican Republic embassy siege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Guerrilla_Coordinating_Board" title="Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board">Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C2%A1Alfaro_Vive,_Carajo!" title="¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo!">¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement">Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupamaros" title="Tupamaros">Tupamaros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">Government of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitarism_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitarism in Colombia">Colombian paramilitary groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muerte_a_Secuestradores" title="Muerte a Secuestradores">Muerte a Secuestradores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><b>Succeeded by</b><br />M-19 Democratic Alliance</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>19th of April Movement</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Movimiento 19 de Abril</i>), or <b>M-19</b>, was a Colombian <a href="/wiki/Urban_guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban guerrilla">urban guerrilla</a> movement active in the late 1970s and 1980s. After its <a href="/wiki/Demobilization" title="Demobilization">demobilization</a> in 1990 it became a political party, the <b>M-19 Democratic Alliance</b> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Alianza Democrática M-19</i></span>), or <b>AD/M-19</b>. </p><p>The M-19 traced its origins to the allegedly fraudulent <a href="/wiki/Colombian_general_election,_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian general election, 1970">presidential elections of 19 April 1970</a>, where the left-wing populist <a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Alliance" title="National Popular Alliance">National Popular Alliance</a> (ANAPO) of former military dictator <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Gustavo Rojas Pinilla</a> was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Colombia)" title="National Front (Colombia)">National Front</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Power_sharing" title="Power sharing">power sharing</a> coalition of the two main establishment parties. M-19 initially proclaimed itself the armed wing of ANAPO, though party leaders denied any association.<sup id="cite_ref-CSS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ideology of the M-19 was <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">revolutionary nationalism</a>, but it claimed its main aim was to open up electoral democracy in Colombia.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was inspired by other South American urban guerrilla groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tupamaros" title="Tupamaros">Tupamaros</a> in Uruguay and the <a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a> in Argentina. At its height in the mid-1980s, the M-19 was the second largest guerrilla group in Colombia (after the <a href="/wiki/FARC" class="mw-redirect" title="FARC">FARC</a>), with the number of active members estimated at between 1,500 and 2,000. Its actions during this period included the <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar#Sword_of_Bolivar" title="Simón Bolívar">theft of Bolívar's sword</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_siege" title="Palace of Justice siege">Palace of Justice siege</a>. </p><p>The group demobilized in the late 1980s and transitioned to electoral politics, though many of its key leaders would be assassinated. The M-19 Democratic Alliance merged with ANAPO in 2003 to form the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Democratic_Pole" title="Independent Democratic Pole">Independent Democratic Pole</a> party, the predecessor of today's <a href="/wiki/Alternative_Democratic_Pole" title="Alternative Democratic Pole">Alternative Democratic Pole</a>. Other former members joined various left-wing parties, including the <a href="/wiki/Green_Alliance_(Colombia)" title="Green Alliance (Colombia)">Green Alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humane_Colombia" title="Humane Colombia">Humane Colombia</a>, the latter formed by ex-member <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Gustavo Petro</a>. Petro would go on to unite these parties in his <i><a href="/wiki/Historic_Pact_for_Colombia" title="Historic Pact for Colombia">Pacto Histórico</a></i> coalition, which won the <a href="/wiki/2022_Colombian_parliamentary_election" title="2022 Colombian parliamentary election">2022 elections</a> to form Colombia's current governing coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armed_activity">Armed activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_of_April_Movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Armed activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/19th_of_April_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/19th of April Movement">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The M-19's history may be divided into two parts: the first was a failed armed revolutionary struggle during the early to mid-1980s, while the second was a relatively constructive reincorporation into civil society and political life during the late 1980s and early 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theft_of_Bolívar's_sword"><span id="Theft_of_Bol.C3.ADvar.27s_sword"></span>Theft of Bolívar's sword</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_of_April_Movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theft of Bolívar's sword"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the actions performed by the M-19, some significant events stand out. In a highly symbolic action, the M-19 stole <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar#Sword_of_Bolivar" title="Simón Bolívar">one of the swords of Simon Bolivar</a> from a museum in 1974, an event which was used by the group to symbolize what they called a civilian uprising against a regime perceived as unjust. M-19 promised to return the sword by 18 December 1990, the 160th anniversary of Bolivar's death. But the organization was unable to keep its pledge and was forced to admit it was no longer in possession of the sword. However, in 1991, M-19 would eventually return the sword.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kidnapping_and_murder_of_José_Raquel_Mercado"><span id="Kidnapping_and_murder_of_Jos.C3.A9_Raquel_Mercado"></span>Kidnapping and murder of José Raquel Mercado</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_of_April_Movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kidnapping and murder of José Raquel Mercado"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 February 1976, the M-19 kidnapped the union leader Jose Raquel Mercado, who was the president of Confederation of Workers of Colombia (CTC), charged him with selling out the interests of Colombian workers to U.S. imperialism, and sentenced him to death. The group accused Mercado of taking bribes and collaborating with the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The M-19 had offered to "commute" the labor leader's death sentence if the government reinstated thousands of fired workers, gave public employees the right to strike and published a communique in 12 Colombian newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mercado's body was wrapped in plastic, and propped up against a lamppost in a Bogota park. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theft_of_arms_from_the_north_canton">Theft of arms from the north canton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_of_April_Movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theft of arms from the north canton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On New Year's Eve 1979, the group dug a tunnel into a Colombian Army weapons depot, taking over 5000 weapons. It was considered one of the first signs of the group's true potential for armed action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominican_Republic_embassy_siege">Dominican Republic embassy siege</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_of_April_Movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dominican Republic embassy siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1980_Dominican_Republic_Embassy_siege_in_Bogot%C3%A1" title="1980 Dominican Republic Embassy siege in Bogotá">1980 Dominican Republic Embassy siege in Bogotá</a></div> <p>The group is also recognized for other high-profile activities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_embassy_siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican embassy siege">Dominican embassy siege</a>. The guerrillas stormed the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>'s embassy during a cocktail party on 27 February 1980. They took the largest recorded number of diplomats held hostage to date in Colombia, which accounted for 14 ambassadors, including the United States'. Eventually, after tense negotiations with the government of <a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Turbay_Ayala" title="Julio César Turbay Ayala">Julio César Turbay Ayala</a>, the hostages were peacefully released and the hostage takers were allowed to leave the country for exile in Cuba. Some of them later returned and actively rejoined the M-19's activities. Many contemporary rumors and later accounts from the participants in this event have suggested that the Colombian government might have submitted to another of the M-19 demands, by allegedly giving the group 1 to 2.5 million U.S. dollars in exchange for the release of the hostages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_peace_talks">First peace talks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_of_April_Movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First peace talks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the government of <a href="/wiki/Belisario_Betancur" title="Belisario Betancur">Belisario Betancur</a> (1982–1986), <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Bateman_Cay%C3%B3n" title="Jaime Bateman Cayón">Jaime Bateman Cayón</a>, by then top leader of the M-19, proposed a meeting in Panama with the Colombian government toward solving the conflict. But Bateman died on 28 April 1983 in an airplane accident, apparently while on the way to Panama, and the negotiations were suspended. </p><p>The negotiations culminated with the Agreements of <a href="/wiki/Corinto,_Cauca" title="Corinto, Cauca">Corinto, Cauca</a>. A ceasefire was agreed, as well as the continuation of dialogue for the future demobilization of the guerrilla detachment. Nevertheless, sectors of the army opposed to the agreements of <a href="/wiki/History_of_FARC#La_Uribe_Agreement_and_Union_Patriótica" title="History of FARC">La Uribe</a> and Corinto were responsible for attacks against the life of main leaders <a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Marino_Ospina" title="Iván Marino Ospina">Iván Marino Ospina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Navarro_Wolff" title="Antonio Navarro Wolff">Antonio Navarro Wolff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pizarro" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Pizarro">Carlos Pizarro</a>, Marcos Chalita, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palace_of_Justice_siege">Palace of Justice siege</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_of_April_Movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Palace of Justice siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_siege" title="Palace of Justice siege">Palace of Justice siege</a></div> <p>The M-19, a guerrilla group, initiated the events leading to the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_siege" title="Palace of Justice siege">Palace of Justice siege</a>. In this attack, on 6 November 1985, some 300 lawyers, judges, and Supreme Court magistrates were taken hostage by 35 armed rebel commandos at the Palace of Justice, the building that houses the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Colombia">Supreme Court of Colombia</a>. They demanded that president <a href="/wiki/Belisario_Betancur" title="Belisario Betancur">Belisario Betancur</a> be tried by the magistrates for allegedly betraying the country's desire for peace. When this situation became publicly known, the Colombian Army surrounded the Palace of Justice's perimeter with soldiers and <a href="/wiki/EE-9_Cascavel" title="EE-9 Cascavel">EE-9 Cascavel</a> armored reconnaissance vehicles. Initially, the military attempted to negotiate with the hostage takers, but these efforts was ultimately unsuccessful, despite the desperate pleas of some of the more prominent hostages. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Betancur administration and its council found themselves in a difficult position. They were not willing to submit to the rebels' demands, as they allegedly believed that this would set a worrying precedent and considerably jeopardize the government's position. Eventually, after tense discussions, it was decided during an emergency meeting that the military would be allowed to handle the situation and attempt to recover the Palace by force.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the military assault, Supreme Court President Alfonso Reyes Echandia, was able to contact a Bogota radio station via telephone, during which he begged the authorities to agree to "a ceasefire and dialogue with the rebels." President Belisario Betancur refused to call off the siege. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building caught fire and ultimately more than 100 people died (including 11 of the country's 21 Supreme Court Justices),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and valuable legal records were destroyed. </p><p>The M-19 lost several of its top commanders during the event. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights said in a 2014 ruling the Colombian state was responsible for forced disappearances, torture and extrajudicial executions during the crisis. In 2015, President Juan Manuel Santos apologized for the Colombian military's role in the deaths of civilian victims killed during its assault. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citing the court decision, Santos added that he also apologised for violating the right to personal safety of those who were inside the Palace of Justice. </p><p>A Special Commission of Inquiry, established by the Betancur government, released a June 1986 report which concluded that <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Escobar" title="Pablo Escobar">Pablo Escobar</a> had no relation with this event, so these allegations could not be proven (though it did not rule out the possibility either). Author Ana Carrigan alleged that the act was a conspiracy of the Colombian government.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others state that the alleged Guerrilla-Cartel relation was unlikely to occur because the two organizations had several standoffs and confrontations, like the kidnapping of Nieves Ochoa, the sister of Medellin cartel founder <a href="/wiki/Juan_David_Ochoa_V%C3%A1squez" title="Juan David Ochoa Vásquez">Juan David Ochoa Vásquez</a>, by M-19.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kidnapping led to the creation of the MAS/<a href="/wiki/Muerte_a_Secuestradores" title="Muerte a Secuestradores">Muerte a Secuestradores</a> ("Death to Kidnappers") paramilitary group by the <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartel" title="Medellín Cartel">Medellin cartel</a>. However, her theories and skepticism of Escobar and the Medellin Cartel's involvement was greatly discredited by others such as Rex Hudson, who presented allegedly "overwhelming evidence" linking the cartel to the plot.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former Assistant of the Colombia Attorney General, National Deputy Comptroller, author and Professor Jose Mauricio Gaona along with Former Minister of Justice and Ambassador to the United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Medell%C3%ADn_Becerra" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Medellín Becerra">Carlos Medellín Becerra</a>, the sons of two of the murdered Supreme Court magistrates, have pushed for further investigations into the presumed links between the M-19 and the <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartel" title="Medellín Cartel">Medellín Cartel</a> drug lords. Mayor of Bogota <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Gustavo Petro</a>, a former M-19 guerrilla, has denied these accusations and dismissed them as based upon the inconsistent testimonies of drug lords. Petro says that the surviving members of the M-19 do admit to their share of responsibility for the tragic events of the siege, on behalf of the entire organization, but deny any links to the drug trade.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_of_April_Movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Navarro_Wolff" title="Antonio Navarro Wolff">Antonio Navarro Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Grabe" title="Vera Grabe">Vera Grabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Toledo_Plata" title="Carlos Toledo Plata">Carlos Toledo Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Gustavo Petro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Otero_Cifuentes" title="Luis Otero Cifuentes">Luis Otero Cifuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemberg_Pab%C3%B3n" title="Rosemberg Pabón">Rosemberg Pabón</a></li> <li>Gustavo Arias Londoño</li> <li>Andrés Almarales</li> <li>Marcos Chalita</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Moreno_(urbanist)" title="Carlos Moreno (urbanist)">Carlos Moreno</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demobilization_and_participation_in_politics">Demobilization and participation in politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_of_April_Movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demobilization and participation in politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/19th_of_April_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/19th of April Movement">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alianza_Democr%C3%A1tica_M-19.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_Alianza_Democr%C3%A1tica_M-19.png/270px-Flag_of_Alianza_Democr%C3%A1tica_M-19.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Flag_of_Alianza_Democr%C3%A1tica_M-19.png 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>New banner adopted by the Democratic Alliance M-19.</figcaption></figure> <p>Internationally isolated, M-19 saw itself unable to continue the armed struggle: As late as 1988, an attempt was made to solicit weapons shipments from Socialist <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, but, following reservations from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(East_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Defense (East Germany)">Ministry of National Defense</a>, the Foreign Ministry, and the <a href="/wiki/Ministerium_fuer_Staatssicherheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministerium fuer Staatssicherheit">Ministry for State Security</a>, the request was denied in the end.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The M-19 eventually gave up its weapons, received pardons and became a political party in the late 1980s, the M-19 Democratic Alliance ("Alianza Democrática M-19", or (AD/M-19)), which renounced the armed struggle. Eventually the M-19 returned Bolívar's sword as a symbol of its demobilization and desire to change society through its participation in legal politics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, one of its more prominent figures, presidential candidate and former guerrilla commander <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pizarro_Leong%C3%B3mez" title="Carlos Pizarro Leongómez">Carlos Pizarro Leongómez</a>, while aboard an airline flight, was murdered by assassins, supposedly on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">drug cartel</a> and paramilitary leaders (disappeared <a href="/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">AUC</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Casta%C3%B1o_Gil" title="Carlos Castaño Gil">Carlos Castaño</a> publicly admitted his own responsibility for the murder in a 2002 book and interviews). Some of its other members were also subject to multiple threats or likewise murdered. <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Navarro_Wolff" title="Antonio Navarro Wolff">Antonio Navarro Wolff</a> replaced the deceased Pizarro as candidate and leader of the party, finishing third in that year's presidential race. </p><p>Despite the continuation of smaller scale violence against it, the AD/M-19 survived through the 1990s, achieved favorable electoral results on a local level and actively participated as a high-profile political force in the forging of Colombia's modern 1991 constitution, which replaced a conservative document dating from 1886. Antonio Navarro was one of the three co-presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Colombia" title="Constituent Assembly of Colombia">Constituent Assembly of Colombia</a>, together with representatives from the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party" title="Colombian Liberal Party">Colombian Liberal Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party" title="Colombian Conservative Party">Colombian Conservative Party</a>. </p><p>Several analysts consider that the AD/M-19 reached its peak at this point in time and, while never disappearing completely from the political background, it began to gradually decline as a party on its own, although many of its ex-members have gained influence in the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Democratic_Pole" title="Independent Democratic Pole">Independent Democratic Pole</a> coalition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_of_April_Movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election year </th> <th># of<br />overall votes </th> <th>% of<br />overall vote </th> <th># of<br />overall seats won </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Government </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1990_Colombian_Constitutional_Assembly_election" title="1990 Colombian Constitutional Assembly election">1990</a> </th> <td>992,613 </td> <td>26.7% #2 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">19 / 70</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #ed1c24; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1991_Colombian_parliamentary_election" title="1991 Colombian parliamentary election">1991</a> </th> <td>483,382 </td> <td>10.3% #3 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">13 / 161</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #ed1c24; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1994_Colombian_parliamentary_election" title="1994 Colombian parliamentary election">1994</a> </th> <td>153,185 </td> <td>3.0% #3 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 163</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #ed1c24; width: 0.6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1998_Colombian_parliamentary_election" title="1998 Colombian parliamentary election">1998</a> </th> <td>10,722 </td> <td>0.1% #42 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 161</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #ed1c24; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2002_Colombian_parliamentary_election" title="2002 Colombian parliamentary election">2002</a> </th> <td>43,293 </td> <td>0.5% #31 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 161</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #ed1c24; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_of_April_Movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colombia" title="History of Colombia">History of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Colombia" title="Politics of Colombia">Politics of Colombia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_of_April_Movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CSS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CSS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-3127.html">"Colombia: The 19th of April Movement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Country_Studies_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Country Studies Series">Country 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ElEspectador&rft.atitle=1981-Plagio+de+Martha+Ochoa+se+cre%C3%B3+el+MAS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elespectador.com%2Fimpreso%2Fpolitica%2Farticuloimpreso-1981-plagio-de-martha-ochoa-se-creo-el-mas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A19th+of+April+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Colombia’s Palace of Justice tragedy revisited: a critique of the conspiracy theory", <i>Terrorism and Political Violence</i> [Peer-Reviewed Journal], Volume 7, Issue 2, 1995. Rex A. Hudson. pp. 93–142 at 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015332/http://www.elpais.com.co/paisonline/notas/Octubre062004/A206N2.html">"M-19 cambió drogas por armas"</a>. El País. 6 October 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpais.com.co/paisonline/notas/Octubre062004/A206N2.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=M-19+cambi%C3%B3+drogas+por+armas&rft.date=2005-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpais.com.co%2Fpaisonline%2Fnotas%2FOctubre062004%2FA206N2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A19th+of+April+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="General of the Army">General of the Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Ke%C3%9Fler" title="Heinz Keßler">Heinz Keßler</a>, Minister for National Defense of the GDR, described the M-19 as "a radical leftist movement with a partially bizarre orientation", citing additional reservations that the movement might be irredeemably subverted by western intelligence agencies. See Klaus Storkmann: Geheime Solidarität: Militärbeziehungen und Militärhilfen der DDR in die "Dritte Welt", Berlin 2012, p. 119.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_of_April_Movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carrigan, Ana. <i>The Palace of Justice: A Colombian Tragedy</i>, <a href="/wiki/Four_Walls_Eight_Windows" title="Four Walls Eight Windows">Four Walls Eight Windows</a>, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941423-82-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941423-82-3">978-0-941423-82-3</a></li> <li>Vásquez Perdomo, María Eugenia. <i>My Life as a Colombian Revolutionary: Reflections of a Former Guerrillera</i>, Trans. Lorena Terando, Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-101-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-101-3">978-1-59213-101-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_of_April_Movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-3127.html">Chapter on M-19 in <i>COLOMBIA – A Country Study</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colombian_conflict_(1964–present)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colombia_conflict" title="Template:Colombia conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colombia_conflict" title="Template talk:Colombia conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colombia_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colombia conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colombian_conflict_(1964–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a> (1964–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6" style="font-size:110%;text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="font-size:110%; background-color:#b0c4de"> <p>Participants </p> </th> <th colspan="1" style="font-size:110%; background-color:#b0c4de"> <p><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Colombian_conflict" title="Timeline of the Colombian conflict">Timeline</a> </p> </th> <th style="font-size:110%; background-color:#b0c4de"> <p>Key aspects </p> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="3" style="line-height:10pt; padding:0.25em 0;"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i> </i></div> </td> <td width="30%" rowspan="3" style="padding-left:0.5em; text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia">La Violencia (1948–1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetalia_Republic" title="Marquetalia Republic">Marquetalia Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Colombia)" title="National Front (Colombia)">The National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Dominican_Republic_Embassy_siege_in_Bogot%C3%A1" title="1980 Dominican Republic Embassy siege in Bogotá">Dominican Embassy siege (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_siege" title="Palace of Justice siege">Palace of Justice siege (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAS_Building_bombing" title="DAS Building bombing">DAS Building bombing (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Colombia)#Decline_and_Extermination" title="Patriotic Union (Colombia)">Patriotic Union Party extermination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_exchange" title="Humanitarian exchange">Humanitarian exchange</a> <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapirip%C3%A1n_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapiripán Massacre">Mapiripán Massacre (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Cagu%C3%A1n_DMZ" title="El Caguán DMZ">El Caguán DMZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999%E2%80%932002_FARC%E2%80%93Government_peace_process" title="1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process">Failed peace process (1999–2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bojay%C3%A1_massacre" title="Bojayá massacre">Bojayá massacre (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Deputies_hostage_crisis" title="Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis">Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis (2002–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_El_Nogal_Club_bombing" title="2003 El Nogal Club bombing">El Nogal Club bombing (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Neiva_bombing" title="2003 Neiva bombing">Neiva bombing (2003)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_parapolitics_scandal" title="Colombian parapolitics scandal">Parapolitics scandal (2006–2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Emmanuel" title="Operation Emmanuel">Operation Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22False_positives%22_scandal" title=""False positives" scandal">"False positives" scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Andean_diplomatic_crisis" title="2008 Andean diplomatic crisis">Andean diplomatic crisis (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jaque" title="Operation Jaque">Operation Jaque (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operacion_Fenix" title="Operacion Fenix">Operation Fenix (2008)</a> <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_massacres" title="Nariño massacres">Nariño massacres (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Colombian_clashes" title="2013 Colombian clashes">2013 Colombian clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peace_process" title="Colombian peace process">Renewed peace process (2012–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Colombian_peace_agreement_referendum" title="2016 Colombian peace agreement referendum">Peace agreement referendum (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Huila_attack" title="2022 Huila attack">2022 Huila attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Peace" title="Total Peace">Total Peace concept</a></li></ul> <div> </div> </td> <td width="20%" rowspan="7" style="padding-left:0.5em; text-align:left;"> <div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Government aspects</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_security" title="Democratic security">Democratic security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Patriota" title="Plan Patriota">Plan Patriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Colombia–United States relations">Colombia–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Colombia" title="Human rights in Colombia">Human rights in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Colombia" title="Politics of Colombia">Politics of Colombia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Illegal drug trade</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Illegal drug trade in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Snowcap" title="Operation Snowcap">Operation Snowcap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcoterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catatumbo_campaign" title="Catatumbo campaign">Catatumbo campaign</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Kidnappings</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kidnappings_in_Colombia" title="Kidnappings in Colombia">Kidnappings in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_hostages_held_by_FARC" title="List of political hostages held by FARC">FARC political hostages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Lawsuits</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinaltrainal_v._Coca-Cola_Co." title="Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola Co.">Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_of_Rodriquez_v._Drummond_Co." title="Estate of Rodriquez v. Drummond Co.">Rodriquez v. Drummond (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Chiquita_Brands_International" title="Doe v. Chiquita Brands International">Doe v. Chiquita (2007)</a></li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th colspan="1" style="background:LightGoldenrodYellow; line-height:11pt; padding:0.25em 0; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_movements_in_Colombia" title="Guerrilla movements in Colombia">Guerrillas</a><br /> </th> <th style="background:mistyrose; line-height:11pt; padding:0.25em 0; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">Government of Colombia</a> </th> <th style="background:lavender; line-height:11pt; padding:0.25em 0; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_paramilitarism_in_Colombia" title="Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia">Paramilitaries</a><br /> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td width="15%" rowspan="5" style="text-align:left;"> <div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_ELN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_ELN.svg/22px-Flag_of_ELN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_ELN.svg/33px-Flag_of_ELN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_ELN.svg/44px-Flag_of_ELN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)" title="National Liberation Army (Colombia)">ELN</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_EPL.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_EPL.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_EPL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_EPL.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_EPL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_EPL.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_EPL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="270" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Liberation_Army" title="Popular Liberation Army">EPL</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/FARC_dissidents" title="FARC dissidents">FARC dissidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_the_Pacific" title="Indigenous Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Pacific">FARIP</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Former guerrillas</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">FARC-EP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_FARC" title="List of attacks attributed to FARC">List of FARC attacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_M-19.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/22px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/33px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/44px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">M19</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammer_and_sickle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammer_and_sickle.svg/20px-Hammer_and_sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammer_and_sickle.svg/30px-Hammer_and_sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammer_and_sickle.svg/40px-Hammer_and_sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Student_Workers_Movement" title="Peasant Student Workers Movement">MOEC</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Guerrilla_Coordinating_Board" title="Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board">CGSB</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_ERP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_the_ERP.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_ERP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_the_ERP.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_ERP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_the_ERP.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_ERP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Colombia)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Colombia)">ERP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Armado_Quintin_Lame" title="Movimiento Armado Quintin Lame">MAQL</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Linked to</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_Colombian_Communist_Party" title="Clandestine Colombian Communist Party">PCCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foro_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Foro de São Paulo">Foro de São Paulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Colombia_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist)">PC de C (M-L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_Three" title="Colombia Three">Colombia Three</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANNCOL" title="ANNCOL">ANNCOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighters%2BLovers" title="Fighters+Lovers">Fighters+Lovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel#Colombia" title="Drug cartel">Colombian drug cartels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Colombia#Farcpolitics_Scandal" title="Corruption in Colombia">Some Colombian politicians</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td width="15%" style="text-align:left;"> <div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Military Forces of Colombia</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Army_of_Colombia" title="National Army of Colombia">National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Air_Force" title="Colombian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Navy" title="Colombian Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Naval_Infantry" title="Colombian Naval Infantry">Colombian Naval Infantry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Colombia" title="National Police of Colombia">National Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Other:</i><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_Migration" title="Colombia Migration">Migración Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Attorney_General_of_Colombia" title="Office of the Attorney General of Colombia">Attorney General units</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Former government program</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CONVIVIR" title="CONVIVIR">CONVIVIR</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Linked to</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DynCorp" title="DynCorp">DynCorp International</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Verification_Mission_in_Colombia" title="United Nations Verification Mission in Colombia">Mission in Colombia</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td width="15%" rowspan="5" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Eagles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Eagles">Águilas Negras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Rastrojos" title="Los Rastrojos">Los Rastrojos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_del_Golfo" title="Clan del Golfo">Clan Úsuga</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Former paramilitaries</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">AUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alianza_Americana_Anticomunista" title="Alianza Americana Anticomunista">AAA</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Linked to</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yair_Klein" title="Yair Klein">Spearhead Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONVIVIR" title="CONVIVIR">CONVIVIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel#Colombia" title="Drug cartel">Colombian drug cartels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican drug cartel"> Mexican drug cartels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Some Colombian<br /> military personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_parapolitics_scandal" title="Colombian parapolitics scandal">Some Colombian politicians</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=19th_of_April_Movement&oldid=1253298140">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=19th_of_April_Movement&oldid=1253298140</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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