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href="#Education_and_first_journey_to_Europe:_1793–1802"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Education and first journey to Europe: 1793–1802 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_first_journey_to_Europe:_1793–1802-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Venezuela_and_second_journey_to_Europe:_1802–1805" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Venezuela_and_second_journey_to_Europe:_1802–1805"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Return to Venezuela and second journey to Europe: 1802–1805 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Venezuela_and_second_journey_to_Europe:_1802–1805-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_military_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_military_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Political and military career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_and_military_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political and military career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_and_military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venezuela:_1811–1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela:_1811–1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Venezuela: 1811–1812 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela:_1811–1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Granada_and_Venezuela:_1812–1815" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Granada_and_Venezuela:_1812–1815"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 New Granada and Venezuela: 1812–1815 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Granada_and_Venezuela:_1812–1815-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaica,_Haiti,_Venezuela,_and_New_Granada:_1815–1819" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaica,_Haiti,_Venezuela,_and_New_Granada:_1815–1819"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Jamaica, Haiti, Venezuela, and New Granada: 1815–1819 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaica,_Haiti,_Venezuela,_and_New_Granada:_1815–1819-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gran_Colombia:_1819–1830" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gran_Colombia:_1819–1830"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Gran Colombia: 1819–1830 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gran_Colombia:_1819–1830-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecuador,_Peru,_and_Bolivia:_1821–1826" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador,_Peru,_and_Bolivia:_1821–1826"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia: 1821–1826 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador,_Peru,_and_Bolivia:_1821–1826-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years:_1826–1830" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years:_1826–1830"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Final years: 1826–1830 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years:_1826–1830-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Death and burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Personal beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies_of_Simón_Bolívar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies_of_Simón_Bolívar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Biographies of Simón Bolívar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies_of_Simón_Bolívar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_by_Simón_Bolívar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_by_Simón_Bolívar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Works by Simón Bolívar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_by_Simón_Bolívar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 General reference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Simón Bolívar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 148 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" > 148 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B2%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%95_%E1%89%A6%E1%88%8A%E1%89%AB%E1%88%AD" title="ሲሞን ቦሊቫር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሲሞን ቦሊቫር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="साइमन बोलीवार – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="साइमन बोलीवार" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سيمون بوليفار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيمون بوليفار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Սիմոն Պոլիվար – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սիմոն Պոլիվար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="साइमन बोलीवार – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="साइमन बोलीवार" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simuna_Wuliwar" title="Simuna Wuliwar – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Simuna Wuliwar" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bolivar" title="Simon Bolivar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Simon Bolivar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سیمون بولیوار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیمون بولیوار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="সিমোন বোলিভার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিমোন বোলিভার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Симон Боливар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Симон Боливар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сімон Балівар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сімон Балівар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сымон Балівар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сымон Балівар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bolivar" title="Simon Bolivar – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Simon Bolivar" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Симон Боливар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Симон Боливар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Симон Боливар – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Симон Боливар" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81" title="Σιμόν Μπολίβαρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιμόν Μπολίβαρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سیمون بولیوار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیمون بولیوار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%8D%9C%E5%88%A9%E6%BB%91" title="西曼·卜利滑 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="西曼·卜利滑" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BD_%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82" title="𐍃𐌹𐌼𐍉𐌽 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌱𐌰𐍂 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌹𐌼𐍉𐌽 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌱𐌰𐍂" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%AA%AC_%EB%B3%BC%EB%A6%AC%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4" title="시몬 볼리바르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시몬 볼리바르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Սիմոն Բոլիվար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիմոն Բոլիվար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="सिमोन बोलिवर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिमोन बोलिवर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80,_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Боливар, Симон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Боливар, Симон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8" title="סימון בוליבר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סימון בוליבר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bolivar" title="Simon Bolivar – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Simon Bolivar" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸಿಮೋನ್ ಬೊಲಿವಾರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿಮೋನ್ ಬೊಲಿವಾರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სიმონ ბოლივარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიმონ ბოლივარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Симон Боливар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Симон Боливар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bolivar" title="Simon Bolivar – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Simon Bolivar" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Симон Боливар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Симон Боливар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simon Bolívar – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Simon Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simons_Bolivars" title="Simons Bolivars – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Simons Bolivars" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/simon.bolivar" title="simon.bolivar – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="simon.bolivar" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="साइमन बोलीवार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="साइमन बोलीवार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Симон Боливар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Симон Боливар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC" title="സൈമൺ ബൊളിവർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൈമൺ ബൊളിവർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सिमोन बॉलिव्हार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिमोन बॉलिव्हार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სიმონ ბოლივარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სიმონ ბოლივარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سيمون بوليفار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيمون بوليفار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سیمون بولیوار – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سیمون بولیوار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Симон Боливар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Симон Боливар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="साइमन बोलीवार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साइमन बोलीवार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सिमोन बोलिभार – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिमोन बोलिभार" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB" title="シモン・ボリバル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シモン・ボリバル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80,_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Боливар, Симон – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Боливар, Симон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸਿਮੋਨ ਬੋਲੀਵਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਮੋਨ ਬੋਲੀਵਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A1%D8%B1" title="سائیمن بولیڡر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سائیمن بولیڡر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bolivar" title="Simon Bolivar – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Simon Bolivar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сімон Болівар – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сімон Болівар" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80,_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Боливар, Симон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боливар, Симон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Симон Боливар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Симон Боливар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si-mung_Pow-li-wa" title="Si-mung Pow-li-wa – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Si-mung Pow-li-wa" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="साइमन बोलीवार – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="साइमन बोलीवार" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bolivar" title="Simon Bolivar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Simon Bolivar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سیمۆن بۆلیڤار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیمۆن بۆلیڤار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Симон Боливар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Симон Боливар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சிமோன் பொலிவார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிமோன் பொலிவார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bolivar" title="Simon Bolivar – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Simon Bolivar" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bolivar" title="Simon Bolivar – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Simon Bolivar" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ซิมอน โบลิบาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซิมอน โบลิบาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Симон Боливар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Симон Боливар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сімон Болівар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сімон Болівар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سائمن بولیور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سائمن بولیور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivar_Simon" title="Bolivar Simon – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bolivar Simon" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivari_Simon" title="Bolivari Simon – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bolivari Simon" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE" title="西蒙·玻利瓦爾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="西蒙·玻利瓦爾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94" title="西蒙·玻利瓦尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西蒙·玻利瓦尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8" title="סימאן באליוואר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סימאן באליוואר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E8%8F%AF" title="斯文·玻利華 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="斯文·玻利華" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94" title="西蒙·玻利瓦尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西蒙·玻利瓦尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Simón Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bolivar" title="Simón Bolivar – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Simón Bolivar" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bolivar" title="Simon Bolivar – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Simon Bolivar" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8605#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="View the content page [c]" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Venezuelan statesman and military officer (1783–1830)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bolívar" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bolívar (disambiguation)">Bolívar (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Simón Bolívar (disambiguation)">Simón Bolívar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_(disambiguation)#People_with_the_surname" class="mw-disambig" title="Bolívar (disambiguation)">Bolívar</a> and the second or maternal family name is <a href="/wiki/Palacios_(surname)" title="Palacios (surname)">Palacios</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Simón Bolívar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar._Toro_Moreno,_Jos%C3%A9._1922,_Legislative_Palace,_La_Paz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar._Toro_Moreno%2C_Jos%C3%A9._1922%2C_Legislative_Palace%2C_La_Paz.png/220px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar._Toro_Moreno%2C_Jos%C3%A9._1922%2C_Legislative_Palace%2C_La_Paz.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar._Toro_Moreno%2C_Jos%C3%A9._1922%2C_Legislative_Palace%2C_La_Paz.png/330px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar._Toro_Moreno%2C_Jos%C3%A9._1922%2C_Legislative_Palace%2C_La_Paz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar._Toro_Moreno%2C_Jos%C3%A9._1922%2C_Legislative_Palace%2C_La_Paz.png/440px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar._Toro_Moreno%2C_Jos%C3%A9._1922%2C_Legislative_Palace%2C_La_Paz.png 2x" data-file-width="6135" data-file-height="9206" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Posthumous portrait, 1922</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President of Colombia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 16 February 1819 – 27 April 1830</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Estanislao_Vergara_y_Sanz_de_Santamar%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Estanislao Vergara y Sanz de Santamaría">Estanislao Vergara y Sanz de Santamaría</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Caycedo" title="Domingo Caycedo">Domingo Caycedo</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President of Peru</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 10 February 1824 – 27 January 1827</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bernardo de Tagle">José Bernardo de Tagle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_La_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="José de La Mar">José de La Mar</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President of Bolivia</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 6 August 1825 – 29 December 1825</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1783-07-24)24 July 1783 <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Captaincy General of Venezuela</a>, Spanish Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 December 1830(1830-12-17) (aged 47) <a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> (now Colombia)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/National_Pantheon_of_Venezuela" title="National Pantheon of Venezuela">National Pantheon of Venezuela</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> (until 1810)</li><li>Venezuelan (1813–1819)</li><li>Colombian (from 1819)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_Rodr%C3%ADguez_del_Toro_y_Alaysa" title="María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa">María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1802; died 1803)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic partner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuela_S%C3%A1enz" title="Manuela Sáenz">Manuela Sáenz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simón Bolívar's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Signature.svg/128px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Signature.svg/192px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Signature.svg/256px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="136" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte y Blanco<a href="#cite_note-7">[c]</a> (24 July 1783 – 17 December 1830) was a Venezuelan statesman and military officer who led what are currently the countries of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> to independence from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>. He is known colloquially as El Libertador, or the Liberator of America. Simón Bolívar was born in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Captaincy General of Venezuela</a> into a wealthy family of American-born Spaniards (<a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollo</a>) but lost both parents as a child. Bolívar was educated abroad and lived in Spain, as was common for men of upper-class families in his day. While living in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> from 1800 to 1802, he was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment philosophy">Enlightenment philosophy</a> and married <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_Rodr%C3%ADguez_del_Toro_y_Alaysa" title="María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa">María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa</a>, who died in Venezuela from <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> in 1803. From 1803 to 1805, Bolívar embarked on a <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> that ended in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, where he swore to end the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish rule in the Americas</a>. In 1807, Bolívar returned to Venezuela and promoted Venezuelan independence to other wealthy creoles. When the Spanish authority in the Americas weakened due to <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleon's Peninsular War</a>, Bolívar became a zealous combatant and politician in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish-American wars of independence</a>. Bolívar began <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Military career of Simón Bolívar">his military career</a> in 1810 as a militia officer in the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">Venezuelan War of Independence</a>, fighting <a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalist</a> forces for the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="First Republic of Venezuela">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Second Republic of Venezuela">second</a> Venezuelan republics and the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">United Provinces of New Granada</a>. After Spanish forces <a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_New_Granada" title="Spanish reconquest of New Granada">subdued New Granada</a> in 1815, Bolívar was forced into exile on <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, Bolívar met and befriended Haitian revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_P%C3%A9tion" title="Alexandre Pétion">Alexandre Pétion</a>. After promising to abolish slavery in Spanish America, Bolívar received military support from Pétion and returned to Venezuela. He established a <a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Third Republic of Venezuela">third republic</a> in 1817 and then crossed the Andes to <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_campaign_to_liberate_New_Granada" title="Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada">liberate New Granada</a> in 1819. Bolívar and his allies defeated the Spanish in New Granada in 1819, Venezuela and Panama in 1821, Ecuador in 1822, Peru in 1824, and Bolivia in 1825. Venezuela, New Granada, Ecuador, and Panama were merged into the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Colombia">Republic of Colombia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>), with Bolívar as president there and in Peru and Bolivia. In his final years, Bolívar became increasingly disillusioned with the South American republics, and distanced from them because of his centralist ideology. He was successively removed from his offices until he resigned the presidency of Colombia and died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in 1830. His legacy is diverse and far-reaching within Latin America and beyond. He is regarded as a hero and <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">national and cultural icon</a> throughout Latin America; the nations of Bolivia and Venezuela (as the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) are named after him, and he has been memorialized all over the world in the form of public art or street names and in popular culture. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family">edit</a>]</div> Simón Bolívar was born on 24 July 1783 in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Captaincy General of Venezuela</a>, the fourth and youngest child of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Vicente_Bol%C3%ADvar_y_Ponte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte (page does not exist)">Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Vicente_Bol%C3%ADvar_y_Ponte" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte">es</a>] and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_Palacios_y_Blanco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco (page does not exist)">María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_Palacios_y_Blanco" class="extiw" title="es:María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco">es</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196920,_22Slattade_Grummond2003311Lynch20062Langley20094Arana20136–8-8">[5]</a> He was <a href="/wiki/Baptized" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptized">baptized</a> as Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios on 30 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley20094-9">[6]</a> The first of Bolívar's family to have emigrated to the Americas was a similarly named minor Spanish governmental official named Simón de Bolívar, who had been a notary in the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque region</a>, and who had later arrived in Venezuela in the 1580s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196920Slattade_Grummond200310Arana20138–9-10">[7]</a> The earlier Simón de Bolívar's descendants had served in the colonial bureaucracy and had married into various wealthy Caracas families over the years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196920Slattade_Grummond200310–11Langley20094-11">[8]</a> By the time Simón Bolívar was born, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bol%C3%ADvar_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolívar family (page does not exist)">Bolívar family</a> was one of the wealthiest and most prestigious <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollo</a> (creole) families in the Spanish Americas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196920Langley20094Arana20137,_17-12">[9]</a> Simón Bolívar's childhood was described by British historian <a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(historian)" title="John Lynch (historian)">John Lynch</a> as "at once privileged and deprived."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20067-13">[10]</a> Juan Vicente died of tuberculosis on 19 January 1786,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003311Langley2009xixArana201321-14">[11]</a> leaving María de la Concepción Palacios and her father, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feliciano_Palacios_y_Sojo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feliciano Palacios y Sojo (page does not exist)">Feliciano Palacios y Sojo</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feliciano_Palacios_de_Aguirre_y_Arizt%C3%ADa-Sojo_y_Gil_de_Arratia" class="extiw" title="es:Feliciano Palacios de Aguirre y Ariztía-Sojo y Gil de Arratia">es</a>],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley20099Arana201318-15">[12]</a> as <a href="/wiki/Legal_guardians" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal guardians">legal guardians</a> over the Bolívar children's inheritances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196923Langley20099Arana201318-16">[13]</a> Those children – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_Antonia_Bol%C3%ADvar_Palacios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="María Antonia Bolívar Palacios (page does not exist)">María Antonia</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Antonia_Bol%C3%ADvar_Palacios" class="extiw" title="es:María Antonia Bolívar Palacios">es</a>] (born 1777), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juana_Bol%C3%ADvar_Palacios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juana Bolívar Palacios (page does not exist)">Juana</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Bol%C3%ADvar_Palacios" class="extiw" title="es:Juana Bolívar Palacios">es</a>] (born 1779), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Vicente_Bol%C3%ADvar_Palacios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Vicente Bolívar Palacios (page does not exist)">Juan Vicente</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Vicente_Bol%C3%ADvar_Palacios" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Vicente Bolívar Palacios">es</a>] (born 1781), and Simón<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200311-17">[14]</a> – were raised separately from each other and their mother, and, following colonial custom, by African <a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">house slaves</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196922–23-18">[15]</a> Simón was raised by a slave named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hip%C3%B3lita_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipólita Bolívar (page does not exist)">Hipólita</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lita_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="es:Hipólita Bolívar">es</a>] whom he viewed as both a motherly and fatherly figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196922–23Slattade_Grummond200311–12Lynch200616Arana20137–8,_22-19">[16]</a> On 6 July 1792,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200312Langley2009xix-20">[17]</a> María de la Concepción also died of tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196923Langley20099Arana201324-21">[18]</a> Believing that his family would inherit the Bolívars' wealth,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201325-22">[19]</a> Feliciano Palacios arranged marriages for María Antonia and Juana and,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196923Slattade_Grummond200313Arana201324-23">[20]</a> before dying on 5 December 1793,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200313-24">[21]</a> assigned custody of Juan Vicente and Simón to his sons, Juan Félix Palacios and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Palacios_y_Blanco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Palacios y Blanco (page does not exist)">Carlos Palacios y Blanco</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Palacios_y_Blanco" class="extiw" title="es:Carlos Palacios y Blanco">es</a>], respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196924Arana201325-25">[22]</a> Bolívar came to loathe Carlos Palacios,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200617-26">[23]</a> who had no interest in the boy other than his inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley20099Arana201325-27">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_first_journey_to_Europe:_1793–1802">Education and first journey to Europe: 1793–1802</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education and first journey to Europe: 1793–1802">edit</a>]</div> As a child, Bolívar was notoriously unruly<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196923–24Langley20099Arana201322-28">[25]</a> and neglected his studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201325-22">[19]</a> Before his mother died, he spent two years under the tutelage of the Venezuelan lawyer <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Jos%C3%A9_Sanz" title="Miguel José Sanz">Miguel José Sanz</a> at the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Caracas" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Caracas">Real Audiencia of Caracas</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia_de_Caracas" class="extiw" title="es:Real Audiencia de Caracas">es</a>], the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Spanish court of appeals</a> in Caracas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196923–24Langley20099Arana201322–23-29">[26]</a> In 1793, Carlos enrolled Bolívar at a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casa_de_Las_Primeras_Letras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casa de Las Primeras Letras (page does not exist)">rudimentary primary school</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_de_Las_Primeras_Letras" class="extiw" title="es:Casa de Las Primeras Letras">es</a>] run by Venezuelan educator <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Simón Rodríguez">Simón Rodríguez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200617Arana201332-30">[27]</a> In June 1795, Bolívar fled his uncle's custody for the house of his sister María Antonia and her husband.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196925Slattade_Grummond200314Lynch200617Arana201332-31">[28]</a> The couple sought formal recognition of his change of residence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201332-32">[29]</a> but the Real Audiencia decided the matter in favor of Palacios, who sent Simón to live with Rodríguez.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196925Lynch200617Arana201333-33">[30]</a> After two months there, the Real Audiencia directed that he be returned to the Palacios family home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196925Arana201334-34">[31]</a> Bolívar promised the Real Audiencia that he would focus on his education and was subsequently taught full-time by Rodríguez and the Venezuelan intellectuals <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Andrés Bello</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_And%C3%BAjar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco de Andújar (page does not exist)">Francisco de Andújar</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_And%C3%BAjar" class="extiw" title="es:Francisco de Andújar">es</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196924–25Lynch200616–17Arana201334–35-35">[32]</a> In 1797, Rodríguez's connection to the pro-independence <a href="/wiki/Gual_and_Espa%C3%B1a_conspiracy" title="Gual and España conspiracy">Gual and España conspiracy</a> forced him to go into exile,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196927Lynch200617Arana201336–37-36">[33]</a> and Bolívar was enrolled in an honorary militia force. When he was commissioned as an officer after a year,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196927Slattade_Grummond200317Lynch200618Arana201337-37">[34]</a> his uncles Carlos and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteban_Palacios_y_Blanco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esteban Palacios y Blanco (page does not exist)">Esteban Palacios y Blanco</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_Palacios_y_Blanco" class="extiw" title="es:Esteban Palacios y Blanco">es</a>] decided to send Bolívar to join the latter in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200618Arana201337-38">[35]</a> There, Esteban was friends with Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Parma" title="Maria Luisa of Parma">Maria Luisa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">favorite</a>, Manuel Mallo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200317Arana201342-39">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar,_1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Miniature portrait of Bolívar in 1800" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar%2C_1800.jpg/130px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar%2C_1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar%2C_1800.jpg/195px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar%2C_1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar%2C_1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miniature_portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniature portrait">Miniature portrait</a> of Bolívar in 1800</figcaption></figure> On 19 January 1799, Bolívar boarded the Spanish warship <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_San_Ildefonso" title="Spanish ship San Ildefonso">San Ildefonso</a> at the port of <a href="/wiki/La_Guaira" title="La Guaira">La Guaira</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196927Lynch200618Arana201338-40">[37]</a> bound for <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201337-41">[38]</a> He arrived in <a href="/wiki/Santo%C3%B1a" title="Santoña">Santoña</a>, on the northern coast of Spain, in May 1799.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200318Lynch200618-42">[39]</a> A little over a week later,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200318Arana201343-43">[40]</a> he arrived in Madrid and joined Esteban,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200318Lynch200619Arana201343-44">[41]</a> who found Bolívar to be "very ignorant."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196928Slattade_Grummond200318Langley200913Arana201344-45">[42]</a> Esteban asked Gerónimo Enrique de Uztáriz y Tovar, a Caracas native and government official, to educate Bolívar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201344-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardozo_Uzcátegui201117–18-47">[44]</a> Bolívar moved into Uztáriz's residence in February 1800 and was educated in the <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a>, literature, and social studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardozo_Uzcátegui201114,_19-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196928Langley200913Arana201344-49">[46]</a> At the same time, Mallo fell out of the Queen's favor and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Godoy" title="Manuel Godoy">Manuel Godoy</a>, her previous favorite, returned to power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200319Arana201346-50">[47]</a> As members of Mallo's faction at court, Esteban was arrested on pretense,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196930Slattade_Grummond200318Arana201346-51">[48]</a> and Bolívar was banished from court following a public incident at the <a href="/wiki/Puerta_de_Toledo" title="Puerta de Toledo">Puerta de Toledo</a> over the wearing of diamonds without royal permission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196930–31Slattade_Grummond200319Langley200913-52">[49]</a> Bolívar also at this time met <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_Rodr%C3%ADguez_del_Toro_y_Alaysa" title="María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa">María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa</a>, the daughter of another wealthy Caracas creole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196930Slattade_Grummond200318–19Arana201346–47-53">[50]</a> They were <a href="/wiki/Engaged" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged">engaged</a> in August 1800,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200620-54">[51]</a> but were separated when the del Toros left Madrid for a <a href="/wiki/Summer_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer home">summer home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200620Arana201347-55">[52]</a> After Uztáriz left Madrid for a government assignment in <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a> in 1801,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200620-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardozo_Uzcátegui201118-56">[53]</a> Bolívar himself left for Bilbao and remained there when the del Toros returned to the capital in August 1801.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200319Arana201347-57">[54]</a> Early in 1802, Bolívar traveled to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> while he awaited permission to return to Madrid, which was granted in April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196931Slattade_Grummond200319Lynch200620-58">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Venezuela_and_second_journey_to_Europe:_1802–1805">Return to Venezuela and second journey to Europe: 1802–1805</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Return to Venezuela and second journey to Europe: 1802–1805">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matrimonio_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Tito_Salas,_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Matrimonio_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Tito_Salas%2C_1921.jpg/220px-Matrimonio_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Tito_Salas%2C_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Matrimonio_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Tito_Salas%2C_1921.jpg/330px-Matrimonio_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Tito_Salas%2C_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Matrimonio_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Tito_Salas%2C_1921.jpg/440px-Matrimonio_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Tito_Salas%2C_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Wedding of Bolívar and del Toro as painted by <a href="/wiki/Tito_Salas" title="Tito Salas">Tito Salas</a>, 1921</figcaption></figure> Bolívar and del Toro, aged 18 and 21 respectively, were married in Madrid on 26 May 1802.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200620Arana201348-59">[56]</a> The couple boarded the San Ildefonso in <a href="/wiki/La_Coru%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Coruña">La Coruña</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201348-60">[57]</a> on 15 June and sailed for La Guaira, where they arrived on 12 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200620-54">[51]</a> They settled in Caracas, where del Toro fell ill and died of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> on 22 January 1803.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200319Lynch200620Arana201349–50-61">[58]</a> Bolívar was devastated by del Toro's death and later told <a href="/wiki/Louis_Peru_de_Lacroix" title="Louis Peru de Lacroix">Louis Peru de Lacroix</a>, one of his generals and biographers, that he swore to never remarry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196931Slattade_Grummond200319–20Lynch200621Langley200914Arana201350–51-62">[59]</a> By July 1803,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201351-63">[60]</a> Bolívar had decided to leave Venezuela for Europe. He entrusted his estates to an agent and his brother and in October boarded a ship bound for Cádiz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200319–20Lynch200622Arana201351-64">[61]</a> Bolívar arrived in Spain in December 1803, then traveled to Madrid to console his father-in-law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196933–34Slattade_Grummond200320Lynch200622Langley200915Arana201351–52-65">[62]</a> In March 1804, the municipal authorities of Madrid ordered all non-residents in the city to leave to alleviate a bread shortage brought about by Spain's resumed hostilities with Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201352-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200320Langley200915-67">[64]</a> Over April, Bolívar and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Rodr%C3%ADguez_del_Toro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando Rodríguez del Toro (page does not exist)">Fernando Rodríguez del Toro</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Rodr%C3%ADguez_del_Toro" class="extiw" title="es:Fernando Rodríguez del Toro">es</a>], a childhood friend and relative of his wife, made their way to Paris and arrived in time for <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> to be proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor of the French</a> on 18 May 1804.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200320Arana201352-68">[65]</a> They rented an apartment on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_Vivienne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue Vivienne (page does not exist)">Rue Vivienne</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_Vivienne" class="extiw" title="fr:Rue Vivienne">fr</a>] and met with other South Americans such as <a href="/wiki/Carlos_de_Mont%C3%BAfar" title="Carlos de Montúfar">Carlos de Montúfar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Rocafuerte" title="Vicente Rocafuerte">Vicente Rocafuerte</a>, and Simón Rodríguez, who joined Bolívar and del Toro in their apartment. While in Paris, Bolívar began a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dalliance" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:dalliance">dalliance</a> with the Countess Dervieu du Villars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200623Arana201353–54-69">[66]</a> at whose <a href="/wiki/Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salon</a> he likely met the naturalists <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Bonpland" title="Aimé Bonpland">Aimé Bonpland</a>, who had traveled through much of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a> from 1799 to 1804. Bolívar allegedly discussed Spanish American independence with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196936–37Slattade_Grummond200321–22Lynch200623Langley200915Arana201354,_57–58-70">[67]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I swear before you ... that I will not rest body or soul until I have broken the chains binding us to the will of Spanish might! </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">Simón Bolívar, 15 August 1805<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBushnell2003114Brown20094-71">[68]</a></cite> </div> In April 1805, Bolívar left Paris with Rodríguez and del Toro on a <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200324Lynch200625Arana201361-72">[69]</a> Beginning in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, they traveled through the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoy Alps">Savoy Alps</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196941Slattade_Grummond200324Lynch200625Arana201361–62-73">[70]</a> The trio arrived on 26 May 1805 and witnessed Napoleon's coronation as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">King of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200324Arana201362-74">[71]</a> From Milan, they traveled down the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, then to <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, and then finally <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196941Slattade_Grummond200324Lynch200626Arana201363-75">[72]</a> where Bolívar met, among others, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a>, French writer <a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Germaine de Staël</a>, and Humboldt again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196941–42Arana201363,_65-76">[73]</a> Rome's sites and history excited Bolívar. On 18 August 1805, when he, del Toro, and Rodríguez traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Mons_Sacer" title="Mons Sacer">Mons Sacer</a>, where <a href="/wiki/First_secessio_plebis" title="First secessio plebis">the plebs had seceded from Rome</a> in the 4th century BC, Bolívar swore to end Spanish rule in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200324Lynch200626Arana201365–66-77">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_and_military_career">Political and military career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political and military career">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Military career of Simón Bolívar">Military career of Simón Bolívar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_de_Miranda_by_Tovar_y_Tovar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Francisco de Miranda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Francisco_de_Miranda_by_Tovar_y_Tovar.jpg/170px-Francisco_de_Miranda_by_Tovar_y_Tovar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Francisco_de_Miranda_by_Tovar_y_Tovar.jpg/255px-Francisco_de_Miranda_by_Tovar_y_Tovar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Francisco_de_Miranda_by_Tovar_y_Tovar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda" title="Francisco de Miranda">Francisco de Miranda</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar" title="Martín Tovar y Tovar">Martín Tovar y Tovar</a></figcaption></figure> By April 1806, Bolívar had returned to Paris and desired passage to Venezuela,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200627-78">[75]</a> where Venezuelan revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda" title="Francisco de Miranda">Francisco de Miranda</a> had just attempted an invasion with American volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196955–56Slattade_Grummond200330Lynch200639Arana201370-79">[76]</a> British <a href="/wiki/Control_of_the_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of the seas">control of the seas</a> resulting from the 1805 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>, however, obliged Bolívar to board an American ship in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> in October 1806. Bolívar arrived in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, in January 1807,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200325Arana201371-80">[77]</a> and from there traveled to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200325Lynch200639Arana201372-81">[78]</a> After six months in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley200918-82">[79]</a> Bolívar returned to Philadelphia and sailed for Venezuela, where he arrived in June 1807. He began to meet with other creole elites to discuss independence from Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200326Arana201377-83">[80]</a> Finding himself to be far more radical than the rest of Caracas high society,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200333–34Lynch200641Arana201380-84">[81]</a> however, Bolívar occupied himself with a property dispute with a neighbor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Nicol%C3%A1s_Brice%C3%B1o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Nicolás Briceño (page does not exist)">Antonio Nicolás Briceño</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Nicol%C3%A1s_Brice%C3%B1o" class="extiw" title="es:Antonio Nicolás Briceño">es</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200641Arana201377,_81-85">[82]</a> In 1807–08, Napoleon <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">invaded the Iberian peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdications_of_Bayonne" title="Abdications of Bayonne">replaced the rulers of Spain</a> with his brother, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196961–62Slattade_Grummond200326–27Lynch200644Arana201377–78-86">[83]</a> This news arrived in Venezuela in July 1808.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200331–32Lynch200645Arana201379-87">[84]</a> Napoleonic rule was rejected and Venezuelan creoles, though still loyal to <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a>, sought to form their own local government in place of the existing Spanish government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200645–46Arana201379–80-88">[85]</a> On 24 November 1808, a group of creoles presented a petition demanding an independent government to <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Casas" title="Juan de Casas">Juan de Casas</a>, the Captain-General of Venezuela, and were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200333–34Lynch200646–47-89">[86]</a> Bolívar, though he did not sign the petition and thus was not arrested, was warned to cease hosting or attending seditious meetings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196965–66Lynch200646Arana201381-90">[87]</a> In May 1809, Casas was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Empar%C3%A1n" title="Vicente Emparán">Vicente Emparán</a> and his staff, which included Fernando Rodríguez del Toro. The creoles also resisted Emparán's government, despite his friendlier disposition towards them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200335Lynch200647Arana201382–83-91">[88]</a> By February 1810, French victories in Spain prompted the dissolution of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Central_Junta" title="Supreme Central Junta">the anti-French Spanish government</a> in favor of a five-man <a href="/wiki/Regency_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency council">regency council</a> for Ferdinand VII.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200335Lynch200647Arana201383–84-92">[89]</a> This news, and two delegates that included Carlos de Montúfar, arrived in Venezuela on 17 April 1810.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196967Arana201384-93">[90]</a> Two days later, the creoles succeeded in deposing and then expelling Emparán,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196968–69Slattade_Grummond200336–37Arana201384–86-94">[91]</a> and created the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Junta" title="Supreme Junta">Supreme Junta of Caracas</a>, independent from the Spanish regency but not Ferdinand VII.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200648Arana201386-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201485-96">[93]</a> Absent from Caracas for the <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200338Lynch200648-97">[94]</a> Bolívar and his brother returned to the city and offered their services to the Supreme Junta as diplomats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200338Lynch200648Arana201387-98">[95]</a> In May 1810, Juan Vicente was sent to the United States to buy weapons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200338-99">[96]</a> while Simón secured a place in a diplomatic mission to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> with the lawyer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_L%C3%B3pez_M%C3%A9ndez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis López Méndez (page does not exist)">Luis López Méndez</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_L%C3%B3pez_M%C3%A9ndez" class="extiw" title="es:Luis López Méndez">es</a>] and Andrés Bello by paying for the mission. The trio boarded a British warship in June 1810 and arrived at <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> on 10 July 1810.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196972–73Slattade_Grummond200338Lynch200648–49Langley200928Arana201387–88-100">[97]</a> The three delegates first met Miranda at his London residence, despite instructions from the Supreme Junta to avoid him, and thereafter received the benefit of his connections and consultation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200649–50Arana201392-101">[98]</a> On 16 July 1810, the Venezuelan delegation met the <a href="/wiki/British_foreign_secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="British foreign secretary">British foreign secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Richard Wellesley</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Apsley_House" title="Apsley House">his residence</a>. Led by Bolívar, the Venezuelans argued in favor of Venezuelan independence, which Wellesley stated that it was intolerable for <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Spanish relations">Anglo-Spanish relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200339–40Lynch200651–52Arana201388–90-102">[99]</a> Subsequent meetings produced no recognition or concrete support from Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196977Slattade_Grummond200340Lynch200652–53-103">[100]</a> Finding that he had many shared beliefs with Miranda, however, Bolívar convinced him to come back to Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200650Langley200930–31Arana201393–94-104">[101]</a> On 22 September 1810,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200653Arana201395-105">[102]</a> Bolívar left for Venezuela while López and Bello remained in London as diplomats,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200341Langley200931Arana201395-106">[103]</a> and arrived in La Guaira on 5 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200341Lynch200653Arana201395-107">[104]</a> Although the British government wanted Miranda to remain in Britain, they could not prevent his departure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196980–81Slattade_Grummond200341Lynch200653–54-108">[105]</a> and he arrived in Venezuela later in December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200341–42Lynch200654Arana201396–97-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela:_1811–1812">Venezuela: 1811–1812</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Venezuela: 1811–1812">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terremoto_de_1812.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Terremoto_de_1812.webp/300px-Terremoto_de_1812.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Terremoto_de_1812.webp/450px-Terremoto_de_1812.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Terremoto_de_1812.webp/600px-Terremoto_de_1812.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Oil on canvas "Terremoto de 1812", by Venezuelan painter <a href="/wiki/Tito_Salas" title="Tito Salas">Tito Salas</a></figcaption></figure> While Bolívar was in England, the Supreme Junta passed <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> economic reforms<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200654Langley200931-116">[112]</a> and began to hold elections for representatives to a congress to be held in Caracas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201487-117">[113]</a> It had also alienated Caracas from the Venezuelan provinces of <a href="/wiki/Coro_Province" title="Coro Province">Coro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo_Province_(Spanish_Empire)" title="Maracaibo Province (Spanish Empire)">Maracaibo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guayana_Province" title="Guayana Province">Guayana</a>, which professed loyalty to the regency council,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196983Langley200931-118">[114]</a> and began hostilities with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196984Langley200931-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201487–88-120">[116]</a> Co-founding the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_(Venezuela)" title="Patriotic Society (Venezuela)">Patriotic Society</a>, a political organization advocating for independence from Spain, Bolívar and Miranda campaigned for and secured the latter's election to the congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200346Arana201397-121">[117]</a> The congress first met on 2 March 1811 and declared its allegiance to Ferdinand VII.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196986Slattade_Grummond200346-122">[118]</a> After it was discovered that one of the men leading the congress was a Spanish agent who had escaped with military documents, however,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana2013100-123">[119]</a> discourse – which Bolívar was prominent in – changed decidedly in favor of independence over 3 and 4 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196987–88Slattade_Grummond200347Lynch200655Langley200933Arana2013100–101-124">[120]</a> Finally, on 5 July, the congress <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan Declaration of Independence">declared Venezuela's independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196988Slattade_Grummond200347Arana2013101-125">[121]</a> The declaration of independence created the first <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="First Republic of Venezuela">Republic of Venezuela</a>. It had a weak base of support and enemies in conservative whites, disenfranchised people of color, and the already hostile Venezuelan provinces, which received troops and supplies from the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Captaincy-Generals of Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201488–91-126">[122]</a> On 13 July 1811, the republic raised militias to fight the pro-Spanish <a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200656-127">[123]</a> The congress appointed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Rodr%C3%ADguez_del_Toro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Rodríguez del Toro (page does not exist)">Francisco Rodríguez del Toro</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Rodr%C3%ADguez_del_Toro" class="extiw" title="es:Francisco Rodríguez del Toro">es</a>], the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marquis_of_Toro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marquis of Toro (page does not exist)">Marquis of Toro</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquesado_del_Toro" class="extiw" title="es:Marquesado del Toro">es</a>], to command these forces,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201399–100-128">[124]</a> which opened a breach between Bolívar and Miranda. Bolívar and del Toro were close friends, while del Toro and Miranda and their families were enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200658Arana2013100-129">[125]</a> After he failed to suppress a Royalist uprising in the city of <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Venezuela" title="Valencia, Venezuela">Valencia</a> later in July,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196991Arana2013104-130">[126]</a> the congress replaced del Toro with Miranda, and he <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencia_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valencia campaign (page does not exist)">recaptured Valencia</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1a_de_Valencia" class="extiw" title="es:Campaña de Valencia">es</a>] on 13 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201491-131">[127]</a> As a condition of assuming command of the Republican forces, Miranda had Bolívar stripped of his command of a militia unit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196991Slattade_Grummond200348Langley200934Langley200934Arana2013104-132">[128]</a> Bolívar nonetheless fought in the Valencia campaign as part of del Toro's militia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196992Slattade_Grummond200348,_52Lynch200658Arana2013104–105-133">[129]</a> and was selected by Miranda to bring news of its recapture to Caracas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196992Arana2013105-134">[130]</a> where he argued for more punitive and forceful campaigning against the Royalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196993Arana2013105–106-135">[131]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I left my house for the Cathedral ... and the earth began to shake with a huge roar. ... I saw the church of San Jacinto collapse on its own foundations. ... I climbed over the ruins and entered, and I immediately saw about forty persons dead or dying under the rubble. I climbed out again and I shall never forget that moment. On the top of the ruins I found Don Simón Bolívar ... He saw me and [said], "We will fight nature itself if it opposes us, and force it to obey." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Royalist historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_D%C3%ADaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Domingo Díaz (page does not exist)">José Domingo Díaz</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_D%C3%ADaz" class="extiw" title="es:José Domingo Díaz">es</a>], quoted by <a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(historian)" title="John Lynch (historian)">John Lynch</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20061-136">[132]</a></cite> </div> Beginning in November 1811, Royalist forces began pushing back the Republicans from the north and east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201491–92-137">[133]</a> On 26 March 1812, a <a href="/wiki/1812_Caracas_earthquake" title="1812 Caracas earthquake">powerful earthquake</a> devastated Republican Venezuela; Caracas itself was almost totally destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200355Lynch200659Langley200935–36Arana2013107–109-138">[134]</a> Bolívar, who was still near Caracas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196996-139">[135]</a> rushed into the city to participate in the rescue of survivors and exhumation of the dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana2013108–109-140">[136]</a> The earthquake destroyed public support for the republic, as it was believed to have been <a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">divine retribution</a> for declaring independence from Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196995–96Slattade_Grummond200356Lynch200659Arana2013109–110-141">[137]</a> By April, a Royalist army under the Spanish naval officer <a href="/wiki/Juan_Domingo_de_Monteverde" title="Juan Domingo de Monteverde">Juan Domingo de Monteverde</a> overran western Venezuela. Miranda,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200357-142">[138]</a> retreating east with a disintegrating army,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201493-143">[139]</a> ordered Bolívar to assume command of the coastal city of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Cabello" title="Puerto Cabello">Puerto Cabello</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Felipe_Castle" title="San Felipe Castle">its fortress</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196997–98Lynch200660Arana2013112-144">[140]</a> which contained Royalist prisoners and most of the republic's remaining arms and ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200357Arana2013112-145">[141]</a> Bolívar arrived at Puerto Cabello on 4 May 1812.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200357Lynch200660Arana2013112-146">[142]</a> On 30 June, an officer of the fort's garrison loyal to the Royalists released its prisoners, armed them, and turned its cannons on Puerto Cabello.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201493-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969100Slattade_Grummond200358Arana2013114–115-147">[143]</a> Weakened by shelling, defections, and lack of supplies, Bolívar and his remaining troops fled for La Guaira on 6 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969101Slattade_Grummond200358–59Arana2013-148">[144]</a> Believing the republic to be doomed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201493-143">[139]</a> Miranda decided to capitulate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969103Slattade_Grummond200363Arana2013118-149">[145]</a> shocking Bolívar and other Republican officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200364Lynch200661Arana2013119-150">[146]</a> After formally surrendering his command to Monteverde on 25 July,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200661Arana2013118-151">[147]</a> Miranda made his way to La Guaira, where a group of officers including Bolívar arrested Miranda on 30 July on charges of treason against the republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969103–104Slattade_Grummond200364–65Lynch200661–62Arana2013120–122-152">[148]</a> La Guaira declared for the Royalists the next day and closed its port on Monteverde's orders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969104–105Lynch200662Arana2013122-153">[149]</a> Miranda was taken into Spanish custody and moved to a prison in Cádiz, where he died on 16 July 1816.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969105Langley200938-154">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Granada_and_Venezuela:_1812–1815">New Granada and Venezuela: 1812–1815</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New Granada and Venezuela: 1812–1815">edit</a>]</div> Bolívar escaped La Guaira early on 31 July 1812 and rode to Caracas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969105Arana2013122-155">[151]</a> where he hid from arrest in the home of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteban_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esteban Fernández de León (page does not exist)">Esteban Fernández de León</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Le%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="es:Esteban Fernández de León">es</a>], the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marquis_de_Casa_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marquis de Casa León (page does not exist)">Marquis de Casa León</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquesado_de_Casa_Le%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="es:Marquesado de Casa León">es</a>]. Bolívar and Casa León convinced Francisco Iturbe, a friend of the Bolívar family and of Monteverde, to intercede on Bolívar's behalf and secure escape from Venezuela for him. Iturbe persuaded Monteverde to issue Bolívar a passport for his role in Miranda's arrest,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969105–106Slattade_Grummond200367Lynch200662–63Arana2013124–126-156">[152]</a> and on 27 August he sailed for the island of <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>. He and his uncles' <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_Ribas" title="Francisco José Ribas">Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Ribas" title="José Félix Ribas">José Félix Ribas</a> arrived on 1 September. Late in October, the exiles arranged for passage west to the city of <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a> to offer their services as military leaders to the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">United Provinces of New Granada</a> against the Royalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200367Langley200942Arana2013126–128-157">[153]</a> They arrived in November and were welcomed by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Torices" title="Manuel Rodríguez Torices">Manuel Rodríguez Torices</a>, president of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_State_of_Cartagena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free State of Cartagena (page does not exist)">Free State of Cartagena</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Libre_de_Cartagena" class="extiw" title="es:Estado Libre de Cartagena">es</a>],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969107,_112Arana2013128-158">[154]</a> who instructed his commanding general, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Labatut" title="Pierre Labatut">Pierre Labatut</a>, to give Bolívar a military command. Labatut, a former partisan of Miranda, begrudgingly obliged and on 1 December 1812 placed Bolívar in command of the 70-man garrison of a town on the lower <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_River" title="Magdalena River">Magdalena River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200371Arana2013129,_132-159">[155]</a> While en route to his posting, Bolívar issued the <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_Manifesto" title="Cartagena Manifesto">Cartagena Manifesto</a>, outlining what he believed to be the causes of the Venezuelan republic's defeat and his political program. In particular, Bolívar called for the disparate New Granadan republics to help him invade Venezuela to prevent a Royalist invasion of New Granada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969113–115Slattade_Grummond200370Lynch200666–68Arana2013130–131-160">[156]</a> Bolívar arrived on the Magdalena River on 21 December and,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969116-161">[157]</a> in spite of orders from Labatut to not act without his direction,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969116Lynch200669Arana2013131–132-162">[158]</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_campaign" title="Magdalena campaign">an offensive</a> that secured control of the Magdalena River from Royalist forces by 8 January 1813.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969116–117Slattade_Grummond200371–72Lynch200669–70Arana2013132–133-163">[159]</a> In February, he joined forces with Republican colonel <a href="/wiki/Manuel_del_Castillo_y_Rada" title="Manuel del Castillo y Rada">Manuel del Castillo y Rada</a>, who requested Bolívar's assistance with stopping a Royalist advance into New Granada from Venezuela, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C3%BAcuta" title="Battle of Cúcuta">captured</a> the city of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAcuta" title="Cúcuta">Cúcuta</a> from the Royalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969118–119Slattade_Grummond200372–73Arana2013136–138-164">[160]</a> In early March 1813, Bolívar set up his headquarters in Cúcuta and sent José Félix Ribas to request permission to invade Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200373–74Lynch200670-165">[161]</a> Though rewarded with honorary citizenship in New Granada and a promotion to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969119Slattade_Grummond200374Arana2013138-166">[162]</a> that permission did not come until 7 May because of del Castillo's opposition to the invasion. When a limited invasion was permitted, Castillo resigned his command and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santander" title="Francisco de Paula Santander">Francisco de Paula Santander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969119–120Slattade_Grummond200374–76Lynch200670–71Arana2013138–139-167">[163]</a> On 14 May, Bolívar launched the <a href="/wiki/Admirable_Campaign" title="Admirable Campaign">Admirable Campaign</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200375-168">[164]</a> in which he issued the <a href="/wiki/Decree_of_War_to_the_Death" title="Decree of War to the Death">Decree of War to the Death</a>, ordering the death of all Spaniards in South America not actively aiding his forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969124Slattade_Grummond200377Lynch200673Langley200946Arana2013142–143-169">[165]</a> Within six months, Bolívar pushed all the way to Caracas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014115-170">[166]</a> which he entered on 6 August,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969129Slattade_Grummond200375Lynch200675Arana2013146-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014120-172">[168]</a> and then drove Monteverde out of Venezuela in October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200382–84Lynch200684-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014123-174">[170]</a> Bolívar returned to Caracas on 14 October and was named "The Liberator" (El Libertador) by its town council,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200384–85Lynch200679-175">[171]</a> a title first given to him by the citizens of the Venezuelan town of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida" title="Mérida, Mérida">Mérida</a> on 23 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969122–123Slattade_Grummond200376Lynch200672Arana2013140-176">[172]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar_34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1874 portrait of Santiago Mariño by Martín Tovar y Tovar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar_34.jpg/170px-Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar_34.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar_34.jpg/255px-Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar_34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar_34.jpg/340px-Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar_34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="3976" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Mari%C3%B1o" title="Santiago Mariño">Santiago Mariño</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar" title="Martín Tovar y Tovar">Martín Tovar y Tovar</a></figcaption></figure> On 2 January 1814, Bolívar was made the <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Second Republic of Venezuela">Second Republic of Venezuela</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200677-177">[173]</a> which retained the weaknesses of the first republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014125-178">[174]</a> Though all of Venezuela but <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coro,_Venezuela" title="Coro, Venezuela">Coro</a>, and Guayana was controlled by Republicans,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200677–78-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014122-180">[176]</a> Bolívar only governed western Venezuela. The east was controlled by <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Mari%C3%B1o" title="Santiago Mariño">Santiago Mariño</a>, a Venezuelan Republican who had fought Monteverde in the east throughout 1813<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969138–139Slattade_Grummond200375,_85Lynch200676–78-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014118–119-182">[178]</a> and was unwilling to subordinate himself to Bolívar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969140Langley200947Arana2013150-183">[179]</a> Venezuela was economically devastated and could not support the republic's armies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969135Langley200949-184">[180]</a> and people of color remained disenfranchised and thus unsupportive of the republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200386Langley200948–49Arana2013153-185">[181]</a> The republic was assailed from all sides by slave revolts and Royalist forces,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014123–124-186">[182]</a> especially the Legion of Hell, an army of <a href="/wiki/Llanero" title="Llanero">llaneros</a> – the horsemen of the <a href="/wiki/Llanos" title="Llanos">Llanos</a>, to the south – led by the Spanish warlord <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tom%C3%A1s_Boves" title="José Tomás Boves">José Tomás Boves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200385–87,_97Lynch200681–82Arana2013151–152-187">[183]</a> Beginning in February 1814, Boves surged out of the Llanos and overwhelmed the republic, occupying Caracas on 16 July and then destroying Mariño's powerbase on 5 December at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Urica" title="Battle of Urica">Battle of Urica</a>, where Boves died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003100–104,_106–112Langley200950Arana2013156–159,_163–164-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014126–129-189">[185]</a> As Boves approached Caracas, Bolívar ordered the city stripped of its gold and silver,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969161Slattade_Grummond2003106Lynch200686Arana2013159-190">[186]</a> which was moved through La Guaira to <a href="/wiki/Barcelona,_Venezuela" title="Barcelona, Venezuela">Barcelona, Venezuela</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003107-191">[187]</a> and from there to <a href="/wiki/Cuman%C3%A1" title="Cumaná">Cumaná</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969162-192">[188]</a> Bolívar then led 20,000 of its citizens east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969161Slattade_Grummond2003106Lynch200686Arana2013159-190">[186]</a> He arrived in Barcelona on 2 August,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003108Arana2013160-193">[189]</a> but following another defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aragua_de_Barcelona" title="Battle of Aragua de Barcelona">Battle of Aragua de Barcelona</a> on 17 August 1814, he moved to Cumaná.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969161–162Slattade_Grummond2003108Lynch200686–87Arana2013161-194">[190]</a> On 26 August, he sailed with Mariño to <a href="/wiki/Margarita_Island" title="Margarita Island">Margarita Island</a> with the treasure. The officer in control of the island, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Piar" title="Manuel Piar">Manuel Piar</a>, declared Bolívar and Mariño to be traitors and forced them to return to the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003108–109Lynch200687-195">[191]</a> There, Ribas also accused Bolívar and Mariño of treachery, confiscated the treasure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003109Lynch200687Arana2013162–163-196">[192]</a> and then exiled the two on 8 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969163Arana2013163-197">[193]</a> Bolívar arrived in Cartagena on 19 September and then met with the New Granadan congress in <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Tunja</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969165–166Slattade_Grummond2003110–111Lynch200688-198">[194]</a> which tasked him with subduing the rival <a href="/wiki/Free_and_Independent_State_of_Cundinamarca" title="Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca">Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969167Lynch200689Langley200954-199">[195]</a> On 12 December, Bolívar captured Cundinamarca's capital, <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, and was given command of New Granada's armies in January 1815.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003111–113Lynch200688–89Arana2013168-200">[196]</a> Bolívar next grappled with del Castillo, who had taken control of Cartagena.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969168–170Slattade_Grummond2003113–114Lynch200689–90Langley200955Arana2013169–170-201">[197]</a> Bolívar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_siege_of_Cartagena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolívar's siege of Cartagena (page does not exist)">besieged the city</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asedio_neogranadino_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1815)" class="extiw" title="es:Asedio neogranadino de Cartagena de Indias (1815)">es</a>] for six weeks. His change of focus allowed the Royalist forces to regain control of the Magdalena.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003114Lynch200689–90Arana2013169–170-202">[198]</a> On 8 May, Bolívar made a truce with del Castillo, resigned his command, and sailed for self-exile on <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> as a result of this error.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969170–171Slattade_Grummond2003114Langley200955Arana2013170–171-203">[199]</a> In July, 8,000 Spanish soldiers commanded by Spanish general <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Morillo" title="Pablo Morillo">Pablo Morillo</a> landed at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a> and then <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_siege_of_Cartagena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish siege of Cartagena (page does not exist)">besieged Cartagena</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asedio_espa%C3%B1ol_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1815)" class="extiw" title="es:Asedio español de Cartagena de Indias (1815)">es</a>], which capitulated on 6 December; del Castillo was executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969173–174Slattade_Grummond2003115Lynch200690172–173Arana2013-204">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014138-205">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jamaica,_Haiti,_Venezuela,_and_New_Granada:_1815–1819">Jamaica, Haiti, Venezuela, and New Granada: 1815–1819</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jamaica, Haiti, Venezuela, and New Granada: 1815–1819">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Arturo_Michelena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Bolívar by Arturo Michelena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Arturo_Michelena.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Arturo_Michelena.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Arturo_Michelena.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Arturo_Michelena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Arturo_Michelena.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Arturo_Michelena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="6408" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Bolívar by <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Michelena" title="Arturo Michelena">Arturo Michelena</a>, 1895</figcaption></figure> Bolívar arrived in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston, Jamaica</a>, on 14 May 1815 and,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003116Lynch200690-206">[202]</a> as in his earlier exile on Curaçao, ruminated on the fall of the Venezuelan and New Granadan republics. He wrote extensively, requesting assistance from Britain and corresponding with merchants based in the Caribbean. This culminated in September 1815 with the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Letter" title="Jamaica Letter">Jamaica Letter</a>, in which Bolívar again laid out his ideology and vision of the future of the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969184–185,_190Slattade_Grummond2003124–127Lynch200692,_95Langley200955–57Arana2013174–176-207">[203]</a> On 9 December, the Venezuelan pirate <a href="/wiki/Renato_Beluche" title="Renato Beluche">Renato Beluche</a> brought Bolívar news from New Granada and asked him to join the Republican community in exile in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003128–129-208">[204]</a> Bolívar tentatively accepted and escaped assassination that night when his manservant mistakenly killed his <a href="/wiki/Paymaster" title="Paymaster">paymaster</a> as part of a Spanish plot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969183Slattade_Grummond2003129Lynch200696–97Arana2013177-209">[205]</a> He left Jamaica eight days later,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969191Lynch200697Arana2013177–178-210">[206]</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Les_Cayes" title="Les Cayes">Les Cayes</a> on 24 December,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003129Langley200959Arana2013178-211">[207]</a> and on 2 January 1816 was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_P%C3%A9tion" title="Alexandre Pétion">Alexandre Pétion</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1806%E2%80%931820)" title="Republic of Haiti (1806–1820)">Republic of Haiti</a> by a mutual friend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969192Slattade_Grummond2003130Lynch200697Langley200959Arana2013178–179-212">[208]</a> Bolívar and Pétion impressed and befriended each other and,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969192–193Slattade_Grummond2003130Arana2013179-213">[209]</a> after Bolívar pledged to free every slave in the areas he occupied, Pétion gave him money and military supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969193Slattade_Grummond2003130Lynch200697Arana2013179-214">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014313-215">[211]</a> Returning to Les Cayes, Bolívar held a conference with the Republican leaders in Haiti and was made supreme leader with Mariño as his chief of staff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969194–195Slattade_Grummond2003131–132Arana2013179-216">[212]</a> The Republicans departed Les Cayes for Venezuela on 31 March 1816 and followed the <a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a> eastward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969195Lynch2006100Arana2013183-217">[213]</a> After a delay to allow a lover of Bolívar's to join the fleet, it arrived on 2 May at Margarita Island, controlled by Republican commander <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Arismendi" title="Juan Bautista Arismendi">Juan Bautista Arismendi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003137–138Lynch2006100Arana2013183–184-218">[214]</a> Bolívar next moved to the mainland, where he declared the emancipation of all slaves and annulled of the Decree of War to the Death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969197–198Slattade_Grummond2003141–142Lynch2006100Langley200960Arana2013186-219">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[e]</a> He seized <a href="/wiki/Car%C3%BApano" title="Carúpano">Carúpano</a> on 31 May and sent Mariño and Piar into Guayana to build their own army,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969197Slattade_Grummond2003139–140-223">[218]</a> then took and held <a href="/wiki/Ocumare_de_la_Costa" title="Ocumare de la Costa">Ocumare de la Costa</a> from 6 to 14 July, when it was recaptured by the Royalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969198–200Slattade_Grummond2003141–144Lynch2006100-224">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014314-225">[220]</a> Bolívar fled by sea to <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCiria" title="Güiria">Güiria</a> where, on 22 August, he was deposed by Mariño and Venezuelan Republican <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="José Francisco Bermúdez">José Francisco Bermúdez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969202Lynch2006101Arana2013189-226">[221]</a> Bolívar returned to Haiti by early September,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003147–148Arana2013190-227">[222]</a> where Pétion again agreed to assist him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969203Slattade_Grummond2003146Lynch2006101Arana2013189-228">[223]</a> In his absence, the Republican leaders scattered across Venezuela, concentrating in the Llanos, and became disunited warlords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003146Arana2013190–191-229">[224]</a> Unwilling to recognize Mariño's leadership, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969203Arana2013191-230">[225]</a> Arismendi wrote to Bolívar and dispatched New Granadan Republican <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Antonio_Zea" title="Francisco Antonio Zea">Francisco Antonio Zea</a> to convince him to return. Bolívar and Zea set sail for Venezuela on 21 December with <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bri%C3%B3n" title="Luis Brión">Luis Brión</a>, a Dutch merchant,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969203Slattade_Grummond2003150–151Arana2013190–191-231">[226]</a> and arrived ten days later at Barcelona. There, Bolívar announced his return and called for a congress for a new, <a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Third Republic of Venezuela">third republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003151–152Lynch2006102-232">[227]</a> He wrote to the Republican leaders, especially <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">José Antonio Páez</a>, who controlled most of the western Llanos, to unite under his leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003146–147Lynch2006102Arana2013191–192-233">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014313–315-234">[229]</a> On 8 January 1817, Bolívar marched towards Caracas but was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clarines" title="Battle of Clarines">Battle of Clarines</a> and pursued to Barcelona by a larger Royalist force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003152Arana2013192-235">[230]</a> At Bolívar's request, Mariño arrived on 8 February with Bermúdez, who then reconciled with Bolívar, and forced a Royalist withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969208–209Arana2013192–193-236">[231]</a> Even with their combined forces, however, Bolívar, Mariño, and Bermúdez could not hold Barcelona.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003153Lynch2006102Arana2013193-237">[232]</a> Instead, on 25 March 1817,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969210Arana2013195-238">[233]</a> Bolívar began moving south to join Piar in Guayana, Piar's power base, and establish his own economic and political base there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969207–208Slattade_Grummond2003153Lynch2006102–103Arana2013193-239">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014315-240">[235]</a> Bolívar met Piar on 4 April,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969210Slattade_Grummond2003154-241">[236]</a> promoted him to the rank of <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_army" title="General of the army">general of the army</a>, and then joined a force of Piar's troops besieging the city of Angostura (now <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad Bolívar">Ciudad Bolívar</a>) on 2 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969211Slattade_Grummond2003155Lynch2006103–104Arana2013195–196-242">[237]</a> Meanwhile, Mariño went east to reestablish his power base and on 8 May convened a congress of ten men, including Brión and Zea, that named Mariño as supreme commander of the Republican forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969211,_213Slattade_Grummond2003153–154,_156Arana2013200–202-243">[238]</a> This backfired and provoked the defection of 30 officers, including <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Urdaneta" title="Rafael Urdaneta">Rafael Urdaneta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a>, to Bolívar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969213–214Slattade_Grummond2003156Lynch2006104Arana2013202-244">[239]</a> On 30 June, Bolívar granted Piar <a href="/wiki/Leave_of_absence" title="Leave of absence">leave of absence</a> at his request,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969217Lynch2006106Arana2013197-245">[240]</a> and then issued an arrest warrant on 23 July after Piar began fomenting rebellion, alleging that Bolívar had dismissed him because of his <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> heritage. Piar was captured on 27 September as he fled to join Mariño and was brought to Angostura, where he was executed by <a href="/wiki/Firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing squad">firing squad</a> on 16 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969217–218Slattade_Grummond2003158–160Arana2013197–199-246">[241]</a> Bolívar then sent Sucre to reconcile with Mariño,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969220Slattade_Grummond2003160Arana2013202–203-247">[242]</a> who pledged loyalty to Bolívar on 26 January 1818.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003160-248">[243]</a> On 17 July 1817, <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Angostura" title="Second Battle of Angostura">Angostura fell</a> to Bolívar's forces, which gained control of the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco River">Orinoco River</a> in early August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969215Slattade_Grummond2003157Arana2013201-249">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014317–318-250">[245]</a> Angostura became the provisional Republican capital and in September,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003163-251">[246]</a> Bolívar began creating formal political and military structures for the republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003163Lynch2006110–112-252">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014319-253">[248]</a> Following a meeting at <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Payara" title="San Juan de Payara">San Juan de Payara</a> on 30 January 1818, Páez recognized Bolívar as supreme leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006113–114Arana2013207-254">[249]</a> In February 1818, the Republicans moved north and took <a href="/wiki/Calabozo" title="Calabozo">Calabozo</a>, where <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Calabozo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Calabozo (page does not exist)">they defeated Morillo</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Calabozo" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Calabozo">es</a>],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969231–232Slattade_Grummond2003171–172Lynch2006115Arana2013209–211-255">[250]</a> who had returned to Venezuela a year earlier after <a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_New_Granada" title="Spanish reconquest of New Granada">conquering Republican New Granada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014317-256">[251]</a> Bolívar next advanced towards Caracas, but was defeated while en route at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Battle_of_La_Puerta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Battle of La Puerta (page does not exist)">Third Battle of La Puerta</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_La_Puerta_(1818)" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de La Puerta (1818)">es</a>] on 16 March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969234–235Slattade_Grummond2003173Lynch2006116Arana2013211–212-257">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014321–322-258">[253]</a> He escaped assassination by Spanish infiltrators in April. Illness and additional Republican defeats obliged Bolívar to return to Angostura in May. For the rest of the year, he focused on administering the republic, rebuilding its armed forces,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969235–237,_243Slattade_Grummond2003174–180Lynch2006116–117Arana2013212–217-259">[254]</a> and organizing elections for a national congress that would meet in 1819.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969244Lynch2006117-260">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014325-261">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gran_Colombia:_1819–1830">Gran Colombia: 1819–1830</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gran Colombia: 1819–1830">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Equestrian_portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Equestrian portrait of Bolívar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Equestrian_portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg/220px-Equestrian_portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Equestrian_portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg/330px-Equestrian_portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Equestrian_portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg/440px-Equestrian_portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>Equestrian portrait of Bolívar by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Hilari%C3%B3n_Ibarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Hilarión Ibarra (page does not exist)">José Hilarión Ibarra</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hilari%C3%B3n_Ibarra" class="extiw" title="es:José Hilarión Ibarra">es</a>], <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1826</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Angostura" title="Congress of Angostura">congress met in Angostura</a> on 15 February 1819.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969245Slattade_Grummond2003180Lynch2006119Arana2013222-262">[257]</a> There, Bolívar gave a speech in which he advocated for a centralized government modeled on the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> and racial equality,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969246–253Lynch2006120–122Arana2013222–225-263">[258]</a> and relinquished civil authority to the congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969246Arana2013222-264">[259]</a> On 16 February, the congress elected Bolívar as president and Zea as vice president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014325-261">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969254Slattade_Grummond2003180Arana2013225-265">[260]</a> On 27 February,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969255-266">[261]</a> Bolívar left Angostura to rejoin Páez in the west and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apure_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apure campaign (page does not exist)">resumed campaigning</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1a_de_Apure" class="extiw" title="es:Campaña de Apure">es</a>] against Morillo, albeit ineffectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014325-261">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969255–258Slattade_Grummond2003180–181Lynch2006126Arana2013226–228-267">[262]</a> In May, as the annual <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> was beginning in the Llanos, Bolívar met with his officers and revealed his intention to invade and liberate New Granada from Royalist occupation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969263Slattade_Grummond2003183Lynch2006127Arana2013228–229-268">[263]</a> which he had prepared for by sending Santander to build up Republican forces in <a href="/wiki/Casanare_Province" title="Casanare Province">Casanare Province</a> in August 1818.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003176Lynch2006124-269">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014324–325-270">[265]</a> On 27 May,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003183Lynch2006127-271">[266]</a> Bolívar marched with more than 2,000 soldiers toward the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006127Langley200975Arana2013228-272">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014326–327-273">[268]</a> and left Páez, Mariño, Urdaneta, and Bermúdez to tie down Morillo's forces in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006127Arana2013229–230-274">[269]</a> Bolívar entered Casanare Province with his army on 4 June 1819,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003184Arana2013230-275">[270]</a> then met up with Santander at <a href="/wiki/Tame,_Arauca" title="Tame, Arauca">Tame, Arauca</a>, on 11 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969264Slattade_Grummond2003184Lynch2006128Arana2013230–231-276">[271]</a> The combined Republican force reached the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Oriental_(Colombia)" title="Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)">Eastern Range</a> of the Andes on 22 June and began a grueling crossing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969166Slattade_Grummond2003185-277">[272]</a> On 6 July, the Republicans descended from the Andes at <a href="/wiki/Socha" title="Socha">Socha</a> and into the plains of New Granada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006128Arana2013232-278">[273]</a> After a brief convalescence, the Republicans <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_campaign_to_liberate_New_Granada" title="Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada">made rapid progress</a> against the forces of Spanish colonel <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreiro_Manj%C3%B3n" title="José María Barreiro Manjón">José María Barreiro Manjón</a> until, on 7 August, the Royalists were routed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Battle of Boyacá</a>. On 10 August, Bolívar entered Bogotá, which the Spanish officials had hastily abandoned,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969268–273Slattade_Grummond2003188–193Lynch2006128–130Langley200975Arana2013232–235-279">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014327–328-280">[275]</a> and captured the viceregal treasury and armories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003193Lynch2006130Arana2013235,_237-281">[276]</a> After sending forces to secure Republican control of central New Granada,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969276Slattade_Grummond2003193,_195Lynch2006130–131-282">[277]</a> Bolívar paraded through Bogotá on 18 September with Santander.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969280Lynch2006130Arana2013238–239-283">[278]</a> Desiring to merge New Granada and Venezuela into a "<a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">greater republic of Colombia</a>", Bolívar first established a provisional government in Bogotá with Santander,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969277,_280Lynch2006131Arana2013240–241-284">[279]</a> and then left to resume campaigning against the Royalists in Venezuela on 20 September 1819.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003195Lynch2006131–132-285">[280]</a> En route, he learned that Zea had been replaced as vice president in September 1819 by Arismendi, who was conspiring with Mariño against Urdaneta and Bermúdez. Bolívar arrived in Angostura on 11 December and, by being conciliatory, defused the plot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969282–283Slattade_Grummond2003196–197Lynch2006132–133Arana2013245–246-286">[281]</a> He then proposed the merging of New Granada and Venezuela to the congress on 14 December,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969283Slattade_Grummond2003197–198Arana2013246-287">[282]</a> which was approved. On 17 December, the congress issued a decree creating the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, including the regions of Venezuela, New Granada, and the still Spanish-controlled <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Real Audiencia of Quito</a>, and elected Bolívar and Zea president and vice president respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969284Slattade_Grummond2003198Lynch2006134Arana2013246–247-288">[283]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> Day, 1819,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969290Arana2013247-289">[284]</a> Bolívar left Angostura to direct campaigns against Royalist forces along the Caribbean coasts of Venezuela and New Granada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969290Slattade_Grummond2003200–201Arana2013247-290">[285]</a> He met with Santander in Bogotá in March 1820, then rode to Cúcuta and inspected Republican forces in northern Colombia over April and May 1820.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003201–202Lynch2006134,_136-291">[286]</a> Meanwhile, Morillo's military and political position was fatally undermined by <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz_mutiny_of_1820&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cádiz mutiny of 1820 (page does not exist)">the mutiny of Spanish soldiers in Cádiz on 1 January</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciamiento_de_Riego" class="extiw" title="es:Pronunciamiento de Riego">es</a>], which forced Ferdinand VII to accept <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">a liberal constitution</a> in March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969291–292Slattade_Grummond2003204Lynch2006136Arana2013247–248-292">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014368-293">[288]</a> News of the mutiny and its consequences arrived in Colombia in March and was followed by orders from Spain to Morillo to publicize the constitution and negotiate a peace that would return Colombia to the Spanish Empire. Bolívar and Morillo, seeking to gain leverage over each other,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969292–297Slattade_Grummond2003204–209Lynch2006136–137Arana2013248,_253–254-294">[289]</a> delayed talks until 21 November, when Colombian and Royalist delegates met in <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Trujillo" title="Trujillo, Trujillo">Trujillo, Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969297Slattade_Grummond2003209Arana2013254-295">[290]</a> The delegates completed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trujillo_Armistice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trujillo Armistice (page does not exist)">two treaties</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Armisticio_y_Regularizaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Guerra" class="extiw" title="es:Tratado de Armisticio y Regularización de la Guerra">es</a>] on 25 November, establishing a six-month truce, a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">prisoner exchange</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">basic rights for combatants</a>. Bolívar and Morillo signed the treaties on 25 and 26 November, then met the next day at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Ana_de_Trujillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa Ana de Trujillo (page does not exist)">Santa Ana de Trujillo</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_de_Trujillo" class="extiw" title="es:Santa Ana de Trujillo">es</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969297Slattade_Grummond2003209–210Lynch2006137Arana2013254–255-296">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014388–389-297">[292]</a> After this meeting, Morillo turned his command over to Spanish general <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Torre" title="Miguel de la Torre">Miguel de la Torre</a> and departed for Spain on 17 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003211Lynch2006138Arana2013257-298">[293]</a> In February 1821, as Bolívar was traveling from Bogotá to Cúcuta in anticipation of the opening of <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_C%C3%BAcuta" title="Congress of Cúcuta">a new congress there</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969303Slattade_Grummond2003216-299">[294]</a> he learned that Royalist-controlled Maracaibo had defected to Colombia and been occupied by Urdaneta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969302–303Slattade_Grummond2003216Lynch2006139-300">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014391-301">[296]</a> La Torre protested to Bolívar, who refused to return Maracaibo, leading to a renewal of hostilities on 28 April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969304Slattade_Grummond2003218Arana2013263-302">[297]</a> Over May and June, Colombia's armies made rapid progress until, on 24 June, Bolívar and Páez decisively defeated La Torre at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Battle of Carabobo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969304–307Slattade_Grummond2003218–220Lynch2006139–140Arana2013263–265-303">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014391–392-304">[299]</a> All Royalist forces remaining in Venezuela were eliminated by August 1823.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014392-305">[300]</a> Bolívar entered Caracas in triumph on 29 June,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003221Arana2013267-306">[301]</a> and issued a decree on 16 July dividing Venezuela into three military zones governed by Páez, Bermúdez, and Mariño.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006141–142Arana2013266-307">[302]</a> Bolívar then met with the Congress of Cúcuta,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003221Arana2013271-308">[303]</a> which had ratified the formation of Gran Colombia and elected him as president and Santander as vice president in September. Bolívar accepted and was sworn in on 3 October, although he protested the establishment of a precedent of military leaders as head of the Colombian state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969308–310Slattade_Grummond2003221Lynch2006145–146Arana2013271-309">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecuador,_Peru,_and_Bolivia:_1821–1826">Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia: 1821–1826</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia: 1821–1826">edit</a>]</div> After the Battle of Carabobo, Bolívar turned his attention south, to <a href="/wiki/Pasto,_Colombia" title="Pasto, Colombia">Pasto, Colombia</a>; Quito and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Province_of_Guayaquil" title="Free Province of Guayaquil">Free Province of Guayaquil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>. Pasto and Quito were Royalist strongholds,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014392-305">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969313–314Slattade_Grummond2003224Lynch2006167-310">[305]</a> while Guayaquil had declared its independence on 9 October 1820<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006167-311">[306]</a> and had been garrisoned by Sucre on Bolívar's orders in January 1821.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969302,_319Lynch2006138–139,_168-312">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> declared its independence on 28 November 1821 and joined Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969317Slattade_Grummond2003222Lynch2006167-313">[308]</a> Peru had been invaded by <a href="/wiki/Liberating_Expedition_of_Peru" title="Liberating Expedition of Peru">a Republican army</a> led by Argentine general <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a>, who had <a href="/wiki/Chilean_War_of_Independence" title="Chilean War of Independence">liberated Chile</a> and Peru,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003213–215Langley200979Arana2013271–277-314">[309]</a> and Bolívar feared San Martín would absorb Ecuador into Peru.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969317Slattade_Grummond2003224–225Lynch2006167Arana2013278-315">[310]</a> In October 1821, after congress empowered him to secure Ecuador for Colombia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969312Lynch2006146-316">[311]</a> Bolívar assembled an army in Bogotá that departed on 13 December 1821.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969321Slattade_Grummond2003221Lynch2006146,_168Arana2013278–279-317">[312]</a> His advance was halted by illness and a <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">Pyrrhic victory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bombon%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bomboná">Battle of Bomboná</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Bombon%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Bomboná">es</a>] in southern Colombia on 7 April 1822.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014393-318">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969323–325Slattade_Grummond2003226Lynch2006169Arana2013281–283-319">[314]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuela_S%C3%A1enz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1960 portrait of Manuela Sáenz by Marco Salas Yepes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Manuela_S%C3%A1enz.jpg/220px-Manuela_S%C3%A1enz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Manuela_S%C3%A1enz.jpg/330px-Manuela_S%C3%A1enz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Manuela_S%C3%A1enz.jpg/440px-Manuela_S%C3%A1enz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Manuela_S%C3%A1enz" title="Manuela Sáenz">Manuela Sáenz</a> by Marco Salas Yepes, 1960</figcaption></figure> To the south, Sucre, who had been trapped in Guayaquil by Royalist advances from Quito,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969320Lynch2006168Arana2013280-320">[315]</a> now advanced, decisively defeated the Royalists at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Battle of Pichincha</a> on 24 May 1822, and occupied Quito.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014393-318">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969325Slattade_Grummond2003226–227Lynch2006170Langley200980–81Arana201328–88-321">[316]</a> On 6 June, Pasto surrendered,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969325–326Slattade_Grummond2003227-322">[317]</a> and ten days later Bolívar paraded through Quito with Sucre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969327Lynch2006170–171Arana2013287–288-323">[318]</a> He also met the Ecuadorian Republican <a href="/wiki/Manuela_S%C3%A1enz" title="Manuela Sáenz">Manuela Sáenz</a>, the wife of a British merchant, with whom he began a lasting affair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969327Slattade_Grummond2003228,_230Lynch2006171,_178–179Langley200981Arana2013289–290-324">[319]</a> From Quito, Bolívar traveled to Guayaquil in anticipation of a meeting with San Martín to discuss the city's status and to rally support for its annexation by Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969328,_330–331Slattade_Grummond2003234Lynch2006171–172Arana2013292-325">[320]</a> When San Martín arrived in Guayaquil on 26 July,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969331Slattade_Grummond2003235Arana2013295–296-326">[321]</a> Bolívar had already secured Guayaquil for Colombia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969331Slattade_Grummond2003235Lynch2006172Langley200981–82-327">[322]</a> and the two-day <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil_Conference" title="Guayaquil Conference">Guayaquil Conference</a> produced no agreement between Bolívar and San Martín. Ill, politically isolated, and disillusioned, San Martín resigned from his offices and went into exile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969331,_338–341Slattade_Grummond2003235–237Lynch2006173–175Langley200982Arana2013295–305-328">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014394–395-329">[324]</a> Over the rest of 1822, Bolívar traveled around Ecuador to complete its annexation while dispatching officers to suppress repeated rebellions in Pasto and resisting calls to return to Bogotá or Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969343–345Slattade_Grummond2003240–241Lynch2006175–176Arana2013306–307-330">[325]</a> Meanwhile, Royalist forces under general <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Canterac" title="José de Canterac">José de Canterac</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Intermediate_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Intermediate campaign (page does not exist)">overwhelmed the Peruvian republic</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Campa%C3%B1a_de_Intermedios" class="extiw" title="es:Segunda Campaña de Intermedios">es</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003243Arana2013305,_308-331">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014395–396-332">[327]</a> After initially refusing Colombian assistance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969353Slattade_Grummond2003241Lynch2006183-333">[328]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Peruvian congress</a> asked Bolívar several times in 1823 to assume command of their forces. Bolívar responded by sending an army under Sucre to assist,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969354–356Slattade_Grummond2003242–243Arana2013308–309-334">[329]</a> then delayed his own departure to Peru until he obtained permission from the Colombian congress on 3 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969356Lynch2006184-335">[330]</a> When Bolívar arrived in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru's capital, on 1 September,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003243–244Lynch2006185Langley200986Arana2013310–311-336">[331]</a> Peru was split between two rival presidents, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva_Ag%C3%BCero" title="José de la Riva Agüero">José de la Riva Agüero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle_y_Portocarrero,_Marquis_of_Torre_Tagle" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marquis of Torre Tagle">José Bernardo de Tagle</a>, and the Royalists under the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Peru">Viceroy of Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes" title="José de la Serna, 1st Count of the Andes">José de la Serna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003243–244Lynch2006185Langley200986–87Arana2013312-337">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014398-338">[333]</a> In November 1823, Riva Agüero, who plotted with the Royalists against Bolívar, was betrayed by his officers to Bolívar and exiled from Peru.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969362Slattade_Grummond2003244Lynch2006185–186-339">[334]</a> While Bolívar was bedridden with fever over the first two months of 1824, Tagle defected to the Royalists with the garrison and city of <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a> and briefly took Lima.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969364–366Lynch2006186–187Arana2013315,_317–318-340">[335]</a> In response, the Peruvian congress named Bolívar dictator of Peru on 10 February 1824. Bolívar moved to northern Peru in March and began assembling an army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014398-338">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006189–190-341">[336]</a> His repeated demands for additional men and money strained his relationship with Santander.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969368,_370Lynch2006189–190-342">[337]</a> In May 1823, conservative Royalist general <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Antonio_Ola%C3%B1eta" title="Pedro Antonio Olañeta">Pedro Antonio Olañeta</a>, based in the region of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ola%C3%B1eta%27s_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olañeta's rebellion (page does not exist)">rebelled</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_de_Ola%C3%B1eta" class="extiw" title="es:Rebelión de Olañeta">es</a>] against la Serna. Bolívar seized the opportunity to advance into the <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADn_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Junín region">Junín region</a>, where he defeated Canterac at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jun%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Junín">Battle of Junín</a> on 6 August, driving them out of Peru.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969372–375Slattade_Grummond2003247–250Lynch2006191–193Langley200988Arana2013320,_326–328-343">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014402-344">[339]</a> Choosing to ignore Olañeta, la Serna ordered his forces to concentrate at <a href="/wiki/Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a> to face Bolívar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014402-344">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969375Slattade_Grummond2003250-345">[340]</a> Heavy rainfall in September halted Bolívar's advance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969376Arana2013329-346">[341]</a> and on 6 October he gave command of the army to Sucre and moved to <a href="/wiki/Huancayo" title="Huancayo">Huancayo</a> to manage political affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969376Slattade_Grummond2003251Lynch2006193Arana2013329-347">[342]</a> On 24 October, Bolívar received a letter from Santander informing him that because he had accepted the dictatorship of Peru the Colombian congress had stripped him of his military and civil authority in favor of Sucre and Santander, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969376Slattade_Grummond2003251Lynch2006193Arana2013329-347">[342]</a> Although indignant and resentful of Santander, Bolívar wrote to him on 10 November to communicate his acquiescence<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003252Lynch2006193-348">[343]</a> and reoccupied Lima on 5 December 1824.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003252Arana2013331-349">[344]</a> On 9 December, Sucre decisively defeated La Serna's Royalists at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Battle of Ayacucho</a> and accepted <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayacucho_capitulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayacucho capitulation (page does not exist)">the surrender</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulaci%C3%B3n_de_Ayacucho" class="extiw" title="es:Capitulación de Ayacucho">es</a>] of all Royalist forces in Peru. The garrison of Callao and Olañeta ignored the surrender. Shortly after arriving in Lima, Bolívar began <a href="/wiki/Second_siege_of_Callao" title="Second siege of Callao">a siege of Callao</a> that lasted until January 1826,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969378–379,_383Slattade_Grummond2003252–256Lynch2006194–195Arana2013331–335-350">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014402–405-351">[346]</a> and sent Sucre into Upper Peru to eliminate Olañeta. However, Oleñeta was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tumusla" title="Battle of Tumusla">Battle of Tumusla</a> prior to Sucre's arrival. With Irish volunteer <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Burdett_O%27Connor" title="Francisco Burdett O'Connor">Francisco Burdett O'Connor</a> serving as his second in command, Sucre completed the liberation of Upper Peru in April 1825.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014404–405-352">[347]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar,_1825.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar%2C_1825.jpg/220px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar%2C_1825.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar%2C_1825.jpg/330px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar%2C_1825.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar%2C_1825.jpg/440px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar%2C_1825.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3049" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Bolívar by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gil_de_Castro" title="José Gil de Castro">José Gil de Castro</a>, 1825</figcaption></figure> In early 1825, Bolívar resigned from his offices in Colombia and Peru, but neither nation's congress accepted his resignation; on 10 February 1825, the Peruvian congress extended his dictatorship for another year. Accepting the extension,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969381–382Slattade_Grummond2003256–257Lynch2006194–195Arana2013339-353">[348]</a> Bolívar settled into governing Peru and passing reforms that were largely not carried out, such as a school system based on the principles of English educator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lancaster" title="Joseph Lancaster">Joseph Lancaster</a> that was managed by Simón Rodríguez.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006195–196,_208Arana2013342–343-354">[349]</a> In April 1825, Bolívar began a tour of southern Peru that took him to the cities of <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a> and Cuzco by August. As Bolívar approached Upper Peru, a congress gathered in the city of Chuquisaca (now <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a>); on 6 August, it <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bolivian Declaration of Independence">declared</a> the region to be the nation of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, named Bolívar <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President</a>, and asked him to write a constitution for Bolivia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969386–388Slattade_Grummond2003257Lynch2006195–196,_199Arana2013343–346-355">[350]</a> Bolívar arrived in <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> on 5 October and met with two Argentine agents, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Alvear" title="Carlos María de Alvear">Carlos María de Alvear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_D%C3%ADaz_V%C3%A9lez" title="José Miguel Díaz Vélez">José Miguel Díaz Vélez</a>, who tried without success to convince him to intervene in the <a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969388–390Slattade_Grummond2003257Lynch2006200-356">[351]</a> From Potosí, Bolívar traveled to Chuquisaca and appointed Sucre to govern Bolivia on 29 December 1825;<a href="#cite_note-357">[352]</a> he departed for Peru on 1 January 1826.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969391–392Slattade_Grummond2003261–262Lynch2006201-358">[353]</a> Bolívar arrived in Lima on 10 February and dispatched his draft of the Bolivian constitution to Sucre on 12 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006201Arana2013348,_350-359">[354]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Bolivia_(1826)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Bolivia (1826) (page does not exist)">That constitution</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_Pol%C3%ADtica_de_Bolivia_de_1826" class="extiw" title="es:Constitución Política de Bolivia de 1826">es</a>] was ratified with modification by the Bolivian congress in July 1826.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969394Slattade_Grummond2003264-360">[355]</a> Peru, whose elites chafed at Bolívar's rule and the presence of his soldiers, was also induced to accept <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru_(1826)" title="Constitution of Peru (1826)">a modified version</a> of Bolívar's constitution on 16 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969406Lynch2006209,_211Arana2013356–357-361">[356]</a> In Venezuela, <a href="/wiki/La_Cosiata" title="La Cosiata">Páez revolted against Santander</a>, and in Panama, <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Panama" title="Congress of Panama">a congress of American nations</a> organized by Bolívar convened without his attendance and produced no change in the hemispheric <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a>. On 3 September, responding to pleas for his return to Colombia, Bolívar departed Peru and left it under a governing council led by Bolivian general <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Andrés de Santa Cruz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969407,_414–415,_423–426Slattade_Grummond2003265–267Lynch2006213–215,_222–223Arana2013353–358-362">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_years:_1826–1830">Final years: 1826–1830</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Final years: 1826–1830">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Septembrine_Conspiracy" title="Septembrine Conspiracy">Septembrine Conspiracy</a></div> Bolívar arrived in Guayaquil on 13 September 1826 and heard complaints against Santander's governance from the people of Guayaquil and Quito, who declared him their dictator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969426Slattade_Grummond2003268Arana2013362–364-363">[358]</a> From Ecuador, he continued north and heard more complaints, promoted civil and military officers, and commuted prison sentences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969421,_426Lynch2006218Arana2013363–364-364">[359]</a> As he approached Bogotá, Bolívar was met by Santander, who hoped to persuade Bolívar to his cause in the conflict with Páez. Although Santander was annoyed at Bolívar for his desire to return to power and ratify a version of the Bolivian constitution in Colombia, they reconciled and agreed that Bolívar would resume the presidency of Colombia; congress had reelected them to a second four-year term beginning on 2 January 1827. Bolívar arrived in Bogotá on 14 November 1826.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969427–428Slattade_Grummond2003268–269Lynch2006218–219Arana2013364–365-365">[360]</a> On 25 November, Bolívar left Bogotá with an army supplied by Santander and arrived at Puerto Cabello on 31 December,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003270Arana2013367-366">[361]</a> where he issued a general amnesty to Páez and his allies if they submitted to his authority. Páez accepted and in January 1827, Bolívar confirmed Páez's military authority in Venezuela and entered Caracas with him to much jubilation; for two months, Bolívar attended <a href="/wiki/Ball_(dance_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball (dance party)">balls</a> celebrating his return and the amnesty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969430–431Slattade_Grummond2003270Lynch2006225–226Langley200999Arana2013367–369-367">[362]</a> That amnesty, and clashes over Santander's handling of Colombia's finances, caused a break between Bolívar and Santander that became an open enmity in 1827.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969433–435Lynch2006227–228Langley200999Arana2013370–372-368">[363]</a> In February 1827, Bolívar submitted his resignation from the Presidency of Colombia, which its congress rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969436Slattade_Grummond2003272-369">[364]</a> Meanwhile, the Colombian soldiers garrisoned in Lima mutinied, arrested their Venezuelan officers, and <a href="/wiki/1827_Guayaquil_uprising" title="1827 Guayaquil uprising">occupied Guayaquil until September 1827</a>, allowing Bolívar's opponents in Peru to depose him as president and repeal his constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969435–436,_443Slattade_Grummond2003272Lynch2006228Arana2013362,_372–373-370">[365]</a> Bolívar departed Venezuela to return to Bogotá in July 1827. He arrived on 10 September with an army he had gathered at Cartagena and secured the calling of a new congress to meet at the city of <a href="/wiki/Oca%C3%B1a,_Norte_de_Santander" title="Ocaña, Norte de Santander">Ocaña</a> in early 1828 to modify the Colombian constitution. The elections for this congress were held in November 1827 and, as Bolívar declined to campaign because he did not wish to be perceived as personally influencing the elections, were very favorable to his political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969437–438,_444–445Slattade_Grummond2003273–274Lynch2006229–230,_232–233Arana2013376–378,_388-371">[366]</a> In January 1828, Bolívar was joined in Bogotá by Sáenz,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003274Lynch2006231-372">[367]</a> but on 16 March 1828 he left the capital after being informed of a Spanish-backed rebellion in Venezuela. As that revolt was crushed before he arrived, Bolívar turned his attention to the occupation of Cartagena by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Prudencio_Padilla" title="José Prudencio Padilla">José Prudencio Padilla</a>, a New Granadan admiral and Santander loyalist. Padilla's rebellion was also crushed before Bolívar arrived, however, and he was arrested and imprisoned in Bogotá. As the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Oca%C3%B1a" title="Convention of Ocaña">Convention of Ocaña</a> opened on 9 April, Bolívar based himself at <a href="/wiki/Bucaramanga" title="Bucaramanga">Bucaramanga</a> to monitor its proceedings through his aides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969445–447Slattade_Grummond2003275–276Lynch2006233–236Langley2009102Arana2013390–391-373">[368]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_San_Carlos_(Bogot%C3%A1)_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Window of the Palacio de San Carlos through which Bolívar escaped assassination on 25 September 1828" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Palacio_de_San_Carlos_%28Bogot%C3%A1%29_03.JPG/170px-Palacio_de_San_Carlos_%28Bogot%C3%A1%29_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Palacio_de_San_Carlos_%28Bogot%C3%A1%29_03.JPG/255px-Palacio_de_San_Carlos_%28Bogot%C3%A1%29_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Palacio_de_San_Carlos_%28Bogot%C3%A1%29_03.JPG/340px-Palacio_de_San_Carlos_%28Bogot%C3%A1%29_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The window of the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_San_Carlos,_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Palacio de San Carlos, Bogotá">Palacio de San Carlos</a> through which Bolívar escaped assassination on 25 September 1828</figcaption></figure> The convention appeared likely to adopt a federalist system. To prevent this, on 11 June 1828 Bolívar's allies staged a <a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">walkout</a>, leaving the convention without a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003276Lynch2006237Arana2013393-374">[369]</a> Two days later, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Alc%C3%A1ntara_Herr%C3%A1n" title="Pedro Alcántara Herrán">Pedro Alcántara Herrán</a>, a Bolívar loyalist and the governor of New Granada, called a meeting of the city's elite that denounced the Convention of Ocaña and called on Bolívar to assume absolute power in Colombia. Bolívar returned to Bogotá on 24 June and on 27 August assumed supreme power as the "president-liberator" of Colombia, abolished the office of the vice president, and assigned Santander to a diplomatic posting in Washington, D.C. On 25 September 1828, a group of young liberals that included Santander's secretary made <a href="/wiki/Septembrine_Conspiracy" title="Septembrine Conspiracy">an attempt to assassinate Bolívar</a> and overthrow his government. The attempt was thwarted by Sáenz, who bought time for Bolívar to escape as the assassins entered the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_San_Carlos,_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Palacio de San Carlos, Bogotá">Palacio de San Carlos</a>, and the Colombian Army. Bolívar spent the night hiding under a bridge until soldiers loyal to his regime rescued him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969451–456Slattade_Grummond2003276–280Lynch2006237–238,_240–241Langley2009102–103Arana2013393–394,_396–403-375">[370]</a> In the aftermath of the attempted coup, Santander and the conspirators were arrested. Bolívar, depressed and ill, considered resigning from politics and pardoning the conspirators, but was dissuaded from this by his officers. Padilla, though uninvolved with the attempted coup, was executed for treason for his earlier rebellion; Santander, whom Bolívar thought responsible for the plot, was pardoned but exiled from Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969456–458Lynch2006241–242Langley2009103Arana2013403–408-376">[371]</a> In December 1828, Bolívar left Bogotá to respond to Peru's <a href="/wiki/1828_Peruvian%E2%80%93Bolivian_War" title="1828 Peruvian–Bolivian War">intervention in Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War" title="Gran Colombia–Peru War">invasion of Ecuador</a> and a revolt in Popayán and Pasto led by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Obando" title="José María Obando">José María Obando</a>. He left behind a council of ministers led by Urdaneta to govern Colombia and announced that a congress would convene in January 1830 to devise a new constitution. Over 1829, Obando was defeated by Colombian general <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_C%C3%B3rdova" title="José María Córdova">José María Córdova</a> at Bolívar's direction in January and then pardoned, while Sucre and Venezuelan general <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Flores" title="Juan José Flores">Juan José Flores</a> defeated the Peruvians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarqui" title="Battle of Tarqui">Battle of Tarqui</a> in February, leading to an armistice in July and then the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guayaquil" title="Treaty of Guayaquil">Treaty of Guayaquil</a> in September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969460–464Slattade_Grummond2003277,_281–284Lynch2006253–259Arana2013411–415-377">[372]</a> While Bolívar was away, Urdaneta and the council of ministers planned with French envoys to have a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> succeed Bolívar on his death as King of Colombia. This plan was widely unpopular, and inspired Córdova to launch a revolt that was crushed in October 1829 by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Florence_O%27Leary" title="Daniel Florence O'Leary">Daniel Florence O'Leary</a>, Bolívar's <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a>. In November, Bolívar ordered the council to cease its planning; instead they resigned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003286–287Lynch2006262–266Arana2013414–417,_424,_426-378">[373]</a> Venezuelans, encouraged by a circular letter Bolívar had published in October, voted to secede from Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006267Arana2013425–426-379">[374]</a> On 15 January 1830, Bolívar arrived in Bogotá and on 20 January the <a href="/wiki/Admirable_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Admirable Congress">Admirable Congress</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_Admirable" class="extiw" title="es:Congreso Admirable">es</a>] convened in the city. Bolívar submitted his resignation from the presidency, which the congress did not accept until 27 April, following the appointment of New Granadan politician <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Caycedo" title="Domingo Caycedo">Domingo Caycedo</a> as interim President.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969472–476Slattade_Grummond2003287–289Lynch2006270–272Langley2009105Arana2013427–430,_432,_435-380">[375]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death and burial">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muerte_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bolívar on his deathbed as painted by Antonio Herrera Toro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Muerte_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.png/220px-Muerte_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Muerte_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.png/330px-Muerte_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Muerte_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.png/440px-Muerte_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Bolívar's death, by Venezuelan painter <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Herrera_Toro" title="Antonio Herrera Toro">Antonio Herrera Toro</a>, 1889</figcaption></figure> Determined to go into exile, Bolívar, who had given away or lost his fortune over his career, sold most of his remaining possessions and departed from Bogotá on 8 May 1830.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003272–273Lynch2006273Arana2013433–436-381">[376]</a> He traveled down the Magdalena to Cartagena, where he arrived by the end of June to wait for a ship to take him to England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006274Arana2013439-382">[377]</a> On 1 July, Bolívar was informed that Sucre had been assassinated near Pasto while en route to Quito, and wrote to Flores to ask him to avenge Sucre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969481–482Slattade_Grummond2003290Lynch2006274–275Arana2013440,_449-383">[378]</a> In September, Urdaneta installed a conservative government in Bogotá and asked Bolívar to return, but he refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969483–484Lynch2006275Arana2013445–446-384">[379]</a> With his health deteriorating and no ship forthcoming, Bolívar was moved by his staff to <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a> in October and then, at the invitation of a Spanish landowner in the area, to the <a href="/wiki/Quinta_de_San_Pedro_Alejandrino" title="Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino">Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino</a> near Santa Marta. There, on 17 December 1830, at the age of 47, Bolívar died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969485–487Slattade_Grummond2003290–291Lynch2006275–278Arana2013448,_450–454-385">[380]</a> Bolívar's body, dressed in a borrowed shirt, was interred in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_Basilica_of_Santa_Marta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathedral Basilica of Santa Marta (page does not exist)">Cathedral Basilica of Santa Marta</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Santa_Marta" class="extiw" title="es:Catedral Basílica de Santa Marta">es</a>] on 20 December 1830.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969487Lynch2006278Arana2013456-386">[381]</a> In 1842, Páez secured the repatriation of Bolívar's remains, which were paraded through Caracas and then laid to rest in its cathedral in December together with his wife and parents; Bolívar's heart remained in Santa Marta. His remains were moved again in October 1876 into the <a href="/wiki/National_Pantheon_of_Venezuela" title="National Pantheon of Venezuela">National Pantheon of Venezuela</a> in Caracas, created that year by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco">Antonio Guzmán Blanco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003295–301Lynch2006300–301Arana2013459–461-387">[382]</a> Bolívar's death has been the subject of conspiracy theories advanced by the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a>. In January 2008, President <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> set up a commission to investigate his claim that Bolívar had been poisoned by "New Granada traitors."<a href="#cite_note-388">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[384]</a> The commission exhumed Bolívar's remains on 16 July 2010.<a href="#cite_note-390">[385]</a> The results, made public on 26 July 2011, were inconclusive; <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela" title="Vice President of Venezuela">Vice President of Venezuela</a> <a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Jaua" title="Elías Jaua">Elías Jaua</a> announced that the commission could not prove Chávez's claim.<a href="#cite_note-tg1-391">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[388]</a> Chávez continued to claim that Bolívar had been assassinated via <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">arsenic poisoning</a>, citing a paper by infectious disease specialist Paul Auwaerter. Following Chávez's remarks, Auwaerter stated that the arsenic likely came from medicines Bolívar had ingested to treat his illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-tg1-391">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[390]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_beliefs">Personal beliefs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal beliefs">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">Federal parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn (Tony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhairi_Black" title="Mhairi Black">Black</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burgon" title="Richard Burgon">Burgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Campbell" title="Ronnie Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flynn_(politician)" title="Paul Flynn (politician)">Flynn (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn (Stephen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Greer" title="Ross Greer">Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (54–51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a> (1531)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a> (1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1787–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a> (1963)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha">Gaṇasaṅgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Morocco" title="Republicanism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway" title="Republicanism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Sweden" title="Republicanism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_republics" title="List of republics">List of republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_without_republicans" title="Republic without republicans">Republic without republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Republican empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Bolívar's personal beliefs were liberal and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a>, and formed by <a href="/wiki/Classical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical literature">Classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment philosophy">Enlightenment philosophy</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier200813,_15Jaksic200884-396">[391]</a> among his favorite authors were <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200313-24">[21]</a> The tutelage of Simón Rodríguez, a student of Rousseau, has been traditionally seen as foundational for Bolívar's beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196924–25Lynch200616–17Arana201334–35-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier200815-397">[392]</a> Also important to Bolívar's intellectual development were his stays in Paris from 1804 to 1806 and in London in 1810.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200628–38-398">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERacine200858–59-399">[394]</a> Bolívar was an <a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">anglophile</a>, and sought British aid in securing Latin American independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969412–414Lynch2006216–217-400">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier200819,_27Ewell200838–39,_47Racine200857–58-401">[396]</a> The extent of Bolívar's religiosity is debated; while Bolívar resented the social capital of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Latin_America" title="Catholic Church in Latin America">Catholic Church</a> and its Royalist leanings during the wars of independence, he sought to co-opt its social capital for the benefit of the republics he established rather than dismember the Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969181–182Lynch200678,_244–249-402">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERacine200863–64Safford2008101–102-403">[398]</a> Throughout his political career, Bolívar concerned himself with the construction of liberal democracy in Latin America and the region's place in the Atlantic world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier200814-404">[399]</a> By the 1820s, his goal was to create a federation of Latin American republics in Spanish America, each governed by a strong executive and a constitution modeled on the <a href="/wiki/British_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="British constitution">British constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier200815–19,_25–27-405">[400]</a> Inspired by Montesquieu, Bolívar believed that a government should conform to the needs and character of its region and inhabitants;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier200818-406">[401]</a> in the Cartagena Manifesto, Bolívar stated that federalism as practiced in the United States was the "perfect" government but was unworkable in Spanish America because, he believed, Spanish imperialism had left Spanish Americans unprepared for federalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier200816,_18Ewell200838–40-407">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley200944-408">[403]</a> Bolívar sought to prepare Colombia for a more liberal democracy via free, public education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006285–286-409">[404]</a> Over the 1820s, Bolívar became increasingly disillusioned and authoritarian until, in 1830, he declared to Flores, "all who have served the Revolution have plowed the sea."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969484Lynch2006259–262,_276Arana2013447,_450-410">[405]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Bolívar is the preeminent symbol of Latin America and the focus of what could seem almost unrivaled posthumous attention, seen from his own times forward as a force now for liberalism or other forms of modernity, now for old regime values and authoritarianism, now for a mix of the two, with the debate over the meaning of his figure having no end in sight. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">Robert T. Conn, Bolívar's Afterlife in the Americas<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConn20202-411">[406]</a></cite> </div> Bolívar has had an immense legacy, becoming the essential personality of Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConn20202-411">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana2013460-412">[407]</a> The currencies of Venezuela and Bolivia—the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">bolívar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_boliviano" title="Bolivian boliviano">boliviano</a> respectively—are named after Bolívar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConn202090-413">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmillas-Tiseyra20131-414">[409]</a> In the English-speaking world, Bolívar is known as Latin America's <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond20033–8Langley2009ix–xiArana20134–6-415">[410]</a> He has been memorialized across the world in literature, public monuments, and historiography, and paid tribute to in the names of towns, cities, provinces, and other people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003303–304Arana2013459-416">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConn202013-417">[412]</a> The Quinta near Santa Marta has been preserved as a museum to Bolívar<a href="#cite_note-418">[413]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Birthplace of Simón Bolívar">the house in which he was born</a> was opened as a museum and archive of his papers on 5 July 1921.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006302-419">[414]</a> In 1978, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> created the <a href="/wiki/International_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Prize" title="International Simón Bolívar Prize">International Simón Bolívar Prize</a> "to reward an activity of outstanding merit in accordance with the ideals of Simón Bolívar."<a href="#cite_note-420">[415]</a> Initial historical evaluations of Bolívar were at first negative, consisting of criticism of his conduct of the war, execution of Piar, betrayal of Miranda, and authoritarianism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana2013455,_458-421">[416]</a> These and other criticisms endure in studies of Bolívar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006281–283Langley200944–45Arana2013458-422">[417]</a> Beginning in 1842, however, popular opinion about Bolívar in Venezuela became overwhelmingly positive and eventually became what has been described by scholars as the "cult of Bolívar", led by succeeding heads of the Venezuelan state. In 1998, President <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, who had made extensive use of Bolívar's image for government projects and initiatives, changed the official name of Venezuela to the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Republic_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela">Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003305,_308Lynch2006299–304Langley2009109–110,_119–120Arana2013460–463-423">[418]</a> In Colombia, allegiance or opposition to Bolívar formed the bedrock of the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party" title="Colombian Conservative Party">Conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party" title="Colombian Liberal Party">Liberal</a> parties respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley2009111-424">[419]</a> Bolívar continued to have such a cultural influence in Colombia that in 1974 the <a href="/wiki/19th_of_April_Movement" title="19th of April Movement">19th of April Movement</a>, an insurgent leftist group that later joined an alliance thereof called the <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Guerrilla_Coordinating_Board" title="Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board">Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1974_Quinta_de_Bol%C3%ADvar_heist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 Quinta de Bolívar heist (page does not exist)">stole a sword</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robo_de_la_espada_de_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="es:Robo de la espada de Bolívar">es</a>] alleged to belong to Bolívar from his <a href="/wiki/Quinta_de_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Quinta de Bolívar">Bogotá residence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003305–306-425">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGómez_Pernia2017206-426">[421]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertadores" title="Libertadores">Libertadores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Crown of Simón Bolívar">Crown of Simón Bolívar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styled</a> as Supreme Political and Military Authority of the Peruvian Republic.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Styled as Liberator President of the Republic of Colombia, Liberator of Peru, and Charged with the Supreme Command of it. The term "president" was not in common use at the time of Bolívar's designation. Whether this then makes Bolívar not the first president is a minor source of academic dispute.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɒlɪvər, -vɑːr/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BOL-iv-ər, -⁠ar</a>;<a href="#cite_note-dict1-5">[3]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈboʊlɪvɑːr/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BOH-liv-ar</a>;<a href="#cite_note-dict2-6">[4]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[siˈmom boˈliβaɾ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/04\/Es-Simon_Bolivar.oga\/Es-Simon_Bolivar.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Es-Simon Bolivar.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Es-Simon_Bolivar.oga/Es-Simon_Bolivar.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Es-Simon_Bolivar.oga" title="File:Es-Simon Bolivar.oga">ⓘ</a>. In isolation, Simón is pronounced as Spanish <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[siˈmon]</a>, and that is the pronunciation in the recording. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Biographers disagree on the exact date Miranda arrived in Venezuela in December 1810. Arana says 10 December,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201395-110">[107]</a> Lynch says 11 December,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200654-111">[108]</a> Masur and Langley say 12 December,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196985-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley200932-113">[110]</a> Slatta and de Grummond say 13 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200342-114">[111]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Masur, Langley, and Arana state that Bolívar issued his proclamation of emancipation in early June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969197Langley200960Arana2013186-220">[216]</a> Slatta, de Grummond, and Lynch state that it was issued in July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003142Lynch2006100-221">[217]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congreso.gob.pe/participacion/museo/congreso/mensajes/ley_abolicion_constitucion_vitalicia_eleccion_presidente_republica_22_junio_1827">"Ley Disponiendo Que El Ejecutivo Comunique A Bolívar La Abolición De La Constitución Vitalicia Y La Elección De Presidente De La República, 22 de Junio de 1827"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Peru">Congress of Peru</a>. 22 June 1827. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ley+Disponiendo+Que+El+Ejecutivo+Comunique+A+Bol%C3%ADvar+La+Abolici%C3%B3n+De+La+Constituci%C3%B3n+Vitalicia+Y+La+Elecci%C3%B3n+De+Presidente+De+La+Rep%C3%BAblica%2C+22+de+Junio+de+1827&rft.pub=Congress+of+Peru&rft.date=1827-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congreso.gob.pe%2Fparticipacion%2Fmuseo%2Fcongreso%2Fmensajes%2Fley_abolicion_constitucion_vitalicia_eleccion_presidente_republica_22_junio_1827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eldia.com.bo/noticia.php?id=81377">"Se enciende el debate por el cargo de Simón Bolívar"</a> [Debate Ignites over Simón Bolívar's Position]. El Día (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. 19 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230214195704/https://www.eldia.com.bo/noticia.php?id=81377">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+D%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=Se+enciende+el+debate+por+el+cargo+de+Sim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldia.com.bo%2Fnoticia.php%3Fid%3D81377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dict1-5"><a href="#cite_ref-dict1_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531211411/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bolivar">"Bolívar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bolivar">the original</a> on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Bol%C3%ADvar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fbolivar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dict2-6"><a href="#cite_ref-dict2_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821160049/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/simon-bolivar">"Bolívar, Simón"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Longman_Dictionary_of_Contemporary_English" title="Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English">Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English</a>. <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/simon-bolivar">the original</a> on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Longman+Dictionary+of+Contemporary+English&rft.atitle=Bol%C3%ADvar%2C+Sim%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldoceonline.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsimon-bolivar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196920,_22Slattade_Grummond2003311Lynch20062Langley20094Arana20136–8-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196920,_22Slattade_Grummond2003311Lynch20062Langley20094Arana20136–8_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 20, 22; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 311; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 6–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley20094-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangley20094_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196920Slattade_Grummond200310Arana20138–9-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196920Slattade_Grummond200310Arana20138–9_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196920Slattade_Grummond200310–11Langley20094-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196920Slattade_Grummond200310–11Langley20094_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 10–11; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196920Langley20094Arana20137,_17-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196920Langley20094Arana20137,_17_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 7, 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20067-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch20067_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003311Langley2009xixArana201321-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003311Langley2009xixArana201321_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 311; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. xix; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley20099Arana201318-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangley20099Arana201318_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196923Langley20099Arana201318-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196923Langley20099Arana201318_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200311-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200311_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196922–23-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196922–23_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196922–23Slattade_Grummond200311–12Lynch200616Arana20137–8,_22-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196922–23Slattade_Grummond200311–12Lynch200616Arana20137–8,_22_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 22–23; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 11–12; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 7–8, 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200312Langley2009xix-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200312Langley2009xix_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196923Langley20099Arana201324-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196923Langley20099Arana201324_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201325-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArana201325_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArana201325_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196923Slattade_Grummond200313Arana201324-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196923Slattade_Grummond200313Arana201324_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200313-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200313_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200313_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196924Arana201325-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196924Arana201325_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 24; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200617-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200617_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley20099Arana201325-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangley20099Arana201325_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196923–24Langley20099Arana201322-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196923–24Langley20099Arana201322_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 23–24; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196923–24Langley20099Arana201322–23-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196923–24Langley20099Arana201322–23_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 23–24; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200617Arana201332-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200617Arana201332_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196925Slattade_Grummond200314Lynch200617Arana201332-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196925Slattade_Grummond200314Lynch200617Arana201332_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 14; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201332-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArana201332_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196925Lynch200617Arana201333-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196925Lynch200617Arana201333_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196925Arana201334-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196925Arana201334_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196924–25Lynch200616–17Arana201334–35-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196924–25Lynch200616–17Arana201334–35_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196924–25Lynch200616–17Arana201334–35_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 24–25; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 16–17; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196927Lynch200617Arana201336–37-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196927Lynch200617Arana201336–37_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196927Slattade_Grummond200317Lynch200618Arana201337-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196927Slattade_Grummond200317Lynch200618Arana201337_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200618Arana201337-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200618Arana201337_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200317Arana201342-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200317Arana201342_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196927Lynch200618Arana201338-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196927Lynch200618Arana201338_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201337-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArana201337_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200318Lynch200618-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200318Lynch200618_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200318Arana201343-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200318Arana201343_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200318Lynch200619Arana201343-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200318Lynch200619Arana201343_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196928Slattade_Grummond200318Langley200913Arana201344-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196928Slattade_Grummond200318Langley200913Arana201344_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 28; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201344-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArana201344_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECardozo_Uzcátegui201117–18-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardozo_Uzcátegui201117–18_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCardozo_Uzcátegui2011">Cardozo Uzcátegui 2011</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECardozo_Uzcátegui201114,_19-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardozo_Uzcátegui201114,_19_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCardozo_Uzcátegui2011">Cardozo Uzcátegui 2011</a>, pp. 14, 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196928Langley200913Arana201344-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196928Langley200913Arana201344_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 28; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200319Arana201346-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200319Arana201346_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196930Slattade_Grummond200318Arana201346-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196930Slattade_Grummond200318Arana201346_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196930–31Slattade_Grummond200319Langley200913-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196930–31Slattade_Grummond200319Langley200913_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 30–31; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196930Slattade_Grummond200318–19Arana201346–47-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196930Slattade_Grummond200318–19Arana201346–47_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 18–19; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 46–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200620-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200620_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200620_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200620_54-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200620Arana201347-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200620Arana201347_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECardozo_Uzcátegui201118-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardozo_Uzcátegui201118_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCardozo_Uzcátegui2011">Cardozo Uzcátegui 2011</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200319Arana201347-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200319Arana201347_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196931Slattade_Grummond200319Lynch200620-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196931Slattade_Grummond200319Lynch200620_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 31; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200620Arana201348-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200620Arana201348_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201348-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArana201348_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200319Lynch200620Arana201349–50-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200319Lynch200620Arana201349–50_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196931Slattade_Grummond200319–20Lynch200621Langley200914Arana201350–51-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196931Slattade_Grummond200319–20Lynch200621Langley200914Arana201350–51_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 31; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 19–20; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 14; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201351-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArana201351_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200319–20Lynch200622Arana201351-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200319–20Lynch200622Arana201351_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 19–20; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196933–34Slattade_Grummond200320Lynch200622Langley200915Arana201351–52-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196933–34Slattade_Grummond200320Lynch200622Langley200915Arana201351–52_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 33–34; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 51–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201352-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArana201352_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200320Langley200915-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200320Langley200915_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200320Arana201352-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200320Arana201352_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200623Arana201353–54-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200623Arana201353–54_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196936–37Slattade_Grummond200321–22Lynch200623Langley200915Arana201354,_57–58-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196936–37Slattade_Grummond200321–22Lynch200623Langley200915Arana201354,_57–58_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 36–37; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 21–22; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 54, 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBushnell2003114Brown20094-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBushnell2003114Brown20094_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushnell2003">Bushnell 2003</a>, p. 114; <a href="#CITEREFBrown2009">Brown 2009</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200324Lynch200625Arana201361-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200324Lynch200625Arana201361_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 24; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196941Slattade_Grummond200324Lynch200625Arana201361–62-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196941Slattade_Grummond200324Lynch200625Arana201361–62_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 41; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 24; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200324Arana201362-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200324Arana201362_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 24; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196941Slattade_Grummond200324Lynch200626Arana201363-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196941Slattade_Grummond200324Lynch200626Arana201363_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 41; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 24; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196941–42Arana201363,_65-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196941–42Arana201363,_65_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 41–42; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 63, 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200324Lynch200626Arana201365–66-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200324Lynch200626Arana201365–66_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 24; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200627-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200627_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196955–56Slattade_Grummond200330Lynch200639Arana201370-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196955–56Slattade_Grummond200330Lynch200639Arana201370_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 55–56; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 39; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200325Arana201371-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200325Arana201371_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200325Lynch200639Arana201372-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200325Lynch200639Arana201372_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 39; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley200918-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangley200918_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200326Arana201377-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200326Arana201377_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200333–34Lynch200641Arana201380-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200333–34Lynch200641Arana201380_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 33–34; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 41; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200641Arana201377,_81-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200641Arana201377,_81_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 41; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 77, 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196961–62Slattade_Grummond200326–27Lynch200644Arana201377–78-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196961–62Slattade_Grummond200326–27Lynch200644Arana201377–78_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 61–62; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 26–27; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200331–32Lynch200645Arana201379-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200331–32Lynch200645Arana201379_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 31–32; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 45; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200645–46Arana201379–80-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200645–46Arana201379–80_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 45–46; 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<a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 47; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196967Arana201384-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196967Arana201384_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196968–69Slattade_Grummond200336–37Arana201384–86-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196968–69Slattade_Grummond200336–37Arana201384–86_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 68–69; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 36–37; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 84–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200648Arana201386-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200648Arana201386_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201485-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201485_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200338Lynch200648-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200338Lynch200648_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200338Lynch200648Arana201387-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200338Lynch200648Arana201387_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200338-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200338_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196972–73Slattade_Grummond200338Lynch200648–49Langley200928Arana201387–88-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196972–73Slattade_Grummond200338Lynch200648–49Langley200928Arana201387–88_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 72–73; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 48–49; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 28; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 87–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200649–50Arana201392-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200649–50Arana201392_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 49–50; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200339–40Lynch200651–52Arana201388–90-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200339–40Lynch200651–52Arana201388–90_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 39–40; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 51–52; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 88–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196977Slattade_Grummond200340Lynch200652–53-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196977Slattade_Grummond200340Lynch200652–53_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 77; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 40; 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<a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 53; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196980–81Slattade_Grummond200341Lynch200653–54-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196980–81Slattade_Grummond200341Lynch200653–54_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 80–81; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 41; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200341–42Lynch200654Arana201396–97-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200341–42Lynch200654Arana201396–97_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 41–42; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 54; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 96–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201395-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArana201395_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200654-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200654_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196985-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196985_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley200932-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangley200932_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200342-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200342_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200654Langley200931-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200654Langley200931_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 54; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201487-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201487_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196983Langley200931-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196983Langley200931_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 83; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196984Langley200931-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196984Langley200931_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 84; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201487–88-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201487–88_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, pp. 87–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200346Arana201397-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200346Arana201397_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 46; 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<a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 47; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201488–91-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201488–91_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, pp. 88–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200656-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200656_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana201399–100-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArana201399–100_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200658Arana2013100-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200658Arana2013100_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 58; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196991Arana2013104-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196991Arana2013104_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 91; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201491-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201491_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196991Slattade_Grummond200348Langley200934Langley200934Arana2013104-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196991Slattade_Grummond200348Langley200934Langley200934Arana2013104_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 91; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196992Slattade_Grummond200348,_52Lynch200658Arana2013104–105-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196992Slattade_Grummond200348,_52Lynch200658Arana2013104–105_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 92; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 48, 52; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 58; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196992Arana2013105-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196992Arana2013105_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 92; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196993Arana2013105–106-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196993Arana2013105–106_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 93; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 105–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20061-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch20061_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201491–92-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201491–92_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200355Lynch200659Langley200935–36Arana2013107–109-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200355Lynch200659Langley200935–36Arana2013107–109_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 55; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 59; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, pp. 35–36; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 107–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196996-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196996_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana2013108–109-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArana2013108–109_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 108–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196995–96Slattade_Grummond200356Lynch200659Arana2013109–110-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196995–96Slattade_Grummond200356Lynch200659Arana2013109–110_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 95–96; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 56; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 59; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200357-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200357_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201493-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201493_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201493_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane201493_143-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur196997–98Lynch200660Arana2013112-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur196997–98Lynch200660Arana2013112_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 97–98; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 60; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200357Arana2013112-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200357Arana2013112_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 57; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200357Lynch200660Arana2013112-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200357Lynch200660Arana2013112_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 57; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 60; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969100Slattade_Grummond200358Arana2013114–115-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969100Slattade_Grummond200358Arana2013114–115_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 100; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 58; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969101Slattade_Grummond200358–59Arana2013-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969101Slattade_Grummond200358–59Arana2013_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 101; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 58–59; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969103Slattade_Grummond200363Arana2013118-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969103Slattade_Grummond200363Arana2013118_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 103; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 63; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200364Lynch200661Arana2013119-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200364Lynch200661Arana2013119_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 64; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 61; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200661Arana2013118-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200661Arana2013118_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 61; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969103–104Slattade_Grummond200364–65Lynch200661–62Arana2013120–122-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969103–104Slattade_Grummond200364–65Lynch200661–62Arana2013120–122_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 103–104; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 64–65; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 61–62; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 120–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969104–105Lynch200662Arana2013122-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969104–105Lynch200662Arana2013122_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 104–105; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 62; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969105Langley200938-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969105Langley200938_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 105; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969105Arana2013122-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969105Arana2013122_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 105; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969105–106Slattade_Grummond200367Lynch200662–63Arana2013124–126-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969105–106Slattade_Grummond200367Lynch200662–63Arana2013124–126_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 105–106; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 62–63; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 124–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200367Langley200942Arana2013126–128-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200367Langley200942Arana2013126–128_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 42; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 126–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969107,_112Arana2013128-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969107,_112Arana2013128_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 107, 112; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200371Arana2013129,_132-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200371Arana2013129,_132_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 71; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 129, 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969113–115Slattade_Grummond200370Lynch200666–68Arana2013130–131-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969113–115Slattade_Grummond200370Lynch200666–68Arana2013130–131_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 113–115; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 70; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 66–68; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969116-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969116_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969116Lynch200669Arana2013131–132-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969116Lynch200669Arana2013131–132_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 116; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 69; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 131–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969116–117Slattade_Grummond200371–72Lynch200669–70Arana2013132–133-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969116–117Slattade_Grummond200371–72Lynch200669–70Arana2013132–133_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 116–117; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 71–72; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 69–70; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 132–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969118–119Slattade_Grummond200372–73Arana2013136–138-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969118–119Slattade_Grummond200372–73Arana2013136–138_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 118–119; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 72–73; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 136–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200373–74Lynch200670-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200373–74Lynch200670_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 73–74; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969119Slattade_Grummond200374Arana2013138-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969119Slattade_Grummond200374Arana2013138_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 119; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 74; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969119–120Slattade_Grummond200374–76Lynch200670–71Arana2013138–139-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969119–120Slattade_Grummond200374–76Lynch200670–71Arana2013138–139_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 119–120; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 74–76; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 70–71; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 138–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200375-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200375_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969124Slattade_Grummond200377Lynch200673Langley200946Arana2013142–143-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969124Slattade_Grummond200377Lynch200673Langley200946Arana2013142–143_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 124; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 77; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 73; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 46; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014115-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014115_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969129Slattade_Grummond200375Lynch200675Arana2013146-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969129Slattade_Grummond200375Lynch200675Arana2013146_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 129; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 75; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 75; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014120-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014120_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200382–84Lynch200684-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200382–84Lynch200684_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 82–84; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014123-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014123_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200384–85Lynch200679-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200384–85Lynch200679_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 84–85; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969122–123Slattade_Grummond200376Lynch200672Arana2013140-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969122–123Slattade_Grummond200376Lynch200672Arana2013140_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 122–123; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 76; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 72; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200677-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200677_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014125-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014125_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200677–78-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200677–78_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014122-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014122_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969138–139Slattade_Grummond200375,_85Lynch200676–78-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969138–139Slattade_Grummond200375,_85Lynch200676–78_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 138–139; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 75, 85; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 76–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014118–119-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014118–119_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969140Langley200947Arana2013150-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969140Langley200947Arana2013150_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 140; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 47; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969135Langley200949-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969135Langley200949_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 135; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200386Langley200948–49Arana2013153-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200386Langley200948–49Arana2013153_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 86; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, pp. 48–49; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014123–124-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014123–124_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200385–87,_97Lynch200681–82Arana2013151–152-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond200385–87,_97Lynch200681–82Arana2013151–152_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 85–87, 97; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 81–82; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 151–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003100–104,_106–112Langley200950Arana2013156–159,_163–164-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003100–104,_106–112Langley200950Arana2013156–159,_163–164_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 100–104, 106–112; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 50; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 156–159, 163–164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014126–129-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014126–129_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, pp. 126–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969161Slattade_Grummond2003106Lynch200686Arana2013159-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969161Slattade_Grummond2003106Lynch200686Arana2013159_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969161Slattade_Grummond2003106Lynch200686Arana2013159_190-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 161; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 106; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 86; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003107-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003107_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969162-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969162_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003108Arana2013160-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003108Arana2013160_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 108; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969161–162Slattade_Grummond2003108Lynch200686–87Arana2013161-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969161–162Slattade_Grummond2003108Lynch200686–87Arana2013161_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 161–162; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 108; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 86–87; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003108–109Lynch200687-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003108–109Lynch200687_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 108–109; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003109Lynch200687Arana2013162–163-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003109Lynch200687Arana2013162–163_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 109; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 87; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 162–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969163Arana2013163-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969163Arana2013163_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 163; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969165–166Slattade_Grummond2003110–111Lynch200688-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969165–166Slattade_Grummond2003110–111Lynch200688_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 165–166; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 110–111; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969167Lynch200689Langley200954-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969167Lynch200689Langley200954_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 167; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003111–113Lynch200688–89Arana2013168-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003111–113Lynch200688–89Arana2013168_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 111–113; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 88–89; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969168–170Slattade_Grummond2003113–114Lynch200689–90Langley200955Arana2013169–170-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969168–170Slattade_Grummond2003113–114Lynch200689–90Langley200955Arana2013169–170_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 168–170; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 113–114; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 89–90; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 55; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 169–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003114Lynch200689–90Arana2013169–170-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003114Lynch200689–90Arana2013169–170_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 114; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 89–90; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 169–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969170–171Slattade_Grummond2003114Langley200955Arana2013170–171-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969170–171Slattade_Grummond2003114Langley200955Arana2013170–171_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 170–171; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 114; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 55; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 170–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969173–174Slattade_Grummond2003115Lynch200690172–173Arana2013-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969173–174Slattade_Grummond2003115Lynch200690172–173Arana2013_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 173–174; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 115; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 90; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014138-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014138_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003116Lynch200690-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003116Lynch200690_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 116; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969184–185,_190Slattade_Grummond2003124–127Lynch200692,_95Langley200955–57Arana2013174–176-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969184–185,_190Slattade_Grummond2003124–127Lynch200692,_95Langley200955–57Arana2013174–176_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 184–185, 190; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 124–127; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 92, 95; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, pp. 55–57; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 174–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003128–129-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003128–129_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 128–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969183Slattade_Grummond2003129Lynch200696–97Arana2013177-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969183Slattade_Grummond2003129Lynch200696–97Arana2013177_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 183; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 129; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 96–97; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969191Lynch200697Arana2013177–178-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969191Lynch200697Arana2013177–178_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 191; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 97; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 177–178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003129Langley200959Arana2013178-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003129Langley200959Arana2013178_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 129; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 59; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969192Slattade_Grummond2003130Lynch200697Langley200959Arana2013178–179-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969192Slattade_Grummond2003130Lynch200697Langley200959Arana2013178–179_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 192; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 130; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 97; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 59; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 178–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969192–193Slattade_Grummond2003130Arana2013179-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969192–193Slattade_Grummond2003130Arana2013179_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 192–193; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 130; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969193Slattade_Grummond2003130Lynch200697Arana2013179-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969193Slattade_Grummond2003130Lynch200697Arana2013179_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 193; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 130; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 97; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014313-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014313_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 313. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969194–195Slattade_Grummond2003131–132Arana2013179-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969194–195Slattade_Grummond2003131–132Arana2013179_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 194–195; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 131–132; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969195Lynch2006100Arana2013183-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969195Lynch2006100Arana2013183_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 195; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 100; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003137–138Lynch2006100Arana2013183–184-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003137–138Lynch2006100Arana2013183–184_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 137–138; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 100; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 183–184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969197–198Slattade_Grummond2003141–142Lynch2006100Langley200960Arana2013186-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969197–198Slattade_Grummond2003141–142Lynch2006100Langley200960Arana2013186_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 197–198; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 141–142; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 100; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 60; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969197Langley200960Arana2013186-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969197Langley200960Arana2013186_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 197; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 60; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003142Lynch2006100-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003142Lynch2006100_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 142; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969197Slattade_Grummond2003139–140-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969197Slattade_Grummond2003139–140_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 197; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969198–200Slattade_Grummond2003141–144Lynch2006100-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969198–200Slattade_Grummond2003141–144Lynch2006100_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 198–200; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 141–144; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014314-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014314_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969202Lynch2006101Arana2013189-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969202Lynch2006101Arana2013189_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 202; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 101; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003147–148Arana2013190-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003147–148Arana2013190_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 147–148; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969203Slattade_Grummond2003146Lynch2006101Arana2013189-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969203Slattade_Grummond2003146Lynch2006101Arana2013189_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 203; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 146; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 101; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003146Arana2013190–191-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003146Arana2013190–191_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 146; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 190–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969203Arana2013191-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969203Arana2013191_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 203; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969203Slattade_Grummond2003150–151Arana2013190–191-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969203Slattade_Grummond2003150–151Arana2013190–191_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 203; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 150–151; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 190–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003151–152Lynch2006102-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003151–152Lynch2006102_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 151–152; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003146–147Lynch2006102Arana2013191–192-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003146–147Lynch2006102Arana2013191–192_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 146–147; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 102; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 191–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014313–315-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014313–315_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, pp. 313–315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003152Arana2013192-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003152Arana2013192_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 152; 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<a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 153; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 102–103; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014315-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014315_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969210Slattade_Grummond2003154-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969210Slattade_Grummond2003154_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 210; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969211Slattade_Grummond2003155Lynch2006103–104Arana2013195–196-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969211Slattade_Grummond2003155Lynch2006103–104Arana2013195–196_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 211; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 155; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 103–104; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 195–196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969211,_213Slattade_Grummond2003153–154,_156Arana2013200–202-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969211,_213Slattade_Grummond2003153–154,_156Arana2013200–202_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 211, 213; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 153–154, 156; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 200–202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969213–214Slattade_Grummond2003156Lynch2006104Arana2013202-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969213–214Slattade_Grummond2003156Lynch2006104Arana2013202_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 213–214; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 156; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 104; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969217Lynch2006106Arana2013197-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969217Lynch2006106Arana2013197_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 217; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 106; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969217–218Slattade_Grummond2003158–160Arana2013197–199-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969217–218Slattade_Grummond2003158–160Arana2013197–199_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 217–218; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 158–160; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 197–199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969220Slattade_Grummond2003160Arana2013202–203-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969220Slattade_Grummond2003160Arana2013202–203_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 220; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 160; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 202–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003160-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003160_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969215Slattade_Grummond2003157Arana2013201-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969215Slattade_Grummond2003157Arana2013201_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 215; 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<a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969231–232Slattade_Grummond2003171–172Lynch2006115Arana2013209–211-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969231–232Slattade_Grummond2003171–172Lynch2006115Arana2013209–211_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 231–232; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 171–172; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 115; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 209–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014317-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014317_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969234–235Slattade_Grummond2003173Lynch2006116Arana2013211–212-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969234–235Slattade_Grummond2003173Lynch2006116Arana2013211–212_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 234–235; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 173; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 116; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 211–212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014321–322-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014321–322_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, pp. 321–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969235–237,_243Slattade_Grummond2003174–180Lynch2006116–117Arana2013212–217-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969235–237,_243Slattade_Grummond2003174–180Lynch2006116–117Arana2013212–217_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 235–237, 243; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 174–180; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 116–117; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 212–217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969244Lynch2006117-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969244Lynch2006117_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 244; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014325-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014325_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014325_261-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014325_261-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 325. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969245Slattade_Grummond2003180Lynch2006119Arana2013222-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969245Slattade_Grummond2003180Lynch2006119Arana2013222_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 245; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 180; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 119; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969246–253Lynch2006120–122Arana2013222–225-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969246–253Lynch2006120–122Arana2013222–225_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 246–253; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 120–122; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 222–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969246Arana2013222-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969246Arana2013222_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 246; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969254Slattade_Grummond2003180Arana2013225-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969254Slattade_Grummond2003180Arana2013225_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 254; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 180; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969255-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969255_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969255–258Slattade_Grummond2003180–181Lynch2006126Arana2013226–228-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969255–258Slattade_Grummond2003180–181Lynch2006126Arana2013226–228_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 255–258; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 180–181; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 126; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 226–228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969263Slattade_Grummond2003183Lynch2006127Arana2013228–229-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969263Slattade_Grummond2003183Lynch2006127Arana2013228–229_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 263; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 183; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 127; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 228–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003176Lynch2006124-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003176Lynch2006124_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 176; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014324–325-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014324–325_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, pp. 324–325. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003183Lynch2006127-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003183Lynch2006127_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 183; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006127Langley200975Arana2013228-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2006127Langley200975Arana2013228_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 127; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 75; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014326–327-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014326–327_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, pp. 326–327. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006127Arana2013229–230-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2006127Arana2013229–230_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 127; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 229–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003184Arana2013230-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003184Arana2013230_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 184; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969264Slattade_Grummond2003184Lynch2006128Arana2013230–231-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969264Slattade_Grummond2003184Lynch2006128Arana2013230–231_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 264; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 184; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 128; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 230–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969166Slattade_Grummond2003185-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969166Slattade_Grummond2003185_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 166; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006128Arana2013232-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2006128Arana2013232_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 128; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969268–273Slattade_Grummond2003188–193Lynch2006128–130Langley200975Arana2013232–235-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969268–273Slattade_Grummond2003188–193Lynch2006128–130Langley200975Arana2013232–235_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 268–273; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 188–193; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 128–130; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 75; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 232–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014327–328-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014327–328_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, pp. 327–328. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003193Lynch2006130Arana2013235,_237-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003193Lynch2006130Arana2013235,_237_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 193; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 130; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 235, 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969276Slattade_Grummond2003193,_195Lynch2006130–131-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969276Slattade_Grummond2003193,_195Lynch2006130–131_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 276; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 193, 195; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969280Lynch2006130Arana2013238–239-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969280Lynch2006130Arana2013238–239_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 280; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 130; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 238–239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969277,_280Lynch2006131Arana2013240–241-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969277,_280Lynch2006131Arana2013240–241_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 277, 280; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 131; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 240–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003195Lynch2006131–132-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003195Lynch2006131–132_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 195; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 131–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969282–283Slattade_Grummond2003196–197Lynch2006132–133Arana2013245–246-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969282–283Slattade_Grummond2003196–197Lynch2006132–133Arana2013245–246_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 282–283; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 196–197; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 132–133; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 245–246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969283Slattade_Grummond2003197–198Arana2013246-287"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969283Slattade_Grummond2003197–198Arana2013246_287-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 283; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 197–198; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969284Slattade_Grummond2003198Lynch2006134Arana2013246–247-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969284Slattade_Grummond2003198Lynch2006134Arana2013246–247_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 284; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 198; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 134; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 246–247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969290Arana2013247-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969290Arana2013247_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 290; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969290Slattade_Grummond2003200–201Arana2013247-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969290Slattade_Grummond2003200–201Arana2013247_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 290; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 200–201; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003201–202Lynch2006134,_136-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003201–202Lynch2006134,_136_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 201–202; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 134, 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969291–292Slattade_Grummond2003204Lynch2006136Arana2013247–248-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969291–292Slattade_Grummond2003204Lynch2006136Arana2013247–248_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 291–292; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 204; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 136; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 247–248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014368-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014368_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969292–297Slattade_Grummond2003204–209Lynch2006136–137Arana2013248,_253–254-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969292–297Slattade_Grummond2003204–209Lynch2006136–137Arana2013248,_253–254_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 292–297; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 204–209; 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<a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 224; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006167-311"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2006167_311-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969302,_319Lynch2006138–139,_168-312"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969302,_319Lynch2006138–139,_168_312-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 302, 319; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 138–139, 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969317Slattade_Grummond2003222Lynch2006167-313"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969317Slattade_Grummond2003222Lynch2006167_313-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 317; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 222; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003213–215Langley200979Arana2013271–277-314"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003213–215Langley200979Arana2013271–277_314-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 213–215; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 79; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 271–277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969317Slattade_Grummond2003224–225Lynch2006167Arana2013278-315"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969317Slattade_Grummond2003224–225Lynch2006167Arana2013278_315-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 317; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 224–225; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 167; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969312Lynch2006146-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969312Lynch2006146_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 312; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969321Slattade_Grummond2003221Lynch2006146,_168Arana2013278–279-317"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969321Slattade_Grummond2003221Lynch2006146,_168Arana2013278–279_317-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 321; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 221; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 146, 168; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 278–279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014393-318">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014393_318-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014393_318-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, p. 393. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969323–325Slattade_Grummond2003226Lynch2006169Arana2013281–283-319"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969323–325Slattade_Grummond2003226Lynch2006169Arana2013281–283_319-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 323–325; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 226; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 169; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 281–283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969320Lynch2006168Arana2013280-320"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969320Lynch2006168Arana2013280_320-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 320; 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<a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 170–171; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 287–288. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969327Slattade_Grummond2003228,_230Lynch2006171,_178–179Langley200981Arana2013289–290-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969327Slattade_Grummond2003228,_230Lynch2006171,_178–179Langley200981Arana2013289–290_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 327; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 228, 230; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 171, 178–179; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 81; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 289–290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969328,_330–331Slattade_Grummond2003234Lynch2006171–172Arana2013292-325"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969328,_330–331Slattade_Grummond2003234Lynch2006171–172Arana2013292_325-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 328, 330–331; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 234; 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<a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 235–237; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 173–175; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 82; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 295–305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014394–395-329"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcFarlane2014394–395_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane2014">McFarlane 2014</a>, pp. 394–395. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969343–345Slattade_Grummond2003240–241Lynch2006175–176Arana2013306–307-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969343–345Slattade_Grummond2003240–241Lynch2006175–176Arana2013306–307_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, pp. 343–345; <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 240–241; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 175–176; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 306–307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003243Arana2013305,_308-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003243Arana2013305,_308_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, p. 243; 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<a href="#CITEREFEwell2008">Ewell 2008</a>, pp. 38–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley200944-408"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangley200944_408-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006285–286-409"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2006285–286_409-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 285–286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasur1969484Lynch2006259–262,_276Arana2013447,_450-410"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasur1969484Lynch2006259–262,_276Arana2013447,_450_410-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasur1969">Masur 1969</a>, p. 484; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 259–262, 276; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 447, 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConn20202-411">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConn20202_411-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConn20202_411-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFConn2020">Conn 2020</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana2013460-412"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArana2013460_412-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 460. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConn202090-413"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConn202090_413-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConn2020">Conn 2020</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmillas-Tiseyra20131-414"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmillas-Tiseyra20131_414-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmillas-Tiseyra2013">Armillas-Tiseyra 2013</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond20033–8Langley2009ix–xiArana20134–6-415"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond20033–8Langley2009ix–xiArana20134–6_415-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 3–8; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, pp. ix–xi; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 4–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003303–304Arana2013459-416"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003303–304Arana2013459_416-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 303–304; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 459. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConn202013-417"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConn202013_417-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConn2020">Conn 2020</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2010" class="citation news cs1">Grant, Will (5 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10504821">"Venezuela Honors Simón Bolívar's Lover Manuela Saenz"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531160837/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10504821">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuela+Honors+Sim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar%27s+Lover+Manuela+Saenz&rft.date=2010-07-05&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10504821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006302-419"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2006302_419-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.org/en/prizes/simon-bolivar">"International UNESCO/Simón Bolívar Prize"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230613232105/https://www.unesco.org/en/prizes/simon-bolivar">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+UNESCO%2FSim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar+Prize&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fprizes%2Fsimon-bolivar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArana2013455,_458-421"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArana2013455,_458_421-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 455, 458. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2006281–283Langley200944–45Arana2013458-422"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2006281–283Langley200944–45Arana2013458_422-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 281–283; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, pp. 44–45; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, p. 458. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003305,_308Lynch2006299–304Langley2009109–110,_119–120Arana2013460–463-423"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003305,_308Lynch2006299–304Langley2009109–110,_119–120Arana2013460–463_423-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 305, 308; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2006">Lynch 2006</a>, pp. 299–304; <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, pp. 109–110, 119–120; <a href="#CITEREFArana2013">Arana 2013</a>, pp. 460–463. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangley2009111-424"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangley2009111_424-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangley2009">Langley 2009</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003305–306-425"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlattade_Grummond2003305–306_425-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003">Slatta & de Grummond 2003</a>, pp. 305–306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGómez_Pernia2017206-426"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGómez_Pernia2017206_426-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGómez_Pernia2017">Gómez Pernia 2017</a>, p. 206. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biographies_of_Simón_Bolívar">Biographies of Simón Bolívar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Biographies of Simón Bolívar">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArana2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Arana" title="Marie Arana">Arana, Marie</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bolivaramericanl0000aran">Bolívar: American Liberator</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-1020-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-1020-1"><bdi>978-1-4391-1020-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bol%C3%ADvar%3A+American+Liberator&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-1020-1&rft.aulast=Arana&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbolivaramericanl0000aran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangley2009" class="citation book cs1">Langley, Lester D. (2009). Simón Bolívar: Venezuelan Rebel, American Revolutionary. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6655-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6655-2"><bdi>978-0-7425-6655-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar%3A+Venezuelan+Rebel%2C+American+Revolutionary&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6655-2&rft.aulast=Langley&rft.aufirst=Lester+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(historian)" title="John Lynch (historian)">Lynch, John</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/simonbolivarlife0000lync_g6t3">Simón Bolívar: A Life</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12604-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12604-4"><bdi>978-0-300-12604-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12604-4&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsimonbolivarlife0000lync_g6t3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasur1969" class="citation book cs1">Masur, Gerhard (1969) [1948]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/simonbolivar0000masu_a4j3">Simón Bolívar</a> (Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico_Press" title="University of New Mexico Press">University of New Mexico Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0131-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0131-4"><bdi>978-0-8263-0131-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-0131-4&rft.aulast=Masur&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsimonbolivar0000masu_a4j3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlattade_Grummond2003" class="citation book cs1">Slatta, Richard W.; de Grummond, Jane Lucas (2003). Simón Bolívar's Quest for Glory. <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-239-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-239-3"><bdi>978-1-58544-239-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar%27s+Quest+for+Glory&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-239-3&rft.aulast=Slatta&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft.au=de+Grummond%2C+Jane+Lucas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Works_by_Simón_Bolívar">Works by Simón Bolívar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Works by Simón Bolívar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Matthew, ed. (2009). The Bolívarian Revolution: Simón Bolívar. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-381-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-381-0"><bdi>978-1-84467-381-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bol%C3%ADvarian+Revolution%3A+Sim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-381-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushnell2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Bushnell_(historian)" title="David Bushnell (historian)">Bushnell, David</a>, ed. (2003). El Libertador: Writings of Simón Bolívar. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514480-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514480-2"><bdi>978-0-19-514480-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Libertador%3A+Writings+of+Sim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514480-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_reference">General reference</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: General reference">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmillas-Tiseyra2013" class="citation journal cs1">Armillas-Tiseyra, Magalí (Fall 2013). "Introduction: Dislocations". The Global South. 7 (2). <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>: 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fglobalsouth.7.2.1">10.2979/globalsouth.7.2.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-8656">1932-8656</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979">10.2979</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261249096">261249096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Global+South&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Dislocations&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1932-8656&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A261249096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fglobalsouth.7.2.1&rft.aulast=Armillas-Tiseyra&rft.aufirst=Magal%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushnellLangley2008" class="citation book cs1">Bushnell, David; Langley, Lester D., eds. (2008). Simón Bolívar: Essays on the Life and Legacy of the Liberator. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5619-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5619-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-5619-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar%3A+Essays+on+the+Life+and+Legacy+of+the+Liberator&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5619-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Collier, Simon. "Simón Bolívar as Political Thinker". In <a href="#CITEREFBushnellLangley2008">Bushnell & Langley (2008)</a>, pp. 13–34.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Ewell, Judith. "Bolívar's Atlantic Word Diplomacy". In <a href="#CITEREFBushnellLangley2008">Bushnell & Langley (2008)</a>, pp. 35–54.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Racine, Karen. "Simón Bolívar, Englishman: Elite Responsibility and Social Reform in Spanish American Independence". In <a href="#CITEREFBushnellLangley2008">Bushnell & Langley (2008)</a>, pp. 55–72.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Jaksic, Iván. "Simón Bolívar and Andrés Bello: The Republican Ideal". In <a href="#CITEREFBushnellLangley2008">Bushnell & Langley (2008)</a>, pp. 75–98.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Safford, Frank. "Bolívar as Triumphal State Maker and Despairing "Democrat"". In <a href="#CITEREFBushnellLangley2008">Bushnell & Langley (2008)</a>, pp. 99–120.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardozo_Uzcátegui2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cardozo Uzcátegui, Alejandro (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saber.ula.ve/handle/123456789/34086">"Don Gerónimo Enrique de Uztáriz y Tovar. II Marqués de Uztáriz. Protector y maestro de Simón Bolívar en Madrid"</a>. Presente y Pasado: Revista de Historia (in Spanish). 16 (31). <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Andes_(Venezuela)" title="University of the Andes (Venezuela)">University of the Andes (Venezuela)</a>: 11–36. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1316-1369">1316-1369</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531152515/http://www.saber.ula.ve/handle/123456789/34086">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presente+y+Pasado%3A+Revista+de+Historia&rft.atitle=Don+Ger%C3%B3nimo+Enrique+de+Uzt%C3%A1riz+y+Tovar.+II+Marqu%C3%A9s+de+Uzt%C3%A1riz.+Protector+y+maestro+de+Sim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar+en+Madrid&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=11-36&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1316-1369&rft.aulast=Cardozo+Uzc%C3%A1tegui&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saber.ula.ve%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F34086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConn2020" class="citation book cs1">Conn, Robert T. (2020). Bolívar's Afterlife in the Americas: Biography, Ideology, and the Public Sphere. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-26217-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-26217-4"><bdi>978-3-030-26217-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bol%C3%ADvar%27s+Afterlife+in+the+Americas%3A+Biography%2C+Ideology%2C+and+the+Public+Sphere&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-26217-4&rft.aulast=Conn&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarlane2014" class="citation book cs1">McFarlane, Anthony (2014). War and Independence in Spanish America. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-783-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-783-7"><bdi>978-1-85728-783-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Independence+in+Spanish+America&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-783-7&rft.aulast=McFarlane&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanahanReyes2017" class="citation book cs1">Shanahan, Maureen G.; Reyes, Ana Maria, eds. (2017). Simón Bolívar: Travels and Transformations of a Cultural Icon. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida" title="University Press of Florida">University Press of Florida</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-5449-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-5449-0"><bdi>978-0-8130-5449-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar%3A+Travels+and+Transformations+of+a+Cultural+Icon&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-5449-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Gómez Pernia, Alejandro E. "The Liberator's Sword: The Most Precious Relic of the Bolivarian Revolution". In <a href="#CITEREFShanahanReyes2017">Shanahan & Reyes (2017)</a>, pp. 215–30.</li></ul></dd></dl> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bushnell, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bolivarmanimage">The Liberator, Simón Bolívar: Man and Image</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970.</li> <li>Bushnell, David and Macaulay, Neill. The Emergence of Latin America in the Nineteenth Century (Second edition). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508402-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508402-3">978-0-19-508402-3</a></li> <li>Gómez Martínez, José Luis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ensayistas.org/jlgomez/estudios/bolivar.htm">"La encrucijada del cambio: Simón Bolívar entre dos paradigmas (una reflexión ante la encrucijada postindustrial)"</a>. Cuadernos Americanos 104 (2004): 11–32.</li> <li>Lacroix, Luis Perú de. Diario de Bucaramanga. Caracas: Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Comunicación y la Información, 2009.</li> <li>Lynch, John. Simón Bolívar and the Age of Revolution. London: University of London Institute of Latin American Studies, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901145-54-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901145-54-3">978-0-901145-54-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx, Karl</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1858/01/bolivar.htm">"Bolívar y Ponte"</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_American_Cyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New American Cyclopaedia">New American Cyclopaedia</a>, Vol. III. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1858.</li> <li>Racine, Karen. "Simón Bolívar and friends: Recent biographies of independence figures in Colombia and Venezuela" History Compass 18#3 (Feb 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12608">https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12608</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922093736/http://archivodellibertador.gob.ve/">Archivo del Libertador</a> (In Spanish) –12,000+ transcribed documents of the Libertador, from 1799 to 1830.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President of Colombia</a> 1819–1830 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Caycedo" title="Domingo Caycedo">Domingo Caycedo</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President of Bolivia</a> 1825 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Simón_Bolívar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Template:Simón Bolívar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Template talk:Simón Bolívar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Simón Bolívar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Simón_Bolívar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Simón Bolívar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family and contemporaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bol%C3%ADvar_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolívar family (page does not exist)">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Parents: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Vicente_Bol%C3%ADvar_y_Ponte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte (page does not exist)">Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Vicente_Bol%C3%ADvar_y_Ponte" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte">es</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_Palacios_y_Blanco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco (page does not exist)">María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_Palacios_y_Blanco" class="extiw" title="es:María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco">es</a>]</li> <li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_Rodr%C3%ADguez_del_Toro_y_Alaysa" title="María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa">María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa</a></li> <li>Siblings: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_Antonia_Bol%C3%ADvar_Palacios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="María Antonia Bolívar Palacios (page does not exist)">María Antonia Bolívar Palacios</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Antonia_Bol%C3%ADvar_Palacios" class="extiw" title="es:María Antonia Bolívar Palacios">es</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juana_Bol%C3%ADvar_Palacios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juana Bolívar Palacios (page does not exist)">Juana Bolívar Palacios</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Bol%C3%ADvar_Palacios" class="extiw" title="es:Juana Bolívar Palacios">es</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Vicente_Bol%C3%ADvar_Palacios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Vicente Bolívar Palacios (page does not exist)">Juan Vicente Bolívar Palacios</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Vicente_Bol%C3%ADvar_Palacios" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Vicente Bolívar Palacios">es</a>]</li> <li>Slave: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hip%C3%B3lita_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipólita Bolívar (page does not exist)">Hipólita Bolívar</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lita_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="es:Hipólita Bolívar">es</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Latin American: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda" title="Francisco de Miranda">Francisco de Miranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santander" title="Francisco de Paula Santander">Francisco de Paula Santander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">José Antonio Páez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Andrés Bello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Simón Rodríguez">Simón Rodríguez</a></li> <li>North American: <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li>European: <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Military career of Simón Bolívar">Battles and wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">Venezuelan War of Independence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_New_Granada" title="Spanish reconquest of New Granada">Spanish reconquest of New Granada</a> (1815–16), <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_campaign_to_liberate_New_Granada" title="Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada">Liberation of New Granada</a> (1819–20), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Battle of Boyacá</a> (1819), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Battle of Carabobo</a> (1822))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_War_of_Independence" title="Ecuadorian War of Independence">Ecuadorian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peruvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_War_of_Independence" title="Bolivian War of Independence">Bolivian War of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bolivarian canon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartagena_Manifesto" title="Cartagena Manifesto">Cartagena Manifesto</a> (1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Letter" title="Jamaica Letter">Jamaica Letter</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Angostura" title="Congress of Angostura">Angostura Address</a> (1819)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Bolivia_(1826)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Bolivia (1826) (page does not exist)">Constitution of Bolivia (1826)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru_(1826)" title="Constitution of Peru (1826)">Constitution of Peru (1826)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legacy of Simón Bolívar (page does not exist)">Legacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Prize" title="International Simón Bolívar Prize">International Simón Bolívar Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_depictions_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural depictions of Simón Bolívar (page does not exist)">Cultural depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_General_in_His_Labyrinth" title="The General in His Labyrinth">The General in His Labyrinth</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films and television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_(1942_film)" title="Simón Bolívar (1942 film)">Simón Bolívar</a> (1942 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_(1969_film)" title="Simón Bolívar (1969 film)">Simón Bolívar</a> (1969 film)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bol%C3%ADvar,_a_Tropical_Symphony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolívar, a Tropical Symphony (page does not exist)">Bolívar, a Tropical Symphony</a> (1980 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_soy_yo" title="Bolívar soy yo">Bolívar soy yo</a> (2002 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_el_h%C3%A9roe" title="Bolívar el héroe">Bolívar el héroe</a> (2003 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(film)" title="The Liberator (film)">The Liberator</a> (2013 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_(TV_series)" title="Bolívar (TV series)">Bolívar</a> (2019 TV series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_(Houston)" title="Bust of Simón Bolívar (Houston)">Bust of Simón Bolívar, Houston, TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_(Tadolini)" title="Simón Bolívar (Tadolini)">Simón Bolívar (Tadolini)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar,_London" title="Statue of Simón Bolívar, London">Statue of Simón Bolívar, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of Simón Bolívar (Washington, D.C.)">Statue of Simón Bolívar, Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Birthplace of Simón Bolívar">Birthplace of Simón Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Crown of Simón Bolívar">Crown of Simón Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinta_de_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Quinta de Bolívar">Quinta de Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_and_things_named_after_Sim%C3%B3n_Bolivar" title="List of places and things named after Simón Bolivar">List of places and things named after Simón Bolivar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Colombia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Colombia" title="Template:Heads of state of Colombia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Colombia" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Colombia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Colombia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Colombia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Colombia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">Presidents of Colombia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">United Provinces of New Granada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Pey" title="José Miguel Pey">José Miguel Pey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Tadeo_Lozano" title="Jorge Tadeo Lozano">Jorge Tadeo Lozano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Nari%C3%B1o" title="Antonio Nariño">Antonio Nariño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Ayala_y_Vergara" title="Luis de Ayala y Vergara">Luis de Ayala y Vergara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_de_Vergara_Azc%C3%A1rate" title="Felipe de Vergara Azcárate">Felipe de Vergara Azcárate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Torres_Tenorio" title="Camilo Torres Tenorio">Camilo Torres Tenorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Bernardo_%C3%81lvarez_del_Casal" title="Manuel de Bernardo Álvarez del Casal">Manuel de Bernardo Álvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Camacho" title="Joaquín Camacho">Joaquín Camacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Madrid" title="José Fernández Madrid">José Fernández Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Villavicencio" title="Antonio Villavicencio">Antonio Villavicencio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liborio_Mej%C3%ADa" title="Liborio Mejía">Liborio Mejía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Serrano" title="Fernando Serrano">Fernando Serrano</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Seal_of_Colombia_(2024_version).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Presidential_Seal_of_Colombia_%282024_version%29.svg/100px-Presidential_Seal_of_Colombia_%282024_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Presidential_Seal_of_Colombia_%282024_version%29.svg/150px-Presidential_Seal_of_Colombia_%282024_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Presidential_Seal_of_Colombia_%282024_version%29.svg/200px-Presidential_Seal_of_Colombia_%282024_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="262" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Republic of Gran Colombia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Simón Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estanislao_Vergara" title="Estanislao Vergara">Estanislao Vergara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mosquera" title="Joaquín Mosquera">Joaquín Mosquera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Urdaneta" title="Rafael Urdaneta">Rafael Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santander" title="Francisco de Paula Santander">Francisco de Paula Santander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Caycedo" title="Domingo Caycedo">Domingo Caycedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Republic of New Granada">Republic of New Granada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santander" title="Francisco de Paula Santander">Francisco de Paula Santander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_de_M%C3%A1rquez" title="José Ignacio de Márquez">José Ignacio de Márquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Alc%C3%A1ntara_Herr%C3%A1n" title="Pedro Alcántara Herrán">Pedro Alcántara Herrán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Cipriano_de_Mosquera" title="Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera">Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hilario_L%C3%B3pez" title="José Hilario López">José Hilario López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Obando" title="José María Obando">José María Obando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Melo" title="José María Melo">José María Melo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ospina_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Mariano Ospina Rodríguez">Mariano Ospina Rodríguez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Granadine_Confederation" title="Granadine Confederation">Granadine Confederation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ospina_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Mariano Ospina Rodríguez">Mariano Ospina Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Calvo" title="Bartolomé Calvo">Bartolomé Calvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Nieto_Gil" title="Juan José Nieto Gil">Juan José Nieto Gil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Cipriano_de_Mosquera" title="Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera">Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Gutierrez_Vergara" title="Ignacio Gutierrez Vergara">Ignacio Gutierrez Vergara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Colombia" title="United States of Colombia">United States of Colombia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Cipriano_de_Mosquera" title="Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera">Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Murillo_Toro" title="Manuel Murillo Toro">Manuel Murillo Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Cipriano_de_Mosquera" title="Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera">Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santos_Acosta" title="Santos Acosta">Santos Acosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santos_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Santos Gutiérrez">Santos Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustorgio_Salgar" title="Eustorgio Salgar">Eustorgio Salgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Murillo_Toro" title="Manuel Murillo Toro">Manuel Murillo Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_P%C3%A9rez_de_Manosalbas" title="Santiago Pérez de Manosalbas">Santiago Pérez de Manosalbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileo_Parra" title="Aquileo Parra">Aquileo Parra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Trujillo_Largacha" title="Julián Trujillo Largacha">Julián Trujillo Largacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael Núñez (politician)">Rafael Núñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Zald%C3%BAa" title="Francisco Javier Zaldúa">Francisco Javier Zaldúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Eusebio_Otalora" title="José Eusebio Otalora">José Eusebio Otalora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael Núñez (politician)">Rafael Núñez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Republic of Colombia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael Núñez (politician)">Rafael Núñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Antonio_Caro" title="Miguel Antonio Caro">Miguel Antonio Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Antonio_Sanclemente" title="Manuel Antonio Sanclemente">Manuel Antonio Sanclemente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Marroqu%C3%ADn" title="José Manuel Marroquín">José Manuel Marroquín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Reyes" title="Rafael Reyes">Rafael Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Valencia" title="Ramón González Valencia">Ramón González Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Eugenio_Restrepo" title="Carlos Eugenio Restrepo">Carlos Eugenio Restrepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vicente_Concha" title="José Vicente Concha">José Vicente Concha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Fidel_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Marco Fidel Suárez">Marco Fidel Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Holgu%C3%ADn" title="Jorge Holguín">Jorge Holguín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Nel_Ospina_V%C3%A1zquez" title="Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez">Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Abad%C3%ADa_M%C3%A9ndez" title="Miguel Abadía Méndez">Miguel Abadía Méndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Olaya_Herrera" title="Enrique Olaya Herrera">Enrique Olaya Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_Pumarejo" title="Alfonso López Pumarejo">Alfonso López Pumarejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Santos_Montejo" title="Eduardo Santos Montejo">Eduardo Santos Montejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_Pumarejo" title="Alfonso López Pumarejo">Alfonso López Pumarejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ospina_P%C3%A9rez" title="Mariano Ospina Pérez">Mariano Ospina Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laureano_G%C3%B3mez" title="Laureano Gómez">Laureano Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Gustavo Rojas Pinilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Lleras_Camargo" title="Alberto Lleras Camargo">Alberto Lleras Camargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Le%C3%B3n_Valencia" title="Guillermo León Valencia">Guillermo León Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Lleras_Restrepo" title="Carlos Lleras Restrepo">Carlos Lleras Restrepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misael_Pastrana_Borrero" title="Misael Pastrana Borrero">Misael Pastrana Borrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_Michelsen" title="Alfonso López Michelsen">Alfonso López Michelsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Turbay_Ayala" title="Julio César Turbay Ayala">Julio César Turbay Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belisario_Betancur" title="Belisario Betancur">Belisario Betancur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Barco_Vargas" title="Virgilio Barco Vargas">Virgilio Barco Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Gaviria" title="César Gaviria">César Gaviria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Samper" title="Ernesto Samper">Ernesto Samper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_Arango" title="Andrés Pastrana Arango">Andrés Pastrana Arango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe" title="Álvaro Uribe">Álvaro Uribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Duque" title="Iván Duque">Iván Duque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Gustavo Petro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Bolivia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Bolivia" title="Template:Presidents of Bolivia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Bolivia" title="Template talk:Presidents of Bolivia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Bolivia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Bolivia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Bolivia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">Presidents of Bolivia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <dl><dd>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Simón Bolívar</a> (1825)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a> (1825–1828)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_P%C3%A9rez_de_Urdininea" title="José María Pérez de Urdininea">José María Pérez de Urdininea</a> (1828)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco" title="José Miguel de Velasco">José Miguel de Velasco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco_I" title="Cabinet of José Miguel de Velasco I">1828</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Pedro_Blanco_Soto" title="Pedro Blanco Soto">Pedro Blanco Soto</a> (1828–1829)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco" title="José Miguel de Velasco">José Miguel de Velasco</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of José Miguel de Velasco II (page does not exist)">1829</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Andrés de Santa Cruz</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Andrés de Santa Cruz (page does not exist)">1829–1839</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco" title="José Miguel de Velasco">José Miguel de Velasco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco_III" title="Cabinet of José Miguel de Velasco III">1839–1841</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_%C3%81greda" title="Sebastián Ágreda">Sebastián Ágreda</a> (1841)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Mariano_Enrique_Calvo" title="Mariano Enrique Calvo">Mariano Enrique Calvo</a> (1841)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="José Ballivián">José Ballivián</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Cabinet of José Ballivián">1841–1847</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Guilarte" title="Eusebio Guilarte">Eusebio Guilarte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Eusebio_Guilarte" title="Cabinet of Eusebio Guilarte">1847–1848</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco" title="José Miguel de Velasco">José Miguel de Velasco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco_IV" title="Cabinet of José Miguel de Velasco IV">1848</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Manuel_Isidoro_Belzu" title="Manuel Isidoro Belzu">Manuel Isidoro Belzu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Manuel_Isidoro_Belzu" title="Cabinet of Manuel Isidoro Belzu">1848–1855</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Jorge_C%C3%B3rdova" title="Jorge Córdova">Jorge Córdova</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jorge_C%C3%B3rdova" title="Cabinet of Jorge Córdova">1855–1857</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares" title="José María Linares">José María Linares</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares" title="Cabinet of José María Linares">1857–1861</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Ach%C3%A1" title="José María de Achá">José María de Achá</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Ach%C3%A1" title="Cabinet of José María de Achá">1861–1864</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Mariano_Melgarejo" title="Mariano Melgarejo">Mariano Melgarejo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Mariano_Melgarejo" title="Cabinet of Mariano Melgarejo">1864–1871</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Morales" title="Agustín Morales">Agustín Morales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Agust%C3%ADn_Morales" title="Cabinet of Agustín Morales">1871–1872</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas" title="Tomás Frías">Tomás Frías</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_I" title="Cabinet of Tomás Frías I">1872–1873</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Adolfo Ballivián">Adolfo Ballivián</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Adolfo_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Cabinet of Adolfo Ballivián">1873–1874</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas" title="Tomás Frías">Tomás Frías</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_II" title="Cabinet of Tomás Frías II">1874–1876</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza" title="Hilarión Daza">Hilarión Daza</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza" title="Cabinet of Hilarión Daza">1876–1879</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Narciso_Campero" title="Narciso Campero">Narciso Campero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Narciso_Campero" title="Cabinet of Narciso Campero">1880–1884</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Pacheco" title="Gregorio Pacheco">Gregorio Pacheco</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Gregorio_Pacheco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Gregorio Pacheco (page does not exist)">1884–1888</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Aniceto_Arce" title="Aniceto Arce">Aniceto Arce</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Aniceto_Arce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Aniceto Arce (page does not exist)">1888–1892</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Mariano_Baptista" title="Mariano Baptista">Mariano Baptista</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Mariano_Baptista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Mariano Baptista (page does not exist)">1892–1896</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Severo_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Severo Fernández">Severo Fernández</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Severo_Fern%C3%A1ndez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Severo Fernández (page does not exist)">1896–1899</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Pando" title="José Manuel Pando">José Manuel Pando</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Pando&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of José Manuel Pando (page does not exist)">1899–1904</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Ismael_Montes" title="Ismael Montes">Ismael Montes</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Ismael_Montes_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Ismael Montes I (page does not exist)">1904–1909</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Eliodoro_Villaz%C3%B3n" title="Eliodoro Villazón">Eliodoro Villazón</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Eliodoro_Villaz%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Eliodoro Villazón (page does not exist)">1909–1913</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Ismael_Montes" title="Ismael Montes">Ismael Montes</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Ismael_Montes_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Ismael Montes II (page does not exist)">1913–1917</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Guerra" title="José Gutiérrez Guerra">José Gutiérrez Guerra</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Guerra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of José Gutiérrez Guerra (page does not exist)">1917–1920</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Bautista_Saavedra" title="Bautista Saavedra">Bautista Saavedra</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Bautista_Saavedra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Bautista Saavedra (page does not exist)">1921–1925</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Felipe_Segundo_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Felipe Segundo Guzmán">Felipe Segundo Guzmán</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Felipe_Segundo_Guzm%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Felipe Segundo Guzmán (page does not exist)">1925–1926</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Hernando_Siles_Reyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernando Siles Reyes">Hernando Siles Reyes</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Hernando_Siles_Reyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Hernando Siles Reyes (page does not exist)">1926–1930</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Carlos_Blanco_Galindo" title="Carlos Blanco Galindo">Carlos Blanco Galindo</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Carlos_Blanco_Galindo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Carlos Blanco Galindo (page does not exist)">1930–1931</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Salamanca" title="Daniel Salamanca">Daniel Salamanca</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Daniel_Salamanca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Daniel Salamanca (page does not exist)">1931–1934</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Tejada_Sorzano" title="José Luis Tejada Sorzano">José Luis Tejada Sorzano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Tejada_Sorzano" title="Cabinet of José Luis Tejada Sorzano">1934–1936</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Toro" title="David Toro">David Toro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_David_Toro" title="Cabinet of David Toro">1936–1937</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Busch" title="Germán Busch">Germán Busch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germ%C3%A1n_Busch" title="Cabinet of Germán Busch">1937–1939</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Carlos_Quintanilla" title="Carlos Quintanilla">Carlos Quintanilla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Carlos_Quintanilla" title="Cabinet of Carlos Quintanilla">1939–1940</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1aranda" title="Enrique Peñaranda">Enrique Peñaranda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Enrique_Pe%C3%B1aranda" title="Cabinet of Enrique Peñaranda">1940–1943</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Gualberto_Villarroel" title="Gualberto Villarroel">Gualberto Villarroel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Gualberto_Villarroel" title="Cabinet of Gualberto Villarroel">1943–1946</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Néstor Guillén">Néstor Guillén</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_N%C3%A9stor_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Cabinet of Néstor Guillén">1946</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Monje" title="Tomás Monje">Tomás Monje</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Tom%C3%A1s_Monje" title="Cabinet of Tomás Monje">1946–1947</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Enrique_Hertzog" title="Enrique Hertzog">Enrique Hertzog</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Enrique_Hertzog" title="Cabinet of Enrique Hertzog">1947–1949</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Mamerto_Urriolagoit%C3%ADa" title="Mamerto Urriolagoitía">Mamerto Urriolagoitía</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Mamerto_Urriolagoit%C3%ADa" title="Cabinet of Mamerto Urriolagoitía">1949–1951</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Hugo Ballivián">Hugo Ballivián</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Hugo_Ballivi%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Hugo Ballivián (page does not exist)">1951–1952</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Paz_Estenssoro" title="Víctor Paz Estenssoro">Víctor Paz Estenssoro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_V%C3%ADctor_Paz_Estenssoro_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Víctor Paz Estenssoro I">1952–1956</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Siles_Zuazo" title="Hernán Siles Zuazo">Hernán Siles Zuazo</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Hern%C3%A1n_Siles_Zuazo_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Hernán Siles Zuazo I (page does not exist)">1956–1960</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Paz_Estenssoro" title="Víctor Paz Estenssoro">Víctor Paz Estenssoro</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_ofV%C3%ADctor_Paz_Estenssoro_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet ofVíctor Paz Estenssoro II (page does not exist)">1960–1964</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Barrientos" title="René Barrientos">René Barrientos</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Ren%C3%A9_Barrientos_and_Alfredo_Ovando_Cand%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of René Barrientos and Alfredo Ovando Candía (page does not exist)">1964–1966</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ovando_Cand%C3%ADa" title="Alfredo Ovando Candía">Alfredo Ovando Candía</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Ren%C3%A9_Barrientos_and_Alfredo_Ovando_Cand%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of René Barrientos and Alfredo Ovando Candía (page does not exist)">1966</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Barrientos" title="René Barrientos">René Barrientos</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Ren%C3%A9_Barrientos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of René Barrientos (page does not exist)">1966–1969</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Luis_Adolfo_Siles_Salinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas">Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Luis_Adolfo_Siles_Salinas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas (page does not exist)">1969</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ovando_Cand%C3%ADa" title="Alfredo Ovando Candía">Alfredo Ovando Candía</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Alfredo_Ovando_Cand%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Alfredo Ovando Candía (page does not exist)">1969–1970</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Torres" title="Juan José Torres">Juan José Torres</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Torres" title="Cabinet of Juan José Torres">1970–1971</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer" title="Hugo Banzer">Hugo Banzer</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Hugo_Banzer_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Hugo Banzer I (page does not exist)">1971–1978</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Juan_Pereda" title="Juan Pereda">Juan Pereda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Juan_Pereda" title="Cabinet of Juan Pereda">1978</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Padilla" title="David Padilla">David Padilla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_David_Padilla" title="Cabinet of David Padilla">1978–1979</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/W%C3%A1lter_Guevara" title="Wálter Guevara">Wálter Guevara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_W%C3%A1lter_Guevara" title="Cabinet of Wálter Guevara">1979</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Alberto_Natusch" title="Alberto Natusch">Alberto Natusch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Alberto_Natusch" title="Cabinet of Alberto Natusch">1979</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Lidia_Gueiler_Tejada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lidia Gueiler Tejada">Lidia Gueiler Tejada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Lidia_Gueiler_Tejada" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Lidia Gueiler Tejada">1979–1980</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Meza" title="Luis García Meza">Luis García Meza</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Meza" title="Cabinet of Luis García Meza">1980–1981</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Celso_Torrelio" title="Celso Torrelio">Celso Torrelio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Celso_Torrelio" title="Cabinet of Celso Torrelio">1981–1982</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Guido_Vildoso" title="Guido Vildoso">Guido Vildoso</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Guido_Vildoso" title="Cabinet of Guido Vildoso">1982</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Siles_Zuazo" title="Hernán Siles Zuazo">Hernán Siles Zuazo</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Hern%C3%A1n_Siles_Zuazo_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Hernán Siles Zuazo II (page does not exist)">1982–1985</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Paz_Estenssoro" title="Víctor Paz Estenssoro">Víctor Paz Estenssoro</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_V%C3%ADctor_Paz_Estenssoro_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Víctor Paz Estenssoro III (page does not exist)">1985–1989</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Jaime_Paz_Zamora" title="Jaime Paz Zamora">Jaime Paz Zamora</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Jaime_Paz_Zamora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Jaime Paz Zamora (page does not exist)">1989–1993</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Lozada" title="Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada">Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Gonzalo_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Lozada_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada I (page does not exist)">1993–1997</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer" title="Hugo Banzer">Hugo Banzer</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Hugo_Banzer_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Hugo Banzer II (page does not exist)">1997–2001</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Jorge_Quiroga" title="Jorge Quiroga">Jorge Quiroga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jorge_Quiroga" title="Cabinet of Jorge Quiroga">2001–2002</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Lozada" title="Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada">Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Gonzalo_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Lozada_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada II (page does not exist)">2002–2003</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mesa" title="Carlos Mesa">Carlos Mesa</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Carlos_Mesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Carlos Mesa (page does not exist)">2003–2005</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Veltz%C3%A9" title="Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé">Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Eduardo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Veltz%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé (page does not exist)">2005–2006</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Evo_Morales" title="Cabinet of Evo Morales">2006–2019</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Jeanine_%C3%81%C3%B1ez" title="Jeanine Áñez">Jeanine Áñez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jeanine_%C3%81%C3%B1ez" title="Cabinet of Jeanine Áñez">2019–2020</a>)</dd> <dd>▌<a href="/wiki/Luis_Arce" title="Luis Arce">Luis Arce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Luis_Arce" title="Cabinet of Luis Arce">2020–present</a>)</dd></dl></div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia" title="Coat of arms of Bolivia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg/85px-Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg/128px-Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg/170px-Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1529" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Bolivia" title="Category:Presidents of Bolivia">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Bolivia" title="List of presidents of Bolivia">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Peru" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Peru" title="Template:Presidents of Peru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Peru" title="Template talk:Presidents of Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Peru" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">Presidents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Xavier_de_Luna_Pizarro" title="Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro">Luna Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Mar" title="José de la Mar">La Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle_y_Portocarrero,_Marquis_of_Torre_Tagle" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marquis of Torre Tagle">Bernardo de Tagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva_Ag%C3%BCero" title="José de la Riva Agüero">Riva Agüero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Sucre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle_y_Portocarrero,_Marquis_of_Torre_Tagle" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marquis of Torre Tagle">Bernardo de Tagle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Salazar_y_Baqu%C3%ADjano" title="Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano">Salazar y Baquíjano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Mar" title="José de la Mar">La Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guti%C3%A9rrez_de_la_Fuente" title="Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente">Gutiérrez de la Fuente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gamarra" title="Agustín Gamarra">Gamarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Xavier_de_Luna_Pizarro" title="Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro">Luna Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Jos%C3%A9_de_Orbegoso" title="Luis José de Orbegoso">Orbegoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Pedro Pablo Bermúdez">Bermúdez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Santiago_Salaverry" title="Felipe Santiago Salaverry">Salaverry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gamarra" title="Agustín Gamarra">Gamarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Manuel Menéndez">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cris%C3%B3stomo_Torrico" title="Juan Crisóstomo Torrico">Torrico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_Vidal" title="Juan Francisco de Vidal">Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justo_Figuerola" title="Justo Figuerola">Figuerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ignacio_de_Vivanco" title="Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco">Vivanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Nieto" title="Domingo Nieto">Nieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla" title="Ramón Castilla">Castilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_El%C3%ADas" title="Domingo Elías">Elías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Manuel Menéndez">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justo_Figuerola" title="Justo Figuerola">Figuerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Manuel Menéndez">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla" title="Ramón Castilla">Castilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rufino_Echenique" title="José Rufino Echenique">Echenique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla" title="Ramón Castilla">Castilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_San_Rom%C3%A1n" title="Miguel de San Román">San Román</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla" title="Ramón Castilla">Castilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Diez_Canseco" title="Pedro Diez Canseco">P. Diez Canseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Pezet" title="Juan Antonio Pezet">Pezet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado" title="Mariano Ignacio Prado">Prado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Pezet" title="Juan Antonio Pezet">Pezet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Diez_Canseco" title="Pedro Diez Canseco">P. Diez Canseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado" title="Mariano Ignacio Prado">Prado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Diez_Canseco" title="Pedro Diez Canseco">P. Diez Canseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Balta" title="José Balta">Balta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Tomás Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Diez_Canseco" title="Francisco Diez Canseco">F. Diez Canseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Herencia_Zevallos" title="Mariano Herencia Zevallos">Zevallos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Pardo_(politician)" title="Manuel Pardo (politician)">Pardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado" title="Mariano Ignacio Prado">Prado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Pi%C3%A9rola" title="Nicolás de Piérola">Piérola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Garc%C3%ADa_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Francisco García Calderón">García Calderón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizardo_Montero_Flores" title="Lizardo Montero Flores">Montero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Avelino_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Andrés Avelino Cáceres">Cáceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Iglesias" title="Miguel Iglesias">Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Arenas" title="Antonio Arenas">Arenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Avelino_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Andrés Avelino Cáceres">Cáceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigio_Morales_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Remigio Morales Bermúdez">Morales Bermúdez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justiniano_Borgo%C3%B1o" title="Justiniano Borgoño">Borgoño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Avelino_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Andrés Avelino Cáceres">Cáceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Candamo" title="Manuel Candamo">Candamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Pi%C3%A9rola" title="Nicolás de Piérola">Piérola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_L%C3%B3pez_de_Roma%C3%B1a" title="Eduardo López de Romaña">Romaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Candamo" title="Manuel Candamo">Candamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapio_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Serapio Calderón">S. Calderón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pardo_y_Barreda" title="José Pardo y Barreda">Pardo y Barreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_B._Legu%C3%ADa" title="Augusto B. Leguía">Leguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Billinghurst" title="Guillermo Billinghurst">Billinghurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_R._Benavides" title="Óscar R. Benavides">Benavides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pardo_y_Barreda" title="José Pardo y Barreda">Pardo y Barreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_B._Legu%C3%ADa" title="Augusto B. Leguía">Leguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Ponce_Brousset" title="Manuel María Ponce Brousset">Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Sánchez Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Leoncio_El%C3%ADas_Arias" title="Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias">Elías Arias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Gustavo Jiménez">Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Samanez_Ocampo" title="David Samanez Ocampo">Samanez Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Sánchez Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_R._Benavides" title="Óscar R. Benavides">Benavides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche" title="Manuel Prado Ugarteche">Prado Ugarteche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bustamante_y_Rivero" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bustamante y Rivero">Bustamante y Rivero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%B3n_Noriega_Ag%C3%BCero" title="Zenón Noriega Agüero">Noriega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche" title="Manuel Prado Ugarteche">Prado Ugarteche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_P%C3%A9rez_Godoy" title="Ricardo Pérez Godoy">Pérez Godoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Lindley_L%C3%B3pez" title="Nicolás Lindley López">Lindley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Bela%C3%BAnde_Terry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Belaúnde Terry">Belaúnde Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Velasco_Alvarado" title="Juan Velasco Alvarado">Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Morales-Berm%C3%BAdez" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Morales-Bermúdez">Morales-Bermúdez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Bela%C3%BAnde_Terry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Belaúnde Terry">Belaúnde Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Paniagua" title="Valentín Paniagua">Paniagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo">Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Humala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Kuczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">Vizcarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Merino" title="Manuel Merino">Merino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Sagasti" title="Francisco Sagasti">Sagasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Boluarte" title="Dina Boluarte">Boluarte</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Seal of the Republic of Peru"><img alt="Grand Seal of the Republic of Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/100px-Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/150px-Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/200px-Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan-Americanism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-Americanism" title="Template:Pan-Americanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-Americanism" title="Template talk:Pan-Americanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Americanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Americanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-Americanism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-Americanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">Decolonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_integration" title="Latin American integration">Latin American integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_integration" title="North American integration">North American integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_Grande" title="Patria Grande">Patria Grande</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Simón Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n" title="Lucas Alamán">Lucas Alamán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_of_Women" title="Inter-American Commission of Women">Inter-American Commission of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America" title="United States involvement in regime change in Latin America">United States involvement in regime change in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Cooperation_Treaty_Organization" title="Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization">Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean Community (CAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States (ACS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System (SICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contadora_group" title="Contadora group">Contadora group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contadora_support_group" title="Contadora support group">Contadora support group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America (PROSUR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Economic_System" title="Latin American Economic System">Latin American Economic System (SELA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association" title="Latin American Integration Association">Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Group" title="Lima Group">Lima Group (LG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Group" title="Rio Group">Rio Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean">United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, CEPAL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">United States Pirate Party (USPP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_passport" title="Andean passport">Andean passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_passport" title="CARICOM passport">CARICOM passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">CARICOM Single Market and Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARIPASS" title="CARIPASS">CARIPASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America-4_Border_Control_Agreement" title="Central America-4 Border Control Agreement">Central America-4 Border Control Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America-4_passport" title="Central America-4 passport">Central America-4 passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Currency_Union" title="Eastern Caribbean Currency Union">Eastern Caribbean Currency Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_the_Integration_of_the_Regional_Infrastructure_of_South_America" title="Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America">Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America (IIRSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interoceanic_Highway" title="Interoceanic Highway">Interoceanic Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUCRE" title="SUCRE">SUCRE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Parliament" title="Andean Parliament">Andean Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Caribbean Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Parliament" title="Central American Parliament">Central American Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAF_%E2%80%93_Development_Bank_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean">Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean (CAF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Parliament" title="Latin American Parliament">Latin American Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur_Parliament" title="Mercosur Parliament">Mercosur Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Parliament" title="South American Parliament">South American Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">Free trade areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Free_Trade_Association" title="Caribbean Free Trade Association">Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARIFORUM" title="CARIFORUM">CARIFORUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Central_America_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement">Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Partnership_Agreements" title="Economic Partnership Agreements">Economic Partnership Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas" title="Free Trade Area of the Americas">Free Trade Area of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G3_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="G3 Free Trade Agreement">G3 Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism#Congresses_and_conferences" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-American Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bolivia" title="Portal:Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Colombia" title="Portal:Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecuador" title="Portal:Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_America" title="Portal:Latin America">Latin America</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/21px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/32px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/42px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Panama" title="Portal:Panama">Panama</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/21px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/32px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/42px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">Peru</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/21px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/32px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/42px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Venezuela" title="Portal:Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Simón Bolívar at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="c:Simón Bolívar">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="q:Simón Bolívar">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/es:Autor:Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="s:es:Autor:Simón Bolívar">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8605#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8605#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8605#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121278712">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/35731693">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/37559/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWVkQjmfwWKdGGvDBdcP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118513052">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79065448">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118926507">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118926507">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620390">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV049093">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35367461">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210123&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000115233&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX838191">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/15262">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068767129">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90118984">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=004275445&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000279681&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000167530&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000002339">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=85431">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000046232">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201849481">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsw0p904fffffm">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810635873005606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/70661">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258846605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511718106706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14055316">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01000301?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8276-1724">ORCID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500339429">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/d6ecd354-2555-40bf-8757-f85976cdead4">KulturNav</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102388">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/927576">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118513052.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118513052">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027287858">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582281">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hq446k">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simón_Bolívar&oldid=1255290459">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simón_Bolívar&oldid=1255290459</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Category:Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1783_births" title="Category:1783 births">1783 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1830_deaths" title="Category:1830 deaths">1830 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