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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lithospheric stretching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithospheric_stretching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithospheric_flexure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithospheric_flexure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lithospheric flexure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithospheric_flexure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_subsidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_subsidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Thermal subsidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_subsidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strike-slip_deformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strike-slip_deformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Strike-slip deformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strike-slip_deformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Study_of_sedimentary_basins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study_of_sedimentary_basins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Study of sedimentary basins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Study_of_sedimentary_basins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Study of sedimentary basins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Study_of_sedimentary_basins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surface_geologic_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_geologic_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Surface geologic study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_geologic_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsurface_geologic_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsurface_geologic_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Subsurface geologic study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsurface_geologic_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="حوض رسوبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حوض رسوبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conca_sediment%C3%A0ria" title="Conca sedimentària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conca sedimentària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_p%C3%A1nev" title="Sedimentární pánev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sedimentární pánev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentbecken" title="Sedimentbecken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sedimentbecken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B6%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Ιζηματογενής λεκάνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιζηματογενής λεκάνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuenca_sedimentaria" title="Cuenca sedimentaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuenca sedimentaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentbaseno" title="Sedimentbaseno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sedimentbaseno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arro_sedimentario" title="Arro sedimentario – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arro sedimentario" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%87_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="حوضه رسوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حوضه رسوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassin_s%C3%A9dimentaire" title="Bassin sédimentaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bassin sédimentaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunca_sedimentaria" title="Cunca sedimentaria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cunca sedimentaria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%87%B4%EC%A0%81_%EB%B6%84%EC%A7%80" title="퇴적 분지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퇴적 분지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cekungan_sedimen" title="Cekungan sedimen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cekungan sedimen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacino_sedimentario" title="Bacino sedimentario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bacino sedimentario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%86%E7%A9%8D%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="堆積盆地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="堆積盆地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basseng_(geologi)" title="Basseng (geologi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Basseng (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basseng_i_geologi" title="Basseng i geologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Basseng i geologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foydali_qazilmalar_havzasi" title="Foydali qazilmalar havzasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Foydali qazilmalar havzasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basen_sedymentacyjny" title="Basen sedymentacyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Basen sedymentacyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacia_sedimentar" title="Bacia sedimentar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bacia sedimentar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Бассейн полезного ископаемого – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бассейн полезного ископаемого" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenta%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_baz%C3%A9n" title="Sedimentačný bazén – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sedimentačný bazén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortul_havzas%C4%B1" title="Tortul havzası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tortul havzası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Басейн корисної копалини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Басейн корисної копалини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%93n_tr%E1%BA%A7m_t%C3%ADch" title="Bồn trầm tích – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bồn trầm tích" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A9%8D%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="沉積盆地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沉積盆地" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syneclise&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Syneclise">Syneclise</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Regions of long-term subsidence creating space for infilling by sediments</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For artificial basins to trap sediment, see <a href="/wiki/Sediment_basin" title="Sediment basin">Sediment basin</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Sedimentary basins</b> are region-scale depressions of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> where subsidence has occurred and a thick sequence of <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> have accumulated to form a large three-dimensional body of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Selley_Sonnenberg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selley_Sonnenberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coleman_&_Cahan_2012_USGS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coleman_&_Cahan_2012_USGS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They form when long-term <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> creates a regional depression that provides <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(geology)" title="Accommodation (geology)">accommodation space</a> for accumulation of sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-AllenandAllen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllenandAllen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over millions or tens or hundreds of millions of years the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>, primarily gravity-driven transportation of water-borne eroded material, acts to fill the depression. As the sediments are buried, they are subject to increasing <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> and begin the processes of <a href="/wiki/Compaction_(geology)" title="Compaction (geology)">compaction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithification" title="Lithification">lithification</a> that transform them into <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-1987-265_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-1987-265-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deposition_environments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Deposition_environments.jpg/300px-Deposition_environments.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Deposition_environments.jpg/450px-Deposition_environments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Deposition_environments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Simplified schematic diagrams of common tectonic environments where sedimentary basins are formed</figcaption></figure> <p>Sedimentary basins are created by deformation of Earth's lithosphere in diverse geological settings, usually as a result of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonic</a> activity. Mechanisms of crustal deformation that lead to subsidence and sedimentary basin formation include the thinning of underlying crust; depression of the crust by sedimentary, tectonic or volcanic loading; or changes in the thickness or density of underlying or adjacent <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingersoll2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingersoll2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BusbyIngersoll_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BusbyIngersoll-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dickinson1974SEPM_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickinson1974SEPM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the process of basin formation has begun, the weight of the sediments being deposited in the basin adds a further load on the underlying crust that accentuates subsidence and thus amplifies basin development as a result of <a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">isostasy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AllenandAllen_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllenandAllen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The long-term preserved geologic record of a sedimentary basin is a large scale contiguous three-dimensional package of sedimentary rocks created during a particular period of geologic time, a 'stratigraphic succession', that geologists continue to refer to as a sedimentary basin even if it is no longer a bathymetric or topographic depression.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingersoll2011_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingersoll2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Williston_Basin" title="Williston Basin">Williston Basin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molasse_basin" title="Molasse basin">Molasse basin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magallanes_Basin" title="Magallanes Basin">Magallanes Basin</a> are examples of sedimentary basins that are no longer depressions. Basins formed in different tectonic regimes vary in their <a href="/wiki/Preservation_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservation potential">preservation potential</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodcock2004_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodcock2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intracratonic basins, which form on highly-stable continental interiors, have a high probability of preservation. In contrast, sedimentary basins formed on oceanic crust are likely to be destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a>. Continental margins formed when new ocean basins like the Atlantic are created as continents rift apart are likely to have lifespans of hundreds of millions of years, but may be only partially preserved when those ocean basins close as continents collide.<sup id="cite_ref-BusbyIngersoll_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BusbyIngersoll-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sedimentary basins are of great economic importance. Almost all the world's <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and all of its <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> are found in sedimentary rock. Many metal ores are found in sedimentary rocks formed in particular sedimentary environments.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-1987-16_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-1987-16-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ingersoll2011_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingersoll2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coleman_&_Cahan_2012_USGS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coleman_&_Cahan_2012_USGS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedimentary basins are also important from a purely scientific perspective because their sedimentary fill provides a record of Earth's history during the time in which the basin was actively receiving sediment. </p><p>More than six hundred sedimentary basins have been identified worldwide. They range in areal size from tens of square kilometers to well over a million, and their sedimentary fills range from one to almost twenty kilometers in thickness.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemme_1980_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemme_1980-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_basin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A dozen or so common types of sedimentary basins are widely recognized and several classification schemes are proposed, however no single classification scheme is recognized as the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingersoll2011_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingersoll2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dickinson,_1976_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickinson,_1976-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bally_and_Snelson,_1980_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bally_and_Snelson,_1980-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klemme_1980_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemme_1980-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AllenPA2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllenPA2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most sedimentary basin classification schemes are based on one or more of these interrelated criteria: </p> <ul><li><i>Plate tectonic setting</i> - the proximity to a divergent, convergent or transform plate tectonic boundary and the type and origin of the tectonically-induced forces that cause a basin to form, specifically those active at the time of active sedimentation in the basin.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickinson1974SEPM_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickinson1974SEPM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dickinson,_1976_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickinson,_1976-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BusbyIngersoll_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BusbyIngersoll-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ingersoll2011_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingersoll2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Nature of underlying crust</i> - basins formed on <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a> are quite different from those formed on <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> as the two types of <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> have very different mechanical characteristics (<a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheology</a>) and different densities, which means they respond differently to isostasy.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics" title="Geodynamics">Geodynamics</a> of basin formation</i> - the mechanical and thermal forces that cause lithosphere to subside to form a basin.<sup id="cite_ref-Bally_and_Snelson,_1980_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bally_and_Snelson,_1980-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Petroleum/economic potential</i> - basin characteristics that influence the likelihood for the basin to have an accumulations of petroleum or the manner in which it formed.<sup id="cite_ref-AllenPA2013_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllenPA2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Widely-recognized_types">Widely-recognized types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_basin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Widely-recognized types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although no one basin classification scheme has been widely adopted, several common types of sedimentary basins are widely accepted and well understood as distinct types. Over its complete lifespan a single sedimentary basin can go through multiple phases and evolve from one of these types to another, such as a rift process going to completion to form a passive margin. In this case the sedimentary rocks of the rift basin phase are overlain by those rocks deposited during the passive margin phase. Hybrid basins where a single regional basin results from the processes that are characteristic of multiple of these types are also possible. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Widely-recognized Types of Sedimentary Basins </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sedimentary Basin Type</th> <th>Associated Type of Plate Boundary</th> <th>Description and Formation</th> <th>Modern, Active Examples</th> <th>Ancient (no longer active) Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift"> Rift basin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent</a></td> <td>Rift basins are elongate sedimentary basins formed in depressions created by tectonically-induced thinning (stretching) of continental crust, generally bounded by normal faults that create <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">grabens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Half-graben" title="Half-graben">half-grabens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors recognize two subtypes:<sup id="cite_ref-AllenandAllen_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllenandAllen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i>Terrestrial Rift Valleys</i> - largely subaerial valleys that are rifts in continental crust commonly with bimodal volcanism</li> <li><i>Proto-oceanic rift troughs</i> - incipient ocean basins where new oceanic crust is forming, flanked on either side by young rifted continental margins</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riftxsection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical rift formation in cross-section"><img alt="Typical rift formation in cross-section" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Riftxsection.jpg/300px-Riftxsection.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Riftxsection.jpg/450px-Riftxsection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Riftxsection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Typical rift formation in cross-section</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <p><i>Terrestrial rift valleys</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Rift" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande Rift">Rio Grande Rift</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine_Plain" title="Upper Rhine Plain">Upper Rhine Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><i>Proto-oceanic rift troughs</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez_Rift" title="Gulf of Suez Rift">Gulf of Suez Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newark_Basin" title="Newark Basin">Newark Basin</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundy_Basin" title="Fundy Basin">Fundy Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midcontinent_Rift_System" title="Midcontinent Rift System">Midcontinent Rift System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Rift_System" title="West Antarctic Rift System">West Antarctic Rift System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Graben" title="Oslo Graben">Oslo Graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reelfoot_Rift" class="mw-redirect" title="Reelfoot Rift">Reelfoot Rift</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent</a></td> <td>Passive margins generally have deep sedimentary basins that form along the margin of a continent after two continents have completely rifted apart to become separated by an ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooling and densification of the underlying lithosphere over tens of millions of years drives subsidence that allows thick accumulations of sediments eroded from the adjacent continent.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors distinguish two subtypes based on volcanism during the early phases of margin development, <i><a href="/wiki/Non-volcanic_passive_margins" title="Non-volcanic passive margins">non-volcanic passive margins</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_passive_margin" title="Volcanic passive margin">volcanic passive margins</a></i>. <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PMfinal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical passive margin cross-section"><img alt="Typical passive margin cross-section" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PMfinal.png/300px-PMfinal.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PMfinal.png/450px-PMfinal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PMfinal.png/600px-PMfinal.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Typical passive margin cross-section</figcaption></figure> <p>Passive margins are long-lived and generally become inactive only as a result of the closing of a major ocean through continental collision resulting from plate tectonics. As a result the sedimentary record of inactive passive margins often are found as thick sedimentary sequences in mountain belts. For example the passive margins of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a> are found in the mountain belts of the Alps and Himalayas that formed when the Tethys closed. </p> </td> <td> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Globald.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Globald.png/220px-Globald.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Globald.png/330px-Globald.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Globald.png/440px-Globald.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Global distribution of passive margins</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <ul><li>Tethys sedimentary sequence of the Tethys Himalaya (Tibet, Nepal)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Late Jurassic and Triassic sedimentary sequence of the Southern Alps (northern Italy)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Paleozoic sedimentary sequence of the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the Grand Canyon<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreland_basin" title="Foreland basin">Foreland Basin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent</a></td> <td>An elongate basin that develops adjacent and parallel to an actively growing mountain belt when the immense weight created by the growing mountains on top of continental lithosphere causes the plate to bend downward.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>Many authors recognize two subtypes of foreland basins: </p> <ul><li><i>Peripheral foreland basins</i> - where the topographic load of a large mountain belt being formed and thrust onto a plate, usually as a result of orogenisis due to continental collision, causes continental lithosphere to bend downward along the mountain front.</li> <li><i>Retroarc foreland basins</i> - which form behind (landward from) an active volcanic arc associated with a convergent plate boundary</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peripheralvs.Retroarc.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Peripheral vs. Retroarc foreland basins"><img alt="Peripheral vs. Retroarc foreland basins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Peripheralvs.Retroarc.png/500px-Peripheralvs.Retroarc.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Peripheralvs.Retroarc.png/750px-Peripheralvs.Retroarc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Peripheralvs.Retroarc.png/1000px-Peripheralvs.Retroarc.png 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Peripheral vs. Retroarc foreland basins</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <p><i>Peripheral foreland basins</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molasse_basin" title="Molasse basin">Molasse basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin">Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_foreland_basin" title="Himalayan foreland basin">Himalayan foreland basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junggar_Basin" title="Junggar Basin">Junggar Basin</a></li></ul> <p><i>Retroarc foreland basins</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_foreland_basins" title="Andean foreland basins">Andean foreland basins</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junggar_Basin" title="Junggar Basin">Junggar Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_North_Slope_basin" title="Alaska North Slope basin">Alaska North Slope basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Interior_Seaway" title="Western Interior Seaway">Western Interior Seaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windermere_Supergroup" title="Windermere Supergroup">Windermere Supergroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachian Basin">Appalachian Basin</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">Back-arc basin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent</a></td> <td>Back-arc basins result from stretching and thinning of crust behind volcanic arcs resulting when tensional forces created at the plate boundary pull the overriding plate toward the subducting oceanic plate in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench#Trench_rollback" title="Oceanic trench">oceanic trench rollback</a>. This only occurs when the subducting oceanic crust is older (>55 million years old), and therefore colder and denser, and being subducted at an angle greater than 30 degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumatra-subduction.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schematic cross-section of a typical convergent plate boundary showing formation of back-arc and forearc basins"><img alt="Schematic cross-section of a typical convergent plate boundary showing formation of back-arc and forearc basins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sumatra-subduction.jpg/400px-Sumatra-subduction.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sumatra-subduction.jpg/600px-Sumatra-subduction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sumatra-subduction.jpg/800px-Sumatra-subduction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>Schematic cross-section of a typical convergent plate boundary showing formation of back-arc and forearc basins</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BAB_of_the_World_-Converted-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/BAB_of_the_World_-Converted-.jpg/220px-BAB_of_the_World_-Converted-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/BAB_of_the_World_-Converted-.jpg/330px-BAB_of_the_World_-Converted-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/BAB_of_the_World_-Converted-.jpg/440px-BAB_of_the_World_-Converted-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2279" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Fiji_Basin" title="North Fiji Basin">North Fiji Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Basin" title="Lau Basin">Lau Basin</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenohercynian_Zone" title="Rhenohercynian Zone">Rhenohercynian Zone</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Forearc_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Forearc basin">Forearc basin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent</a></td> <td> <p>A sedimentary basin formed in association with a convergent plate tectonic boundary in the gap between an active <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic arc</a> and the associated <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">trench</a>, thus above the subducting oceanic plate. The formation of a forearc basin is often created by the vertical growth of an <a href="/wiki/Accretionary_wedge" title="Accretionary wedge">accretionary wedge</a> that acts as a linear dam, parallel to the volcanic arc, creating a depression in which sediments can accumulate. <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stratigraphic_signatures_of_forearc_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stratigraphic_signatures_of_forearc-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franciscan_subduction_model.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Franciscan_subduction_model.gif/350px-Franciscan_subduction_model.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Franciscan_subduction_model.gif/525px-Franciscan_subduction_model.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Franciscan_subduction_model.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram of the California continental margin during the Cretaceous, showing the deposition of the Great Valley Sequence in a forearc basin between the Franciscan accretionary wedge and the volcanic arc of the Sierra Nevada</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Strait" title="Mentawai Strait">Mentawai Strait</a> (aka Bengkulu-Mantawai forearc basin)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Magdalena Shelf<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_Basin" title="Nias Basin">Nias Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia" title="Strait of Georgia">Strait of Georgia</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Valley_Sequence" title="Great Valley Sequence">Great Valley Sequence</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent</a> </td> <td> <p>Trench basins are deep linear depressions formed where a subducting oceanic plate descends into the mantle, beneath the overriding continental (Andean type) or oceanic plate (Mariana type). Trenches form in the deep ocean but, particularly where the overriding plate is continental crust they can accumulate thick sequences of sediments from eroding coastal mountains. Smaller 'trench slope basins' can form in association with a trench can form directly atop the associated accretionary prism as it grows and changes shape creating ponded basins.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Subduction_Trench_Schematic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trench fill sedimentary basin in the context of a convergent plate boundary"><img alt="Trench fill sedimentary basin in the context of a convergent plate boundary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Subduction_Trench_Schematic.jpg/300px-Subduction_Trench_Schematic.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Subduction_Trench_Schematic.jpg/450px-Subduction_Trench_Schematic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Subduction_Trench_Schematic.jpg/600px-Subduction_Trench_Schematic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Trench fill sedimentary basin in the context of a convergent plate boundary</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_Trench" title="Middle America Trench">Middle America Trench</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Western edge of Vancouver Island</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Trench" title="Aleutian Trench">Aleutian Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Trench" title="Japan Trench">Japan Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Trench" title="Sunda Trench">Sunda Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Chile_Trench" title="Peru–Chile Trench">Peru–Chile Trench</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farallon_Trench" title="Farallon Trench">Farallon Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethyan_Trench" title="Tethyan Trench">Tethyan Trench</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pull-apart_basin" title="Pull-apart basin">Pull-apart basin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform</a></td> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pull_Apart_Basin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pull_Apart_Basin.png/250px-Pull_Apart_Basin.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pull_Apart_Basin.png/375px-Pull_Apart_Basin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pull_Apart_Basin.png/500px-Pull_Apart_Basin.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram of the formation of a pull-apart basin</figcaption></figure> <p>Pull-apart basins is are created along major strike-slip faults where a bend in the fault geometry or the splitting of the fault into two or more faults creates tensional forces that cause crustal thinning or stretching due to extension, creating a regional depression.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequently, the basins are rhombic, S-like or Z-like in shape.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Basin" title="Los Angeles Basin">Los Angeles Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Trough" title="Cayman Trough">Cayman Trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Trough" title="Salton Trough">Salton Trough</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meneage#Geology" title="Meneage">Gramscatho Basin</a><sup id="cite_ref-BarnesAndrews_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarnesAndrews-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ridge Basin<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cratonic basin (Intracratonic basin)</td> <td>None</td> <td> <p>A broad comparatively shallow basin formed far from the edge of a continental craton as a result of prolonged, broadly distributed but slow subsidence of the continental lithosphere relative to the surrounding area. They are sometimes referred to as intracratonic sag basins. They tend to be subcircular in shape and are commonly filled with shallow water marine or terrestrial sedimentary rocks that remain flat-lying and relatively undeformed over long periods of time due to the long-lived tectonic stability of the underlying craton. The geodynamic forces that create them remain poorly understood.<sup id="cite_ref-Selley_Sonnenberg_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selley_Sonnenberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin" title="Chad Basin">Chad Basin</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Basin" title="Michigan Basin">Michigan Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williston_Basin" title="Williston Basin">Williston Basin</a></li> <li>Hudson Bay Basin<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uinta_Mountains" title="Uinta Mountains">Uinta Mountain Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_Basin" title="Amadeus Basin">Amadeus Basin</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanics_of_formation">Mechanics of formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_basin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mechanics of formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sedimentary basins form as a result of regional subsidence of the lithosphere, mostly as a result of a few geodynamic processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithospheric_stretching">Lithospheric stretching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_basin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lithospheric stretching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formation_of_passive_margins_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Formation_of_passive_margins_cropped.svg/220px-Formation_of_passive_margins_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Formation_of_passive_margins_cropped.svg/330px-Formation_of_passive_margins_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Formation_of_passive_margins_cropped.svg/440px-Formation_of_passive_margins_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of lithospheric stretching</figcaption></figure> <p>If the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> is caused to stretch horizontally, by mechanisms such as rifting (which is associated with divergent plate boundaries) or <i>ridge-push</i> or <i>trench-pull</i> (associated with convergent boundaries), the effect is believed to be twofold. The lower, hotter part of the lithosphere will "flow" slowly away from the main area being stretched, whilst the upper, cooler and more brittle <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> will tend to fault (crack) and fracture. The combined effect of these two mechanisms is for Earth's surface in the area of extension to subside, creating a geographical depression which is then often infilled with water and/or sediments. (An analogy is a piece of rubber, which thins in the middle when stretched.) </p><p>An example of a basin caused by lithospheric stretching is the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> – also an important location for significant <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> reserves. Another such feature is the <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a> which covers most of Nevada, forming a series of <a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">horst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">graben</a> structures. </p><p>Tectonic extension at divergent boundaries where continental rifting is occurring can create a nascent ocean basin leading to either an ocean or the <a href="/wiki/Aulacogen" title="Aulacogen">failure of the rift zone</a>. Another expression of lithospheric stretching results in the formation of ocean basins with central ridges. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> is in fact an incipient ocean, in a plate tectonic context. The mouth of the Red Sea is also a tectonic <a href="/wiki/Triple_junction" title="Triple junction">triple junction</a> where the Indian Ocean Ridge, Red Sea Rift and <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a> meet. This is the only place on the planet where such a triple junction in oceanic crust is exposed <a href="/wiki/Subaerial" title="Subaerial">subaerially</a>. This is due to a high thermal buoyancy (<a href="/wiki/Thermal_subsidence" title="Thermal subsidence">thermal subsidence</a>) of the junction, and also to a local crumpled zone of seafloor crust acting as a dam against the Red Sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithospheric_flexure">Lithospheric flexure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_basin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lithospheric flexure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viscoelastic_lithospheric_flexure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Viscoelastic_lithospheric_flexure.png/220px-Viscoelastic_lithospheric_flexure.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Viscoelastic_lithospheric_flexure.png/330px-Viscoelastic_lithospheric_flexure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Viscoelastic_lithospheric_flexure.png/440px-Viscoelastic_lithospheric_flexure.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Schematic illustration of viscoelastic lithospheric flexure</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lithospheric_flexure" title="Lithospheric flexure">Lithospheric flexure</a> is another geodynamic mechanism that can cause regional subsidence resulting in the creation of a sedimentary basin. If a load is placed on the lithosphere, it will tend to flex in the manner of an elastic plate. The magnitude of the lithospheric flexure is a function of the imposed load and the <i><a href="/wiki/Flexural_rigidity" title="Flexural rigidity">flexural rigidity</a></i> of the lithosphere, and the wavelength of flexure is a function of flexural rigidity of the lithospheric plate. Flexural rigidity is in itself, a function of the lithospheric mineral composition, thermal regime, and effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-AllenandAllen_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllenandAllen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plate tectonic processes that can create sufficient loads on the lithosphere to induce basin-forming processes include: </p> <ul><li>formation of new mountain belts through <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogeny</a> create massive regional topographic highs that impose loads on the lithosphere and can result in <a href="/wiki/Foreland_basin" title="Foreland basin">foreland basins</a>.</li> <li>growth of a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic arc</a> as the result of subduction or even the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspot volcanic chain</a>.</li> <li>growth of an <a href="/wiki/Accretionary_wedge" title="Accretionary wedge">accretionary wedge</a> and thrusting of it onto the overriding tectonic plate can contribute to the formation of forearc basins.</li></ul> <p>After any kind of sedimentary basin has begun to form, the load created by the water and sediments filling the basin creates additional load, thus causing additional lithospheric flexure and amplifying the original subsidence that created the basin, regardless of the original cause of basin inception.<sup id="cite_ref-AllenandAllen_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllenandAllen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_subsidence">Thermal subsidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_basin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Thermal subsidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cooling of a lithospheric plate, particularly young oceanic crust or recently stretched continental crust, causes <a href="/wiki/Thermal_subsidence" title="Thermal subsidence">thermal subsidence</a>. As the plate cools it shrinks and becomes denser through <a href="/wiki/Negative_thermal_expansion" title="Negative thermal expansion">thermal contraction</a>. Analogous to a solid floating in a liquid, as the lithospheric plate gets denser it sinks because it displaces more of the underlying mantle through an equilibrium process known as <a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">isostasy</a>. </p><p>Thermal subsidence is particularly measurable and observable with oceanic crust, as there is a well-established correlation between the <a href="/wiki/Seafloor_depth_versus_age" title="Seafloor depth versus age">age of the underlying crust and depth of the ocean</a>. As newly-formed oceanic crust cools over a period of tens of millions of years. This is an important contribution to subsidence in rift basins, backarc basins and passive margins where they are underlain by newly-formed oceanic crust. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strike-slip_deformation">Strike-slip deformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_basin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Strike-slip deformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pull_apart_basin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pull_apart_basin.jpg/300px-Pull_apart_basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pull_apart_basin.jpg/450px-Pull_apart_basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pull_apart_basin.jpg/600px-Pull_apart_basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2197" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Shematic diagram of a strike-slip tectonic setting with fault bends creating areas of transtension and transpression</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_tectonics" title="Strike-slip tectonics">strike-slip tectonic</a> settings, deformation of the lithosphere occurs primarily in the plane of Earth as a result of near horizontal maximum and minimum <a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)#Principal_stresses_and_stress_invariants" title="Stress (mechanics)">principal stresses</a>. Faults associated with these plate boundaries are primarily vertical. Wherever these vertical fault planes encounter bends, movement along the fault can create local areas of compression or tension. </p><p>When the curve in the fault plane moves apart, a region of <i><a href="/wiki/Transtension" title="Transtension">transtension</a></i> occurs and sometimes is large enough and long-lived enough to create a sedimentary basin often called a <a href="/wiki/Pull-apart_basin" title="Pull-apart basin">pull-apart basin</a> or strike-slip basin.<sup id="cite_ref-BusbyIngersoll_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BusbyIngersoll-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These basins are often roughly rhombohedral in shape and may be called a <i>rhombochasm</i>. A classic rhombochasm is illustrated by the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> rift, where northward movement of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a> relative to the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Plate">Anatolian Plate</a> has created a strike slip basin. </p><p>The opposite effect is that of <i><a href="/wiki/Transpression" title="Transpression">transpression</a></i>, where converging movement of a curved fault plane causes collision of the opposing sides of the fault. An example is the <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_Mountains" title="San Bernardino Mountains">San Bernardino Mountains</a> north of Los Angeles, which result from convergence along a curve in the <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a> system. The <a href="/wiki/Northridge_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Northridge earthquake">Northridge earthquake</a> was caused by vertical movement along local thrust and reverse faults "bunching up" against the bend in the otherwise strike-slip fault environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Study_of_sedimentary_basins">Study of sedimentary basins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_basin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Study of sedimentary basins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study of sedimentary basins as entities unto themselves is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin_analysis" title="Sedimentary basin analysis">sedimentary basin analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AllenandAllen_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllenandAllen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miall_textbook_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miall_textbook-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Study involving quantitative modeling of the dynamic geologic processes by which they evolved is called <a href="/wiki/Basin_modelling" title="Basin modelling">basin modelling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sedimentary rocks comprising the fill of sedimentary basins hold the most complete historical record of the evolution of the earth's surface over time. Regional study of these rocks can be used as the primary record for different kinds of scientific investigation aimed at understanding and reconstructing the earth's past plate tectonics (paleotectonics), geography (<a href="/wiki/Paleogeography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleogeography">paleogeography</a>, climate (<a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">paleoclimatology</a>), oceans (<a href="/wiki/Paleoceanography" title="Paleoceanography">paleoceanography</a>), habitats (<a href="/wiki/Paleoecology" title="Paleoecology">paleoecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">paleobiogeography</a>). Sedimentary basin analysis is thus an important area of study for purely scientific and academic reasons. There are however important economic incentives as well for understanding the processes of sedimentary basin formation and evolution because almost all of the world's <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> reserves were formed in sedimentary basins. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basin_analysis_and_stratigraphy_in_outcrop_with_major_sequence_boundary_and_fossil_submarine_canyon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Basin_analysis_and_stratigraphy_in_outcrop_with_major_sequence_boundary_and_fossil_submarine_canyon.png/220px-Basin_analysis_and_stratigraphy_in_outcrop_with_major_sequence_boundary_and_fossil_submarine_canyon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Basin_analysis_and_stratigraphy_in_outcrop_with_major_sequence_boundary_and_fossil_submarine_canyon.png/330px-Basin_analysis_and_stratigraphy_in_outcrop_with_major_sequence_boundary_and_fossil_submarine_canyon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Basin_analysis_and_stratigraphy_in_outcrop_with_major_sequence_boundary_and_fossil_submarine_canyon.png/440px-Basin_analysis_and_stratigraphy_in_outcrop_with_major_sequence_boundary_and_fossil_submarine_canyon.png 2x" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>Example of surface geologic study of a sedimentary basin fill through field geologic mapping and interpretation of aerial photography. This example includes major erosional surface (sequence boundary) resulting from erosion and fill of a large submarine canyon.</figcaption></figure> <p>All of these perspectives on the history of a particular region are based on the study of a large three-dimensional body of sedimentary rocks that resulted from the fill of one or more sedimentary basins over time. The scientific studies of <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a> and in recent decades <a href="/wiki/Sequence_stratigraphy" title="Sequence stratigraphy">sequence stratigraphy</a> are focused on understanding the three-dimensional architecture, packaging and layering of this body of sedimentary rocks as a record resulting from sedimentary processes acting over time, influenced by global sea level change and regional plate tectonics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_geologic_study">Surface geologic study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_basin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Surface geologic study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Where the sedimentary rocks comprising a sedimentary basin's fill are exposed at the earth's surface, traditional field geology and <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photography</a> techniques as well as satellite imagery can be used in the study of sedimentary basins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsurface_geologic_study">Subsurface geologic study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_basin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Subsurface geologic study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of a sedimentary basin's fill often remains buried below the surface, often submerged in the ocean, and thus cannot be studied directly. Acoustic imaging using <a href="/wiki/Seismic_reflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic reflection">seismic reflection</a> acquired through <a href="/wiki/Seismic_data_acquisition" title="Seismic data acquisition">seismic data acquisition</a> and studied through the specific sub-discipline of <a href="/wiki/Seismic_stratigraphy" title="Seismic stratigraphy">seismic stratigraphy</a> is the primary means of understanding the three-dimensional architecture of the basin's fill through <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>. </p><p>Direct sampling of the rocks themselves is accomplished via the drilling of boreholes and the retrieval of rock samples in the form of both <a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">core samples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drill_cuttings" title="Drill cuttings">drill cuttings</a>. These allow geologists to study small samples of the rocks directly and also very importantly allow paleontologists to study the <a href="/wiki/Microfossil" title="Microfossil">microfossils</a> they contain (<a href="/wiki/Micropaleontology" title="Micropaleontology">micropaleontology</a>). </p><p>At the time they are being drilled, boreholes are also surveyed by pulling electronic instruments along the length of the borehole in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">well logging</a>. Well logging, which is sometimes appropriately called borehole <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a>, uses electromagnetic and radioactive properties of the rocks surrounding the borehole, as well as their interaction with the fluids used in the process of drilling the borehole, to create a continuous record of the rocks along the length of the borehole, displayed as of a family of curves. Comparison of well log curves between multiple boreholes can be used to understand the stratigraphy of a sedimentary basin, particularly if used in conjunction with seismic stratigraphy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_basin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_basin" title="Structural basin">Structural basin</a> – Large-scale structural geological depression formed by tectonic warping</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a> – Land area where water converges to a common outlet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">Endorheic basin</a> – Closed drainage basin that has no outflow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a> – Movement of Earth's lithosphere</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">Isostasy</a> – State of gravitational equilibrium between Earth's crust and mantle</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_basin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Selley_Sonnenberg-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Selley_Sonnenberg_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selley_Sonnenberg_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSelleySonnenberg2015" class="citation book cs1">Selley, Richard C.; Sonnenberg, Stephen A. (2015). "Chapter 8 - Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum Systems". <i>Elements of petroleum geology</i> (3rd ed.). 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(30 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33677%2Fggianas20200100040">"Analysis of sedimentary thickness, volumes and geographic extent of the world sedimentary basins"</a>. <i>ANAS Transactions, Earth Sciences</i> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33677%2Fggianas20200100040">10.33677/ggianas20200100040</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225758074">225758074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ANAS+Transactions%2C+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+sedimentary+thickness%2C+volumes+and+geographic+extent+of+the+world+sedimentary+basins&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33677%2Fggianas20200100040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225758074%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Abdullayev&rft.aufirst=N.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.33677%252Fggianas20200100040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASedimentary+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllenandAllen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AllenandAllen_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllenandAllen_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllenandAllen_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllenandAllen_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllenandAllen_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllenandAllen_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenJohn_R._Allen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_A._Allen" title="Philip A. Allen">Allen, Philip A.</a>; John R. Allen (2008). <i>Basin analysis: principles and applications</i> (2nd ed.). 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(22 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230537858">"Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins, with Revised Nomenclature"</a>. <i>Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins</i>: 1–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444347166.ch1">10.1002/9781444347166.ch1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444347166" title="Special:BookSources/9781444347166"><bdi>9781444347166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tectonics+of+Sedimentary+Basins&rft.atitle=Tectonics+of+Sedimentary+Basins%2C+with+Revised+Nomenclature&rft.pages=1-43&rft.date=2011-12-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444347166.ch1&rft.isbn=9781444347166&rft.aulast=Ingersoll&rft.aufirst=Raymond+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F230537858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASedimentary+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BusbyIngersoll-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BusbyIngersoll_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BusbyIngersoll_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BusbyIngersoll_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BusbyIngersoll_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathy_J._Busby_and_Raymond_V._Ingersoll1995" class="citation book cs1">Cathy J. 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the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825221000635">Global sedimentary basin map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcgis.com/apps/mapviewer/index.html?panel=gallery&suggestField=true&layers=a15e179c3b6a45ef94107353c2f64fc1">Map/database of sedimentary basins of the World</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rivers,_streams_and_springs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template talk:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rivers,_streams_and_springs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">springs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">lists</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_types" title="Channel types">Channel types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">Confluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">Distributary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">Subterranean river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">River source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">Tributary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">Streams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arroyo_(watercourse)" title="Arroyo (watercourse)">Arroyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourne_(stream)" title="Bourne (stream)">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_(landform)" title="Burn (landform)">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_stream" title="Chalk stream">Chalk stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulee" title="Coulee">Coulee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream channel">Stream channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamflow" title="Streamflow">Streamflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gradient" title="Stream gradient">Stream gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial stream">Perennial stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_(stream)" title="Winterbourne (stream)">Winterbourne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">Springs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_springs" title="List of springs">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estavelle" title="Estavelle">Estavelle/Inversac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">Geyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">Hot spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs" title="List of hot springs">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs_in_the_United_States" title="List of hot springs in the United States">list in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">Karst spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_karst_springs" title="List of karst springs">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_spring" title="Mineral spring">Mineral spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponor" title="Ponor">Ponor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_spring" title="Rhythmic spring">Rhythmic spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_horizon" title="Spring horizon">Spring horizon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sedimentary processes</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(geology)" title="Abrasion (geology)">Abrasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">Aggradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armor_(hydrology)" title="Armor (hydrology)">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_load" title="Bed load">Bed load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_material_load" title="Bed material load">Bed material load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Granular flow">Granular flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_load" title="Dissolved load">Dissolved load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcutting" title="Downcutting">Downcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headward_erosion" title="Headward erosion">Headward erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeochannel" title="Palaeochannel">Palaeochannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progradation" title="Progradation">Progradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrogradation" title="Retrogradation">Retrogradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">Saltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_flow#River_bends" title="Secondary flow">Secondary flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_load" title="Suspended load">Suspended load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_load" title="Wash load">Wash load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_gap" title="Water gap">Water gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antecedent_drainage_stream" title="Antecedent drainage stream">Antecedent drainage stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billabong" title="Billabong">Billabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_bank" title="Cut bank">Cut bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_island" title="Floating island">Floating island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvial_terrace" title="Fluvial terrace">Fluvial terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(ravine)" title="Gill (ravine)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulch" title="Gulch">Gulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">Gully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen" title="Glen">Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_scar" title="Meander scar">Meander scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle-pool_sequence" title="Riffle-pool sequence">Riffle-pool sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">Ravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rill" title="Rill">Rill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_island" title="River island">River island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_basin" title="Rock-cut basin">Rock-cut basin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sedimentary basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">Sedimentary structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strath" title="Strath">Strath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">River valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial flow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicoidal_flow" title="Helicoidal flow">Helicoidal flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_scale_of_river_difficulty" title="International scale of river difficulty">International scale of river difficulty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">Log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">Stream capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">Waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater" title="Whitewater">Whitewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_flush" title="First flush">First flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100-year_flood" title="100-year flood">100-year flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crevasse_splay" title="Crevasse splay">Crevasse splay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-water_floods" title="List of non-water floods">Non-water flood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_barrier" title="Flood barrier">Flood barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_forecasting" title="Flood forecasting">Flood forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_pulse_concept" title="Flood pulse concept">Flood pulse concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">Inundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Water_Management_Model" title="Storm Water Management Model">Storm Water Management Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_period" title="Return period">Return period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution#Pollution_from_point_sources" title="Water pollution">Point source pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effluent" title="Effluent">Effluent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River measurement<br />and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baer%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Baer's law">Baer's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseflow" title="Baseflow">Baseflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_model" title="Bradshaw model">Bradshaw model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">Discharge (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_density" title="Drainage density">Drainage density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_model" title="Groundwater model">Groundwater model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack%27s_law" title="Hack's law">Hack's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjulstr%C3%B6m_curve" title="Hjulström curve">Hjulström curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrograph" title="Hydrograph">Hydrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_model" title="Hydrological model">Hydrological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_transport_model" title="Hydrological transport model">Hydrological transport model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_stem" title="Main stem">Main stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair%27s_law" title="Playfair's law">Playfair's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief ratio">Relief ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Continuum_Concept" title="River Continuum Concept">River Continuum Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_number" title="Rouse number">Rouse number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_curve_number" title="Runoff curve number">Runoff curve number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_model_(reservoir)" title="Runoff model (reservoir)">Runoff model (reservoir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gauge" title="Stream gauge">Stream gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Soil_Loss_Equation" title="Universal Soil Loss Equation">Universal Soil Loss Equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAFLEX" title="WAFLEX">WAFLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetted_perimeter" title="Wetted perimeter">Wetted perimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">Volumetric flow rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_lake" title="Balancing lake">Balancing lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_structure" title="Drop structure">Drop structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(streams)" title="Daylighting (streams)">Daylighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain_restoration" title="Floodplain restoration">Floodplain restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flume" title="Flume">Flume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leat" title="Leat">Leat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_morphology" title="River morphology">River morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian-zone_restoration" title="Riparian-zone restoration">Riparian-zone restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_restoration" title="Stream restoration">Stream restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">Weir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_surfing" title="River surfing">River surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboarding" title="Riverboarding">Riverboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_skipping" title="Stone skipping">Stone skipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing" title="Whitewater canoeing">Whitewater canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">Whitewater kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_slalom" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewater slalom">Whitewater slalom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">Body of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic civilization">Hydraulic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_valley_civilization" title="River valley civilization">River valley civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_cruise" title="River cruise">River cruise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Sacred waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_river" title="Wild river">Wild river</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers by length">Rivers by length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_discharge" title="List of rivers by discharge">Rivers by discharge rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drainage_basins" class="mw-redirect" title="List of drainage basins">Drainage basins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_whitewater_rivers" title="List of whitewater rivers">Whitewater rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flash_floods" title="List of flash floods">Flash floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_river_name_etymologies" title="List of river name etymologies">River name etymologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_without_rivers" title="List of countries without rivers">Countries without rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4180610-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88006068">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bassins sédimentaires"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121589095">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bassins sédimentaires"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121589095">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sedimentární pánve"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph136719&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534452805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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