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id="toc-Victorian_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_to_modern_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_to_modern_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>20th century to modern day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_to_modern_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_public_aviaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_public_aviaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of public aviaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_public_aviaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aviary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1_(%D9%82%D9%81%D8%B5)" title="مطير (قفص) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطير (قفص)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Волиера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Волиера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviari" title="Aviari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aviari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voli%C3%A9ra" title="Voliéra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Voliéra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voliere" title="Voliere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Voliere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voliere" title="Voliere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Voliere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviario" title="Aviario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aviario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdobredejo" title="Birdobredejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Birdobredejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باغ پرندگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باغ پرندگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voli%C3%A8re" title="Volière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Volière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviari" title="Aviari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aviari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voliera" title="Voliera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Voliera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt%C3%B4sznica" title="Ptôsznica – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ptôsznica" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Птичарник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Птичарник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voli%C3%A8re" title="Volière – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Volière" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptaszarnia" title="Ptaszarnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ptaszarnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%A1rio" title="Aviário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aviário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Авиарий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авиарий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aviary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Авиаријум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Авиаријум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviaario" title="Aviaario – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aviaario" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volj%C3%A4r" title="Voljär – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Voljär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aviary" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1363025" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large enclosure for confining birds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aviary_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aviary (disambiguation)">Aviary (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aviary_N%C3%A9then.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aviary_N%C3%A9then.jpg/170px-Aviary_N%C3%A9then.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aviary_N%C3%A9then.jpg/255px-Aviary_N%C3%A9then.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aviary_N%C3%A9then.jpg/340px-Aviary_N%C3%A9then.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Home aviary, Néthen, Belgium, non-commercial wooden construction</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>aviary</b> is a large enclosure for confining <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Bats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bats">bats</a> may also be considered for display. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Birdcage" title="Birdcage">birdcages</a>, aviaries allow birds a larger living space where <a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">they can fly</a>; hence, aviaries are also sometimes known as <b>flight cages</b> or <b>bird cages</b> in some places in the United Kingdom. Aviaries often contain plants and shrubbery to simulate a natural environment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Various_types_of_aviary">Various types of aviary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Various types of aviary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large aviaries are often found in the setting of a <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoological garden</a> (for example, the <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_(United_States)" title="National Zoological Park (United States)">National Zoo in Washington, D.C.</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo" title="San Diego Zoo">San Diego Zoo</a>). Walk-in aviaries also exist in bird parks, including the spacious <a href="/wiki/Bird_Paradise" title="Bird Paradise">Bird Paradise</a> in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, or the smaller <a href="/wiki/Edward_Youde_Aviary" title="Edward Youde Aviary">Edward Youde Aviary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh</a> is home to the USA's <a href="/wiki/National_Aviary" title="National Aviary">National Aviary</a>, perhaps the most prominent example in North America of an aviary not set inside a zoo. However, the oldest public aviary not set inside a zoo in North America, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton_Aviary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamilton Aviary (page does not exist)">Hamilton Aviary</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Tracy Aviary is an example of a bird park within a public <a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">urban park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Park_(Salt_Lake_City)" title="Liberty Park (Salt Lake City)">Liberty Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some smaller sized aviaries can often be found in European manorial gardens, such as <a href="/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor" title="Waddesdon Manor">Waddesdon Manor</a>, UK, and <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a>, France. Some <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">public aquaria</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Coast_Aquarium" title="Oregon Coast Aquarium">Oregon Coast Aquarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Oregon" title="Newport, Oregon">Newport, Oregon</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium">Monterey Bay Aquarium</a>, have aquatic aviaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Birds_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birds-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sandy_Shores_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandy_Shores-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Home aviaries are popular with some bird <a href="/wiki/Animal_fancy" title="Animal fancy">fanciers</a> who have the space for them. Many bird breeders list themselves as "aviaries", since most bird pairs breed best in aviaries in contrast to breeding <i>cages</i>. Home aviaries may be built by the owner or obtained from a commercial supplier. </p><p>There are two main subcategories of home aviaries: grounded aviaries and suspended aviaries. Grounded aviaries are affixed to the ground with a <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> base to prevent rats and other vermin from entering. Suspended aviaries are suspended in the air with only the 'legs' of the aviaries affixed to the ground; hence, the need for a protective base is eliminated in suspended aviaries. Most grounded aviaries typically feature a <a href="/wiki/Woodwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodwork">woodwork</a> or <a href="/wiki/PVC" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC">PVC</a> frame unlike the <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> frame of public aviaries; however, it isn't uncommon for suspended aviaries to feature a metal frame. Aviaries are also used for research purposes in ornithology institutes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_origins">Early modern origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early modern origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An aviary, a large cage to house and display birds, dates as far back and possibly earlier than the 1500s found in the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan as noted by Hernán Cortés when he and his men arrived in 1521. Also the <i>Raven Cage</i> (created in 1829), is regarded as one of the oldest structures in the <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZSL-architecture_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZSL-architecture-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Bali_Starling_or_Rothschild_Mynah_at_the_Waddesdon_Aviary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/A_Bali_Starling_or_Rothschild_Mynah_at_the_Waddesdon_Aviary.jpg/220px-A_Bali_Starling_or_Rothschild_Mynah_at_the_Waddesdon_Aviary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/A_Bali_Starling_or_Rothschild_Mynah_at_the_Waddesdon_Aviary.jpg/330px-A_Bali_Starling_or_Rothschild_Mynah_at_the_Waddesdon_Aviary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/A_Bali_Starling_or_Rothschild_Mynah_at_the_Waddesdon_Aviary.jpg/440px-A_Bali_Starling_or_Rothschild_Mynah_at_the_Waddesdon_Aviary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bali_myna" title="Bali myna">Bali Myna</a>, otherwise known as the Rothschild Myna, is one of the seven EAZA species at <a href="/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor" title="Waddesdon Manor">Waddesdon Manor</a>'s Aviary in Buckinghamshire, UK.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victorian_revival">Victorian revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Victorian revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_aviary2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Military_aviary2.jpg/250px-Military_aviary2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Military_aviary2.jpg/375px-Military_aviary2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Military_aviary2.jpg/500px-Military_aviary2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="2882" /></a><figcaption>Proposed architectural design for a French military aviary to house <a href="/wiki/Swallow" title="Swallow">swallows</a> as messenger birds, based upon a scheme by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Desbouvrie" title="Jean Desbouvrie">Jean Desbouvrie</a>, 1889</figcaption></figure><p>The first large aviary inside a zoological garden was established in 1880 in the setting of the <a href="/wiki/Diergaarde_Blijdorp" title="Diergaarde Blijdorp">Rotterdam Zoo</a>. Aviaries were an important aspect for the many Rothschild houses that proliferated across Europe in the 19th century. This was a recalling of the aristocratic custom from the late 1600s, which involved the elite society displaying their power, status and wealth through the exhibition of exotic birds and animals. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Rothschild" title="Ferdinand de Rothschild">Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild</a> built his aviary in 1889 at <a href="/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor" title="Waddesdon Manor">Waddesdon Manor</a>, UK, erected in the style of <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a>' trelliswork pavilions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_to_modern_day">20th century to modern day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century to modern day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1902, a flying cage was completed in the setting of the <a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_(United_States)" title="National Zoological Park (United States)">National Zoological Park</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. A new <i>Great Flying Cage</i> was built in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Zoological_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Louis Zoological Park">The Saint Louis Zoo</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">1904 World's Fair</a> Flight Cage. It is one of only two permanent structures built for the World's Fair which still remain (the other is the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum" title="Saint Louis Art Museum">Saint Louis Art Museum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cass_Gilbert" title="Cass Gilbert">Cass Gilbert</a> building). In 1904, it was the largest bird cage ever built. It remains one of the world's largest free-flight aviaries. The 69 m (228 ft) long, 26 m (84 ft) wide, and 15 m (50 ft) high cage was built by the Smithsonian Institution specifically for the St. Louis World's Fair. Local pride in the giant cage motivated <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a> to finally establish a zoo in 1910. </p><p>In 1937, the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo" title="San Diego Zoo">San Diego Zoo</a>'s aviary designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Louis_John_Gill" title="Louis John Gill">Louis John Gill</a> opened; it was then the largest in the world. The mammoth steel structure, 55 m (180 ft) long, 18 m (60 ft) wide and more than 30 m (100 ft) high, funded by the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> at a cost of $50,000, had no beams, cross or guy-wires to impede the flight of the birds.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Antwerp cage system (1948), birds are only separate from public with a light system used indoor the <i>Bird Building</i> at <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Zoo" title="Antwerp Zoo">Antwerp Zoo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Zoo">Frankfurt Zoo</a>, the bird house was built in 1969. Its <i>Bird Halls</i> presented birds for the first time in large glassed miniature habitats. In diving exhibits, <a href="/wiki/Darter" title="Darter">darters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfishers</a> could be seen hunting under water, and in the free-flight hall visitors still walk amongst tropical birds in dense <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frankfurt_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankfurt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, the same principle was used outdoors to construct the <i>Bird Thicket</i>, ten aviaries surrounded by dense bushes and designed in various habitat settings, which visitors can enter through wire netted doors and curtains of cords.<sup id="cite_ref-Frankfurt_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankfurt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Snowdon Aviary</i> in <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a> was designed by <a href="/wiki/Antony_Armstrong-Jones,_1st_Earl_of_Snowdon" title="Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon">Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Price" title="Cedric Price">Cedric Price</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Newby" title="Frank Newby">Frank Newby</a>, and built in 1962–1964.<sup id="cite_ref-ZSL-architecture_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZSL-architecture-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx Zoo</a>'s <i>World of Birds</i>, a two-story bird house completed in 1972, is a huge, landscaped, indoor free-flight exhibit. The one-way flow pattern in the exhibit moves the visitors through twenty-five birds habitats, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a>. Each setting recreates with impressive fidelity the microculture of the birds that fly merrily about within their <a href="/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama">diorama</a> world, complete with living <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>. Five of the aviaries are completely open: in two of the largest the uncaged public walks through the habitat with birds freely overhead.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Henry_Doorly_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Doorly Zoo">Henry Doorly Zoo</a>'s <i>Simmons Aviary</i> opened in 1983 and is one of the world's largest free-flight aviaries. About 500 birds from all parts of the world occupy the area of the aviary. In this 16,000-square-metre (4-acre) exhibit, visitors see <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">storks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoonbill" title="Spoonbill">spoonbills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibis" title="Ibis">ibis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egret" title="Egret">egrets</a>. The Aviary is 240 m (800 ft) long and rises to 23 m (75 ft) at the center. The structure of two-inch nylon mesh is supported by a system of cables and poles. The use of <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a> is a unique concept.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_Eden" title="Birds of Eden">Birds of Eden</a> bird sanctuary, located in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, is possibly the largest free flight aviary in the world. The aviary opened in 2005 and covers an area of 21,761 m<sup>2</sup> (234,230 sq ft) with a total volume of 375,372 m<sup>3</sup> (13,256,100 cu ft). It is home to around 3,000 individual birds from 200 species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_public_aviaries">List of public aviaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of public aviaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aviary&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton_Aviary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamilton Aviary (page does not exist)">Hamilton Aviary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Kingdom" title="Bird Kingdom">Bird Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_Eden" title="Birds of Eden">Birds of Eden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloedel_Floral_Conservatory" title="Bloedel Floral Conservatory">Bloedel Floral Conservatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_World" title="Butterfly World">Butterfly World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut_Creek,_Florida" title="Coconut Creek, Florida">Coconut Creek, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clissold_Park" title="Clissold Park">Clissold Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney" title="London Borough of Hackney">Hackney</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Youde_Aviary" title="Edward Youde Aviary">Edward Youde Aviary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo_Gardens" title="Flamingo Gardens">Flamingo Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davie,_Florida" title="Davie, Florida">Davie, Florida</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_High_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Flying High Bird Sanctuary">Flying High Bird Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Tree_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Tree Creek">Apple Tree Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Paradise" title="Bird Paradise">Bird Paradise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandai" title="Mandai">Mandai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe_Kachoen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobe Kachoen">Kobe Kachoen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Bird_Park" title="Kuala Lumpur Bird Park">Kuala Lumpur Bird Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Coasts" title="Living Coasts">Living Coasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaka_Bird_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaka Bird Park">Melaka Bird Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaka">Melaka</a>, Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aviary" title="National Aviary">National Aviary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Back_Zoo" title="Turtle Back Zoo">Turtle Back Zoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Metro_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Metro Zoo">Miami Metro Zoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmitos_Park" title="Palmitos Park">Palmitos Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_das_Aves" title="Parque das Aves">Parque das Aves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foz_do_Igua%C3%A7u" title="Foz do Iguaçu">Foz do Iguaçu</a>, Brazil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">Snowdon Aviary</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Park_(Salt_Lake_City)" title="Liberty Park (Salt Lake City)">Tracy Aviary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City, Utah">Salt Lake City, Utah</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voliere_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Voliere Zürich">Voliere Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enge_(Z%C3%BCrich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enge (Zürich)">Enge (Zürich)</a>, Switzerland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor" title="Waddesdon Manor">Waddesdon Manor</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waddesdon.org.uk/your-visit/grounds/aviary/">Aviary</a>, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltvogelpark_Walsrode" title="Weltvogelpark Walsrode">Weltvogelpark Walsrode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li>Shukavana <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.sgsbirds.com">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mysuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysuru">mysuru</a>, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Garden_of_Isfahan" title="Bird Garden of Isfahan">Bird Garden of Isfahan</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioparco_di_Roma" title="Bioparco di Roma">Bioparco di Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li>Lake View Bird Park,Islamabad Pakistan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1904_Flight_Cage.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="1904 Flight Cage St. Louis Zoo"><img alt="1904 Flight Cage St. Louis Zoo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1904_Flight_Cage.JPG/120px-1904_Flight_Cage.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1904_Flight_Cage.JPG/180px-1904_Flight_Cage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1904_Flight_Cage.JPG/240px-1904_Flight_Cage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1904 Flight Cage<br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Zoological_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Louis Zoological Park">St. Louis Zoo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snowdon_Aviary_at_London_Zoo-30April2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Snowdon Aviary in London Zoo"><img alt="The Snowdon Aviary in London Zoo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Snowdon_Aviary_at_London_Zoo-30April2005.jpg/120px-Snowdon_Aviary_at_London_Zoo-30April2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Snowdon_Aviary_at_London_Zoo-30April2005.jpg/180px-Snowdon_Aviary_at_London_Zoo-30April2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Snowdon_Aviary_at_London_Zoo-30April2005.jpg/240px-Snowdon_Aviary_at_London_Zoo-30April2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Snowdon Aviary in <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voliere_Schoenbrunn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aviary in the gardens of Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna, Austria"><img alt="Aviary in the gardens of Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna, Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Voliere_Schoenbrunn.jpg/91px-Voliere_Schoenbrunn.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Voliere_Schoenbrunn.jpg/137px-Voliere_Schoenbrunn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Voliere_Schoenbrunn.jpg/182px-Voliere_Schoenbrunn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aviary in the gardens of <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace" title="Schönbrunn Palace">Schönbrunn Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulier.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Aviary in a farm of Concorezzo, Italy"><img alt="Aviary in a farm of Concorezzo, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vulier.JPG/120px-Vulier.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vulier.JPG/180px-Vulier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vulier.JPG/240px-Vulier.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aviary in a <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farm</a> of <a href="/wiki/Concorezzo" title="Concorezzo">Concorezzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aviary_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Victorian Aviary at Waddesdon Manor, a National Trust property in Buckinghamshire, 1889"><img alt="The Victorian Aviary at Waddesdon Manor, a National Trust property in Buckinghamshire, 1889" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Aviary_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg/120px-Aviary_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Aviary_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg/180px-Aviary_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Aviary_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg/240px-Aviary_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5608" data-file-height="3739" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Victorian Aviary at <a href="/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor" title="Waddesdon Manor">Waddesdon Manor</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a> property in Buckinghamshire, 1889</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tracyaviary.org/about/history.php">Tracy Aviary History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011060819/http://www.tracyaviary.org/about/history.php">Archived</a> 11 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved on 7 December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birds-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birds_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquarium.org/exhibitsBirds.asp?sid=2">Birds</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219115725/http://www.aquarium.org/exhibitsBirds.asp?sid=2">Archived</a> 19 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquarium.org/">Oregon Coast Aquarium's official website</a>, retrieved on 3 February 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandy_Shores-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sandy_Shores_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbayaq.org/efc/sandy.asp">Sandy Shores</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212155628/http://www.mbayaq.org/efc/sandy.asp">Archived</a> 12 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbayaq.org/">Monterey Bay Aquarium's official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214235655/http://www.mbayaq.org/">Archived</a> 14 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved on 3 February 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZSL-architecture-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZSL-architecture_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZSL-architecture_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zsl.org/info/about-us/zoo-architecture,103,AR.html">ZSL Architecture</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228070202/http://www.zsl.org/info/about-us/zoo-architecture%2C103%2CAR.html">Archived</a> 28 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">ZSL</a>, retrieved on 3 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waddesdon.org.uk/your-visit/grounds/aviary/">"The Aviary at Waddesdon Manor"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Aviary+at+Waddesdon+Manor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaddesdon.org.uk%2Fyour-visit%2Fgrounds%2Faviary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siarchives.si.edu/findingaids/faru0074.htm">National Zoological Park, Records, 1887–1966</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Institution Archives">Smithsonian Institution Archives</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Giant Zoo Cage to be Dedicated by Eagles Soon," <i>San Diego Union</i>, 21 February 1937.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/84summer/gill.htm">San Diego Historical Society</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"European zoos", <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i>, Vol. 25, No. 23, 6 December 1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frankfurt-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frankfurt_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frankfurt_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Petzold, Dirk, "Zoologischer Garten Frankfurt am Main", in <i>Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos</i>, Bell, Catharine E. (ed.), Fitzroy Dearborn, Chicago, 2001, Vol.3, pp.1452–1457. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-174-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-174-9">1-57958-174-9</a>; <br />Scherpner, Christian, "Walk-through Bird aviaries at Frankfurt Zoo", <i>International Zoo Yearbook</i>, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1965, pp. 244–246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kidder Smith, G. E., <i>Source Book of American Architecture: 500 Notable Buildings from the 10th Century to the Present</i>, Princeton Architectural Press, Princeton, 2000, p.376. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56898-254-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56898-254-2">1-56898-254-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omahazoo.com/index.php?p=animalsexhibits&s=aviary">Henry Doorly Zoo's Aviary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223073826/http://www.omahazoo.com/index.php?p=animalsexhibits&s=aviary">Archived</a> 23 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved on 27 November 2008.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aviary" class="extiw" title="commons:Aviary"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Aviary</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Aviary" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aviary">Aviary</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prsXzDCRh-w">Waddesdon Manor's Aviary, YouTube video</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060703051625/http://www.stlzoo.org/yourvisit/thingstoseeanddo/historichill/1904flightcage.htm">1904 Flight Cage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/affiliates/images/csdhi/kt0290182t/hi-res/11499.jpg">1926 Scripps Aviary, San Diego Zoo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdsofeden.co.za">Birds of Eden</a>, a 2.176 hectares (21,760 m<sup>2</sup>) aviary in South Africa</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tracyaviary.org/">Tracy Aviary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73801">My pets: Real happenings in my aviary</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1041">Marshall Saunders</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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id="Zoos,_aquariums,_and_aviaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">aquariums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aviaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviaries">aviaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sanctuary" title="Animal sanctuary">Animal sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_theme_park" title="Animal theme park">Animal theme park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">Aquarium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aviary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_pit" title="Bear pit">Bear pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium" title="Dolphinarium">Dolphinarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetarium" title="Herpetarium">Herpetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectarium" title="Insectarium">Insectarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_center" title="Nature center">Nature center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_park" title="Marine mammal park">Marine mammal park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">Menagerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_safari" title="Night safari">Night safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanarium" title="Oceanarium">Oceanarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguinarium" title="Penguinarium">Penguinarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasantry" title="Pheasantry">Pheasantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petting_zoo" title="Petting zoo">Petting zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptile_centre" title="Reptile centre">Reptile centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_park" title="Safari park">Safari park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_zoo" title="Virtual zoo">Virtual zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarium" title="Vivarium">Vivarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation">Ex situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="In situ conservation">In situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">Species reintroduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_by_country" title="List of zoos by country">Zoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquaria_by_country" title="List of aquaria by country">Aquariums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_aquaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest aquaria">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_sanctuaries" title="List of animal sanctuaries">Animal sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_butterfly_houses" title="List of butterfly houses">Butterfly houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dolphinariums" title="List of dolphinariums">Dolphinariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles" title="Index of conservation articles">Conservation topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of former zoos and aquariums">Former zoos and aquariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_centers" title="List of nature centers">Nature centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoo_associations" title="List of zoo associations">Zoo associations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WAZA_member_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of WAZA member zoos and aquariums">WAZA members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty">Animal cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">Animals in captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_training" title="Animal training">Animal training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment" title="Behavioral enrichment">Behavioral enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_zoo" title="Frozen zoo">Frozen zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_exhibit" title="Immersion exhibit">Immersion exhibit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_house" title="Nocturnal house">Nocturnal house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">Wildlife conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zookeeper" title="Zookeeper">Zookeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_team_(zoo)" title="Emergency response team (zoo)">Zoo emergency response team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_key" title="Zoo key">Zoo key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoological_society" title="Zoological society">Zoological society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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