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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viceroy_of_India_(1899–1905)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Viceroy of India (1899–1905)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Viceroy_of_India_(1899–1905)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Viceroy of India (1899–1905) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Viceroy_of_India_(1899–1905)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Indian Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_famine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_famine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Indian famine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_famine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Return to Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Lords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Lords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>House of Lords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Lords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_marriage_(1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_marriage_(1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Second marriage (1917)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_marriage_(1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Secretary_(1919–1924)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Secretary_(1919–1924)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Foreign Secretary (1919–1924)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_Secretary_(1919–1924)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign Secretary (1919–1924) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Secretary_(1919–1924)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Lloyd_George" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Lloyd_George"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Relations with Lloyd George</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Lloyd_George-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy_under_Lloyd_George" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_under_Lloyd_George"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Policy under Lloyd George</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy_under_Lloyd_George-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Bonar_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Bonar_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Under Bonar Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Bonar_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passed_over_for_the_premiership,_1923" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passed_over_for_the_premiership,_1923"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Passed over for the premiership, 1923</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passed_over_for_the_premiership,_1923-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Curzon's_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curzon's_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Curzon's writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curzon's_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="جورج كرزون (حاكم الهند) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج كرزون (حاكم الهند)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Kerzon" title="Corc Kerzon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Corc Kerzon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8" title="জর্জ ন্যাথানিয়েল কার্জন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জ ন্যাথানিয়েল কার্জন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джордж Натаніэл Керзан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джордж Натаніэл Керзан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Джордж Кързън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джордж Кързън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon" title="George Curzon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George Curzon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon" title="George Curzon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George Curzon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon,_Ardalydd_1af_Curzon_o_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, Ardalydd 1af Curzon o Kedleston – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="George Curzon, Ardalydd 1af Curzon o Kedleston" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon,_1._Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1. Marquess Curzon of Kedleston – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Curzon, 1. Marquess Curzon of Kedleston" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon" title="George Curzon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="George Curzon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%89%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Τζωρτζ Κάρζον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζωρτζ Κάρζον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon" title="George Curzon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Curzon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon" title="George Curzon – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George Curzon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon_(Curzon_of_Kedleston_I._markesa)" title="George Curzon (Curzon of Kedleston I. markesa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="George Curzon (Curzon of Kedleston I. markesa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86" title="جرج کرزن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج کرزن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon_(1er_marquis_Curzon_de_Kedleston)" title="George Curzon (1er marquis Curzon de Kedleston) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Curzon (1er marquis Curzon de Kedleston)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EB%84%88%EC%83%88%EB%8B%88%EC%96%BC_%EC%BB%A4%EC%A6%8C" title="조지 너새니얼 커즌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 너새니얼 커즌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ջորջ Նաթանիել Քերզոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջորջ Նաթանիել Քերզոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="लॉर्ड कर्जन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लॉर्ड कर्जन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nathaniel_Curzon" title="George Nathaniel Curzon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="George Nathaniel Curzon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon" title="George Curzon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George Curzon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon,_I_marchese_Curzon_di_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, I marchese Curzon di Kedleston – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Curzon, I marchese Curzon di Kedleston" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ג'ורג' נתניאל קרזון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' נתניאל קרזון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಾರ್ಡ್ ಕರ್ಜನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಾರ್ಡ್ ಕರ್ಜನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ ნათანიელ კერზონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯორჯ ნათანიელ კერზონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Натаниел Керзон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джордж Натаниел Керзон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon" title="George Curzon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="George Curzon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEs_Kerzons" title="Džordžs Kerzons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džordžs Kerzons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nathaniel_Curzon" title="George Nathaniel Curzon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George Nathaniel Curzon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="ജോർജ്ജ് കഴ്സൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർജ്ജ് കഴ്സൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉर्ज नथानियेल कर्झन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉर्ज नथानियेल कर्झन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="جورج كورزون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج كورزون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon" title="George Curzon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Curzon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BE%E3%83%B3_(%E5%88%9D%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BE%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5)" title="ジョージ・カーゾン (初代カーゾン・オヴ・ケドルストン侯爵) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・カーゾン (初代カーゾン・オヴ・ケドルストン侯爵)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nathaniel_Curzon" title="George Nathaniel Curzon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Nathaniel Curzon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8" title="ਲਾਰਡ ਕਰਜਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਰਡ ਕਰਜਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86" title="لارڈ کرزن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لارڈ کرزن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DA%89%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86" title="جورج کرزن، د کډلسټون لومړی مارکوېس کرزن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جورج کرزن، د کډلسټون لومړی مارکوېس کرزن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon" title="George Curzon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Curzon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon,_1.%C2%BA_Marqu%C3%AAs_Curzon_de_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1.º Marquês Curzon de Kedleston – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Curzon, 1.º Marquês Curzon de Kedleston" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon" title="George Curzon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George Curzon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Керзон, Джордж Натаниэл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Керзон, Джордж Натаниэл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nathaniel_Curzon" title="George Nathaniel Curzon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="George Nathaniel Curzon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon" title="George Curzon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George Curzon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon,_1:e_markis_Curzon_av_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1:e markis Curzon av Kedleston – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George Curzon, 1:e markis Curzon av Kedleston" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="கர்சன் பிரபு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கர்சன் பிரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon" title="George Curzon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="George Curzon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Керзон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джордж Керзон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86" title="جارج کرزن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جارج کرزن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon,_H%E1%BA%A7u_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Curzon_th%E1%BB%A9_1_x%E1%BB%A9_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, Hầu tước Curzon thứ 1 xứ Kedleston – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="George Curzon, Hầu tước Curzon thứ 1 xứ Kedleston" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%87%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%87%E6%9D%BE%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%AF%87%E6%9D%BE" title="第一代凱德爾斯頓的寇松侯爵喬治·寇松 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第一代凱德爾斯頓的寇松侯爵喬治·寇松" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q271878#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Viceroy of India and British Foreign Secretary (1859–1925)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Honourable" title="The Most Honourable">The Most Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Marquess Curzon <span class="nowrap">of Kedleston</span></div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India">GCSI</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire">GCIE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society">FRGS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Curzon2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/George_Curzon2.jpg/220px-George_Curzon2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/George_Curzon2.jpg/330px-George_Curzon2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/George_Curzon2.jpg/440px-George_Curzon2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3813" data-file-height="5146" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Lord Curzon as Viceroy of India</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">11th <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_and_Governor-General_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy and Governor-General of India">Viceroy and Governor-General of India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 January 1899 – 18 November 1905</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Russell,_2nd_Baron_Ampthill" title="Oliver Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill">Lord Ampthill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Bruce,_9th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin">The Earl of Elgin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto">The Earl of Minto</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 November 1924 – 20 March 1925</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">The Viscount Haldane</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 December 1916 – 22 January 1924</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">George V</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a></li> <li>Stanley Baldwin</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Marquess_of_Crewe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Marquess of Crewe">The Marquess of Crewe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Viscount Haldane</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 October 1919 – 22 January 1924</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">George V</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>David Lloyd George</li> <li>Bonar Law</li> <li>Stanley Baldwin</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 November 1924 – 20 March 1925</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">George V</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Lord Parmoor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Balfour</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 December 1916 – 23 October 1919</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">George V</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">David Lloyd George</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Marquess of Crewe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Arthur Balfour</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Air_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Air Board">President of the Air Board</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 May 1916 – 3 January 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">George V</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></li> <li>David Lloyd George</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_17th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Weetman_Pearson,_1st_Viscount_Cowdray" title="Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray">The Viscount Cowdray</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 June 1895 – 15 October 1898</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Marquess_of_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="The Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Grey">Sir Edward Grey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St_John_Brodrick" class="mw-redirect" title="St John Brodrick">St John Brodrick</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for India">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 November 1891 – 11 August 1892</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Marquess of Salisbury</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Eldon_Gorst" title="John Eldon Gorst">John Eldon Gorst</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._E._Russell" title="George W. E. Russell">George W. E. Russell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Lord_Temporal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Temporal">Lord Temporal</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>as an <a href="/wiki/Irish_representative_peer" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish representative peer">Irish representative peer</a></b></span><br />21 January 1908 – 20 March 1925</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Browne,_4th_Baron_Kilmaine" title="Francis Browne, 4th Baron Kilmaine">Lord Kilmaine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Irene_Curzon,_2nd_Baroness_Ravensdale" title="Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale">The Baroness Ravensdale</a><br /> <i>(in barony)</i><br /> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Curzon,_2nd_Viscount_Scarsdale" title="Richard Curzon, 2nd Viscount Scarsdale">The Viscount Scarsdale</a><br /><i>(in viscountcy)</i><br />No successor <i>(as Irish representative peer)</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Southport_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Southport (UK Parliament constituency)">Southport</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 July 1886 – 24 August 1898</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Pilkington" title="George Augustus Pilkington">George Augustus Pilkington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Naylor-Leyland" title="Herbert Naylor-Leyland">Herbert Naylor-Leyland</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">George Nathaniel Curzon</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1859-01-11</span>)</span>11 January 1859<br /><a href="/wiki/Kedleston" title="Kedleston">Kedleston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 March 1925<span style="display:none">(1925-03-20)</span> (aged 66)<br />London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Curzon,_Baroness_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston">Mary Leiter</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1895; died 1906)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Grace_Curzon,_Marchioness_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="Grace Curzon, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston">Grace Duggan</a><br /></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1917)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Curzon,_2nd_Baroness_Ravensdale" title="Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale">Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Cynthia_Mosley" title="Lady Cynthia Mosley">Lady Cynthia Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Alexandra_Metcalfe" title="Lady Alexandra Metcalfe">Lady Alexandra Metcalfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Curzon,_4th_Baron_Scarsdale" title="Alfred Curzon, 4th Baron Scarsdale">Alfred Curzon, 4th Baron Scarsdale</a><br />Blanche <i>née</i> Pocklington-Senhouse</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India">GCSI</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire">GCIE</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society">FRGS</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span> (11 January 1859 – 20 March 1925), styled <b>The Honourable</b> between 1858 and 1898, then known as <b>The Lord Curzon of Kedleston</b> between 1898 and 1911, and <b>The Earl Curzon of Kedleston</b> between 1911 and 1921, was a prominent British statesman, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> politician and writer who served as <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a> from 1899 to 1905 and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> from 1919 to 1924. </p><p>Curzon was born in <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a> into an aristocratic family and educated at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>, before entering <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> in 1886. In the following years, he travelled extensively in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>, and published several books on the region in which he detailed his geopolitical outlook and underlined the perceived <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> threat to British control of India. In 1891, Curzon was named <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Under-Secretary of State for India">Under-Secretary of State for India</a>, and in 1899 he was appointed Viceroy of India. During his tenure, he pursued a number of reforms of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British administration</a>, attempted to address the British maltreatment of Indians, undertook the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, and sent a <a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a> to counter Russian ambitions. In 1905, he presided over the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">partition of Bengal</a> and came into conflict with <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a> over issues of military organisation. Unable to secure the backing of the government in London, he resigned later that year and returned to England. </p><p>In 1907, Curzon became <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Oxford University">Chancellor of Oxford University</a>, and the following year <a href="/wiki/January_1908_Irish_representative_peer_election" title="January 1908 Irish representative peer election">he was elected</a> to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, he served in <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Asquith_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Asquith coalition">coalition cabinet</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a>, and from late 1916 he was <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a> and served in the war cabinet of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_Policy_Committee" title="War Policy Committee">War Policy Committee</a>. He was appointed <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a> in October 1919 and lent his name to Britain's proposed Soviet-Polish boundary, the <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Line" title="Curzon Line">Curzon Line</a>. He also oversaw the division of the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a> and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Emirate of Transjordan</a>, and was the chief Allied negotiator of the 1922 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> which defined the borders of modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. In 1921, he was created a <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquess</a>. On <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a>'s retirement as Prime Minister in 1923, Curzon was a contender for the office but was passed over in favour of <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>. He remained as Foreign Secretary until 1924 when the Baldwin government fell, and died a year later at the age of 66. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Curzon was the eldest son and the second of the eleven children of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Curzon,_4th_Baron_Scarsdale" title="Alfred Curzon, 4th Baron Scarsdale">Alfred Curzon, 4th Baron Scarsdale</a> (1831–1916), who was the <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kedleston" title="Kedleston">Kedleston</a> in Derbyshire. George's mother was Blanche (1837–1875), the daughter of Joseph Pocklington-Senhouse of Netherhall in Cumberland. He was born at <a href="/wiki/Kedleston_Hall" title="Kedleston Hall">Kedleston Hall</a>, built on the site where his family, who were clergymen and priests, had lived since the 12th century. His mother, exhausted by childbirth, died when George was 16; her husband survived her by 41 years. Neither parent exerted a major influence on Curzon's life. Scarsdale was an austere and unindulgent father who believed that landowners should stay on their land and not indefinitely tour the world for pleasure. He disapproved of the journeys across Asia between 1887 and 1895 which made his son one of the most travelled men to be a member of any British cabinet. An influential presence in Curzon's childhood was that of his brutal, sadistic governess, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Mary_Paraman" title="Ellen Mary Paraman">Ellen Mary Paraman</a>, whose tyranny in the nursery stimulated his combative qualities and encouraged the obsessional side of his nature. Paraman used to beat him and periodically forced him to parade through the village wearing a conical hat bearing the words <i>liar</i>, <i>sneak</i>, and <i>coward</i>. Curzon later noted, "No children well born and well-placed ever cried so much and so justly."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Curzon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/George_Curzon.jpg/150px-George_Curzon.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/George_Curzon.jpg/225px-George_Curzon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/George_Curzon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Curzon at Eton, 1870s</figcaption></figure> <p>He was educated at <a href="/wiki/Wixenford_School" title="Wixenford School">Wixenford School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His over-intimate relationship at Eton College with <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Browning" title="Oscar Browning">Oscar Browning</a> led to the latter's dismissal.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Spinal_injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal injury">spinal injury</a> incurred while riding during his adolescence was a lifelong impediment to Curzon that required him to wear a metal corset for the remainder of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK-2014-Oxford-All_Souls_College_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/UK-2014-Oxford-All_Souls_College_03.jpg/150px-UK-2014-Oxford-All_Souls_College_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/UK-2014-Oxford-All_Souls_College_03.jpg/225px-UK-2014-Oxford-All_Souls_College_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/UK-2014-Oxford-All_Souls_College_03.jpg/300px-UK-2014-Oxford-All_Souls_College_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="7491" /></a><figcaption>Curzon was educated at <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>, and was later a Prize Fellow of <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_College,_Oxford" title="All Souls College, Oxford">All Souls College, Oxford</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Curzon was President of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Secretary of the Oxford Canning Club (a Tory political club named after <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a>), but as a consequence of the extent of his time-expenditure on political and social societies, he failed to achieve a <a href="/wiki/First_class_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="First class degree">first class degree</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greats" class="mw-redirect" title="Greats">Greats</a>, although he subsequently won both the Lothian Prize Essay and the Arnold Prize, the latter for an essay on Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, about whom he knew little. In 1883, Curzon received the most prestigious fellowship at the university, a Prize Fellowship at <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_College" class="mw-redirect" title="All Souls College">All Souls College</a>. While at Eton and at Oxford, Curzon was a contemporary and close friend of <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Spring_Rice" title="Cecil Spring Rice">Cecil Spring Rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Edward Grey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spring Rice contributed, alongside <a href="/wiki/John_William_Mackail" title="John William Mackail">John William Mackail</a>, to the composition of a famous sardonic doggerel about Curzon that was published as part of <i><a href="/wiki/Balliol_rhyme" title="Balliol rhyme">The Balliol Masque</a></i>, about which Curzon wrote in later life "never has more harm been done to one single individual than that accursed doggerel has done to me."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It read: </p> <dl><dd>My name is George Nathaniel Curzon,</dd> <dd>I am a most superior person.</dd> <dd>My cheek is pink, my hair is sleek,</dd> <dd>I dine at <a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim</a> once a week.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>When Spring-Rice was assigned to the British Embassy to the United States in 1894–1895, he was suspected by Curzon of trying to prevent Curzon's engagement to the American Mary Leiter, whom Curzon nevertheless married.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spring Rice assumed for a certainty, like many of Curzon's other friends, that Curzon would inevitably become <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a>: he wrote to Curzon in 1891, 'When you are Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs I hope you will restore the vanished glory of England, lead the European concert, decide the fate of nations, and give me three months' leave instead of two'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Old texts state that he spent few months in a cottage in Dehradun, India. Though exact records are not available there is a road named after him there (probably near his erstwhile cottage).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his youth years, Curzon regularly attended debates at the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curzon became Assistant Private Secretary to the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Marquess of Salisbury</a> in 1885, and in 1886 entered <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> as Member for <a href="/wiki/Southport_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Southport (UK Parliament constituency)">Southport</a> in south-west <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">maiden speech</a>, which was chiefly an attack on <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">home rule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a>, was regarded in much the same way as his oratory at the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a>: brilliant and eloquent but also presumptuous and rather too self-assured.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Subsequent performances in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">Commons</a>, often dealing with Ireland or reform of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> (which he supported), received similar verdicts. He was <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Under-Secretary of State for India">Under-Secretary of State for India</a> in 1891–1892 and <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs">Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a> in 1895–1898.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asian_travels_and_writings">Asian travels and writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Asian travels and writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the meantime Curzon had travelled around the world: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> (1888–1889); <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajar Persia">Persia</a> (September 1889 – January 1890); <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Siam</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> (1892); and a daring foray into <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pamirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamirs">Pamirs</a> (1894–1895). He published several books describing central and eastern Asia and related foreign policy issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bold and compulsive traveller, driven by <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalism</a>, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Patron%27s_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron's Medal">Patron's Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> for his exploration of the source of the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> (Oxus). His journeys allowed him to study the problems of Asia and their implications for <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, while reinforcing his pride in his nation and her imperial mission.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curzon believed Russia to be the most likely threat to <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, Britain's most valuable possession, from the 19th century through the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1879 Russia had begun construction of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaspian_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaspian Railway">Transcaspian Railway</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, officially solely to enforce local control. The line starts from the city of Kyzyl-Su, formerly Krasnovodsk (nowadays <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy,_Turkmenistan" title="Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan">Turkmenbashi</a>) (on the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>), travels southeast along the <a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">Karakum Desert</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, continues along the <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopet Dagh">Kopet Dagh</a> Mountains until it reaches <a href="/wiki/Tejen" title="Tejen">Tejen</a>. Curzon dedicated an entire chapter in his book <i>Russia in Central Asia</i> to discussing the perceived threat to British control of India.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This railway connected Russia with the most wealthy and influential cities in Central Asia at the time, including the Persian <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan Province</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would allow the rapid deployment of Russian supplies and troops into the area. Curzon also believed that the resulting greater economic interdependence between Russia and Central Asia would be damaging to British interests.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Persia and the Persian Question</i>, written in 1892, has been considered Curzon's <i>magnum opus</i> and can be seen as a sequel to <i>Russia in Central Asia.</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curzon was commissioned by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> to write several articles on the Persian political environment, but while there he decided to write a book on the country as whole. This two-volume work covers Persia's history and governmental structure, as well as graphics, maps and pictures (some taken by Curzon himself). Curzon was aided by General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Houtum-Schindler" title="Albert Houtum-Schindler">Albert Houtum-Schindler</a> and the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), both of which helped him gain access to material to which as a foreigner he would not have been entitled to have access. General Schindler provided Curzon with information regarding Persia's geography and resources, as well as serving as an unofficial editor.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_and_Lady_Curzon_and_staff_on_tour_of_Persian_Gulf_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lord_and_Lady_Curzon_and_staff_on_tour_of_Persian_Gulf_1903.jpg/220px-Lord_and_Lady_Curzon_and_staff_on_tour_of_Persian_Gulf_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lord_and_Lady_Curzon_and_staff_on_tour_of_Persian_Gulf_1903.jpg/330px-Lord_and_Lady_Curzon_and_staff_on_tour_of_Persian_Gulf_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lord_and_Lady_Curzon_and_staff_on_tour_of_Persian_Gulf_1903.jpg/440px-Lord_and_Lady_Curzon_and_staff_on_tour_of_Persian_Gulf_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Curzon, his wife, and his staff on a tour of the Persian Gulf in 1903</figcaption></figure> <p>Curzon was appalled by his government's apathy towards Persia as a valuable defensive buffer to India from Russian encroachment.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later Curzon would lament that "Persia has alternatively advanced and receded in the estimation of British statesmen, occupying now a position of extravagant prominence, anon one of unmerited obscurity."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_marriage_(1895–1906)"><span id="First_marriage_.281895.E2.80.931906.29"></span>First marriage (1895–1906)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First marriage (1895–1906)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Victoria_Leiter_1887_Cabanel-C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mary_Victoria_Leiter_1887_Cabanel-C.jpg/150px-Mary_Victoria_Leiter_1887_Cabanel-C.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mary_Victoria_Leiter_1887_Cabanel-C.jpg/225px-Mary_Victoria_Leiter_1887_Cabanel-C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mary_Victoria_Leiter_1887_Cabanel-C.jpg/300px-Mary_Victoria_Leiter_1887_Cabanel-C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary_Curzon,_Baroness_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston">Mary Victoria Leiter</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Cabanel" title="Alexandre Cabanel">Alexandre Cabanel</a>, 1887</figcaption></figure> <p>On 22 April 1895, Curzon married <a href="/wiki/Mary_Victoria_Leiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Victoria Leiter">Mary Victoria Leiter</a>, the eldest daughter and co-heiress of <a href="/wiki/Levi_Leiter" title="Levi Leiter">Levi Leiter</a>, an American millionaire<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a> descent,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who co-founded the Chicago department store Field & Leiter (later <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Field_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Field and Company">Marshall Field</a>). While he married Mary for her wealth so he could save his estate, he later developed feelings for her. Mary had a long and nearly fatal illness near the end of summer 1904, from which she never really recovered. Falling ill again in July 1906, she died on the 18th of that month in her husband's arms, at the age of 36.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the greatest personal loss of his life. </p><p>She was buried in the church at Kedleston, where Curzon designed his memorial for her, a Gothic chapel added to the north side of the nave. Although he was neither a devout nor a conventional churchman, Curzon retained a simple religious faith; in later years he sometimes said that he was not afraid of death because it would enable him to join Mary in heaven.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>They had three daughters during a firm and happy marriage: <a href="/wiki/Irene_Curzon,_2nd_Baroness_Ravensdale" title="Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale">Mary Irene</a> (known as Irene), who inherited her father's <a href="/wiki/Baron_Ravensdale" title="Baron Ravensdale">Barony of Ravensdale</a> and was created a <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peer</a> in her own right; <a href="/wiki/Lady_Cynthia_Mosley" title="Lady Cynthia Mosley">Cynthia Blanche</a>, who became the first wife of the fascist politician Sir <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Alexandra_Metcalfe" title="Lady Alexandra Metcalfe">Alexandra Naldera</a> ("Baba"), Curzon's youngest daughter; she married <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dudley_Metcalfe" title="Edward Dudley Metcalfe">Edward "Fruity" Metcalfe</a>, the best friend, best man and <a href="/wiki/Equerry" title="Equerry">equerry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>. Mosley exercised a strange fascination for the Curzon women: Irene had a brief romance with him before either were married; Baba became his mistress; and Curzon's second wife, <a href="/wiki/Grace_Curzon,_Marchioness_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="Grace Curzon, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston">Grace</a>, had a long affair with him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viceroy_of_India_(1899–1905)"><span id="Viceroy_of_India_.281899.E2.80.931905.29"></span>Viceroy of India (1899–1905)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Viceroy of India (1899–1905)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Curzon, in 1901, had famously said, "As long as we rule India we are the greatest power in the world. If we lose it, we shall drop straightaway to a third-rate power."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curzon-Sanchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Curzon-Sanchi.jpg/220px-Curzon-Sanchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Curzon-Sanchi.jpg/330px-Curzon-Sanchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Curzon-Sanchi.jpg/440px-Curzon-Sanchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>Curzon—procession to <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Tope</a>, 28 November 1899.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Curzon_Hunting_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Lord_Curzon_Hunting_1901.jpg/220px-Lord_Curzon_Hunting_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Lord_Curzon_Hunting_1901.jpg/330px-Lord_Curzon_Hunting_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Lord_Curzon_Hunting_1901.jpg/440px-Lord_Curzon_Hunting_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Curzon and <a href="/wiki/Madho_Rao_Scindia" title="Madho Rao Scindia">Madho Rao Scindia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_State" title="Gwalior State">Gwalior</a>, pose with <a href="/wiki/Tiger_hunting" title="Tiger hunting">hunted tigers</a>, 1901.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curzon_Hall_-_Northern_Facade_-_University_of_Dhaka_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_1985-1991.tif_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Curzon Hall, in Dhaka, Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Curzon_Hall_-_Northern_Facade_-_University_of_Dhaka_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_1985-1991.tif_cropped.jpg/220px-Curzon_Hall_-_Northern_Facade_-_University_of_Dhaka_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_1985-1991.tif_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Curzon_Hall_-_Northern_Facade_-_University_of_Dhaka_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_1985-1991.tif_cropped.jpg/330px-Curzon_Hall_-_Northern_Facade_-_University_of_Dhaka_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_1985-1991.tif_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Curzon_Hall_-_Northern_Facade_-_University_of_Dhaka_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_1985-1991.tif_cropped.jpg/440px-Curzon_Hall_-_Northern_Facade_-_University_of_Dhaka_-_Dhaka_2015-05-31_1985-1991.tif_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Curzon_Hall" title="Curzon Hall">Curzon Hall</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1899 Curzon was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was created a baron in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">peerage of Ireland</a> as <b><a href="/wiki/Baron_Curzon_of_Kedleston" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Curzon of Kedleston">Baron Curzon of Kedleston</a></b>, in the County of Derby,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on his appointment. (The title was "Curzon of Kedleston" rather than simply "Curzon" because his kinsmen the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Howe" title="Earl Howe">Earls Howe</a> were already Viscounts and Barons Curzon.) As Viceroy, he was <i>ex officio</i> Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">Order of the Indian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">Order of the Star of India</a>. This peerage was created in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a> (the last so created) so that he would be free, until his father's death, to re-enter the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> on his return to Britain. </p><p>Reaching India shortly after the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">frontier risings of 1897–98</a>, he paid special attention to the independent tribes of the north-west frontier, inaugurated a new province called the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Frontier_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="North West Frontier Province">North West Frontier Province</a>, and pursued a policy of forceful control mingled with conciliation. In response to what he called "a number of murderous attacks upon Englishmen and Europeans", Curzon advocated at the Quetta Durbar extremely draconian punishments which he believed would stop what he viewed as such especially abominable crimes. In his own private correspondence, Curzon pondered "Is it possible, under the law, to flog these horrible scoundrels before we execute them? Supposing we remove them for execution to another and distant jail, could we flog them in the first jail before removal? I believe that if we could postpone the execution for a few weeks and give the criminal a few good public floggings – or even one, were more not possible – it would act as a real deterrent. But I have a suspicion that British law does not smile upon anything so eminently practical."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only major armed outbreak on this frontier during the period of his administration was the <a href="/wiki/Mahsud_Waziri_blockade" title="Mahsud Waziri blockade">Mahsud-Waziri campaign</a> of 1901. </p><p>In the context of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a> between the British and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empires</a> for control of Central Asia, he held deep mistrust of Russian intentions. This led him to encourage British trade in <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persia</a>, and he paid a visit to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> in 1903. Curzon argued for an exclusive British presence in the Gulf, a policy originally proposed by <a href="/wiki/John_Malcolm" title="John Malcolm">John Malcolm</a>. The British government was already <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Residency" title="Persian Gulf Residency">making agreements</a> with local sheiks/tribal leaders along the Persian Gulf coast to this end. Curzon had convinced his government to establish Britain as the unofficial protector of <a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Kuwaiti_Agreement_of_1899" title="Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899">Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899</a>. The Lansdowne Declaration<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1903 stated that the British would counter any other European power's attempt to establish a military presence in the Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only four years later this position was abandoned and the Persian Gulf declared a neutral zone in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a> of 1907, prompted in part by the high economic cost of defending India from Russian advances.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of 1903, Curzon sent a <a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a> under <a href="/wiki/Francis_Younghusband" title="Francis Younghusband">Francis Younghusband</a>, ostensibly to forestall a Russian advance. After bloody conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a>'s poorly armed defenders, the mission penetrated to <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lhasa">Treaty of Lhasa</a> was signed in September 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his tenure, Curzon undertook the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> and expressed satisfaction that he had done so. Curzon was influenced by Hindu philosophy and quoted: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>India has left a deeper mark upon the history the philosophy and the religion of mankind than any other terrestrial unit in the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Within India, Curzon appointed a number of commissions to inquire into education, irrigation, police and other branches of administration, on whose reports legislation was based during his second term of office as viceroy. Reappointed Governor-General in August 1904, he presided over the <a href="/wiki/1905_partition_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 partition of Bengal">1905 partition of Bengal</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In 'Lion and the Tiger : The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947', Denis Judd wrote: "Curzon had hoped… to bind India permanently to the Raj. Ironically, his partition of Bengal, and the bitter controversy that followed, did much to revitalize <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a>. Curzon, typically, had dismissed the Congress in 1900 as 'tottering to its fall'. But he left India with Congress more active and effective than at any time in its history."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Curzon was determined to address the British maltreatment of Indians. In particular, he incurred the displeasure of many in the European community in India by pressing for severe punishment for Europeans who had attacked Indians. On two occasions, he imposed collective punishment on <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> units which had attacked Indians: when soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/West_Kent_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="West Kent Regiment">West Kent Regiment</a> raped a Burmese woman, he had the whole regiment exiled to <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> without leave. He later imposed similar punishment on the <a href="/wiki/9th_Queen%27s_Royal_Lancers" title="9th Queen's Royal Lancers">9th Queen's Royal Lancers</a> for the murder of an Indian cook.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBCurzon_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBCurzon-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> lauded Curzon as the first viceroy to express sympathy for <a href="/wiki/Indentured_Indian_labourers" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured Indian labourers">indentured Indian labourers</a> and question why the system should continue. Curzon was especially concerned with the treatment of Indian emigrants to the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a>. After learning about the realities of labour conditions for indentured Indians, he deemed it impossible to defend the system in its current state, and committed to a stance of reform. In 1900, Curzon wrote an appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_secretary" title="Permanent secretary">Permanent Under-Secretary</a> for India calling for indentured labourers to be treated better given their contribution to colonial defences, although this did not prompt immediate change. On 14 May 1903, he wrote a lengthy despatch to the <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">India Office</a> demanding full discretion to withdraw from the system of indentured labour if they would not concede to the proper treatment of Indian workers. He continued to champion this cause throughout his time as viceroy.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curzon proposed the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a> and put it into effect on 16 October 1905 creating the new province of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a>. Behind this incident, his excuse was that the area of Bengal was too large and it was difficult for the British to administer efficiently but actually his intention was to divide Bengalis into religious and territorial grounds to weaken the growing nationalism in Bengal. He said, "Partition of Bengal is a settled fact and what is settled cannot be unsettled." Huge protest (<a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a>) was seen from every corner of Bengal and on 1911 this so-called "settled fact" became "unsettled" by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hardinge,_1st_Baron_Hardinge_of_Penshurst" title="Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst">Lord Hardinge</a>. It was done in response to the Swadeshi movement's riots in protest against the policy but the partition animated the Muslims to form their own national organization along communal lines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Army">Indian Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indian Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Curzon took an active interest in military matters and in 1901 he founded the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Cadet_Corps" title="Imperial Cadet Corps">Imperial Cadet Corps</a>, or ICC. The ICC was a corps d'elite, designed to give Indian princes and aristocrats military training, after which a few would be given officer commissions in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian Army</a> but these commissions were "special commissions" which did not empower their holders to command any troops. Predictably, this was a major stumbling block to the ICC's success, as it caused much resentment among former cadets. Though the ICC closed in 1914, it was a crucial stage in the drive to Indianise the Indian Army's officer corps, which was haltingly begun in 1917. </p><p>Military organisation proved to be the final issue faced by Curzon in India. It often involved petty issues that had much to do with clashes of personality: Curzon once wrote on a document "I rise from the perusal of these papers filled with the sense of the ineptitude of my military advisers", and once wrote to the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief, India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener</a>, advising him that signing himself "Kitchener of Khartoum" took up too much time and space, which Kitchener thought petty (Curzon simply signed himself "Curzon" as if he were a hereditary peer, although he later took to signing himself "Curzon of Kedleston").<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A difference of opinion with Kitchener regarding the status of the military member of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy%27s_Executive_Council" title="Viceroy's Executive Council">Viceroy's Executive Council</a> (who controlled army supply and logistics, which Kitchener wanted under his own control), led to a controversy in which Curzon failed to obtain the support of the home government. He resigned in August 1905 and returned to England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_famine">Indian famine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indian famine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_famine_of_1899%E2%80%931900" title="Indian famine of 1899–1900">Indian famine of 1899–1900</a></div> <p>A major famine coincided with Curzon's time as viceroy in which 1 to 4.5 million people died.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curzon implemented a variety of measures, including opening up famine relief works that fed between 3 and 5 million, reducing taxes and spending vast amounts of money on irrigation works.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Late_Victorian_Holocausts" title="Late Victorian Holocausts">Late Victorian Holocausts</a></i>, the historian <a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Mike Davis</a> criticised Curzon for cutting back rations and raising relief eligibility. At the time, Curzon stated that "any government which imperiled the financial position of India in the interests of prodigal philanthropy would be open to serious criticism; but any government which by indiscriminate alms-giving weakened the fibre and demoralized the self-reliance of the population, would be guilty of a public crime."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Britain">Return to Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Return to Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>'s refusal to recommend an earldom for Curzon in 1905 was repeated by Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> prime minister, who formed his government the day after Curzon returned to England. In deference to the wishes of the King and the advice of his doctors, Curzon did not stand in the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">general election of 1906</a> and thus found himself excluded from public life for the first time in twenty years. It was at this time, the nadir of his career, that Mary died. </p><p>After the death of <a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">Lord Goschen</a> in 1907, the post of Chancellor of Oxford University fell vacant. Curzon was elected as <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford#Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Chancellor of Oxford</a> after by 1,001 votes to 440 against <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rosebery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rosebery">Lord Rosebery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proved to be an active chancellor – "[he] threw himself so energetically into the cause of university reform that critics complained he was ruling Oxford like an Indian province."<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBCurzon_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBCurzon-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="House_of_Lords">House of Lords</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: House of Lords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/January_1908_Irish_representative_peer_election" title="January 1908 Irish representative peer election">January 1908 Irish representative peer election</a></div> <p>In 1908, Curzon <a href="/wiki/January_1908_Irish_representative_peer_election" title="January 1908 Irish representative peer election">was elected</a> an <a href="/wiki/Irish_representative_peer" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish representative peer">Irish representative peer</a>, and thus relinquished any idea of returning to the House of Commons. In 1909–1910 he took an active part in opposing the Liberal government's<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposal to abolish the legislative veto of the House of Lords, and in 1911 was created <b>Baron Ravensdale</b>, of Ravensdale in the County of Derby, with remainder (in default of heirs male) to his daughters, <b>Viscount Scarsdale</b>, of Scarsdale in the County of Derby, with remainder (in default of heirs male) to the heirs male of his father, and <b>Earl Curzon of Kedleston</b>, in the County of Derby, with the normal remainder, all in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He became involved with saving <a href="/wiki/Tattershall_Castle,_Lincolnshire" title="Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire">Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire</a>, from destruction. This experience strengthened his resolve for heritage protection. He was one of the sponsors of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_Consolidation_and_Amendment_Act_1913" title="Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act 1913">Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act 1913</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as President of the Committee commissioning the <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_London" title="Survey of London">Survey of London</a> which documented the capital's principal buildings and public art.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 May 1914, he spoke out against a bill in the House of Lords that would have permitted women who already had the right to vote in local elections the right to vote for members of Parliament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Nathaniel_Curzon,_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston_by_John_Cooke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/George_Nathaniel_Curzon%2C_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston_by_John_Cooke.jpg/150px-George_Nathaniel_Curzon%2C_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston_by_John_Cooke.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/George_Nathaniel_Curzon%2C_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston_by_John_Cooke.jpg/225px-George_Nathaniel_Curzon%2C_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston_by_John_Cooke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/George_Nathaniel_Curzon%2C_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston_by_John_Cooke.jpg/300px-George_Nathaniel_Curzon%2C_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston_by_John_Cooke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3098" /></a><figcaption>Lord Curzon of Kedleston by <a href="/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent</a>, 1914. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Curzon joined the Cabinet, as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a>, when Asquith formed <a href="/wiki/Asquith_coalition_ministry" title="Asquith coalition ministry">his coalition</a> in May 1915. Like other politicians (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>) Curzon favoured British Empire efforts in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a>, believing that the increase in British prestige would discourage a German-inspired Muslim revolt in India.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curzon was a member of the Dardanelles Committee and told that body (October 1915) that the recent <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Salonika</a> expedition was "quixotic chivalry".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in 1916 Curzon visited Sir <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Haig">Douglas Haig</a> (newly appointed Commander-in-Chief of British forces in France) at his headquarters in France. Haig was impressed by Curzon's brains and decisiveness, and considered that he had mellowed since his days as viceroy (Major-General Haig had been Inspector-General of Cavalry, India, at the time) and had lost "his old pompous ways".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curzon served in <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a>'s small <a href="/wiki/War_cabinet" title="War cabinet">War cabinet</a> as <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a> from December 1916, and he also served on the <a href="/wiki/War_Policy_Committee" title="War Policy Committee">War Policy Committee</a>. With Allied victory over <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> far from certain, Curzon wrote a paper (12 May 1917) for the War Cabinet urging that Britain seize Palestine and possibly Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other members of the War Cabinet, Curzon supported further <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> offensives lest, with Russian commitment to the war wavering, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> be tempted to make a separate peace. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_War_Cabinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Imperial_War_Cabinet.jpg/220px-Imperial_War_Cabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Imperial_War_Cabinet.jpg/330px-Imperial_War_Cabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Imperial_War_Cabinet.jpg/440px-Imperial_War_Cabinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Imperial War Cabinet (1917) Lord Curzon seated, third from the left</figcaption></figure> <p>At the War Policy Committee (3 October 1917) Curzon objected in vain to plans to redeploy two divisions to Palestine, with a view to advancing into Syria and knocking the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> out of the war altogether. Curzon's commitment wavered somewhat as the losses of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Ypres" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Battle of Ypres">Third Battle of Ypres</a> mounted.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1917 the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Imperial_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the Imperial General Staff">Chief of the Imperial General Staff</a> (CIGS) General <a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_(British_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Robertson (British Army officer)">William Robertson</a> sent Haig a biting description of the members of the War Cabinet, who he said were all frightened of Lloyd George; he described Curzon as "a gasbag". During the crisis of February 1918, Curzon was one of the few members of the government to support Robertson, threatening in vain to resign if he were removed.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> (he had been co-president of the <a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Opposing_Woman_Suffrage" title="National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage">National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage</a>), the House of Lords voted conclusively in its favour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_marriage_(1917)"><span id="Second_marriage_.281917.29"></span>Second marriage (1917)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second marriage (1917)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grace_Elvina,_Marchioness_Curzon_of_Kedleston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Grace_Elvina%2C_Marchioness_Curzon_of_Kedleston.jpg/150px-Grace_Elvina%2C_Marchioness_Curzon_of_Kedleston.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Grace_Elvina%2C_Marchioness_Curzon_of_Kedleston.jpg/225px-Grace_Elvina%2C_Marchioness_Curzon_of_Kedleston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Grace_Elvina%2C_Marchioness_Curzon_of_Kedleston.jpg/300px-Grace_Elvina%2C_Marchioness_Curzon_of_Kedleston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1413" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Grace Elvina, second wife</figcaption></figure> <p>After a long affair with the romantic novelist <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Glyn" title="Elinor Glyn">Elinor Glyn</a>, Curzon married the former <a href="/wiki/Grace_Curzon,_Marchioness_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="Grace Curzon, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston">Grace Elvina Hinds</a> in January 1917. She was the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>-born widow of Alfredo Huberto Duggan (died 1915), a first-generation <a href="/wiki/Irish_Argentinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Argentinian">Irish Argentinian</a> appointed to the Argentine <a href="/wiki/Legation" title="Legation">Legation</a> in London in 1905. Elinor Glyn was staying with Curzon at the time of the engagement and read about it in the morning newspapers. </p><p>Grace had three children from her first marriage, two sons, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Duggan" title="Alfred Duggan">Alfred</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Duggan" title="Hubert Duggan">Hubert</a>, and a daughter, Grace Lucille. Alfred and Hubert, as Curzon's step-sons, grew up within his influential circle. Curzon had three daughters from his first marriage, but he and Grace (despite fertility-related operations and several miscarriages) did not have any children together, which put a strain on their marriage. Letters written between them in the early 1920s imply that they still lived together, and remained devoted to each other. In 1923, Curzon was passed over for the office of Prime Minister partly on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>, who joked that Curzon "has lost the hope of glory but he still possesses the means of Grace" (a humorous allusion to the well known "General Thanksgiving" prayer of the Church of England, which thanks God for "the means of grace, and for the hope of glory").<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1917, Curzon bought <a href="/wiki/Bodiam_Castle" title="Bodiam Castle">Bodiam Castle</a> in East Sussex, a 14th-century building that had been gutted during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. He restored it extensively, and then bequeathed it to the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1915 he also rented <a href="/wiki/Montacute_House" title="Montacute House">Montacute House</a> as a residence for himself and Elinor Glyn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_Secretary_(1919–1924)"><span id="Foreign_Secretary_.281919.E2.80.931924.29"></span>Foreign Secretary (1919–1924)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foreign Secretary (1919–1924)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curzon_fronting_Victoria_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Curzon_fronting_Victoria_Memorial.jpg/150px-Curzon_fronting_Victoria_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Curzon_fronting_Victoria_Memorial.jpg/225px-Curzon_fronting_Victoria_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Curzon_fronting_Victoria_Memorial.jpg/300px-Curzon_fronting_Victoria_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Curzon in front of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial,_Kolkata" title="Victoria Memorial, Kolkata">Victoria Memorial, Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Lloyd_George">Relations with Lloyd George</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Relations with Lloyd George"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Curzon did not have <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>'s support. Curzon and Lloyd George had disliked one another since the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">1911 Parliament Crisis</a>. The Prime Minister thought him overly pompous and self-important, and it was said that he used him as if he were using a <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motor_Cars" title="Rolls-Royce Motor Cars">Rolls-Royce</a> to deliver a parcel to the station; Lloyd George said much later that <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> treated his ministers in a way that Lloyd George would never have treated his: "They were all men of substance — well, except Curzon."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Multiple drafts of resignation letters written at this time were found upon Curzon's death. Despite their antagonism, the two were often in agreement on government policy.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lloyd George needed the wealth of knowledge Curzon possessed so was both his biggest critic and, simultaneously, his largest supporter. Likewise, Curzon was grateful for the leeway he was allowed by Lloyd George when it came to handling affairs in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other cabinet ministers also respected his vast knowledge of Central Asia but disliked his arrogance and often blunt criticism. Believing that the Foreign Secretary should be non-partisan, he would objectively present all the information on a subject to the Cabinet, as if placing faith in his colleagues to reach the appropriate decision. Conversely, Curzon would take personally and respond aggressively to any criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that Curzon's defensiveness reflected institutional insecurity by the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> as a whole. During the 1920s the Foreign Office was often a passive participant in decisions which were mainly reactive and dominated by the prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of the job of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a> and the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> added to the Foreign Office's insecurity.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy_under_Lloyd_George">Policy under Lloyd George</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Policy under Lloyd George"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curzon_line_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Curzon_line_en.svg/290px-Curzon_line_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Curzon_line_en.svg/435px-Curzon_line_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Curzon_line_en.svg/580px-Curzon_line_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>The territorial changes of Poland. <i>Light blue line</i>: Curzon Line "B" as proposed by Lord Curzon in 1919. <i>Dark blue line</i>: Curzon Line "A" as proposed by the Soviet Union in 1940. <i>Pink</i>: <a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Formerly German provinces annexed by Poland after World War II</a>. <i>Grey</i>: Pre–World War II Polish territory east of the Curzon Line annexed by the Soviet Union after the war.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:115%;"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Poland" title="Territorial evolution of Poland">Territorial evolution of Poland</a><br />in the 20th century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pre-World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_in_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_(1905%E2%80%931907)" title="Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)">Revolution in Congress Poland</a> (1905–1907) <ul><li>Ostrowiec Republic</li> <li>Zagłębie Republic</li></ul></li> <li>Separation of <a href="/wiki/Kholm_Governorate_(Russian_Empire)" title="Kholm Governorate (Russian Empire)">Kholm Governorate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> and annexation into Russian <a href="/wiki/Kiev_General_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev General Governorate">Kiev General Governorate</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_5th_November" title="Act of 5th November">Act of 5th November</a> by the Central Powers proclaiming <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">Kingdom of Poland</a> (1916)</li> <li>Central Powers-<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> (1918)</li> <li>Central Powers-Soviet Russia <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> (1918)</li> <li>Short-lived Byelorussian, Ukrainian and Rusyn republics (1917-1920): <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic"> West Ukrainian People's</a> (later absorbed into Poland-allied <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic"> Ukrainian People 's</a>), <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemko_Republic" title="Lemko Republic">Lemko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komancza_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Komancza Republic">Komancza</a></li> <li>Local revolts and transient polities in postwar power vacuum (1918) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarnobrzeg_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarnobrzeg Republic">Tarnobrzeg Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zakopane" title="Republic of Zakopane">Republic of Zakopane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w" title="First Republic of Pińczów">First Republic of Pińczów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witkowo" title="Witkowo">Witkowo</a> Revolt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ostr%C3%B3w" title="Republic of Ostrów">Republic of Ostrów</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Restoration of Polish independence</a> (1918) and ensuing wars to preserve it (1918-1922): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Polish–Czechoslovak War">Polish–Czechoslovak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish-West Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet War">War of Polish-Ukrainian alliance</a> against <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Soviet Russia</a> (1920-1921) and its satellites: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li>short-lived <a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galician SSR</a> later merged into the former</li> <li>short-lived <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Lithuania_and_Belorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia">SSR of Lithuania and Belorussia</a></li> <li>attempted <a href="/wiki/Polish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Polish Soviet Socialist Republic">Polish SSR</a> later dissolved and replaced with token <a href="/wiki/Polish_National_District" title="Polish National District">Polish National Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian War">Polish-Lithuanian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Agreement" title="Suwałki Agreement">Suwałki Agreement</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1920)">Treaty of Warsaw</a> (1920) with <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_East_Prussian_plebiscite" title="1920 East Prussian plebiscite">1920 East Prussian plebiscite</a> (1920)</li> <li>Polish satellite states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Lithuania" title="Republic of Central Lithuania">Republic of Central Lithuania</a> (1920-1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> under <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> protection (1921-1939)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Riga">Peace of Riga</a> (1921): eastern border of Poland accepted by <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> and its satellites (<a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a> which replaced <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Lithuania_and_Belorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia">SSR of Lithuania and Belorussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> which replaced <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>)</li> <li>Incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Lithuania" title="Republic of Central Lithuania">Central Lithuania</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_Convention_regarding_Upper_Silesia" title="German–Polish Convention regarding Upper Silesia">German–Polish Convention regarding Upper Silesia</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_National_District" title="Polish National District">Polish National Districts</a> of the Soviet Union (1925-1937) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marchlewszczyzna" title="Marchlewszczyzna">Marchlewszczyzna</a> (1925-1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzier%C5%BCy%C5%84szczyzna" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzierżyńszczyzna">Dzierżyńszczyzna</a> (1932-1937)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> and Polish annexation of <a href="/wiki/Trans-Olza" title="Trans-Olza">Trans-Olza</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a> and Polish annexation of parts of <a href="/wiki/Spi%C5%A1" title="Spiš">Spiš</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orava_(region)" title="Orava (region)">Orava</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> (1939) <ul><li>Secret <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Boundary_and_Friendship_Treaty" title="German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty">German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division_of_Polish_territories_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative division of Polish territories during World War II">Wartime administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Territories of Poland and Danzig annexed by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">Polish areas annexed by USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Border_and_Commercial_Agreement" title="German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement">German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bialystok_District" title="Bialystok District">Bialystok District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorski%E2%80%93Mayski_agreement" title="Sikorski–Mayski agreement">Sikorski–Mayski agreement</a> (1941)</li> <li>Transient Polish-controlled areas (1944) <ul><li>Turgiele Republic</li> <li>Iwonicz Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Pińczów Republic">Second Pińczów Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li>Allied conferences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> (1945)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Post World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_border_agreement_of_August_1945" title="Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945">Polish–Soviet border agreement</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zgorzelec" title="Treaty of Zgorzelec">Treaty of Zgorzelec</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_territorial_exchange" title="1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange">Polish-Soviet Border Adjustment Treaty</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_border_conflicts#Aftermath" title="Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts">Polish-Czechoslovak Border Treaty</a> (1958)</li> <li>Polish-East German Baltic Continental Shelf Delimitation Treaty (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1970)">Treaty of Warsaw (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_border_conflicts#Aftermath" title="Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts">Polish-Czechoslovak Border Adjustment</a> (1976)</li> <li>Polish-East German Maritime Boundary in Pomeranian Bay Delimitation Treaty (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_Border_Treaty_(1990)" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Polish Border Treaty (1990)">German-Polish Border Treaty</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Two Plus Four Treaty</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Good_Neighbourship" title="Treaty of Good Neighbourship">Treaty of Good Neighbourship</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Slovakia_border#2005_adjustment" title="Poland–Slovakia border">Poland–Slovakia Border Adjustment</a> (2005)</li> <li>Polish-Danish Maritime Boundary Delimitation Agreement (2018)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Areas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Remnants of Polish statehood during partitions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vistula_Land" title="Vistula Land">Vistula Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria#Galician_autonomy" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galician autonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy Wschodnie</a> ("Eastern Borderlands") <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Krai" title="Western Krai">Taken Lands</a> (remainder of Russian partition of Poland) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wile%C5%84szczyzna" class="mw-redirect" title="Wileńszczyzna">Wileńszczyzna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodzie%C5%84szczyzna" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodzieńszczyzna">Grodzieńszczyzna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Land" title="Lwów Land">Lwów Land</a></li></ul></li> <li>Areas of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia and Lodomeria</a> east of river <a href="/wiki/San_(river)" title="San (river)">San</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresy_Zachodnie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kresy Zachodnie">Kresy Zachodnie</a> ("Western Borderlands") <ul><li>1815-1918 used as synonymous with entire Prussian partition of Poland</li> <li>1918-1945 used in altered meaning <ul><li>regions unsuccessfully claimed from Germany by interwar Poland, in particular <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powi%C5%9Ble_(region)" title="Powiśle (region)">Powiśle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a>, sometimes also <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> and easternmost <a href="/wiki/Hither_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hither Pomerania">Hither Pomerania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Schlawe_and_Stolp" title="Lands of Schlawe and Stolp">Lands of Schlawe and Stolp</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Olza" title="Trans-Olza">Zaolzie</a></li></ul></li> <li>After 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">former eastern territories of Germany</a> were called <a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a>, while the term <i>Kresy Zachodnie</i> fell into disuse, though it was sometimes invoked to denote Polish claims to some East German territories such as <a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Wolgast Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Lusatia" title="Upper Lusatia">Milsko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%9Bnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miśnia">Miśnia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lausitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Lausitz">Lausitz</a>, raised typically only until early 1970s as counterclaims to retaliate for West German calls for revision of <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Demarcation lines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)#Between_ceasefire_and_reunification" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland military demarcation line</a> (1919-1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Olza#Decision_time_(1918–1920)" title="Trans-Olza">Cieszyn Silesia demarcation line</a> (1918-1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War#Demarcation_lines" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian demarcation line</a> (1919-1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzon_Line" title="Curzon Line">Curzon Line</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings#Aftermath" title="Silesian Uprisings">Upper Silesia demarcation line</a> (1921-1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War#Aftermath" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian demarcation line</a> (1923-1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a> (1945–1951)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Adjacent countries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Germany" title="Territorial evolution of Germany">Territorial evolution of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Territorial changes of the Baltic states">Territorial changes of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Russia" title="Territorial evolution of Russia">Territorial evolution of Russia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territorial_evolution_of_Poland" title="Template:Territorial evolution of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territorial_evolution_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Territorial evolution of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territorial_evolution_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territorial evolution of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After nine months as acting Secretary while Balfour was at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curzon was appointed Foreign Secretary in October 1919. He gave his name to the British government's proposed Soviet-Polish boundary, the <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Line" title="Curzon Line">Curzon Line</a> of December 1919. Although during the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet War">Polish-Soviet War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">territory in the east</a>, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Poland was shifted westwards, leaving the border between Poland and its eastern neighbours today approximately at the Curzon Line.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curzon was largely responsible for the Peace Day ceremonies on 19 July 1919. These included the plaster <a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph" title="The Cenotaph">Cenotaph</a>, designed by the noted architect Sir <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a>, for the Allied Victory parade in London. It was so successful that it was reproduced in stone, and still stands. </p><p>In 1918, during World War I, as <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Britain occupied Mesopotamia</a>, Curzon tried to convince the Indian government to reconsider his scheme for <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persia</a> to be a buffer against Russian advances.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British and Indian troops were in Persia protecting the oilfields at <a href="/wiki/Abadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abadan">Abadan</a> and watching the Afghan frontier – Curzon believed that British economic and military aid, sent via India, could prop up the Persian government and make her a British client state. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Agreement" title="Anglo-Persian Agreement">Anglo-Persian Agreement</a> of August 1919 was never ratified and the British government rejected the plan as Russia had the geographical advantage and the defensive benefits would not justify the high economic cost.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small British forces had twice occupied <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> on the Caspian in 1918, while an entire British division had occupied <a href="/wiki/Batum" class="mw-redirect" title="Batum">Batum</a> on the Black Sea, supervising German and Turkish withdrawal. Against Curzon's wishes, but on the advice of Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Milne" class="mw-redirect" title="George Milne">George Milne</a>, the commander on the spot, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Imperial_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the Imperial General Staff">CIGS</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Henry Wilson">Sir Henry Wilson</a>, who wanted to concentrate troops in Britain, Ireland, India, and Egypt,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffery2006251–252_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery2006251–252-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of Churchill (<a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a>), the British withdrew from Baku (the small British naval presence was also withdrawn from the Caspian Sea), at the end of August 1919 leaving only three battalions at Batum. </p><p>In January 1920 Curzon insisted that British troops remain in Batum, against the wishes of Wilson and the Prime Minister. In February, while Curzon was on holiday, Wilson persuaded the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> to allow withdrawal, but Curzon had the decision reversed on his return, although to Curzon's fury (he thought it "abuse of authority") Wilson gave Milne permission to withdraw if he deemed it necessary. At Cabinet on 5 May 1920 Curzon "by a long-winded jaw" (in Wilson's description) argued for a stay in Batum. After a British garrison at <a href="/wiki/Enzeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzeli">Enzeli</a> (on the Persian Caspian coast) was taken prisoner by <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> forces on 19 May 1920, Lloyd George finally insisted on a withdrawal from Batum early in June 1920. For the rest of 1920 Curzon, supported by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milner,_1st_Viscount_Milner" title="Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner">Milner</a> (Colonial Secretary), argued that Britain should retain control of Persia. When Wilson asked (15 July 1920) to pull troops out of Persia to put down the rebellions in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Ireland</a>, Lloyd George blocked the move, saying that Curzon "would not stand it". In the end, financial retrenchment forced a British withdrawal from Persia in the spring of 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffery2006233–234,_247–251_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery2006233–234,_247–251-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curzon worked on several Middle Eastern problems. He designed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> (10 August 1920) between the victorious Allies and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The treaty obliged Turkey to renounce all rights over Arab Asia and North Africa, but a new government in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> under <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemal Atatürk">Kemal Atatürk</a> rejected the treaty. The <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greeks invaded Turkey</a>. Curzon tried and failed to induce the Greeks to accept a compromise on the status of <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna" title="Occupation of Smyrna">Smyrna</a> and failed to force the Turks to renounce their nationalist program. Lloyd George tried to use force at <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak</a> but lost support and was forced to step down as prime minister. Curzon remained as foreign secretary and helped tie down loose ends in the Middle East at the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%931923" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923">peace conference at Lausanne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curzon helped to negotiate Egyptian independence (<a href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence" title="Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence">agreed in 1922</a>) and the division of the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a>, despite the strong disagreement he held with the policy of his predecessor Arthur Balfour,<sup id="cite_ref-UnregardedProphet_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnregardedProphet-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and helped create the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Emirate of Transjordan</a> for <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal</a>'s brother, which may also have delayed the problems there. According to <a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Gilmour,_4th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Gilmour, 4th Baronet">Sir David Gilmour</a>, Curzon "was the only senior figure in the British government at the time who foresaw that its policy would lead to decades of Arab–Jewish hostility".<sup id="cite_ref-UnregardedProphet_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnregardedProphet-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>, but before the introduction of martial law in December 1920, Curzon suggested the "Indian" solution of blockading villages and imposing collective fines for attacks on the police and army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffery2006266–67_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery2006266–67-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1921 Curzon was granted the titles <b>Earl of Kedleston</b>, in the County of Derby, and <b>Marquess Curzon of Kedleston</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1922, he was the chief negotiator for the Allies of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, which officially ended the war with the Ottoman Empire and defined the borders of Turkey.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Curzon defended the geopolitical talent of <a href="/wiki/Eyre_Crowe" title="Eyre Crowe">Eyre Crowe</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Under-Secretary_at_the_Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office">Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office</a> from 1920 until his death in 1925.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Bonar_Law">Under Bonar Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Under Bonar Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike many leading Conservative members of Lloyd George's Coalition Cabinet, Curzon ceased to support Lloyd George over the <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a> and had just resigned when Conservative backbenchers voted at the <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting" title="Carlton Club meeting">Carlton Club meeting</a> to end the Coalition in October 1922. Curzon was thus able to remain Foreign Secretary when <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a> formed a purely Conservative ministry. </p><p>In 1922–23 Curzon had to negotiate with <a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">France</a> after French troops <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">occupied the Ruhr</a> to enforce the payment of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">German reparations</a>; he described the French Prime Minister (and former president) <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a> as a "horrid little man". Curzon had expansive ambitions and was not much happier with Bonar Law, whose foreign policy was based on "retrenchment and withdrawal", than he had been with Lloyd George. Curzon provided invaluable insight into the Middle East and was instrumental in shaping British foreign policy in that region.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Passed_over_for_the_premiership,_1923"><span id="Passed_over_for_the_premiership.2C_1923"></span>Passed over for the premiership, 1923</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Passed over for the premiership, 1923"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curzon_GGBain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Curzon_GGBain.jpg/220px-Curzon_GGBain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Curzon_GGBain.jpg/330px-Curzon_GGBain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Curzon_GGBain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Curzon <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920–1925</span></figcaption></figure> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a>'s retirement as prime minister in May 1923, Curzon was passed over in favour of Stanley Baldwin, despite his eagerness for the job. </p><p>This decision was taken on the private advice of leading members of the party including former Prime Minister Arthur Balfour. Balfour advised the monarch that in a democratic age it was inappropriate for the prime minister to be a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, especially when the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, which had few peers, had become the <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Most_Loyal_Opposition" title="His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition">main opposition party</a> in the Commons. In private Balfour admitted that he was prejudiced against Curzon, whose character was objectionable to some. <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> shared this prejudice. A letter purporting to detail the opinions of Bonar Law but actually written by Baldwin sympathisers was delivered to the King's Private Secretary <a href="/wiki/Lord_Stamfordham" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Stamfordham">Lord Stamfordham</a>, though it is unclear how much impact this had in the outcome. Curzon felt he was cheated because <a href="/wiki/J._C._C._Davidson" title="J. C. C. Davidson">J. C. C. Davidson</a>—to whom Baldwin was loyal—and Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Waterhouse_(British_politician)" title="Charles Waterhouse (British politician)">Charles Waterhouse</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (November 2020)">disputed</span></a> (for: Mosley has the name wrong)  – <a href="/wiki/Talk:George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston#Error_in_Mosley_re_Waterhouse" title="Talk:George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">discuss</a></i>]</sup> falsely claimed to Stamfordham that Law had recommended that George V appoint Stanley Baldwin, not Curzon, as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harry Bennett says Curzon's arrogance and unpopularity probably prevented him from becoming prime minister despite his brilliance, great capacity for work and accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, one of Curzon's main rivals, accurately contended that Curzon "sow[ed] gratitude and resentment along his path with equally lavish hands".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even contemporaries who envied Curzon, such as Baldwin, conceded that Curzon was, in the words of his biographer <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Mosley" title="Leonard Mosley">Leonard Mosley</a>, "a devoted and indefatigable public servant, dedicated to the idea of Empire".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curzon, summoned by Stamfordham, rushed to London assuming he was to be appointed. He burst into tears when told the truth. He later ridiculed Baldwin as "a man of the utmost insignificance", although he <a href="/wiki/Conservative_government,_1922%E2%80%931924" title="Conservative government, 1922–1924">served under Baldwin</a> and proposed him for the leadership of the Conservative Party. Curzon remained foreign secretary under Baldwin until the government fell in January 1924. When Baldwin formed a <a href="/wiki/Second_Baldwin_ministry" title="Second Baldwin ministry">new government</a> in November 1924 he appointed Curzon <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a>. </p><p>Curzon's rejection was a turning point in the nation's political history. Henceforth, by convention peers were deemed to be barred from being leaders of major political parties and from becoming prime minister. In an age of democracy, it was no longer acceptable for the prime minister to be based in an unelected and largely powerless chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curzon-last-pic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Curzon-last-pic.jpg/170px-Curzon-last-pic.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Curzon-last-pic.jpg/255px-Curzon-last-pic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Curzon-last-pic.jpg/340px-Curzon-last-pic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>The last photograph taken of Curzon on his way to attend a cabinet meeting (1925)</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1925 Curzon suffered a severe haemorrhage of the bladder. Surgery was unsuccessful and he died in London on 20 March 1925 at the age of 66. His coffin, made from the same tree at Kedleston that had encased his first wife, Mary, was taken to <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> and from there to his ancestral home in <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, where he was interred beside Mary in the family vault at <a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Church,_Kedleston" title="All Saints Church, Kedleston">All Saints Church</a> on 26 March. In his will, proven on 22 July, Curzon bequeathed his estate to his wife and his brother Francis; his estate was valued for probate at £343,279 10s. 4d. (roughly equivalent to £25 million in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon his death the barony, earldom and marquessate of Curzon of Kedleston and the earldom of Kedleston became extinct, while the <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Scarsdale" title="Viscount Scarsdale">viscountcy</a> and barony of Scarsdale were inherited by a nephew. The <a href="/wiki/Baron_Ravensdale" title="Baron Ravensdale">barony of Ravensdale</a> was inherited by his eldest daughter <a href="/wiki/Irene_Curzon,_2nd_Baroness_Ravensdale" title="Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale">Mary</a> and is today held by his second daughter <a href="/wiki/Lady_Cynthia_Mosley" title="Lady Cynthia Mosley">Cynthia</a>'s great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mosley,_4th_Baron_Ravensdale" title="Daniel Mosley, 4th Baron Ravensdale">Daniel Mosley, 4th Baron Ravensdale</a>. </p><p>There is a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> on the house in London where Curzon lived and died, No. 1 <a href="/wiki/Carlton_House_Terrace" title="Carlton House Terrace">Carlton House Terrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On his appointment as <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a> in 1898, he was created <a href="/wiki/Baron_Curzon_of_Kedleston" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Curzon of Kedleston">Baron Curzon of Kedleston</a>, in the County of Derby. This title was created in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a> to enable him to potentially return to the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a>, as Irish peers did not have an automatic right to sit in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. His was the last title to be created in the Peerage of Ireland. In 1908, he was elected a <a href="/wiki/Representative_peer" title="Representative peer">representative of the Irish peerage</a> in the British House of Lords, from which it followed that he would be a member of the House of Lords until death; indeed, his <a href="/wiki/Irish_representative_peer" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish representative peer">Irish representative peerage</a> would continue even if (as proved to be the case) he later received a <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom peerage</a> entitling him to a seat in the House of Lords in his own right. </p><p>In 1911 he was created <a href="/wiki/Earl_Curzon_of_Kedleston" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl Curzon of Kedleston">Earl Curzon of Kedleston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Scarsdale" title="Viscount Scarsdale">Viscount Scarsdale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baron_Ravensdale" title="Baron Ravensdale">Baron Ravensdale</a>. All of these titles were in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. </p><p>Upon his father's death in 1916, he also became 5th <a href="/wiki/Baron_Scarsdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Scarsdale">Baron Scarsdale</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Peerage of Great Britain</a>. The title had been created in 1761. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1921_Birthday_Honours" title="1921 Birthday Honours">1921 Birthday Honours</a>, he was created Marquess Curzon of Kedleston.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title became extinct upon his death in 1925, as he was survived by three daughters and no sons.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Few statesmen have experienced such changes in fortune in both their public and their personal lives. <a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Gilmour,_4th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Gilmour, 4th Baronet">David Gilmour</a> concludes: </p> <blockquote><p>Curzon's career was an almost unparalleled blend of triumph and disappointment. Although he was the last and in many ways the greatest of Victorian viceroys, his term of office ended in resignation, empty of recognition and barren of reward.... he was unable to assert himself fully as Foreign Secretary until the last weeks of Lloyd George's premiership. And finally, after he had restored his reputation at Lausanne, his last ambition was thwarted by George V.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBCurzon_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBCurzon-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Critics generally agreed that Curzon never reached the heights that his youthful talents had seemed destined to reach. This sense of opportunities missed was summed up by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> in his book <i>Great Contemporaries</i> (1937):</p><blockquote><p>The morning had been golden; the noontide was bronze; and the evening lead. But all were polished until it shone after its fashion.</p></blockquote><p> Churchill also wrote there was certainly something lacking in Curzon:</p><blockquote><p>it was certainly not information nor application, nor power of speech nor attractiveness of manner and appearance. Everything was in his equipment. You could unpack his knapsack and take an inventory item by item. Nothing on the list was missing, yet somehow or other the total was incomplete.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>His Cabinet colleague <a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay,_27th_Earl_of_Crawford" title="David Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford">David Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford</a> provided a withering personal judgment in his diary; "I never knew a man less loved by his colleagues and more hated by his subordinates, never a man so bereft of conscience, of charity or of gratitude. On the other hand the combination of power, of industry, and of ambition with a mean personality is almost without parallel. I never attended a funeral ceremony at which the congregation was so dry-eyed!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay507_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay507-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first leader of independent India, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, paid Curzon a tribute, referring to that, as viceroy, Curzon as exhibited real love of Indian culture and ordered a restoration project for several historic monuments, including the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>After every other Viceroy has been forgotten, Curzon will be remembered because he restored all that was beautiful in India.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By <a href="/wiki/Remainder_(law)" title="Remainder (law)">special remainders</a>, although he had no son, two of Curzon's peerages survive to the present day. His barony of Ravensdale went first to his eldest daughter, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Curzon,_2nd_Baroness_Ravensdale" title="Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale">Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale</a>, and then to his grandson <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mosley" title="Nicholas Mosley">Nicholas Mosley</a>, both of whom sat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, while his <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Scarsdale" title="Viscount Scarsdale">Viscount Scarsdale</a> title went to a nephew. His great-great-grandson <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mosley,_4th_Baron_Ravensdale" title="Daniel Mosley, 4th Baron Ravensdale">Daniel Mosley, 4th Baron Ravensdale</a>, is a current member of the House of Lords, having been elected as a representative hereditary peer. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Curzon_Hall" title="Curzon Hall">Curzon Hall</a>, the home of the faculty of science at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a>, is named after him. Curzon had inaugurated the building in 1904. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Curzon_Gate,_Bardhaman" title="Curzon Gate, Bardhaman">Curzon Gate</a>, a ceremonial gate, was erected by Maharaja Bijay Chand Mahatab in the heart of Burdwan town and was renamed to commemorate Lord Curzon's visit to the town in 1904, which was renamed as Bijay Toran after the independence of India in 1947. </p><p>Curzon Road, the road connecting India Gate, the memorial dedicated to the Indian fallen during the Great War of 1914–18, and Connaught Place, in New Delhi was named after him. It has since been renamed <a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturba Gandhi</a> Marg. The apartment buildings on the same road are named after him. </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2004" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Niall (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empire00nial/page/n4/mode/2up"><i>Empire : the rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power</i></a>. New York : Basic Books. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02329-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02329-5"><bdi>978-0-465-02329-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+%3A+the+rise+and+demise+of+the+British+world+order+and+the+lessons+for+global+power&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02329-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempire00nial%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Holden, <i>Autobiography and Decolonization: Modernity, Masculinity, and the Nation-state</i> (2008), p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4309213.stm">Eton, the Raj and modern India</a>; By Alastair Lawson; 9 March 2005; BBC News.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport-Hines2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davenport-Hines" title="Richard Davenport-Hines">Davenport-Hines, Richard</a> (3 January 2008). "Browning, Oscar". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32128">10.1093/ref:odnb/32128</a>. <q>His intimate, indiscreet friendship with a boy in another boarding-house, G. N. Curzon [...] provoked a crisis with [Headmaster] Hornby [….] Amid national controversy he was dismissed in 1875 on the pretext of administrative inefficiency but actually because his influence was thought to be sexually contagious</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Browning%2C+Oscar&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-01-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32128&rft.aulast=Davenport-Hines&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"... Oscar Browning (1837–1923), who had been sacked from Eton in September 1875 under suspicion of <a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">pederasty</a>, partly because of his involvement with young George Nathaniel Curzon" in Michael Kaylor, <i>Secreted Desires</i> (2006), p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Mosley" title="Leonard Mosley">Mosley, Leonard</a> (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl"><i>Curzon: The End of an Epoch</i></a></span>. Longmans, Green, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curzon%3A+The+End+of+an+Epoch&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcurzonendofepoch0000mosl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1990" class="citation book cs1">Burton, David Henry (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kCGKtLkHnxAC"><i>Cecil Spring Rice: A Diplomat's Life</i></a>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3395-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3395-3"><bdi>978-0-8386-3395-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cecil+Spring+Rice%3A+A+Diplomat%27s+Life&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3395-3&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=David+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkCGKtLkHnxAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lord-Curzon">"Lord Curzon | Biography & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Lord+Curzon+%7C+Biography+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLord-Curzon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley1961" class="citation book cs1">Mosley, Leonard (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl"><i>Curzon: The End of an Epoch</i></a></span>. Longmans, Green, and Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl/page/26">26</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curzon%3A+The+End+of+an+Epoch&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcurzonendofepoch0000mosl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley1961" class="citation book cs1">Mosley, Leonard (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl"><i>Curzon: The End of an Epoch</i></a></span>. Longmans, Green, and Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl/page/43">43</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curzon%3A+The+End+of+an+Epoch&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcurzonendofepoch0000mosl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmour2019" class="citation book cs1">Gilmour, David (2019). <i><span></span></i>Curzon: Imperial statesman<i><span></span></i>. Penguin Books. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curzon%3A+Imperial+statesman&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Gilmour&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley1961" class="citation book cs1">Mosley, Leonard (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl"><i><span></span></i>Curzon: The End of an Epoch<i><span></span></i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curzon%3A+The+End+of+an+Epoch&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcurzonendofepoch0000mosl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/curzon-george-nathaniel">"CURZON, GEORGE NATHANIEL"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=CURZON%2C+GEORGE+NATHANIEL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcurzon-george-nathaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curzon, <i>Russia in Central Asia</i> (1967), p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curzon, <i>Russia in Central Asia</i> (1967), p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Wright" title="Denis Wright">Denis Wright</a>, "Curzon and Persia", <i>The Geographical Journal</i> 153#3 (November 1987): 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curzon, <i>Russia in Central Asia</i> p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis Wright, "Curzon and Persia", <i>The Geographical Journal</i> 153#3 (November 1987): 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, "Curzon and Persia", pp. 346–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockway1941" class="citation journal cs1">Brockway, Thomas P (1941). 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Curzon, <i>Persia and the Persian Question</i> (Volume 1). New York: Barnes & Noble, 1966, p. 605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, A.N. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OJmfAAAAMAAJ&q=Levi+Leiter"><i>After the Victorians</i></a>. Hutchinson. p. 596. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780091794842" title="Special:BookSources/9780091794842"><bdi>9780091794842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Victorians&rft.pages=596&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780091794842&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=A.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOJmfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DLevi%2BLeiter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ANdBAQAAIAAJ&q=protestant+swiss"><i>The Listener</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Lady+Alexandra+Metcalfe&rft.date=1995-08-09&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Flady-alexandra-metcalfe-1595421.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peterwestern.f9.co.uk/maximilia/pafg1237.htm">Maximilian Genealogy Master Database, Mary Victoria LEITER, 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306052857/http://www.peterwestern.f9.co.uk/maximilia/pafg1237.htm">Archived</a> 6 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/empire/usefulnotes/g2cs4s6u.htm">"(Catalogue ref: COPY 1/59 f.371)"</a>. National Archives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%28Catalogue+ref%3A+COPY+1%2F59+f.371%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fempire%2Fusefulnotes%2Fg2cs4s6u.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette27016" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27016/page/6140">"No. 27016"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 21 October 1898. p. 6140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+27016&rft.pages=6140&rft.date=1898-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27016%2Fpage%2F6140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolsky2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kolsky, Elizabeth (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43696899">"The Colonial Rule of Law and the Legal Regime of Exception: Frontier "Fanaticism" and State Violence in British India"</a>. <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>120</b> (4): 1218–1246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2F120.4.1218">10.1093/ahr/120.4.1218</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43696899">43696899</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Colonial+Rule+of+Law+and+the+Legal+Regime+of+Exception%3A+Frontier+%22Fanaticism%22+and+State+Violence+in+British+India&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1218-1246&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fahr%2F120.4.1218&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43696899%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kolsky&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43696899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Marquess_of_Lansdowne1903" class="citation book cs1">The Marquess of Lansdowne, The Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (5 May 1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1903/may/05/great-britain-and-the-persian-gulf#column_1347">"Great Britain and the Persian Gulf."</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. col. 1347.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Great+Britain+and+the+Persian+Gulf.&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=col.-1347&rft.pub=House+of+Lords&rft.date=1903-05-05&rft.au=The+Marquess+of+Lansdowne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1903%2Fmay%2F05%2Fgreat-britain-and-the-persian-gulf%23column_1347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Yapp" title="Malcolm Yapp">Malcolm Yapp</a>, "British Perceptions of the Russian Threat to India", <i>Modern Asian Studies</i> 21#4 (1987): 655.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yapp, pp. 655, 664.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatless2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matless, David (28 September 2006). "Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37084">10.1093/ref:odnb/37084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Younghusband%2C+Sir+Francis+Edward&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006-09-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37084&rft.aulast=Matless&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azquotes.com/author/61636-George_Curzon_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston">"George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston Quotes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston+Quotes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azquotes.com%2Fauthor%2F61636-George_Curzon_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd2004" class="citation book cs1">Judd, Dennis (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mitiTQZ1qu4C"><i>Lion and Tiger:The Rise and fall of British Empire 1600 to 1947</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192803581" title="Special:BookSources/0192803581"><bdi>0192803581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lion+and+Tiger%3AThe+Rise+and+fall+of+British+Empire+1600+to+1947&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0192803581&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmitiTQZ1qu4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNBCurzon-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNBCurzon_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNBCurzon_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNBCurzon_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmour2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Gilmour_(historian)" title="David Gilmour (historian)">Gilmour, David</a> (6 January 2011). "Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess Curzon of Kedleston". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32680">10.1093/ref:odnb/32680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Curzon%2C+George+Nathaniel%2C+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32680&rft.aulast=Gilmour&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinker1974" class="citation book cs1">Tinker, Hugh (1974). <i>A New System of Slavery: the Export of Indian Labour Overseas, 1830–1920</i>. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations. pp. 286–333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+System+of+Slavery%3A+the+Export+of+Indian+Labour+Overseas%2C+1830%E2%80%931920&rft.place=London&rft.pages=286-333&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+for+the+Institute+of+Race+Relations&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Tinker&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid 2006, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fagan, Brian (2009), Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Nino and the Fate of Civilizations, Basic Books. p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Gilmour's <i>Curzon</i> and <i>Ruling Caste</i>. In <i>Curzon</i> he writes that 3.5 million were on famine relief, in <i>Ruling Caste</i> he writes it was over five million.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Mike. <i><a href="/wiki/Late_Victorian_Holocausts" title="Late Victorian Holocausts">Late Victorian Holocausts</a></i>. 1. Verso, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-739-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-739-0">1-85984-739-0</a> pp. 162–164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Rt._Hon._The_Earl_of_Ronaldshay" class="citation book cs1">The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Ronaldshay. <i>The Life of Curszon Vol.3</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Curszon+Vol.3&rft.au=The+Rt.+Hon.+The+Earl+of+Ronaldshay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette28547" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28547/page/7951">"No. 28547"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 3 November 1911. p. 7951.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+28547&rft.pages=7951&rft.date=1911-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F28547%2Fpage%2F7951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinterman2013" class="citation news cs1">Winterman, Denise (7 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21587468">"The man who demolished Shakespeare's house"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+man+who+demolished+Shakespeare%27s+house&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.aulast=Winterman&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-21587468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/bk12/pp4-7">"Members of the Survey Committee Pages 4–7 Survey of London Monograph 12"</a>. <i>British History Online</i>. Guild & School of Handicraft, London, 1926<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+History+Online&rft.atitle=Members+of+the+Survey+Committee+Pages+4%E2%80%937+Survey+of+London+Monograph+12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fsurvey-london%2Fbk12%2Fpp4-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, 1998, pp. 113, 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, 1998, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot 1988, pp. 226–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, 1998, pp. 155–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, 1998, pp. 134, 159–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, 1998, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Church_of_England" class="citation web cs1">The Church of England. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/book-common-prayer/prayers-and-thanksgivings">"Prayers and Thanksgivings"</a>. <i>The Book of Common Prayer (1662)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Book+of+Common+Prayer+%281662%29&rft.atitle=Prayers+and+Thanksgivings&rft.au=The+Church+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fbook-common-prayer%2Fprayers-and-thanksgivings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> history microsites: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/C/castle/bod_main.html">Bodiam Castle</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Foot: <i>Aneurin Bevan</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Gaynor "Preparing for Office: Lord Curzon as Acting Foreign Secretary, January- October 1919." Contemporary British History 18.3 (2004): 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. H. Bennett, "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919–22", <i>Australian Journal of Politics & History</i> 45#4 (1999): 479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett, G. H. (1999). "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919–22". <i>Australian Journal of Politics & History</i>. <b>45</b> (4): 472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8497.00076">10.1111/1467-8497.00076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Politics+%26+History&rft.atitle=Lloyd+George%2C+Curzon+and+the+Control+of+British+Foreign+Policy+1919%E2%80%9322&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=472&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8497.00076&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharp, Alan "Adapting to a New World? British Foreign Policy in the 1920s." Contemporary British History 18.3 (2004): 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett, G. H. (1999). "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919–22". <i>Australian Journal of Politics & History</i>. <b>45</b> (4): 473. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8497.00076">10.1111/1467-8497.00076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Politics+%26+History&rft.atitle=Lloyd+George%2C+Curzon+and+the+Control+of+British+Foreign+Policy+1919%E2%80%9322&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=473&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8497.00076&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaynor Johnson, "Preparing for Office: Lord Curzon as Acting Foreign Secretary, January–October 1919", <i>Contemporary British History</i>, vol. 18, n°3, 2004, pp. 53–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Meiklejohn_Terry1983" class="citation book cs1">Sarah Meiklejohn Terry (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zOL_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121"><i>Poland's Place in Europe: General Sikorski and the Origin of the Oder-Neisse Line, 1939–1943</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400857173" title="Special:BookSources/9781400857173"><bdi>9781400857173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Place+in+Europe%3A+General+Sikorski+and+the+Origin+of+the+Oder-Neisse+Line%2C+1939%E2%80%931943&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9781400857173&rft.au=Sarah+Meiklejohn+Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzOL_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yapp, p. 654.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yapp, p. 653.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery2006251–252-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffery2006251–252_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeffery2006">Jeffery 2006</a>, p. 251–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery2006233–234,_247–251-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffery2006233–234,_247–251_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeffery2006">Jeffery 2006</a>, p. 233–234, 247–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domna Visvizi-Dontas, "The Allied powers and the Eastern Question 1921–1923." <i>Balkan Studies</i> 17.2 (1976): 331–357 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/viewFile/1284/1305">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UnregardedProphet-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UnregardedProphet_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UnregardedProphet_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmour1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Gilmour,_4th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Gilmour, 4th Baronet">Gilmour, David</a> (1996). "The Unregarded Prophet: Lord Curzon and the Palestine Question". <i>Journal of Palestine Studies</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 60–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2538259">10.2307/2538259</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2538259">2538259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Unregarded+Prophet%3A+Lord+Curzon+and+the+Palestine+Question&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=60-68&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2538259&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2538259%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gilmour&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery2006266–67-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffery2006266–67_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeffery2006">Jeffery 2006</a>, p. 266–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette32376" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32376/page/5243">"No. 32376"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 1 July 1921. p. 5243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+32376&rft.pages=5243&rft.date=1921-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32376%2Fpage%2F5243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett, "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919–22", p. 477.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley1961" class="citation book cs1">Mosley, Leonard (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl"><i><span></span></i>Curzon: The End of an Epoch<i><span></span></i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl/page/264">264–275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curzon%3A+The+End+of+an+Epoch&rft.pages=264-275&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcurzonendofepoch0000mosl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Bennett, "Lord Curzon of Kedleston: 'Easily misunderstood' and 'Easily misrepresented'", <i>The Historian</i>, No. 49, 1996. pp. 17–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winston S. Churchill, <i>Great Contemporaries</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley1961" class="citation book cs1">Mosley, Leonard (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl"><i><span></span></i>Curzon: The End of an Epoch<i><span></span></i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl/page/288">288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curzon%3A+The+End+of+an+Epoch&rft.pages=288&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcurzonendofepoch0000mosl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Cooper, "Heir not Apparent: Douglas Hailsham, the role of the House of Lords, and the Succession to the Conservative Leadership 1928–31." <i>Parliamentary History</i> 31.2 (2012): 206–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Curzon&yearOfDeath=1925&page=3#calendar">"Curzon of Kedleston"</a>. <i>probatesearchservice.gov</i>. UK Government. 1925<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=probatesearchservice.gov&rft.atitle=Curzon+of+Kedleston&rft.date=1925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprobatesearch.service.gov.uk%2FCalendar%3Fsurname%3DCurzon%26yearOfDeath%3D1925%26page%3D3%23calendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openplaques.org/plaques/6258">"George Nathaniel Curzon blue plaque"</a>. openplaques.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Nathaniel+Curzon+blue+plaque&rft.pub=openplaques.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenplaques.org%2Fplaques%2F6258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette32346" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32346/supplement/4529">"No. 32346"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 4 June 1921. p. 4529.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+32346&rft.pages=4529&rft.date=1921-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32346%2Fsupplement%2F4529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Lord Curzon: A Great Career". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. 21 March 1925. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Lord+Curzon%3A+A+Great+Career&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1925-03-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Churchill, <i>Great Contemporaries</i>, Chapter on Curzon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay507-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay507_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindsay">Lindsay</a>, p. 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2005" class="citation news cs1">Roy, Amit (15 January 2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1481257/Reviled-Curzon-name-wins-new-respect-in-India.html">"Reviled-Curzon-name-wins-new-respect-in-India"</a></span>. telegraph.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1481257/Reviled-Curzon-name-wins-new-respect-in-India.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reviled-Curzon-name-wins-new-respect-in-India&rft.date=2005-01-15&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Findia%2F1481257%2FReviled-Curzon-name-wins-new-respect-in-India.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/When-Curzon-rescued-Ahmedabads-icon/articleshow/13015110.cms">"When Curzon rescued Ahmedabad's icon"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 6 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=When+Curzon+rescued+Ahmedabad%27s+icon&rft.date=2012-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fahmedabad%2FWhen-Curzon-rescued-Ahmedabads-icon%2Farticleshow%2F13015110.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curzon's_writings"><span id="Curzon.27s_writings"></span>Curzon's writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Curzon's writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Curzon, <i>Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question</i> (1889) Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., London (reprinted Cass, 1967), Adamant Media Corporation; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-7543-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-7543-5">978-1-4021-7543-5</a> (27 February 2001) Reprint (Paperback) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1402175434">Details</a></li> <li>Curzon, <i>Persia and the Persian Question</i> (1892) Longmans, Green, and Co., London and New York.; facsimile reprint: <ul><li><b>Volume 1</b> (Paperback) by George Nathaniel Curzon, Adamant Media Corporation; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-6179-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-6179-7">978-1-4021-6179-7</a> (22 October 2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1402161794">Abstract</a></li> <li><b>Volume 2</b> (Paperback) by George Nathaniel Curzon, Adamant Media Corporation; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-6178-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-6178-0">978-1-4021-6178-0</a> (22 October 2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1402161786">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li>Curzon, <i>On the Indian Frontier</i>, Edited with an introduction by Dhara Anjaria; (Oxford U.P. 2011) 350 pages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-906357-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-906357-4">978-0-19-906357-4</a></li> <li>Curzon, <i>Problems of the Far East</i> (1894; new ed., 1896) George Nathaniel Curzon <i>Problems of the Far East. Japan -Korea – China</i>, reprint; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4021-8480-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4021-8480-8">1-4021-8480-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-8480-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-8480-2">978-1-4021-8480-2</a> (25 December 2000) Adamant Media Corporation (Paperback)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1402184808">Abstract</a></li> <li>Curzon, <i>The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus</i>, 1897, The Royal Geographical Society. <i>Geographical Journal</i> 8 (1896): 97–119, 239–63. A thorough study of the region's history and people and of the British–Russian conflict of interest in Turkestan based on Curzon's travels there in 1894. Reprint (paperback): Adamant Media Corporation, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-5983-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-5983-1">978-1-4021-5983-1</a> (22 April 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1402159838">Abstract</a>. Unabridged reprint (2005): Elbiron Classics, Adamant Media Corporation; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4021-5983-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4021-5983-8">1-4021-5983-8</a> (pbk); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4021-3090-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4021-3090-2">1-4021-3090-2</a> (hardcover).</li> <li>Curzon, The Romanes Lecture 1907, <i>FRONTIERS</i> by the Right Hon Lord Curzon of Kedleston <a href="/wiki/G.C.S.I." class="mw-redirect" title="G.C.S.I.">G.C.S.I.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">G.C.I.E.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/D.C.L." class="mw-redirect" title="D.C.L.">D.C.L.</a>, <a href="/wiki/LL.D." class="mw-redirect" title="LL.D.">LL.D.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">F.R.S.</a>, All Souls College, Chancellor of the university, Delivered in the Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford, 2 November 1907 <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Frontiers" class="extiw" title="s:Frontiers">full text</a>.</li> <li>Curzon, <i>Tales of Travel</i>. First published by Hodder & Stoughton 1923 (Century Classic Ser.) London, Century. 1989, Facsimile Reprint; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-2245-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-2245-4">0-7126-2245-4</a>; reprint with foreword by Lady Alexandra Metcalfe, Introduction by Peter King. A selection of Curzon's travel writing including essays on Egypt, Afghanistan, Persia, Iran, India, Iraq Waterfalls, etc. (includes the future viceroy's escapade into Afghanistan to meet the "Iron Emir", Abdu Rahman Khan, in 1894)</li> <li>Curzon and H. Avray Tipping. Finished by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Avray_Tipping" title="Henry Avray Tipping">Henry Avray Tipping</a> after Curzon's death: Marquess George Nathaniel Curzon Curzon of Kedleston and Henry Avray Tipping <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jkGAAAAAIAAJ">Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire: A Historical & Descriptive Survey by the Late Marquis Curzon of Kedleston, K.G. and H. Avray Tipping (1929)</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li>Curzon, <i>Travels with a Superior Person</i>, London, Sidgwick & Jackson. 1985, Reprint; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-99294-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-283-99294-0">978-0-283-99294-0</a>, Hardcover, illustrated with 90 contemporary photographs most of them from Curzon's own collection (includes <i>Greece in the Eighties</i>, pp. 78–84; edited by Peter King; introduced by Elizabeth, Countess Longford)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bennet, G. H. (1995). <i>British Foreign Policy During the Curzon Period, 1919–1924</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-12650-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-12650-6">0-312-12650-6</a>.</li> <li>Carrington, Michael. Officers, Gentlemen, and Murderers: Lord Curzon's campaign against 'collisions' between Indians and Europeans, 1899–1905, <i>Modern Asian Studies</i> 47:03, May 2013, pp. 780–819.</li> <li>Carrington, Michael. A PhD thesis, <i>Empire and authority: Curzon, collisions, character and the Raj, 1899–1905.</i> Discusses a number of interesting issues raised during Curzon's Viceroyalty (available through British Library).</li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Curzon_of_Kedleston,_George_Nathaniel,_1st_Baron" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Curzon of Kedleston, George Nathaniel, 1st Baron">Curzon of Kedleston, George Nathaniel, 1st Baron</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 665.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Curzon+of+Kedleston%2C+George+Nathaniel%2C+1st+Baron&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=665&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>De Groot, Gerard <i>Douglas Haig 1861–1928</i> (Larkfield, Maidstone: Unwin Hyman, 1988)</li> <li>Dilks, David; <i>Curzon in India</i> (2 volumes, Rupert Hart-Davis, 1969 & 70) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59429856">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070307000328/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59429856">Archived</a> 7 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Edwardes, Michael. "The Viceroyalty Of Lord Curzon" <i>History Today</i> (Dec 1962) 12#12, pp. 833–844.</li> <li>Edwardes, Michael. <i>High Noon of Empire: India under Curzon</i> (1965).</li> <li>Gilmour, David (1994). UK: <i>Curzon</i>. London: John Murray; US: <i>Curzon: Imperial Statesman</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Curzon-David-Gilmour/dp/0333644069/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Gilmour, David. "Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess Curzon of Kedleston (1859–1925)" <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32680,">accessed 30 Sept 2014</a> doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32680</li> <li>Goudie A. S. (1980). "George Nathaniel Curzon: Superior Geographer", <i>The Geographical Journal</i>, 146, 2 (1980): 203–209, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F632861">10.2307/632861</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/632861#abstract">Abstract</a></li> <li>Goradia, Nayana. <i>Lord Curzon The Last of the British Moghuls</i> (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215426/http://www.dli.ernet.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Lord%20Curzon%20The%20Last%20Of%20The%20British%20Moghuls&author1=Nayana%20Goradia&subject1=GEOGRAPHY.%20BIOGRAPHY.%20HISTORY&year=1993%20&language1=english&pages=342&barcode=2990100067864&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=Oxford%20University%20Press%2C%20Delhi&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=ttd%2C%20s.v%20digital%20library&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=SNL%20Vetapalem&scannerno1=0&digitalrepublisher1=Digital%20Library%20Of%20India&digitalpublicationdate1=2005-01-21&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=Tagged%20Image%20File%20Format%20&url=%2Fdata_copy%2Fupload%2F0067%2F869">full text online free</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery2006" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery, Keith (2006). <i>Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820358-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820358-2"><bdi>978-0-19-820358-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Marshal+Sir+Henry+Wilson%3A+A+Political+Soldier&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820358-2&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Katouzian, Homa. "The Campaign Against the Anglo-Iranian Agreement of 1919." <i>British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies</i> 25 (1) (1998): 5–46.</li> <li>Loades, David, ed. <i>Reader's Guide to British History</i> (2003) 1:324-25; historiography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay,_27th_Earl_of_Crawford" title="David Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford">Lindsay, David</a> (1984). <a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_(historian)" title="John Vincent (historian)">John Vincent</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k81RAQAAIAAJ&q=the+crawford+papers"><i>The Crawford Papers: The journals of David Lindsay, twenty-seventh Earl of Crawford and tenth Earl of Balcarres 1871–1940 during the years 1892 to 1940</i></a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71900-948-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71900-948-8"><bdi>978-0-71900-948-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crawford+Papers%3A+The+journals+of+David+Lindsay%2C+twenty-seventh+Earl+of+Crawford+and+tenth+Earl+of+Balcarres+1871%E2%80%931940+during+the+years+1892+to+1940&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-71900-948-8&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk81RAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bcrawford%2Bpapers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McLane, John R. "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905", <i>Indian Economic and Social History Review</i>, July 1965, 2#3, pp 221–237</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Mosley" title="Leonard Mosley">Mosley, Leonard Oswald</a>. <i>The glorious fault: The life of Lord Curzon</i> (1960)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.458978">online</a></li> <li>Nicolson, Harold George (1934). <i>Curzon: The Last Phase, 1919–1925: A Study in Post-war Diplomacy</i>. London: Constable. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571258925" title="Special:BookSources/9780571258925">9780571258925</a></li> <li>Reid, Walter. <i>Architect of Victory: Douglas Haig</i> (Birlinn Ltd, Edinburgh, 2006.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84158-517-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84158-517-3">1-84158-517-3</a></li> <li>Ronaldshay, Earl of (1927). <i>The Life of Lord Curzon</i>. (Two volumes; London)</li> <li>Rose, Kenneth. <i>Superior Person: A Portrait of Curzon and His Circle in Late Victorian England</i>, Weidenfeld & Nicolson History, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1842122339" title="Special:BookSources/1842122339">1842122339</a></li> <li>Ross, Christopher N. B. "Lord Curzon and E. G. Browne Confront the 'Persian Question<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", <i>Historical Journal</i>, 52, 2 (2009): 385–411, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X09007511">10.1017/S0018246X09007511</a></li> <li>Woodward, David R., <i>Field Marshal Sir William Robertson</i>, Westport Connecticut & London: Praeger, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95422-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95422-6">0-275-95422-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Wright" title="Denis Wright">Wright, Denis</a>. "Curzon and Persia". <i>The Geographical Journal</i> 153 (3) (1987): 343–350.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurzon1926" class="citation web cs1">Curzon (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/1140236/bodiam-castle-sussex-a-historical-and-descriptive-survey-by-the-marquis-curzon-of">"George Nathaniel Curzon, Marquess of Curzon of Kedleston (1859–1925) – Bodiam Castle, Sussex : a historical and descriptive survey / by the Marquis Curzon of Kedleston"</a>. <i>www.rct.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rct.uk&rft.atitle=George+Nathaniel+Curzon%2C+Marquess+of+Curzon+of+Kedleston+%281859%E2%80%931925%29+%E2%80%93+Bodiam+Castle%2C+Sussex+%3A+a+historical+and+descriptive+survey+%2F+by+the+Marquis+Curzon+of+Kedleston.&rft.date=1926&rft.au=Curzon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rct.uk%2Fcollection%2F1140236%2Fbodiam-castle-sussex-a-historical-and-descriptive-survey-by-the-marquis-curzon-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Marabello, Thomas Quinn (2023) "The Centennial of the Treaty of Lausanne: Turkey, Switzerland, the Great Powers and a Soviet Diplomat's Assassination," <i>Swiss American Historical Society Review</i>: Vol. 59. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss3/4">https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss3/4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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the Rede lecture, delivered before the University of Cambridge, 6 November 1913</i> by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston at archive.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaincentrala032476mbp"><i>Russia In Central Asia In 1889</i> by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston at archive.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/16692">Works by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/warpoemsandother00curzuoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:warpoemsandother00curzuoft"><i>War poems and other translations</i> by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston at archive.org</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F256764">"Archival material relating to George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+George+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF256764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Curzon%2C+1st+Marquess+Curzon+of+Kedleston" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271878#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maximiliangenealogy.co.uk/maximilia/pafg1237.htm"><i>George Nathaniel CURZON was born 11 Jan 1859. He died 20 Mar 1925. George married Mary Victoria LEITER on 22 Apr 1895</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003608">Newspaper clippings about George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Pilkington" title="George Augustus Pilkington">George Augustus Pilkington</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Southport_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Southport (UK Parliament constituency)">Southport</a> </b><br />1886–1898 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sir <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Naylor-Leyland" title="Herbert Naylor-Leyland">Herbert Naylor-Leyland</a>, Bt</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Eldon_Gorst" title="John Eldon Gorst">John Eldon Gorst</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Under-Secretary of State for India">Under-Secretary of State for India</a> </b><br />1891–1892 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_W._E._Russell" title="George W. E. Russell">George W. E. Russell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Edward Grey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs">Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1895–1898 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/St_John_Brodrick" class="mw-redirect" title="St John Brodrick">St John Brodrick</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_17th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby">Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby</a></div><i><b>as Chairman of the Joint War Air Committee </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Air_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Air Board">President of the Air Board</a> </b><br />1916–1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Weetman_Pearson,_1st_Viscount_Cowdray" title="Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray">Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> </b><br />1915–1916 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay,_27th_Earl_of_Crawford" title="David Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford">David Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a> </b><br />1916–1924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> </b><br />1916–1919 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> </b><br />1919–1924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> </b><br />1924–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a> </b><br />1924–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Bruce,_9th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin">Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a> </b><br />1899–1905 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto">Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> </b><br />1916–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_British_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the British Conservative Party">Leader of the British Conservative Party</a> <br /><small>with <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a></small> </b><br />1921–1922 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a> </b><br />1904–1905 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George, Prince of Wales</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the University of Oxford">Chancellor of the University of Oxford</a> </b><br />1907–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Viscount_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Cave">Viscount Cave</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Glasgow" title="Rector of the University of Glasgow">Rector of the University of Glasgow</a> </b><br />1908–1911 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell">Augustine Birrell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="4"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Scarsdale" title="Viscount Scarsdale">Marquess Curzon of Kedleston</a> </b><br />1921–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>Extinct </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Curzon_of_Kedleston" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl Curzon of Kedleston">Earl Curzon of Kedleston</a> </b><br />1911–1925 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Scarsdale" title="Viscount Scarsdale">Viscount Scarsdale</a> </b><br />1911–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Curzon,_2nd_Viscount_Scarsdale" title="Richard Curzon, 2nd Viscount Scarsdale">Richard Curzon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Ravensdale" title="Baron Ravensdale">Baron Ravensdale</a> </b><br />1911–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Irene_Curzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Irene Curzon">Irene Curzon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Peerage of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Curzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Curzon">Alfred Curzon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Scarsdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Scarsdale">Baron Scarsdale</a> </b><br />1916–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Curzon,_2nd_Viscount_Scarsdale" title="Richard Curzon, 2nd Viscount Scarsdale">Richard Curzon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Curzon_of_Kedleston" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Curzon of Kedleston">Baron Curzon of Kedleston</a> </b><br />1898–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Extinct </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Browne,_4th_Baron_Kilmaine" title="Francis Browne, 4th Baron Kilmaine">Francis Browne, 4th Baron Kilmaine</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_representative_peers" title="List of Irish representative peers">Representative peer for Ireland</a> </b><br />1908–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Office lapsed </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template talk:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)"><span style="color:white;">Conservative and Unionist Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Archive" title="Conservative Party Archive">Conservative Party Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Conservative Party (UK)">History of the Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism">History of conservatism in Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Electoral history of the Conservative Party (UK)">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club" title="Carlton Club">Carlton Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primrose_League" title="Primrose League">Primrose League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_Reform_League" title="Tariff Reform League">Tariff Reform League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Free_Food_League" title="Unionist Free Food League">Unionist Free Food League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Coupon" title="Coalition Coupon">Coalition Coupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting" title="Carlton Club meeting">Carlton Club meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Conservative Party (UK) general election manifestos">General election manifestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party" title="Fourth Party">Fourth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Conservative_Party" title="Irish Conservative Party">Irish Conservative Party </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Scotland)" title="Unionist Party (Scotland)">Scottish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(UK,_1917)" title="National Party (UK, 1917)">National Party (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords"><span style="color:white;">House of Lords</span></a><br />(1828–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Curzon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom"><span style="color:white;">House of Commons</span></a><br />(1834–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><small><i>vacant</i> (1848–1849)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)"><span style="color:white;">Leaders (1922–)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chairman of the Conservative Party"><span style="color:white;">Chairmen (1911–)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Steel-Maitland" title="Arthur Steel-Maitland">Steel-Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Younger,_1st_Viscount_Younger_of_Leckie" title="George Younger, 1st Viscount Younger of Leckie">Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jackson_(cricketer)" title="Stanley Jackson (cricketer)">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._C._Davidson" title="J. C. C. Davidson">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird,_1st_Viscount_Stonehaven" title="John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hacking,_1st_Baron_Hacking" title="Douglas Hacking, 1st Baron Hacking">Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne" title="Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne">Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Assheton,_1st_Baron_Clitheroe" title="Ralph Assheton, 1st Baron Clitheroe">Assheton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">Woolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hare,_1st_Viscount_Blakenham" title="John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham">Blakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_du_Cann" title="Edward du Cann">du Cann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Gwydir" title="Peter Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gwydir">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gummer" title="John Gummer">Gummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Tebbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Sutton_Mandeville" title="Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Fowler,_Baron_Fowler" title="Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hanley" title="Jeremy Hanley">Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mawhinney" title="Brian Mawhinney">Mawhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Fox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Saatchi,_Baron_Saatchi" title="Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi">Saatchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Maude" title="Francis Maude">Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Spelman" title="Caroline Spelman">Spelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Pickles" title="Eric Pickles">Pickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsi" title="Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi">Warsi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Shapps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McLoughlin" title="Patrick McLoughlin">McLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lewis" title="Brandon Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Milling" title="Amanda Milling">Milling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dowden" title="Oliver Dowden">Dowden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stephenson" title="Andrew Stephenson">Stephenson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Berry" title="Jake Berry">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Hands" title="Greg Hands">Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holden_(British_politician)" title="Richard Holden (British politician)">Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fuller_(Conservative_politician)" title="Richard Fuller (Conservative politician)">Fuller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lilley" title="Peter Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership elections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1965_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1965 Conservative Party leadership election">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1975 Conservative Party leadership election">1975</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1989 Conservative Party leadership election">1989</a> <ul><li>Thatcher re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">1995</a> <ul><li>Major re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1997 Conservative Party leadership election">1997</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2001 Conservative Party leadership election">2001</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2003 Conservative Party leadership election">2003</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2005 Conservative Party leadership election">2005</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">July–September 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">October 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2024 Conservative Party leadership election">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_structure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party structure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Board" title="Conservative Party Board">Conservative Party Board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters" title="Conservative Campaign Headquarters">Conservative Campaign Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Treasurer of the Conservative Party">Treasurer of the Conservative Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Research_Department" title="Conservative Research Department">Conservative Research Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Voluntary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Convention" title="National Conservative Convention">National Conservative Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Parliamentary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chief Whip of the Conservative Party">Conservative Chief Whip's Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Conference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party Conference (UK)">Conservative Party Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Conservatives" title="Northern Ireland Conservatives">Northern Ireland Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Scottish Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Conservatives" title="Welsh Conservatives">Welsh Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Conservatives" title="Gibraltar Conservatives">Gibraltar Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Directly elected city mayoral authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">London Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Association" title="Conservative Association">Conservative Associations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Review_(2016)" title="Conservative Party Review (2016)">Conservative Party Review (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisations_associated_with_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="List of organisations associated with the Conservative Party (UK)">Organisations associated with the Conservative Party</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Women%27s_Organisation" title="Conservative Women's Organisation">Conservative Women's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_Abroad" title="Conservatives Abroad">Conservatives Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%2B_Conservatives" title="LGBT+ Conservatives">LGBT+ Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Conservative_Clubs" title="Association of Conservative Clubs">Association of Conservative Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_group" title="2020 group">2020 group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activate_(organisation)" title="Activate (organisation)">Activate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Bridge" title="The Atlantic Bridge">The Atlantic Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Animal_Welfare_Foundation" title="Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation">Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Co-operative_Movement" title="Conservative Co-operative Movement">Conservative Co-operative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Countryside_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Countryside Forum (page does not exist)">Conservative Countryside Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Disability_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Disability Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Disability Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_European_Forum" title="Conservative European Forum">Conservative European Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Friends of America">Conservative Friends of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_the_Chinese" title="Conservative Friends of the Chinese">Conservative Friends of the Chinese</a></li> <li>Conservative Friends of Gibraltar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_India" title="Conservative Friends of India">Conservative Friends of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Israel" title="Conservative Friends of Israel">Conservative Friends of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Palestine" title="Conservative Friends of Palestine">Conservative Friends of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Turkey" title="Conservative Friends of Turkey">Conservative Friends of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_History_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative History Group (page does not exist)">Conservative History Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Humanist_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Humanist Association (page does not exist)">Conservative Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mainstream" title="Conservative Mainstream">Conservative Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Health (page does not exist)">Conservative Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Muslim_Forum" title="Conservative Muslim Forum">Conservative Muslim Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Education_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Education Society (page does not exist)">Conservative Education Society</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_National_Property_Advisory_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative National Property Advisory Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative National Property Advisory Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Rural_Affairs_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Rural Affairs Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Rural Affairs Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Science_%26_Technology_Forum" title="Conservative Science & Technology Forum">Conservative Science & Technology Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservative Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Transport_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Transport Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Transport Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Way_Forward" title="Conservative Way Forward">Conservative Way Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Women_National_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Women National Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative Women National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Workers_%26_Trade_Unionists" title="Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists">Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_4_Cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives 4 Cities (page does not exist)">Conservatives 4 Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_Against_Fox_Hunting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives Against Fox Hunting (page does not exist)">Conservatives Against Fox Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservatives at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_for_International_Travel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives for International Travel (page does not exist)">Conservatives for International Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Recovery_Group" title="COVID Recovery Group">COVID Recovery Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_Start_(politics)" title="Fresh Start (politics)">Fresh Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Thatcher Foundation">Margaret Thatcher Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Monday_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Monday Club">Monday Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/92_Group" title="92 Group">92 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Campaign_(UK)" title="No Campaign (UK)">No Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Turning_Back_(political_group)" title="No Turning Back (political group)">No Turning Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Research_Group" title="Northern Research Group">Northern Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Conservatism" title="Popular Conservatism">Popular Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewing_One_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renewing One Nation (page does not exist)">Renewing One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsdon_Group" title="Selsdon Group">Selsdon Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tory_Green_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tory Green Initiative (page does not exist)">Tory Green Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Britons%27_Foundation" title="Young Britons' Foundation">Young Britons' Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Families_(Conservative_Party)" title="Five Families (Conservative Party)">Five Families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_(UK)" title="List of Conservative Party MPs (UK)">List of MPs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2005–2010)">2005–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2010–2015)">2010–2015</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_in_London" title="List of Conservative Party MPs in London">London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Think_tanks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Think tanks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Group" title="Bow Group">Bow Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Social Justice">Centre for Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onward_(think_tank)" title="Onward (think tank)">Onward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Conservative_Lawyers" title="Society of Conservative Lawyers">Society of Conservative Lawyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_alliances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party alliances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of current alliances<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Democrat_Union" title="European Democrat Union">European Democrat Union</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_Group_and_Democratic_Alliance" title="European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance">European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of former alliances<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93DUP_agreement" title="Conservative–DUP agreement">Conservative–DUP agreement</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives" title="European Conservatives">European Conservative Group</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democrats" title="European Democrats">European Democrats</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_European_Reform" title="Movement for European Reform">Movement for European Reform</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_an_Open_Europe" title="Alliance for an Open Europe">Alliance for an Open Europe</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Conservatives_and_Unionists" title="Ulster Conservatives and Unionists">Ulster Conservatives and Unionists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leaders of the Opposition of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ponsonby" title="George Ponsonby">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tierney" title="George Tierney">Tierney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Hartington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li>Vacant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby (Stanley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_5th_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Curzon of Kedleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">4th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby of Shulbrede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">5th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">Alexander of Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Cledwyn of Penrhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Richard" title="Ivor Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury">Cranborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Galbraith,_2nd_Baron_Strathclyde" title="Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Royall,_Baroness_Royall_of_Blaisdon" title="Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon">Royall of Blaisdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">Smith of Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_True,_Baron_True" title="Nicholas True, Baron True">True</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_Secretary" title="Template:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_Secretary" title="Template talk:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_Secretary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Osborne,_5th_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Hawkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_1st_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby">Harrowby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Phipps,_1st_Earl_of_Mulgrave" title="Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave">Mulgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward,_1st_Earl_of_Dudley" title="John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Iddesleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Bevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Gordon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign<br />and Commonwealth Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Rifkind" title="Malcolm Rifkind">Rifkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign,<br />Commonwealth and Development Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">Lammy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Secretaries_of_State" title="Category:British Secretaries of State">Category:British Secretaries of State</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal:United Kingdom</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viceroys_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viceroys_of_India" title="Template:Viceroys of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viceroys_of_India" title="Template talk:Viceroys of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viceroys_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viceroys of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viceroys_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Viceroys of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India <br />Company</a><br /><span class="nobold">(1773–1858)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Warren Hastings</a> (1774–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">The Earl Cornwallis</a> (1786–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shore,_1st_Baron_Teignmouth" title="John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth">The Lord Teignmouth</a> (1793–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">The Marquess Wellesley</a> (1798–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">The Marquess Cornwallis</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">The Earl of Minto</a> (1807–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">The Marquess of Hastings</a> (1813–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Amherst,_1st_Earl_Amherst" title="William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst">The Earl Amherst</a> (1823–28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Lord William Bentinck</a> (1828–35)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">The Earl of Auckland</a> (1836–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Earl_of_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough">The Earl of Ellenborough</a> (1842–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hardinge,_1st_Viscount_Hardinge" title="Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge">The Viscount Hardinge</a> (1844–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">The Marquess of Dalhousie</a> (1848–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">The Viscount Canning</a> (1856–58)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:5em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_(1885%E2%80%931947).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_(1947%E2%80%931950).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Government">British Government</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><br /><span class="nobold">(1858–1947)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">The Earl Canning</a> (1858–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin">The Earl of Elgin</a> (1862–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence" title="John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence">The Lord Lawrence</a> (1864–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo" title="Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo">The Earl of Mayo</a> (1869–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baring,_1st_Earl_of_Northbrook" title="Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook">The Earl of Northbrook</a> (1872–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">The Earl of Lytton</a> (1876–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">The Marquess of Ripon</a> (1880–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava</a> (1884–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">The Marquess of Lansdowne</a> (1888–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Bruce,_9th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin">The Earl of Elgin</a> (1894–99)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Lord Curzon of Kedleston</a> (1899–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto">The Earl of Minto</a> (1905–10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hardinge,_1st_Baron_Hardinge_of_Penshurst" title="Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst">The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst</a> (1910–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">The Lord Chelmsford</a> (1916–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">The Earl of Reading</a> (1921–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">The Lord Irwin</a> (1926–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon" title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon">The Earl of Willingdon</a> (1931–36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">The Marquess of Linlithgow</a> (1936–43)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">The Viscount Wavell</a> (1943–47)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;">Governors General after <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Indian <br />independence</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">The Earl Mountbatten of Burma</a> (1947–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari</a> (1948–50)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;">Governors General after <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistani <br />independence</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> (1947–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin</a> (1948–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Ghulam Muhammad</a> (1951–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a> (1955–56)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding-top:0.3em; line-height:1.2em;"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 Sepoy Mutiny</a>. <sup><small>2</small></sup> As representatives of <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> in his role as King of India (1947–50). <sup><small>3</small></sup> As representatives of George VI and then <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> in their roles as King and Queen of Pakistan, respectively.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Template:Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">F. J. Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Murray_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Murray (British Army officer)">George Murray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Barrow,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet">John Barrow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Richard_Hamilton" title="William Richard Hamilton">William R. Hamilton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Bellas_Greenough" title="George Bellas Greenough">George Greenough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Abbot,_2nd_Baron_Colchester" title="Charles Abbot, 2nd Baron Colchester">Charles Abbot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(geologist)" title="William Hamilton (geologist)">William J. Hamilton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smyth" title="William Henry Smyth">William Smyth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Egerton,_1st_Earl_of_Ellesmere" title="Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere">Francis Egerton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Frederick Beechey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bingham_Baring,_2nd_Baron_Ashburton" title="Bingham Baring, 2nd Baron Ashburton">Bingham Baring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet">Henry Rawlinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bartle_Frere" title="Henry Bartle Frere">Henry Frere</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Alcock" title="Rutherford Alcock">Rutherford Alcock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baring,_1st_Earl_of_Northbrook" title="Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook">Thomas Baring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bruce,_1st_Baron_Aberdare" title="Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare">Henry Bruce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll">John Campbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strachey" title="Richard Strachey">Richard Strachey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M._E._Grant_Duff" title="M. E. Grant Duff">M. E. Grant Duff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clements_Markham" title="Clements Markham">Clements Markham</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Royal_Geographical_Society_Circlet.png/85px-Royal_Geographical_Society_Circlet.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Royal_Geographical_Society_Circlet.png/128px-Royal_Geographical_Society_Circlet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Royal_Geographical_Society_Circlet.png/170px-Royal_Geographical_Society_Circlet.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="1141" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Taubman_Goldie" title="George Taubman Goldie">George Goldie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Leonard Darwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Curzon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Freshfield" title="Douglas Freshfield">Douglas Freshfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holdich" title="Thomas Holdich">Thomas Holdich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Younghusband" title="Francis Younghusband">Francis Younghusband</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Dundas,_2nd_Marquess_of_Zetland" title="Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland">Lawrence Dundas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_George_Hogarth" title="David George Hogarth">David George Hogarth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Close" title="Charles Close">Charles Close</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Goodenough" title="William Goodenough">William Goodenough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Cox" title="Percy Cox">Percy Cox</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Balfour" title="Henry Balfour">Henry Balfour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Chetwode,_1st_Baron_Chetwode" title="Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode">Philip Chetwode</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rodd,_2nd_Baron_Rennell" title="Francis Rodd, 2nd Baron Rennell">Francis Rodd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Lindsay" title="Harry Lindsay">Harry Lindsay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Wordie" title="James Wordie">James Wordie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Marshall-Cornwall" title="James Marshall-Cornwall">James Marshall-Cornwall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nathan,_2nd_Baron_Nathan" title="Roger Nathan, 2nd Baron Nathan">Roger Nathan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Priestley" title="Raymond Priestley">Raymond Priestley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Stamp" title="Dudley Stamp">Dudley Stamp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Laithwaite" title="Gilbert Laithwaite">Gilbert Laithwaite</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_George_Irving" title="Edmund George Irving">Edmund Irving</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Edward Shackleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Cumming" title="Duncan Cumming">Duncan Cumming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt,_Baron_Hunt" title="John Hunt, Baron Hunt">John Hunt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_John_Wise" title="Michael John Wise">Michael John Wise</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">Vivian Fuchs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Bishop_(civil_servant)" title="George Bishop (civil servant)">George Bishop</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Chorley,_2nd_Baron_Chorley" title="Roger Chorley, 2nd Baron Chorley">Roger Chorley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crispin_Tickell" title="Crispin Tickell">Crispin Tickell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Jellicoe,_2nd_Earl_Jellicoe" title="George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe">George Jellicoe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Palmer,_4th_Earl_of_Selborne" title="John Palmer, 4th Earl of Selborne">John Palmer</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Cooke" title="Ron Cooke">Ron Cooke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Cossons" title="Neil Cossons">Neil Cossons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Conway" title="Gordon Conway">Gordon Conway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Rees" title="Judith Rees">Judith Rees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Crane" title="Nicholas Crane">Nicholas Crane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Chalker" title="Lynda Chalker">Lynda Chalker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Clifford" title="Nigel Clifford">Nigel Clifford</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Bonar_Law_(1922–1923)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bonar_Law_Ministry" title="Template:Bonar Law Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bonar_Law_Ministry" title="Template talk:Bonar Law Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bonar_Law_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bonar Law Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Bonar_Law_(1922–1923)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a> (1922–1923)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A._Bonar_Law_LCCN2014715818_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A._Bonar_Law_LCCN2014715818_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-A._Bonar_Law_LCCN2014715818_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A._Bonar_Law_LCCN2014715818_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-A._Bonar_Law_LCCN2014715818_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bridgeman,_1st_Viscount_Bridgeman" title="William Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman">William Bridgeman</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lord Curzon</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_17th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Peel,_1st_Earl_Peel" title="William Peel, 1st Earl Peel">Lord Peel</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Munro_Ferguson,_1st_Viscount_Novar" title="Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar">Lord Novar</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cunliffe-Lister,_1st_Earl_of_Swinton" title="Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton">Sir Phillip Lloyd-Greame</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_and_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries">Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sanders,_1st_Baron_Bayford" title="Robert Sanders, 1st Baron Bayford">Sir Robert Sanders</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Board of Education">President of the Board of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">E. F. L. Wood</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anderson_Montague-Barlow,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet">Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Minister of Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith-Boscawen" title="Arthur Griffith-Boscawen">Arthur Griffith-Boscawen</a> (1922–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271878#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271878#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271878#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121252168">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27094651">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1716433/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrcpjqxhmjcT73RVFrwmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119091364">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50019619">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12099012g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12099012g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35032823">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0000278&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/98641">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070246556">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90128258">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=148600">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201914036">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/53hkdffp4dp3msz">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810641482705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/320600">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260025505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0030936X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500250382">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/805450">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119091364.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119091364">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cristen, Marie (19..-....)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/119091364">IdRef</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Curzon, George (1859-1925)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029344018">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582567">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bg3467">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&oldid=1260766381">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston&oldid=1260766381</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1859_births" title="Category:1859 births">1859 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890s_in_British_India" title="Category:1890s in British 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