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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Viceroy of India subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Viceroy_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simon_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simon_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Simon Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simon_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irwin_Declaration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irwin_Declaration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Irwin Declaration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irwin_Declaration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agreement_with_Mahatma_Gandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agreement_with_Mahatma_Gandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Agreement with Mahatma Gandhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agreement_with_Mahatma_Gandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_politics_1931–1935" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_politics_1931–1935"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>British politics 1931–1935</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_politics_1931–1935-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colleague_of_Eden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleague_of_Eden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Colleague of Eden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleague_of_Eden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Secretary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Secretary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Foreign Secretary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Secretary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Munich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Munich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Munich</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Munich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Munich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Munich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>After Munich</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Munich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phoney_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phoney_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Phoney War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phoney_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Churchill_as_Prime_Minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churchill_as_Prime_Minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Churchill as Prime Minister</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churchill_as_Prime_Minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-May_1940_war_cabinet_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May_1940_war_cabinet_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>May 1940 war cabinet crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May_1940_war_cabinet_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambassador_to_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambassador_to_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ambassador to the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambassador_to_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Assessments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Marriage and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF" title="إدوارد وود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد وود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A1,_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2" title="এডওয়ার্ড উড, হ্যালিফ্যাক্সের প্রথম আর্ল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এডওয়ার্ড উড, হ্যালিফ্যাক্সের প্রথম আর্ল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Эдуард Фрэдэрык Ліндлі Вуд Галіфакс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдуард Фрэдэрык Ліндлі Вуд Галіфакс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A3%D1%83%D0%B4,_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Едуард Ууд, лорд Халифакс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард Ууд, лорд Халифакс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Frederick_Lindley_Wood,_1r_Earl_de_Halifax" title="Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1r Earl de Halifax – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1r Earl de Halifax" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Frederick_Lindley_Wood" title="Edward Frederick Lindley Wood – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edward Frederick Lindley Wood" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1._jarl_af_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1. jarl af Halifax – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edward Wood, 1. jarl af Halifax" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1._Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1. Earl of Halifax – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edward Wood, 1. Earl of Halifax" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._L._Wood" title="E. F. L. Wood – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="E. F. L. Wood" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1-a_grafo_de_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1-a grafo de Halifax – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edward Wood, 1-a grafo de Halifax" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wood_(Lord_Halifax)" title="Edward Wood (Lord Halifax) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edward Wood (Lord Halifax)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ادوارد وود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد وود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Frederick_Lindley_Wood" title="Edward Frederick Lindley Wood – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edward Frederick Lindley Wood" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EB%8C%80_%ED%95%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%A9%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%91_%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EC%9A%B0%EB%93%9C" title="제1대 핼리팩스 백작 에드워드 우드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1대 핼리팩스 백작 에드워드 우드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Էդուարդ Հալիֆաքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդուարդ Հալիֆաքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="लॉर्ड इर्विन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लॉर्ड इर्विन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wood,_I_conte_di_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, I conte di Halifax – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edward Wood, I conte di Halifax" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93,_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="אדוארד פרדריק לינדלי ווד, הרוזן הראשון מהליפקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד פרדריק לינדלי ווד, הרוזן הראשון מהליפקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ედვარდ ჰალიფაქსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედვარდ ჰალიფაქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1" title="एडवर्ड फ्रेडरिक लिंडले वूड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एडवर्ड फ्रेडरिक लिंडले वूड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ادوارد وود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد وود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Frederick_Lindley_Wood" title="Edward Frederick Lindley Wood – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edward Frederick Lindley Wood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%83%E3%83%89_(%E5%88%9D%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5)" title="エドワード・ウッド (初代ハリファックス伯爵) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード・ウッド (初代ハリファックス伯爵)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Frederick_Lindley_Wood" title="Edward Frederick Lindley Wood – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edward Frederick Lindley Wood" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Frederick_Lindley_Wood" title="Edward Frederick Lindley Wood – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edward Frederick Lindley Wood" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wood_(1._hrabia_Halifaksu)" title="Edward Wood (1. hrabia Halifaksu) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward Wood (1. hrabia Halifaksu)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._L._Wood,_1.%C2%BA_Conde_de_Halifax" title="E. F. L. Wood, 1.º Conde de Halifax – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="E. F. L. Wood, 1.º Conde de Halifax" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B4,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4,_1-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Вуд, Эдуард, 1-й граф Галифакс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вуд, Эдуард, 1-й граф Галифакс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wood_Halifax" title="Edward Wood Halifax – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edward Wood Halifax" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1:e_earl_av_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1:e earl av Halifax – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edward Wood, 1:e earl av Halifax" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="இர்வின் பிரபு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இர்வின் பிரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="เอ็ดเวิร์ด วูด เอิร์ลแห่งฮาลิแฟกซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอ็ดเวิร์ด วูด เอิร์ลแห่งฮาลิแฟกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Frederick_Lindley_Wood" title="Edward Frederick Lindley Wood – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edward Frederick Lindley Wood" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%88%D9%84%DB%92_%D9%88%D9%88%DA%88" title="ایڈورڈ فریڈرک لنڈلے ووڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایڈورڈ فریڈرک لنڈلے ووڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wood,_B%C3%A1_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_th%E1%BB%A9_1_x%E1%BB%A9_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, Bá tước thứ 1 xứ Halifax – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edward Wood, Bá tước thứ 1 xứ Halifax" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5" title="哈利法克斯伯爵 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哈利法克斯伯爵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7" title="第一代哈利法克斯伯爵愛德華·伍德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第一代哈利法克斯伯爵愛德華·伍德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q333426#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lord Halifax" redirects here. For other holders of the title, see <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Halifax" title="Marquess of Halifax">Marquess of Halifax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Halifax" title="Earl of Halifax">Earl of Halifax</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Earl of Halifax</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India">GCSI</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">GCMG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire">GCIE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Decoration" title="Territorial Decoration">TD</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_Earl_of_Halifax_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1st_Earl_of_Halifax_1947.jpg/220px-1st_Earl_of_Halifax_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1st_Earl_of_Halifax_1947.jpg/330px-1st_Earl_of_Halifax_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1st_Earl_of_Halifax_1947.jpg/440px-1st_Earl_of_Halifax_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="1875" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Halifax in 1947</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/British_Ambassador_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ambassador to the United States">British Ambassador to the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 December 1940 – 1 May 1946</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kerr,_11th_Marquess_of_Lothian" title="Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian">Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Clark_Kerr,_1st_Baron_Inverchapel" title="Archibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron Inverchapel">Archibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron Inverchapel</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 October 1940 – 22 December 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Winston Churchill</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inskip,_1st_Viscount_Caldecote" title="Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote">Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Lloyd,_1st_Baron_Lloyd" title="George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd">George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 November 1935 – 21 February 1938</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane-Tempest-Stewart,_7th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry">Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_7th_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope">The Earl Stanhope</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 February 1938 – 22 December 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Neville Chamberlain</li><li>Winston Churchill</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Anthony Eden</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 June 1935 – 22 November 1935</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 May 1937 – 9 March 1938</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Neville Chamberlain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ramsay MacDonald</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 November 1935 – 28 May 1937</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbrand_Sackville,_9th_Earl_De_La_Warr" title="Herbrand Sackville, 9th Earl De La Warr">Herbrand Sackville, 9th Earl De La Warr</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the University of Oxford">Chancellor of the University of Oxford</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1933–1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_and_Governor-General_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy and Governor-General of India">Viceroy and Governor-General of India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 April 1926 – 18 April 1931</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Stanley Baldwin</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Rufus Isaacs, 1st Earl of Reading</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon" title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon">Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food#Minister_of_Agriculture_and_Fisheries" title="Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food">Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 November 1924 – 4 November 1925</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stanley Baldwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Buxton" title="Noel Buxton">Noel Buxton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Guinness" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Guinness">Walter Guinness</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education#President_of_the_Board_of_Education" title="Secretary of State for Education">President of the Board of Education</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 October 1922 – 22 January 1924</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a><br />Stanley Baldwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H._A._L._Fisher" title="H. A. L. Fisher">H. A. L. Fisher</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Trevelyan,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Trevelyan, 3rd Baronet">Sir Charles Trevelyan, 3rd Baronet</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 April 1921 – 24 October 1922</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Ormsby-Gore,_4th_Baron_Harlech" title="William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech">William Ormsby-Gore</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b>Lord Temporal</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>as a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">hereditary peer</a></b></span><br />5 December 1925 – 23 December 1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Created Baron Irwin in 1925<br />(inherited <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_2nd_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax">his father</a>'s titles in 1934)</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 2nd Earl of Halifax">Charles Wood, 2nd Earl of Halifax</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Ripon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ripon (UK Parliament constituency)">Ripon</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 February 1910 – 5 December 1925</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H._F._B._Lynch" title="H. F. B. Lynch">H. F. B. Lynch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Hills_(politician)" title="John Hills (politician)">John Hills</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Edward Frederick Lindley Wood</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1881-04-16</span>)</span>16 April 1881<br /><a href="/wiki/Powderham_Castle" title="Powderham Castle">Powderham Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exminster" title="Exminster">Exminster</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 December 1959<span style="display:none">(1959-12-23)</span> (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/Garrowby" title="Garrowby">Garrowby</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Wood,_Countess_of_Halifax" title="Dorothy Wood, Countess of Halifax">Lady Dorothy Onslow</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="21 September 1909">1909</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 2nd Earl of Halifax">Charles Wood, 2nd Earl of Halifax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wood,_Baron_Holderness" title="Richard Wood, Baron Holderness">Richard Wood, Baron Holderness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_2nd_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax">Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Wood,_Viscountess_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes Wood, Viscountess Halifax">Lady Agnes Courtenay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Halifax_on_Lend-Lease.ogg" title="File:Lord Halifax on Lend-Lease.ogg">The Earl of Halifax's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="172" data-mwtitle="Lord_Halifax_on_Lend-Lease.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/Lord_Halifax_on_Lend-Lease.ogg/Lord_Halifax_on_Lend-Lease.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Lord_Halifax_on_Lend-Lease.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Halifax giving a speech in support of <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a><br />Recorded 11 March 1944</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India">GCSI</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">GCMG</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire">GCIE</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Decoration" title="Territorial Decoration">TD</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span> (16 April 1881 – 23 December 1959), known as <b>the Lord Irwin</b> from 1925 until 1934 and <b>the Viscount Halifax</b> from 1934 until 1944, was a senior <a href="/wiki/British_Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="British Conservative">British Conservative</a> politician of the 1930s. He held several senior ministerial posts during this time, most notably those of <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a> from 1926 to 1931 and of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> between 1938 and 1940. He was one of the architects of the policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in 1936–1938, working closely with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>. After <i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i> on 9–10 November 1938 and the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a> in March 1939, he was one of those who pushed for a new policy of attempting to deter further German aggression by promising to go to war to defend <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>. </p><p>On Chamberlain's resignation early in May 1940, Halifax effectively declined the position of prime minister as he felt that <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> would be a more suitable war leader (Halifax's membership in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> was given as the official reason). A few weeks later, with the Allies nearing catastrophic defeat and British forces falling back to <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, Halifax favoured approaching <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italy</a> to see if acceptable peace terms could be negotiated. He was overruled by Churchill after <a href="/wiki/1940_British_war_cabinet_crisis" title="1940 British war cabinet crisis">a series of stormy meetings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/War_cabinet" title="War cabinet">War cabinet</a>. From 1941 to 1946, he served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States">British Ambassador to the United States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wood was born on 16 April 1881 at <a href="/wiki/Powderham_Castle" title="Powderham Castle">Powderham Castle</a> in Devon at the home of his maternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay,_11th_Earl_of_Devon" title="William Courtenay, 11th Earl of Devon">William Courtenay, 11th Earl of Devon</a>. He was born into a <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> family, the sixth child and fourth son of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_2nd_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax">Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax</a> (1839–1934), and Lady Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay (1838–1919). His father was President of the <a href="/wiki/English_Church_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="English Church Union">English Church Union</a>, which pushed for ecumenical reunion, in 1868, 1919, and 1927–1934. His great-grandfather was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey</a>, of tea fame, also the prime minister who introduced the <a href="/wiki/Great_Reform_Act_of_1832" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Reform Act of 1832">Great Reform Act of 1832</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew81_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1886 and 1890, Wood's three older brothers died young, leaving him, at the age of nine, heir to his father's fortune and seat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was brought up in a world of religion and hunting. His <a href="/wiki/Religiosity" title="Religiosity">religiosity</a> as a devout <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a> like his father earned him the nickname, possibly coined by Churchill, of the "Holy Fox". He was born with an atrophied left arm and no left hand, which did not stop him from enjoying riding, hunting and shooting.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew81_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had an artificial left hand with a spring-operated thumb, with which he could hold reins or open gates.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wood's childhood was divided mainly between two houses in Yorkshire: <a href="/wiki/Hickleton_Hall" title="Hickleton Hall">Hickleton Hall</a>, near Doncaster, and <a href="/wiki/Garrowby" title="Garrowby">Garrowby</a>. He attended St David's Prep School from September 1892 and <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> from September 1894. He was not happy at school as he was not talented either at sport or classics. He went up to <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a>, in October 1899. He took no part in student politics but blossomed academically, graduating with a first class degree in Modern History.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew81_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst at Oxford he was a member of the private all-male dining society the <a href="/wiki/Bullingdon_Club" title="Bullingdon Club">Bullingdon Club</a>, known for its wealthy members, grand banquets, and bad behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From November 1903 until 1910, he was a Fellow of <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_College,_Oxford" title="All Souls College, Oxford">All Souls College, Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew81_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a year at All Souls, he went on a Grand Tour of South Africa, India, Australia and New Zealand with <a href="/wiki/Heathcoat-Amory_baronets#Other_Descendants_of_Sir_John_Heathcoat-Amory,_1st_Baronet" title="Heathcoat-Amory baronets">Ludovic Heathcoat-Amory</a>. In 1905, he returned to England for two years of study at All Souls.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew82_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew82-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He visited Canada in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote a short biography of the Victorian cleric <a href="/wiki/John_Keble" title="John Keble">John Keble</a> (1909).<sup id="cite_ref-matthew82_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew82-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career_and_war_service">Early political career and war service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career and war service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wood had not stood in the <a href="/wiki/1906_UK_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1906 UK general election">1906 UK general election</a>, at which the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberals</a> won a landslide victory, choosing to devote his energies to his All Souls Fellowship. By 1909, the political tides had turned enough for Wood to put himself forward for the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> candidacy at <a href="/wiki/Ripon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ripon (UK Parliament constituency)">Ripon</a> in Yorkshire, and he was easily selected through local influence.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ripon had gone Liberal in 1906; Wood won it with a 1,000 vote majority in <a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">January 1910</a> and held it with a reduced majority in <a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">December 1910</a>. He remained <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for Ripon until his elevation to the Lords in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew82_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew82-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a Ditcher (i.e. opposed to the bitter end and ready to "die in the last ditch" to defend the House of Lords' right to veto legislation) in the disputes over the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a> but really made little impact on politics before 1914. He was vigorously opposed to <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Disestablishment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew82_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew82-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Wood was already a captain in the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Yorkshire_Dragoons" title="Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons">Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons</a>, a <a href="/wiki/West_Riding" class="mw-redirect" title="West Riding">West Riding</a> yeomanry regiment. He made a rare intervention in debate, urging that conscription be introduced immediately. He was sent to the front line in 1916. In January 1917 he was <a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_despatches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentioned in despatches">mentioned in despatches</a> ("Heaven Knows What For" he wrote). He rose to the rank of major. He was then deputy director of Labour Supply at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Service">Ministry of National Service</a> from November 1917 to the end of 1918. He was initially sympathetic to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lord Lansdowne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_letter" title="Lansdowne letter">proposal for a compromise peace</a>, but ultimately demanded all-out victory and a punitive peace.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew82_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew82-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wood was unopposed in the UK general elections of <a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918</a>, <a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922</a>, <a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924</a>. He was a signatory to the April 1919 Lowther Petition calling for harsher peace terms against Germany in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> then being negotiated. In the 1918–1922 Parliament, Wood was an ally of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Samuel Hoare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Lloyd-Greame" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Lloyd-Greame">Philip Lloyd-Greame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Elliot_(Scottish_politician)" title="Walter Elliot (Scottish politician)">Walter Elliot</a>, all ambitious younger MPs in favour of progressive reform.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew82_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew82-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1918, Wood and <a href="/wiki/George_Lloyd,_1st_Baron_Lloyd" title="George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd">George Lloyd</a> (later Lord Lloyd) wrote "The Great Opportunity", a tract aiming to set an agenda for a revived Conservative and Unionist Party following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George_ministry" title="Lloyd George ministry">Lloyd George coalition</a>. They urged the Conservative Party to concentrate on the welfare of the community rather than the good of the individual. With the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> then in progress Wood urged a federal solution. At this time he concentrated on housing and agriculture and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew83_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew83-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_ministerial_career">Early ministerial career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early ministerial career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1920, Wood accepted the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Union_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of the Union of South Africa">Governor-Generalship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a>; the offer was withdrawn after the South African government announced that it wanted a cabinet minister or a member of the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew83_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew83-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1921, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_for_the_Colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Under-Secretary for the Colonies">Under-Secretary for the Colonies</a>, under Churchill who was initially reluctant to meet him (on one occasion he stormed into Churchill's office and told him that he "expected to be treated like a gentleman"). In the winter of 1921–1922, Wood visited the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a> and wrote a report for Churchill.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew83_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew83-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 October 1922, Wood attended the meeting of the junior ministers who expressed disquiet at the Lloyd George Coalition. On 19 October 1922, he voted at the <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting" title="Carlton Club meeting">Carlton Club meeting</a> for the Conservatives to fight the next election as an independent force. The Coalition ended and <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a> formed a purely Conservative government. Wood was promoted to the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> on 24 October 1922 as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Board of Education">President of the Board of Education</a>. Some saw this as an improvement in the moral character of the government. Austerity policies left no room for constructive policies. Wood, who spent two days hunting each week, was neither interested nor particularly effective in the job but saw it as a stepping stone to greater things. He was not happy about <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>'s adoption of tariffs in December 1923, which saw the Conservatives <a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">lose their majority</a> and give way to a <a href="/wiki/First_MacDonald_ministry" title="First MacDonald ministry">minority Labour government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew83_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew83-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Conservatives were <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">returned to power</a> on 6 November 1924, Wood was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food" title="Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food">Minister for Agriculture</a>, a more onerous job than Education had been. He took an Agriculture and Tithes Bill through the Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew83_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew83-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viceroy_of_India">Viceroy of India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Viceroy of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Irwin_(Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax),_Viceroy_of_India_(1926-1931).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lord_Irwin_%28Edward_Wood%2C_1st_Earl_of_Halifax%29%2C_Viceroy_of_India_%281926-1931%29.JPG/220px-Lord_Irwin_%28Edward_Wood%2C_1st_Earl_of_Halifax%29%2C_Viceroy_of_India_%281926-1931%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lord_Irwin_%28Edward_Wood%2C_1st_Earl_of_Halifax%29%2C_Viceroy_of_India_%281926-1931%29.JPG/330px-Lord_Irwin_%28Edward_Wood%2C_1st_Earl_of_Halifax%29%2C_Viceroy_of_India_%281926-1931%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lord_Irwin_%28Edward_Wood%2C_1st_Earl_of_Halifax%29%2C_Viceroy_of_India_%281926-1931%29.JPG/440px-Lord_Irwin_%28Edward_Wood%2C_1st_Earl_of_Halifax%29%2C_Viceroy_of_India_%281926-1931%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Lord Irwin at <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Park,_Delhi" title="Coronation Park, Delhi">Coronation Park, Delhi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1925, <a href="/wiki/F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead">Lord Birkenhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>, offered Wood the job of <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a> at the suggestion of King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>. His paternal grandfather <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Wood">Sir Charles Wood</a> had been Secretary of State for India in 1859–1865. He almost declined, as he had two sons of school age and his aged father seemed unlikely to live until 1931 when his term was due to end. He accepted on the advice of his father (who lived to see him return). He was created <b>Baron Irwin</b>, of <a href="/wiki/Kirby_Underdale" title="Kirby Underdale">Kirby Underdale</a> in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="County of York">County of York</a>, in December 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-createdbaronirwin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-createdbaronirwin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left for India on 17 March 1926,<sup id="cite_ref-matthew83_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew83-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> on 1 April 1926. Irwin was honoured with the GCSI and GCIE in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew84_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew84-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irwin relished the pomp of the viceroyalty. He was an able horseman, and stood 6' 5". He had a "<a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Marquess of Salisbury">Cecilian</a> stoop and sympathetic kindly eyes" and gave an impression of a <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of the Church">Prince of the Church</a> (R. Bernays <i>Naked Fakir</i> 1931). Several attempts were made to assassinate him. He was more sympathetic to Indians than his predecessors had been, although he had no compunctions about signing death warrants when he thought them justified. He wanted Indians to be more united and friendly to the UK; his first major speech as viceroy, and several more throughout his term of office, urged an end to communal violence between Hindus and Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew83_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew83-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simon_Commission">Simon Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Simon Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1919" title="Government of India Act 1919">Government of India Act 1919</a> had incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Montagu%E2%80%93Chelmsford_Reforms" title="Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms">Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a>" – shared rule between British and Indians at the local level) and had promised that after ten years there would be a commission to inquire about a new constitution and to advise on whether further reforms were needed. Irwin accepted that greater self-government was necessary, as Indian national aspirations had grown since 1919. Birkenhead brought forward the date of the commission, and put it under <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Simon">Sir John Simon</a>. Irwin recommended an all-British inquiry, as he thought that the Indian factions would not agree among themselves but would fall into line behind the results of the inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew83_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew83-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Dutton believes that this was "the most fateful mistake of his viceroyalty, and one he came bitterly to regret".<sup id="cite_ref-matthew84_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew84-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1927, the composition of the <a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">Simon Commission</a> was announced. All the leading Indian parties, including the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, boycotted it. Irwin assured Birkenhead that Simon could win over moderate Indian opinion. Simon arrived in Bombay on 3 February 1928. He achieved some limited successes, but Irwin became convinced that a new gesture would be necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew84_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew84-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian responses to Simon's arrival included the All-Parties Conference, a committee of which produced the <a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a> (May 1928), advocating <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> status for India. However, there was also violence, including the death of <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a> in November 1928 and the revenge attack of <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a> in December 1928. Other responses included the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">14 points</a> (March 1929).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irwin_Declaration">Irwin Declaration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Irwin Declaration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">June 1929</a>, a new Labour government took office in the UK, with <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> Prime Minister for the second time and <a href="/wiki/William_Wedgwood_Benn" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wedgwood Benn">William Wedgwood Benn</a> as Secretary of State for India. On 13 July 1929, Irwin arrived in England on leave, having chosen <a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_2nd_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen">Lord Goschen</a> to be his acting viceroy in India.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, on his return to London, Irwin brought with him a "suggested" draft exchange of letters between MacDonald and Simon. His plan was for Simon to write proposing a Round Table Conference to discuss the findings of the commission, and that MacDonald would then reply pointing out that the 1917 Montagu Declaration implied a commitment to <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> status (i.e. that India should become completely self-governing, like Canada or Australia). Simon saw the drafts and had serious misgivings about the planned Round Table Conference. The exchange of letters did not mention Dominion status as the other commissioners did not favour it, although Simon did not report the depth of their feeling, which he came to share, that such a declaration would undermine the findings of the Commission and that Dominion status would now become a minimum demand for the Indian leaders rather than an ultimate goal. The author David Dutton finds it "curious" that Irwin, who had believed that Simon would not object to Dominion status, did not understand this.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew84_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew84-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irwin Declaration of October 1929 committed Britain to eventual Dominion status for India. Despite such a policy having been implicit for a decade, the Declaration was denounced by many on the Tory Right. <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Lord Reading</a> (Irwin's predecessor as Viceroy) denounced it, and Simon made his displeasure known. There was brief hope of a breakthrough in Anglo-Indian relations, but the New Delhi Conference of December 1929 between Irwin and the Indian leaders failed to reach agreement. Gandhi now began a <a href="/wiki/Salt_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Satyagraha">campaign of civil disobedience</a> with a view to achieving complete independence. He walked for 24 days to the sea, where he proceeded to make salt, in breach of the government's historic monopoly. Irwin had all the Congress leaders put behind bars, including Gandhi eventually.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew84_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew84-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some criticism of Irwin may have been unfair but he had made an error and the consequences were serious and unrest grew. Irwin's position was seen as excessively lenient by London but as half-hearted in India. With little room for manoeuvre, Irwin resorted to repression using his emergency powers to ban public gatherings and crush rebellious opposition. Gandhi's detention, however, only made matters worse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agreement_with_Mahatma_Gandhi">Agreement with Mahatma Gandhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Agreement with Mahatma Gandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_First_Round_Table_Conference_was_inaugurated_by_King_George-V_on_Nov.12,_1930_in_London,_Dr_Babasaheb_Ambedkar,_Delegate,_seen_in_the_left_row_(9th).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/The_First_Round_Table_Conference_was_inaugurated_by_King_George-V_on_Nov.12%2C_1930_in_London%2C_Dr_Babasaheb_Ambedkar%2C_Delegate%2C_seen_in_the_left_row_%289th%29.png" decoding="async" width="363" height="290" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>The First Round Table Conference in London, 12 November 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1930, King George V opened the First <a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Round Table Conference">Round Table Conference</a> in London; no Congress delegates took part because Gandhi was in jail.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew84_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew84-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1931, Gandhi was released and at Irwin's invitation they had eight meetings together. Irwin wrote to his aged father that "it was rather like talking to someone who had stepped off another planet onto this for a short visit of a fortnight and whose mental outlook was quite other to that which was regulating most of the affairs on the planet to which he had descended". But they had mutual respect based on their respective religious faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew84_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew84-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fortnight-long discussions resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a> of 5 March 1931, after which the Civil Disobedience Movement and the boycott of British goods were suspended in exchange for a Second Round Table Conference that represented all interests.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew84_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew84-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The salient points were: </p> <ul><li>The Congress would discontinue the Civil Disobedience Movement.</li> <li>The Congress would participate in the Round Table Conference.</li> <li>The Government would withdraw all ordinances issued to curb the Congress.</li> <li>The Government would withdraw all prosecutions relating to offences not involving violence.</li> <li>The Government would release all persons serving sentences of imprisonment for their activities in the civil disobedience movement.</li></ul> <p>It was further agreed that Gandhi would join the Second Round Table Conference as the sole representative of the Congress. On 20 March 1931, Irwin paid tribute to Gandhi's honesty, sincerity and patriotism at a dinner given by ruling princes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On the evening of 23 March 1931, after a trial now widely viewed to have been unlawful and unfair, the Indian revolutionaries <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shivaram_Rajguru" title="Shivaram Rajguru">Shivaram Rajguru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Thapar" title="Sukhdev Thapar">Sukhdev Thapar</a> were hanged, in an execution brought forward by 12 hours. The exact extent of political interference is yet to be brought to light.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_politics_1931–1935"><span id="British_politics_1931.E2.80.931935"></span>British politics 1931–1935</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British politics 1931–1935"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irwin returned to the UK on 3 May 1931. He was honoured with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a> (he became <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" title="Chancellor of the Order of the Garter">chancellor of the order</a> in 1943). In 1931 he declined the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> in the new <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1931)" title="National Government (1931)">National Government</a>, not least because the Tory Right would not have liked it. Officially, he declared that he wanted to spend time at home. He went to Canada, at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Vincent Massey</a>, to speak at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew84_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew84-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was still a firm protégé of <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>. In June 1932, on the sudden death of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Donald_Maclean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Donald Maclean">Sir Donald Maclean</a>, he returned to the Cabinet as President of the Board of Education, for the second time, having been apparently genuinely reluctant to accept. His views were somewhat old-fashioned: he declared: "We want a school to train them up to be servants and butlers."<sup id="cite_ref-matthew84_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew84-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irwin became Master of the Middleton Hunt in 1932 and was elected as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chancellors of the University of Oxford">Chancellor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> in 1933. In 1934 he inherited the title <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Halifax">Viscount Halifax</a> on the death of his 94-year-old father.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew85_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew85-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He helped <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Samuel Hoare</a> draft what became the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a>, the largest single piece of legislation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1931%E2%80%931935)" title="National Government (1931–1935)">1931–1935 government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew85_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew85-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1935, Baldwin became prime minister for the third time, and Halifax was appointed <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a>. He was pleased to give up the Education job. He felt the country was unprepared for war, but he resisted the Chiefs of Staffs' demands for rearmament.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew85_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew85-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1935, after the <a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">general election</a>, Halifax became <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew85_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew85-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleague_of_Eden">Colleague of Eden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Colleague of Eden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-17986,_Schorfheide,_Lord_Edward_Frederik_Halifax,_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-17986%2C_Schorfheide%2C_Lord_Edward_Frederik_Halifax%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_crop.jpg/225px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-17986%2C_Schorfheide%2C_Lord_Edward_Frederik_Halifax%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-17986%2C_Schorfheide%2C_Lord_Edward_Frederik_Halifax%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_crop.jpg/338px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-17986%2C_Schorfheide%2C_Lord_Edward_Frederik_Halifax%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-17986%2C_Schorfheide%2C_Lord_Edward_Frederik_Halifax%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Lord Halifax with <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> at <a href="/wiki/Schorfheide" class="mw-redirect" title="Schorfheide">Schorfheide</a>, Germany, 20 November 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>By this time, Halifax was becoming increasingly influential in foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew85_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew85-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cabinet met on the morning of 18 December 1935 to discuss the public outcry over the <a href="/wiki/Hoare%E2%80%93Laval_Pact" title="Hoare–Laval Pact">Hoare–Laval Pact</a>. Halifax, who was due to make a statement in the Lords that afternoon, insisted that the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Samuel Hoare</a> must resign to save the government's position, causing <a href="/wiki/J._H._Thomas" title="J. H. Thomas">J. H. Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Ormsby-Gore,_4th_Baron_Harlech" title="William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech">William Ormsby-Gore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Elliot_(Scottish_politician)" title="Walter Elliot (Scottish politician)">Walter Elliott</a> also to come out for his resignation. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> was appointed Foreign Secretary in Hoare's place.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Halifax said the provisions of the Pact "were not so frightfully different from those put forward by the Committee of Five [of the League]. But the latter were of respectable parentage: and the Paris ones were too much like the off-the-stage arrangements of nineteenth-century diplomacy".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effectively, although not formally, Halifax was deputy Foreign Secretary to Eden. Halifax was one of the signatories to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Treaty_of_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936">Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general they got on well.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew85_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew85-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Halifax and Eden were in agreement about the direction of foreign policy (and in line with prevailing opinion throughout Britain) that <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">remilitarization of the Rhineland</a>, its "own backyard", would be difficult to oppose and should be welcomed insofar as it continued Germany's seeming progress towards normality after the tribulations of the post-First World War settlement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1936, <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> recorded that Halifax was always saying he wanted to retire from public life.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew88_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew88-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1937, when Neville Chamberlain succeeded Baldwin as prime minister, Halifax became <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a>, as well as remaining Leader of the House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew85_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew85-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain began increasingly to intervene directly in foreign policy, activity for which his background had not prepared him, and which caused increasing tension with Eden.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In November 1937, Halifax visited Germany in a semi-official capacity, and met <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. The visit came about after <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> invited Halifax, in his private capacity as Master of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middleton_Hunt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middleton Hunt (page does not exist)">Middleton Hunt</a>, to attend a hunting exhibition in Berlin, and to hunt foxes with Göring in <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>. Halifax later stated that he had initially been unenthusiastic about the circumstances of the visit,<sup id="cite_ref-matthew85_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew85-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Eden had pressed him to accept the invitation, and Halifax's trip to Germany had not been an attempt by Chamberlain to bypass the Foreign Office. In Germany, Göring gave Halifax the nickname "Halalifax" – after a German hunting call, <i>Halali!</i>. At Berchtesgaden, there was a long and tense meeting with Hitler, to whom he initially attempted to hand his coat, mistaking him for a footman.<sup id="cite_ref-fulness_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fulness-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these discussions, Halifax spoke of "possible alterations to the European order which might be destined to come about with the passage of time". Ignoring Eden's reservations, he did not object in principle to Hitler's designs on <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Austria</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, although he stressed that only peaceful processes of change would be acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew85_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew85-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halifax was generally regarded publicly at the time as acting on behalf of the British government, and attempting to renew dialogue with the German government.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0929_fc-churchill-halifax.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/0929_fc-churchill-halifax.jpg/250px-0929_fc-churchill-halifax.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/0929_fc-churchill-halifax.jpg/375px-0929_fc-churchill-halifax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/0929_fc-churchill-halifax.jpg/500px-0929_fc-churchill-halifax.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Halifax and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> in 1938. Note Halifax's artificial left hand, concealed under a black glove.</figcaption></figure> <p>Writing to Baldwin on the subject of the conversation between <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Carl Jacob Burckhardt">Carl Jacob Burckhardt</a> (the League of Nations' Commissioner of <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a>) and Hitler, Halifax said: "Nationalism and Racialism is a powerful force but I can't feel that it's either unnatural or immoral! I cannot myself doubt that these fellows are genuine haters of Communism, etc.! And I daresay if we were in their position we might feel the same!"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1937, Halifax told the Cabinet that "we ought to get on good terms with Germany", as despite the best efforts of Eden and Chamberlain, Britain was still faced with the prospect of war with Germany, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew85_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew85-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By February 1938, Halifax warned Chamberlain of strains in the Cabinet, and tried to broker a deal between Chamberlain and Eden. Eden resigned as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> on 20 February, in protest at Chamberlain's wish to make further concessions to <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, whom Eden regarded as an untrustworthy gangster,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> without gestures of good faith on his part. Halifax was appointed Foreign Secretary on 21 February 1938, despite some criticism from Labour and elsewhere that so important a job was being given to a peer.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew85_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew85-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halifax commented "I have had enough <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/obloquy" class="extiw" title="wikt:obloquy">obloquy</a> for one lifetime" (i.e. as viceroy of India) before accepting appointment as Foreign Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain preferred him to the excitable Eden: "I thank God for a steady unruffled Foreign Secretary."<sup id="cite_ref-matthew85_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew85-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_Secretary">Foreign Secretary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foreign Secretary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Analysis">Analysis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Halifax's political line as Foreign Secretary must be seen in the context of existing British foreign policy, which was predicated on a broad consensus that in none of the democracies was there popular support for war, military pressure, or even rearmament. There was debate about the extent to which the dictatorships' very separate interests could be teased apart. It was clear that an alignment of Germany and Italy would divide Britain's forces in any general war and that, without at least a neutral Italy, Britain would be unable to move large naval forces east to confront Japan, given strong <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">isolationist sentiment in America</a>. For many, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a>, appeasement was a necessary compromise to buy time for rearmament, a process to which Britain was already heavily committed.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, especially Churchill, hoped that a strong military alliance with <a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">France</a> would permit a more robust foreign policy towards the dictators. Many shared Churchill's confidence in the large <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>, although fewer shared his belief that France would be a resilient ally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chamberlain embraced the policy of appeasement as a moral force for good, as did many others who were deeply opposed to war and defence spending. By comparison, Halifax's policy appears more pragmatic, like that of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Samuel Hoare</a>, coupled to a firm commitment to rearmament, albeit unenthusiastically. All parties recognised the hostility of public opinion to war or military preparations, and the difficulty of acting without a readiness on the part of America or the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to play their part (the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> opposed rearmament until well after the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>). Nonetheless, Halifax was criticised as an appeaser, along with Chamberlain, Hoare, and twelve others, in the anonymous 1940 book <i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Munich">Munich</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Munich"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12478,_Obersalzberg,_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen,_Vorbereitung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12478%2C_Obersalzberg%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Vorbereitung.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12478%2C_Obersalzberg%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Vorbereitung.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12478%2C_Obersalzberg%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Vorbereitung.jpg/375px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12478%2C_Obersalzberg%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Vorbereitung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12478%2C_Obersalzberg%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Vorbereitung.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12478%2C_Obersalzberg%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Vorbereitung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> greets British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> on the steps of the <a href="/wiki/Berghof_(residence)" title="Berghof (residence)">Berghof</a>, 15 September 1938 during the crisis over Czechoslovakia. <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> stands on the right.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Austria">annexation of Austria</a> in March 1938 made Halifax keener on <a href="/wiki/British_rearmament" class="mw-redirect" title="British rearmament">British rearmament</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> was clearly next on the agenda, but neither Britain nor France believed they had the military capacity to support her, and in the summer of 1938, Halifax still wanted to urge the Czechoslovaks in private to make concessions to Germany, which was making demands regarding the status of the <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">Sudeten Germans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew86_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew86-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halifax remained in London and did not accompany Chamberlain on his dramatic flights to Germany in the autumn of 1938. This was once seen as a sign of Chamberlain's dominance of his Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew86_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew86-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It appears that a frank conversation with his pugnacious Permanent Secretary, Sir <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cadogan" title="Alexander Cadogan">Alexander Cadogan</a>, brought Halifax to the sharp realisation that the road to appeasement had taken Britain into a series of concessions that were unwise and that were unlikely to secure the necessary pacification of Germany. On 25 September 1938, Halifax spoke out in Cabinet against the inflated demands presented by Hitler in the <a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Memorandum" title="Godesberg Memorandum">Godesberg Memorandum</a> after his second summit meeting with Chamberlain.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now known that Halifax, under Cadogan's influence, persuaded the Cabinet to reject the Godesberg terms. Britain and Germany came close to war until Chamberlain flew to Munich. Chamberlain could hardly afford to lose a second Foreign Secretary, and his dominance of his Cabinet was never so overwhelming again.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew86_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew86-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eventual <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, signed after Chamberlain's third summit meeting with Hitler, was apparently popular around the world and humiliating to many in the British government, but it was short of Hitler's desires (and of Chamberlain's proposed concessions) and increased Hitler's determination to return to destroy Czechoslovakia in the spring. On 3 October 1938, Halifax defended the Munich Agreement in the House of Lords, in much more measured terms than the Prime Minister had done, not as a triumph but as the lesser of two evils.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew86_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew86-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Munich crisis had seen Halifax begin to take a stronger line than Chamberlain against further concessions to Germany. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Andrew Roberts</a> argues that from this point on, Halifax set his face firmly towards a policy of deterrence. He hoped that increased rearmament—including strengthening of alliances with and economic support to the countries of Eastern Europe, and the reintroduction of conscription—coupled with a firmer line towards Germany, Italy, and Japan would reduce the risks of those three hostile powers acting in combination. It is of note that, when war began, neither Japan nor Italy was prepared to join in until the pendulum had swung much further in Germany's favour.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_Munich">After Munich</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: After Munich"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mussolini_and_Chamberlain_in_Rome_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mussolini_and_Chamberlain_in_Rome_1939.jpg/250px-Mussolini_and_Chamberlain_in_Rome_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mussolini_and_Chamberlain_in_Rome_1939.jpg/375px-Mussolini_and_Chamberlain_in_Rome_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mussolini_and_Chamberlain_in_Rome_1939.jpg/500px-Mussolini_and_Chamberlain_in_Rome_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Neville Chamberlain, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, Halifax, and <a href="/wiki/Count_Ciano" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Ciano">Count Ciano</a> at the Opera of Rome, January 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>After Munich, Halifax (successfully) advised Chamberlain against capitalising on his popularity by calling a snap general election; instead, he urged (in vain) for Chamberlain to widen the <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1937%E2%80%931939)" title="National Government (1937–1939)">National Coalition</a> by offering jobs not just to Churchill and Eden but also to Labour and Liberal figures.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew86_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew86-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halifax was also disgusted by the anti-Jewish pogrom of <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> (10 November). He advocated British financial aid to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe to discourage them from coming under Germany's influence.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew86_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew86-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Hitler's lack of commitment regarding the Munich Agreement becoming clearer, Halifax worked steadily to assemble a stronger British position by pushing Chamberlain to take economic steps to underpin British interests in Eastern Europe and prevent additional military supplies from reaching Germany, such as <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>. In January 1939, Halifax accompanied Chamberlain to Rome for talks with Mussolini. That month Halifax pushed for staff talks with France, in view of the danger of war with both Germany and Italy simultaneously. After Hitler broke the Munich agreement and occupied the rump of "Czecho-slovakia" (the hyphen had been added after Munich), Chamberlain gave a speech in Birmingham on 17 March 1939, pledging that Britain would go to war to defend Poland. Halifax had been one of the drivers in this change of policy.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew86_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew86-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By March 1939, Eden, then out of office, observed that thanks to Halifax the government are "now doing what we would wish".<sup id="cite_ref-matthew88_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew88-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Halifax granted a guarantee to Poland on 31 March 1939, triggered by alarming intelligence of German preparations, in hopes of sending clear signals to Germany that, in Halifax's words, there would be "no more Munichs".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Foreign Office received intelligence in early April 1939 that Italy was about to <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">invade Albania</a>. At a Cabinet meeting on 5 April 1939, Halifax rejected these reports. Two days later, Italy invaded Albania; Halifax met Sir <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cadogan" title="Alexander Cadogan">Alexander Cadogan</a> and "decided we can't <i>do</i> anything to stop it".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he disliked the Soviet regime, not least because of its <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, Halifax was quicker than Chamberlain to realise that Britain should attempt to ally with the Soviets. He told the Foreign Affairs committee: "Soviet Russia is something between that of the unconquerable steamroller and looking on her as entirely useless militarily. We cannot ignore a country with a population of 180,000,000 people."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The negotiations (in summer 1939) failed, and the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Soviets signed an agreement with the Germans instead</a> on 23 August. It has been suggested that Halifax should have led the negotiations himself,<sup id="cite_ref-matthew86_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew86-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that would not have suited Halifax's purpose because his government had not carried out the negotiations in good faith.<sup id="cite_ref-doveton-p372_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doveton-p372-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Foreign Office confirmed to the US <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a> on 8 August 1939 that "the military mission, which had now left Moscow, had been told to make every effort to prolong discussions until 1 October 1939".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halifax disclosed to the Foreign Affairs Committee on 10 July 1939: "Although the French were in favour of the military conversations commencing, the French Government thought that the military conversations would be spun out over a long time and as long as they were taking place we should be preventing Soviet Russia from entering the German camp."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Henry Roberts has spoken of Halifax's fellow Foreign Minister (of the Soviet Union), <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Litvinov" title="Maxim Litvinov">Maxim Litvinov</a>, as having acute perceptive skills and an ability "to detect major trends in the 1930s and to anticipate the course of events indicates his tremendous understanding of the decade",<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halifax had completely misunderstood Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-doveton-p372_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doveton-p372-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halifax said: "Hitler had a very low opinion of the Soviet Union, and our action [in aligning with the Soviets] would confirm to him the idea that we were a weak and feeble folk".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the contrary, what made Hitler worried was the thought of a joint pact between France, Britain and the Soviet Union to prevent a pact between Germany and the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-doveton-p372_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doveton-p372-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halifax did not know that in April 1939, Hitler told <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Ernst von Weizsäcker">Ernst von Weizsäcker</a> that he was contemplating a reconciliation with the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 August 1939, Hitler asked <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a>, a former Foreign Minister and career diplomat during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, whether the German people would accept such an ideological shift from anti-communism to signing a pact with the Soviet Union. Neurath assured Hitler that he "could do what he liked with the [National Socialist] Party".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Poland now looking likely to be carved up between Germany and the Soviets (as indeed soon took place), the diarist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Channon" title="Henry Channon">"Chips" Channon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Private_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Private Secretary">Parliamentary Private Secretary</a> to Halifax's junior minister <a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a>, who opposed the guarantee, recorded (25 August 1939) that "the barometer of war kept shifting" and that "the Polish guarantee was [Halifax]'s pet scheme and favourite god-child".<sup id="cite_ref-matthew86_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew86-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Germany invaded Poland, Halifax refused any negotiations while German troops remained on Polish soil. However, he stood solid with Chamberlain, who delayed in giving a commitment to go to war until the French had also committed. Both of them were the objects of a Cabinet revolt, which insisted on Britain honouring the guarantee to Poland. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)">Britain declared war on Germany</a> on 3 September 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew86_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew86-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phoney_War">Phoney War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Phoney War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the outbreak of war, Halifax's diplomacy aimed to dissuade the Soviets from formally joining the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. He opposed the bombing of Germany, lest the Germans retaliate.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew86_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew86-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swedish intermediary <a href="/wiki/Birger_Dahlerus" title="Birger Dahlerus">Birger Dahlerus</a> had approached Britain for peace talks in August 1939, just before the outbreak of war. On 1 November 1939, Halifax replied to an approach through Swedish channels that no peace was possible with Hitler in power. Even that aroused the wrath of Churchill, <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a>, who sent a private note to Halifax rebuking him that such talk was dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halifax remained opposed to any hint of a compromise peace during the <a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew87_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew87-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churchill_as_Prime_Minister">Churchill as Prime Minister</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Churchill as Prime Minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 8 May 1940, Chamberlain's government survived a motion of no confidence brought about by the deteriorating <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">military situation in Norway</a>. The government had a nominal majority of 213 in the House: at the end of the "<a href="/wiki/Norway_Debate" title="Norway Debate">Norway Debate</a>", they won the vote with a majority of only 81; 33 Conservatives and 8 of their allies voted with the opposition parties, and 60 abstained. Churchill had only grudgingly been appointed <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a>. Nevertheless, he mounted a strong and passionate defence of Chamberlain and his government in the debate preceding the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under ordinary circumstances, such a weak vote would not have been politically disastrous, but it was decisive at a time when the Prime Minister was being strongly criticised by both sides of the House and there was a strong desire for national unity.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talking to Churchill after the vote, Chamberlain admitted his dismay and said that he would try for a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> with the Labour and Liberal parties, but Churchill opposed that. </p><p>At 10.15<span class="nowrap"> </span>am the next morning (9 May), Chamberlain met with Halifax and Churchill in the Cabinet Room. Churchill's own account of these events, published eight years later in <i>The Gathering Storm</i>, the first volume of his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book_series)" title="The Second World War (book series)">The Second World War</a></i>, does not tally exactly with contemporary accounts such as Halifax's own diary and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cadogan" title="Alexander Cadogan">Alexander Cadogan</a>'s record of his conversations with Halifax, or accounts given by Chamberlain or by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip" title="Chief Whip">Chief Whip</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Margesson" class="mw-redirect" title="David Margesson">David Margesson</a> (whose presence at the meeting Churchill does not mention). Churchill described a battle of wills in which Chamberlain opened the meeting by arguing that Churchill could not command the support of the Labour Party after he had had to defend the government at the Norway Debate, only to be met with a lengthy silence before Halifax, with some hesitation, expressed his own unfitness for the job. Other accounts describe Halifax demurring much more rapidly, and Churchill actively agreeing with him. Churchill also misdates the events of 9 May to the following day, and although his writing assistant <a href="/wiki/William_Deakin" title="William Deakin">William Deakin</a> accepted responsibility for this error he later confirmed, in an interview in 1989, that Churchill's account was embellished after numerous retellings and was not meant to be taken seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The description of Chamberlain attempting to persuade Churchill to agree tacitly to Halifax's appointment as prime minister is also hard to reconcile with Halifax's having expressed his reluctance to do so to Chamberlain at a meeting between the two men on the morning of the 9th.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 4.30<span class="nowrap"> </span>pm that afternoon Chamberlain held another meeting, attended by Halifax, Churchill, and the leader and the deputy leader of the opposition Labour Party (<a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Arthur Greenwood</a> respectively). He asked the Labour leaders if they would agree to serve in a coalition government. They replied that it might be possible but only with a different prime minister and that before they could give an official answer, they would need the approval of Labour's <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party" title="National Executive Committee of the Labour Party">National Executive Committee</a>, then in <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a> preparing for the annual conference which was to start on the Monday. They were asked to telephone with the result of the consultation by the following afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_2002_p._586_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins_2002_p._586-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his diary entry for 9 May, written up the following morning, Halifax later wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>I had no doubt at all in my own mind that for me to succeed him would create a quite impossible situation. Apart altogether from Churchill's qualities as compared with my own at this particular juncture, what would in fact be my position? Churchill would be running Defence, and in this connexion one could not but remember the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Asquith" class="mw-redirect" title="Asquith">Asquith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a> had broken down in the first war... I should speedily become a more or less honorary Prime Minister, living in a kind of twilight just outside the things that really mattered.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The Labour leaders telephoned at 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>pm on the 10th to report that the party would take part in a coalition government, although it had to be under the leadership of someone other than Chamberlain. Accordingly, Chamberlain went to <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> to tender his resignation, recommending that <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> ask Churchill to form a government.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_2002_p._586_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins_2002_p._586-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On doing so, one of Churchill's first actions was to form a new, smaller <a href="/wiki/War_cabinet" title="War cabinet">War cabinet</a> by replacing six of the Conservative politicians with Greenwood and Attlee, retaining only Halifax and Chamberlain. </p><p>Churchill's political position was weak, although he was popular with the Labour and Liberal parties for his stance against appeasement in the 1930s. He was unpopular in the Conservative Party, however, and he might not have been the choice of the King. Halifax had the support of most of the Conservative Party and of the King and was acceptable to the Labour Party. His position as a peer was a merely technical barrier given the scale of the crisis, and Churchill reportedly was willing to serve under Halifax. As <a href="/wiki/Lord_Beaverbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a> said, "Chamberlain wanted Halifax. Labour wanted Halifax. <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Sinclair</a> wanted Halifax. The Lords wanted Halifax. The King wanted Halifax. And Halifax wanted Halifax." Only the last sentence was incorrect, however; Halifax did not want to become prime minister. He believed that Churchill's energy and leadership skills were superior to his own.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike Simon, Hoare and Chamberlain, Halifax was not the object of Labour hatred in May 1940. Dutton argues that he "drew back" because of "inner self-doubt". "Political ambition had never been the most compelling motivation". He had a stomach ache, possibly psychosomatic, at the thought of becoming prime minister, and also probably thought that he could wield more influence as Churchill's deputy.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew86_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew86-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Chamberlain, he served in Churchill's cabinet but was frequently exasperated by Churchill's style of doing business. Like many others, Halifax had serious doubts about Churchill's judgement.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew87_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew87-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_1940_war_cabinet_crisis">May 1940 war cabinet crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: May 1940 war cabinet crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1940_British_war_cabinet_crisis" title="1940 British war cabinet crisis">1940 British war cabinet crisis</a></div> <p>Germany invaded <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a> on 10 May 1940, the day that Churchill became prime minister. On 22–23 May, the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German army</a> reached the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, isolating the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>. Churchill soon had a confrontation with Halifax who believed that the United Kingdom should try to negotiate a peace settlement with Hitler, using Mussolini as an intermediary. Halifax believed it better to try to get terms "safeguarding the independence of our Empire, and if possible that of France", in the belief that peace talks would make it easier to get the BEF home. He did not believe that there was any realistic chance of defeating Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew87_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew87-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill disagreed, believing that "nations which went down fighting rose again, but those which surrendered tamely were finished"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and that Hitler was unlikely to honour any agreement. Moreover, he believed that this was the view of the British people. </p><p>On 24 May, Hitler ordered his armies to halt before they reached Dunkirk, and two days later, the British and French navies began to evacuate the Allied forces. Between 25 and 28 May, Churchill and Halifax each fought to bring the War Cabinet around to their own respective points of view; by 28 May, it seemed as if Halifax had the upper hand and that Churchill might be forced from office. Halifax came close to resignation, which might have brought down Churchill's government.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew87_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew87-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill outmanoeuvred Halifax by calling a meeting of his 25-member Outer Cabinet, to whom he delivered a passionate speech, saying, "If this long island story of ours is to end at last, let it end only when each one of us lies choking in his own blood upon the ground",<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> convincing all who were present that Britain must fight on against Hitler whatever the cost. Churchill also obtained the backing of Neville Chamberlain, who was still Conservative Party leader.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew87_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew87-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Churchill told the War Cabinet that there would be no negotiated peace. Halifax had lost. A few weeks later, in July 1940, Halifax rejected German peace offers presented through <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Bernardini" title="Filippo Bernardini">the Papal Nuncio in Berne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti">Finnish</a> prime ministers. Halifax wrote in his memoirs of an occasion during a short holiday in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One such interlude early in June 1940 is for ever graven into my memory. It was just after the fall of France, an event which at the time it happened seemed something unbelievable as to be almost surely unreal, and if not unreal then quite immeasurably catastrophic. Dorothy and I had spent a lovely summer evening walking over the Wolds, and on our way home sat in the sun for half an hour at a point looking across the plain of York. All the landscape of the nearer foreground was familiar—its sights, its sounds, its smells; hardly a field that did not call up some half-forgotten bit of association; the red-roofed village and nearby hamlets, gathered as it were for company round the old greystone church, where men and women like ourselves, now long dead and gone, had once knelt in worship and prayer. Here in Yorkshire was a true fragment of the undying England, like the White Cliffs of Dover, or any other part of our land that Englishmen have loved. Then the question came, is it possible that the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> jackboot will force its way into this countryside to tread and trample over it at will? The very thought seemed an insult and an outrage; much as if anyone were to be condemned to watch his mother, wife or daughter being raped.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ambassador_to_the_United_States">Ambassador to the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ambassador to the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Chamberlain retired from the Cabinet due to ill health, Churchill tried to ease Halifax out of the Foreign Office by offering him a job as <i>de facto</i> Deputy Prime Minister, living at <a href="/wiki/11_Downing_Street" title="11 Downing Street">11 Downing Street</a>. Halifax refused, although he agreed to become Leader of the Lords once again.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew87_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew87-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Philip_Kerr,_11th_Marquess_of_Lothian" title="Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian">Marquess of Lothian</a>, British Ambassador to the United States, died suddenly. Halifax was told to take the job by Churchill, with the proviso that he could still attend meetings of the War Cabinet when he was home on leave in London.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew87_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew87-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill's secretary <a href="/wiki/Jock_Colville" title="Jock Colville">Jock Colville</a> recorded on 20 December that Churchill thought the Washington job was a great opportunity for Halifax to help bring the United States into the war. Colville recorded Churchill's view that Halifax "would never live down the reputation for appeasement which he and the F.O. had won themselves here. He had no future in this country." Colville thought Churchill had been influenced by the monthly censorship reports, which showed that Halifax had inherited some of Chamberlain's unpopularity.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halifax was the last man linked with appeasement to leave the Cabinet, as Chamberlain had by then died, and both <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a> had already moved to other jobs. Halifax and his wife desperately tried to persuade Eden to take the Washington job instead, but to no avail. Eden was restored to the Foreign Office in Halifax's place.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew87_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew87-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halifax_and_Litvinoff,_1942_crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Halifax_and_Litvinoff%2C_1942_crop.JPG/200px-Halifax_and_Litvinoff%2C_1942_crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Halifax_and_Litvinoff%2C_1942_crop.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>Halifax and Soviet ambassador <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Litvinov" title="Maxim Litvinov">Maxim Litvinov</a> at a garden party in Washington, D.C., in 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Halifax set sail for the still neutral United States in January 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew87_37-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew87-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> welcomed him in person when he arrived. Casting aside diplomatic protocols, Roosevelt took the presidential yacht the <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Potomac_(AG-25)" title="USS Potomac (AG-25)">Potomac</a></i> to greet Halifax as his ship made harbour in the Chesapeake Bay. Initially Halifax damaged himself by a series of public relations disasters. Two weeks after his arrival in the United States, Halifax went to Capitol Hill, meeting with House and Senate leaders. Upon leaving, Halifax told reporters that he had inquired about the timetable for passage of the <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Lend-Lease Act">Lend-Lease Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isolationists seized upon the meetings to decry British meddling in American political affairs. He likened Washington politics to "a disorderly day's rabbit shooting".<sup id="cite_ref-matthew87_37-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew87-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Halifax was initially a cautious and elusive public figure, not an effective public diplomat like his predecessor. His relations with Roosevelt were satisfactory, but Halifax kept a low profile. Churchill's close engagement with the United States and his investment in personal communication with the President meant a more constrained role for the British Ambassador. Communications technology meant that Churchill could communicate directly with Roosevelt from London; the Prime Minister was also a regular visitor to Washington, enabled by more advanced transportation technology (including both faster ships and aeroplanes). Halifax's cousin <a href="/wiki/Angus_McDonnell" title="Angus McDonnell">Angus McDonnell</a> helped him find his feet, and he soon led a very effective propaganda effort. Even an incident that autumn where he was pelted with rotten eggs and tomatoes by isolationists helped his reputation in the long run. He maintained good relations with Roosevelt and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a>, and toured the country, meeting many more ordinary Americans than his predecessor had done. He became especially popular after <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew87_37-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew87-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_War_Council.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pacific_War_Council.jpg/300px-Pacific_War_Council.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pacific_War_Council.jpg/450px-Pacific_War_Council.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pacific_War_Council.jpg/600px-Pacific_War_Council.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Lord Halifax in the middle (behind a seated <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>) as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War_Council" title="Pacific War Council">Pacific War Council</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Relations also increasingly turned on military issues channelled through the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> secretariat in Washington. Halifax wearied of Washington, especially after the death in action of his middle son Peter in November 1942, and the serious wounding of his younger son Richard in January 1943. In March 1943 he vainly asked <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> to be relieved of his post, but had to stay.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew87_37-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew87-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1944, Wood was created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Halifax" title="Earl of Halifax">Earl of Halifax</a>, the fourth creation of the title.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew87_37-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew87-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halifax took part in a plethora of international conferences over the UN and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. With Labour in power under <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> from July 1945, Halifax agreed to Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Ernest Bevin</a>'s request to stay on until May 1946. In February 1946, he was present at Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech at <a href="/wiki/Fulton,_Missouri" title="Fulton, Missouri">Fulton, Missouri</a>, of which he did not entirely approve. He believed that Churchill's view of the Soviet threat was exaggerated and urged him to be more conciliatory. He also helped <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> negotiate the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_loan" title="Anglo-American loan">Anglo-American loan</a>, which was finalised in July 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew88_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew88-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final year of his Ambassadorship also witnessed the transition to President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>. Those years contained fraught moments and challenges for the relationship, as American power eclipsed that of Britain, and Britain's interests and rights were ignored on occasion, in particular, the cessation of nuclear co-operation after construction of the atom bomb. However, the partnership in World War II was immensely successful and as close as any other such partnership. It was a demanding post by any standards, but Halifax could reasonably claim to have played his part, and he enjoyed a notably longer term than his less successful successor <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Clark_Kerr,_1st_Baron_Inverchapel" title="Archibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron Inverchapel">Archibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron Inverchapel</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (February 2018)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Back in the United Kingdom, Halifax refused to rejoin the Conservative front bench, arguing that it would be inappropriate as he had been working for the Labour Government then still in office. The Labour Government were proposing that <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> become fully independent by May 1948 (later brought forward to August 1947) with no plans in place to protect minorities. Viscount Templewood (as Samuel Hoare was now known) opposed the plan, but Halifax spoke in the government's favour, arguing that it was not appropriate to oppose the plan if no alternative was suggested. He persuaded many wavering peers to support the government.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew88_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew88-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In retirement, Halifax returned to largely honorary pursuits. He was <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" title="Chancellor of the Order of the Garter">Chancellor of the Order of the Garter</a>. He was an active governor of Eton and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Oxford University">Chancellor of Oxford University</a>. He was an honorary Fellow of All Souls from 1934. He was Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Steward_of_Westminster_Abbey" title="High Steward of Westminster Abbey">High Steward of Westminster Abbey</a>. He was Master of the Middleton Hunt. He was President of the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_Society" title="Pilgrims Society">Pilgrims Society</a>, a society dedicated to better Anglo-American relations. From 1947 he was chairman of the General Advisory Council of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. From 1957 he was Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael_and_Saint_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Michael and Saint George">Order of Saint Michael and Saint George</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew88_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew88-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1950s, his health was failing.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew88_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew88-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his last major speeches in the House of Lords was in November 1956, when he criticised the government's <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez policy</a> and the damage it was doing to Anglo-American relations.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew88_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew88-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did little to challenge the critical view of appeasement which was then fashionable. His 1957 autobiography <i>Fulness of Days</i> was described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> as "gently evasive".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Dutton describes it as "an extremely reticent book which added little to the historical record".<sup id="cite_ref-matthew88_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew88-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave the impression that he had been Chamberlain's faithful subordinate, omitting to mention his role in changing policy in spring 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew85_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew85-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died of a heart attack at his estate at <a href="/wiki/Garrowby" title="Garrowby">Garrowby</a> on 23 December 1959, aged 78. His widow survived him until 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew88_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew88-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Halifax had sold <a href="/wiki/Temple_Newsam" title="Temple Newsam">Temple Newsam</a> to the City of Leeds for less than market value in 1925, although a similar offer for its contents was declined by the council. In 1948 he donated 164 of his paintings to a museum being opened there by <a href="/wiki/Leeds_City_Council" title="Leeds City Council">Leeds City Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His will was valued for probate at £338,800 10s 8d (not including <a href="/wiki/Settled_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Settled land">settled land</a> – land tied up in family trusts so that no individual has full control over it), equivalent to around £7m at 2016 prices.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew89_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew89-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his great wealth, Halifax was notoriously mean with money. <a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a> recounted a tale of how he had once been having a meeting with Halifax, his boss at the time. An official brought in two cups of tea and four biscuits for them; Halifax passed two of the biscuits back, instructing the official not to charge him for them.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew89_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew89-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessments">Assessments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Halifax <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism_(speech_impediment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotacism (speech impediment)">could not pronounce his "r"s</a>. He had professional charm and the natural authority of an aristocrat, the latter aided by his immense height. He stood 1.96 metres (6 ft 5 in).<sup id="cite_ref-matthew88_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew88-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Begbie" title="Harold Begbie">Harold Begbie</a> described Halifax as "the highest kind of Englishman now in politics" whose "life and doctrine were in complete harmony with a very lofty moral principle, but who has no harsh judgement for men who err and go astray."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> said that Halifax possessed a "sweet and Christian nature."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a> called him "this strange and imposing figure—half unworldly saint, half cunning politician."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, the official records were released of Halifax's years as Foreign Secretary (the "fifty-year rule" was replaced by the "thirty-year rule"). Conservative historian <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Maurice Cowling</a> argued that Halifax's stance of increasing resistance to Hitler, especially the Polish guarantee in the spring of 1939, was motivated not so much by considerations of strategy but by a need to keep ahead of a sea-change in British domestic opinion. He wrote in 1975: "To history, until yesterday, Halifax was the arch-appeaser. This, it is now recognised, was a mistake. His role, however, was complicated. In these pages he is not the man who stopped the rot, but the embodiment of Conservative wisdom who decided that Hitler must be obstructed because Labour could not otherwise be resisted."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Dutton argues that Halifax, like Chamberlain, was slow to appreciate the sheer evil of Hitler and was overly confident that negotiation could yield results. His period as Foreign Secretary was "the pivot of his career and it remains the period upon which his historical reputation ultimately depends"; just as Eden saved his reputation by resigning in time, so Halifax damaged his by being Foreign Secretary in 1938–40. "He deserves some credit for abandoning, or at least for decisively modifying, the policy of appeasement". His refusal to seize the premiership in May 1940 was "the most significant act of his long career". He argues that later that month, far from being a potential <a href="/wiki/Quisling" title="Quisling">Quisling</a>, Halifax based his policies on rational considerations, and that "on rational grounds, there had been much to be said for the Foreign Secretary's line that Britain should at least have investigated what peace terms were on offer." However, his "most important role in public life" was, in Dutton's view, as Ambassador to the United States, where he helped to smooth a relationship which was "often more fraught than early interpretations ... tended to suggest".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Halifax_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax College">Halifax College</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a> is named after him. <a href="/wiki/Lady_Irwin_College" title="Lady Irwin College">Lady Irwin College</a>, a women's college in Delhi, was established under the patronage of Dorothy, Lady Irwin, in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles">Styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earl_of_Halifax_CoA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Earl_of_Halifax_CoA.png/220px-The_Earl_of_Halifax_CoA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Earl_of_Halifax_CoA.png/330px-The_Earl_of_Halifax_CoA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Earl_of_Halifax_CoA.png/440px-The_Earl_of_Halifax_CoA.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>Arms of The Rt Hon. Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>16 April 1881 – 8 August 1885</b>: Edward Frederick Lindley Wood</li> <li><b>8 August 1885 – 10 February 1910</b>: The Hon. Edward Frederick Lindley Wood</li> <li><b>10 February 1910 – 25 October 1922</b>: The Hon. Edward Frederick Lindley Wood MP</li> <li><b>25 October 1922 – 22 December 1925</b>: The Rt. Hon. Edward Frederick Lindley Wood MP<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>22 December 1925 – 3 April 1926</b>: The Rt. Hon. The Lord Irwin PC<sup id="cite_ref-createdbaronirwin_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-createdbaronirwin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>3 April 1926 – 18 April 1931</b>: <i>His Excellency</i> The Rt. Hon. The Lord Irwin PC, <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_and_Governor-General_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy and Governor-General of India">Viceroy and Governor-General of India</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>18 April 1931 – 19 January 1934</b>: The Rt. Hon. The Lord Irwin PC</li> <li><b>19 January 1934 – December 1940</b>: The Rt. Hon. The Viscount Halifax PC</li> <li><b>December 1940 – 1944</b>: <i>His Excellency</i> The Rt. Hon. The Viscount Halifax PC, HM Ambassador to the United States of America</li> <li><b>1944–1946</b>: <i>His Excellency</i> The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Halifax PC, HM Ambassador to the United States of America</li> <li><b>1946–1959</b>: The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Halifax PC</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honours_of_Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Honours of Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Honours of Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Halifax married <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Wood,_Countess_of_Halifax" title="Dorothy Wood, Countess of Halifax">Lady Dorothy Evelyn Augusta Onslow</a> (1885–1976), daughter of <a href="/wiki/William_Onslow,_4th_Earl_of_Onslow" title="William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow">William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow</a>, former Governor-General of New Zealand, on 21 September 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew82_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew82-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They had five children together:<sup id="cite_ref-:02_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Lady Anne Dorothy Wood, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Peace">JP</a></span></span> (31 July 1910 – 25 March 1995); married <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncombe,_3rd_Earl_of_Feversham" title="Charles Duncombe, 3rd Earl of Feversham">Charles Duncombe, 3rd Earl of Feversham</a>, on 14 December 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lady Mary Agnes Wood (31 July 1910 – 3 August 1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ingram_Courtenay_Wood,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ingram Courtenay Wood, 2nd Earl of Halifax">Charles Ingram Courtenay Wood, 2nd Earl of Halifax</a> (3 October 1912 – 19 March 1980)</li> <li>Major Hon. Francis Hugh Peter Courtenay Wood (born 5 October 1916, <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 26 October 1942 while serving with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Armoured_Corps" title="Royal Armoured Corps">Royal Armoured Corps</a> in Egypt<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wood,_Baron_Holderness" title="Richard Wood, Baron Holderness">Richard Frederick Wood, Baron Holderness</a> (5 October 1920 – 11 August 2002); MP from <a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a>, holding office from 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-matthew88_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthew88-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lord Halifax was portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a>'s blockbuster film <i><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a>, depicting his time as Viceroy of India and his role in negotiations with Gandhi regarding Indian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halifax was also portrayed, as an <a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">antagonist</a>, in the 2017 film <i><a href="/wiki/Darkest_Hour_(film)" title="Darkest Hour (film)">Darkest Hour</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dillane" title="Stephen Dillane">Stephen Dillane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)">List of covers of <i>Time</i> magazine (1920s)</a> – 12 April 1926</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-matthew81-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-matthew81_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew81_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew81_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew81_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 2004, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts 1991, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts 1991, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMutch2020" class="citation web cs1">Mutch, Tom (7 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/breaking-the-bullingdon-club-omerta-secret-lives-of-the-men-who-run-britain">"Breaking the Bullingdon Club Omertà: Secret Lives of the Men Who Run Britain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Breaking+the+Bullingdon+Club+Omert%C3%A0%3A+Secret+Lives+of+the+Men+Who+Run+Britain&rft.date=2020-07-07&rft.aulast=Mutch&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fbreaking-the-bullingdon-club-omerta-secret-lives-of-the-men-who-run-britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthew82-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-matthew82_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew82_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew82_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew82_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew82_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew82_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew82_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 2004, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts 1991, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts 1991, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthew83-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-matthew83_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew83_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew83_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew83_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew83_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew83_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew83_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew83_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 2004, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-createdbaronirwin-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-createdbaronirwin_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-createdbaronirwin_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette33117" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33117/page/8567">"No. 33117"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 25 December 1925. p. 8567.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+33117&rft.pages=8567&rft.date=1925-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F33117%2Fpage%2F8567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthew84-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-matthew84_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew84_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew84_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew84_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew84_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew84_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew84_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew84_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew84_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew84_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 2004, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirkenhead1966" class="citation book cs1">Birkenhead, Frederick Winston Furneaux Smith (1966). <i>Halifax: The Life of Lord Halifax</i>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halifax%3A+The+Life+of+Lord+Halifax&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Birkenhead&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Winston+Furneaux+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthew85-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-matthew85_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew85_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew85_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew85_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew85_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew85_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew85_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew85_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew85_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew85_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew85_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew85_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew85_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 2004, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts 1991, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Feiling, <i>A Life of Neville Chamberlain</i> (London: Macmillan, 1970), p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/27/historic-anglo-egyptian-treaty-signed-in-london-archive-1936">"Historic Anglo-Egyptian treaty signed in London – archive, 1936"</a>. <i>Guardian</i>. 27 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=Historic+Anglo-Egyptian+treaty+signed+in+London+%E2%80%93+archive%2C+1936&rft.date=2021-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Faug%2F27%2Fhistoric-anglo-egyptian-treaty-signed-in-london-archive-1936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthew88-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-matthew88_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew88_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew88_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew88_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew88_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew88_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew88_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew88_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew88_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew88_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew88_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 2004, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fulness-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fulness_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Earl of Halifax, <i>Fulness of Days</i> (London: Collins, 1957), p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lois G. Schwoerer, "Lord Halifax's Visit To Germany: November 1937." <i>Historian</i> 32#3 (1970): 353–375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Roberts, <i>The Holy Fox. The Life of Lord Halifax</i> (Phoenix, 1997), p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jago 2015, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://century.guardian.co.uk/1930-1939/Story/0,,126998,00.html">"Britain to increase spending on arms"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 4 March 1935<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Britain+to+increase+spending+on+arms&rft.date=1935-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcentury.guardian.co.uk%2F1930-1939%2FStory%2F0%2C%2C126998%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthew86-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-matthew86_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew86_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew86_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew86_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew86_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew86_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew86_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew86_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew86_22-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew86_22-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew86_22-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew86_22-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 2004, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jago 2015, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2024" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Andrew (1 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8a-fEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Holy Fox: The Life of Lord Halifax</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78185-696-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78185-696-3"><bdi>978-1-78185-696-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2024</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Fox%3A+The+Life+of+Lord+Halifax&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2024-04-01&rft.isbn=978-1-78185-696-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8a-fEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Villada1988" class="citation journal cs1">Ben-Villada, Gene H. (1 April 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00270520&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA6323522&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs">"No more Munichs! What the media won't tell"</a>. <i>Monthly Review</i>. <b>39</b> (11): 9–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14452%2FMR-039-11-1988-04_2">10.14452/MR-039-11-1988-04_2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2024</span> – via Gale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review&rft.atitle=No+more+Munichs%21+What+the+media+won%27t+tell&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=9-22&rft.date=1988-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14452%2FMR-039-11-1988-04_2&rft.aulast=Ben-Villada&rft.aufirst=Gene+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D00270520%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA6323522%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Andrew, <i>The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5</i> (London: Allen Lane, 2009), p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_A._J._P.1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a>, ed. (1971). <i>Lloyd George: Twelve Essays</i>. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-01905-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-01905-2"><bdi>0-241-01905-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lloyd+George%3A+Twelve+Essays&rft.place=London&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-241-01905-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAster1973" class="citation book cs1">Aster, Sidney (1973). <i>1939: The Making of the Second World War</i>. Andre Deutsch. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-233-96369-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-233-96369-3"><bdi>978-0-233-96369-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1939%3A+The+Making+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-233-96369-3&rft.aulast=Aster&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doveton-p372-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doveton-p372_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doveton-p372_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doveton-p372_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolroyd-Doveton2013" class="citation book cs1">Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013). <i>Maxim Litvinov: A Biography</i>. Woodland Publications. p. 372.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maxim+Litvinov%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Woodland+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Holroyd-Doveton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1939v01/d287"><i>FRUS, Volume I, General</i></a>. 1939. p. 294.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FRUS%2C+Volume+I%2C+General&rft.pages=294&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1939v01%2Fd287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS)</i>. Vol. 1. 1939. p. 294.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States+%28FRUS%29&rft.pages=294&rft.date=1939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1994" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Henry (1994), "Maxim Litvinov", in Craig, Gordon; Gilbert, Felix (eds.), <i>The Diplomats, 1919-1939</i>, Princeton University Press, p. 376</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maxim+Litvinov&rft.btitle=The+Diplomats%2C+1919-1939&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Records of the Cabinet Office, CAB 27/625</i>. p. 295.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Cabinet+Office%2C+CAB+27%2F625&rft.pages=295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Weizsäcker1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Ernst von Weizsäcker">von Weizsäcker, Ernst</a> (1950). <i>Erinnerungen</i> [<i>Recollections</i>] (in German). Munich: List. p. 186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erinnerungen&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=List&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=von+Weizs%C3%A4cker&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeineman1979" class="citation book cs1">Heineman, John L. (1979). <i>Hitler's First Foreign Minister: Constantin Freiherr Von Neurath</i>. University of California Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03442-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03442-6"><bdi>978-0-520-03442-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+First+Foreign+Minister%3A+Constantin+Freiherr+Von+Neurath&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03442-6&rft.aulast=Heineman&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard 1987, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthew87-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-matthew87_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew87_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew87_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew87_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew87_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew87_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew87_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew87_37-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew87_37-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew87_37-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew87_37-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew87_37-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew87_37-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 2004, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1940/may/08/conduct-of-the-war">"Conduct of the War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 8 May 1940<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Conduct+of+the+War&rft.date=1940-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1940%2Fmay%2F08%2Fconduct-of-the-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins 2002, p. 582.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts 1991, pp. 275–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins 2002, p. 583.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the 9 May meeting, see Taylor Downing, "Cometh the finest hour." <i>History Today</i> 60.5 (2010): 25ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins_2002_p._586-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins_2002_p._586_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins_2002_p._586_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins 2002, p. 586.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts 1991, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts 1991, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake,_Robert1993" class="citation book cs1">Blake, Robert (1993). "How Churchill Became Prime Minister". In Blake, Robert B.; Louis, William Roger (eds.). <i>Churchill</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 264–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820626-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820626-7"><bdi>0-19-820626-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Churchill+Became+Prime+Minister&rft.btitle=Churchill&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=264-270&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-820626-7&rft.au=Blake%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/churchill_decides_to_fight_on">"Churchill decides to fight on"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Churchill+decides+to+fight+on&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fevents%2Fchurchill_decides_to_fight_on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halifax, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colville, <i>Fringes of Power</i>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2007" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Stanley (2007). <i>The Order of Merit: one hundred years of matchless honour</i>. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 375.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+Merit%3A+one+hundred+years+of+matchless+honour&rft.place=London&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts 1991, p. 14; the book says "there" which presumably means at Temple Newsam rather than the <a href="/wiki/Leeds_City_Museum" title="Leeds City Museum">Leeds City Museum</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthew89-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-matthew89_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthew89_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 2004, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194822/https://measuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php">"Compute the Relative Value of a U.K. Pound"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php">the original</a> on 31 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compute+the+Relative+Value+of+a+U.K.+Pound&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fukcompare%2Fresult.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts 1991, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Gentleman with a Duster [pseud. for Harold Begbie], <i>The Conservative Mind</i> (London: Mills & Boon, 1924), pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Macmillan, <i>Winds of Change</i> (London: Macmillan, 1966), p. 531.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord Butler, <i>The Art of the Possible</i> (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1971), p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Cowling, <i>The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy, 1933–1940</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 2004, pp. 85–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205200651/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Making-history-with-brick-and-mortar/Article1-745801.aspx">"Making history with brick and mortar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>. 15 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/Making-history-with-brick-and-mortar/Article1-745801.aspx">the original</a> on 5 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Making+history+with+brick+and+mortar&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2FMaking-history-with-brick-and-mortar%2FArticle1-745801.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette32759" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32759/supplement/7527">"No. 32759"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 24 October 1922. p. 7527.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+32759&rft.pages=7527&rft.date=1922-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32759%2Fsupplement%2F7527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette33139" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33139/page/1667">"No. 33139"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 5 March 1926. p. 1667.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+33139&rft.pages=1667&rft.date=1926-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F33139%2Fpage%2F1667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). <i>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood</i> (107 ed.). Burke’s Peerage & Gentry. p. 1729. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9711966-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9711966-2-1">0-9711966-2-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/cathedral/memorials/WW2/francis-wood">Christ Church Oxford, Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121224012249/http://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/cathedral/memorials/WW2/francis-wood">Archived</a> 2012-12-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1942/11/03/archives/halifaxs-son-killed-in-fighting-in-egypt-lieut-the-hon-peter-wood.html">"HALIFAX'S SON KILLED IN FIGHTING IN EGYPT; Lieut. the Hon. Peter Wood Was in Royal Armored Corps"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 3 November 1942. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=HALIFAX%27S+SON+KILLED+IN+FIGHTING+IN+EGYPT%3B+Lieut.+the+Hon.+Peter+Wood+Was+in+Royal+Armored+Corps&rft.date=1942-11-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1942%2F11%2F03%2Farchives%2Fhalifaxs-son-killed-in-fighting-in-egypt-lieut-the-hon-peter-wood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0083987/">"Gandhi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Gandhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0083987%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4555426/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0">"Darkest Hour"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Darkest+Hour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt4555426%2F%3Fref_%3Dnv_sr_srsg_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Churchill, Winston S., <i>Their Finest Hour</i>. New York, 1949.</li> <li>Churchill, Winston S., <i>The Gathering Storm</i>. Boston, 1948.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_Colville" title="Jock Colville">Colville, John</a>, <i>The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries 1939–1955</i>. New York, 1985.</li> <li>Dalton, Hugh, The Fateful Years, Memoirs 1939–1945. London, 1957.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert, Martin">Gilbert, Martin</a>, <i>Churchill: A Life</i>. New York, 1991.</li> <li>Gilbert, Martin, <i>Finest Hour: Winston S. Churchill 1939–1941</i>. London, 1983.</li> <li>Gilbert, Martin (ed.), <i>The Churchill War Papers Volume I: At the Admiralty. September 1939 – May 1940</i>. London, 1993.</li> <li>Gilbert, Martin (ed.), <i>The Churchill War Papers Volume II: Never Surrender. May 1940 – December 1940</i>. London, 19.</li> <li>Gries, Thomas E. (ed.), <i>The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean</i>. West Point, New York 2002.</li> <li>Halifax, Lord, <i>Fullness of Days</i>. New York, 1957.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Howard_(journalist)" title="Anthony Howard (journalist)">Howard, Anthony</a>, <i>RAB: The Life of R. A. Butler</i>, Jonathan Cape 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-01862-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-01862-3">978-0-224-01862-3</a>.</li> <li>Jago, Michael, <i>Rab Butler: The Best Prime Minister We Never Had?</i>, Biteback Publishing 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84954-920-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84954-920-2">978-1-84954-920-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenkins,_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenkins, Roy">Jenkins, Roy</a>, <i>Churchill</i>. London: Pan, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B330%2B48805%2B8" title="Special:BookSources/0+330+48805+8">0 330 48805 8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Liddell-Hart, B. H.</a>, <i>History of the Second World War</i>. Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky, 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56852-627-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56852-627-0">978-1-56852-627-0</a>.</li> <li>Lukacs, John, <i>Five Days in London: May 1940</i>. Yale University, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08466-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08466-8">0-300-08466-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Matthew" title="Colin Matthew">Matthew, Colin</a>, ed. (2004). <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Vol. 60. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861411-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861411-1"><bdi>978-0-19-861411-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861411-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax" class="Z3988"></span>, essay on Halifax (pp. 81–89) written by David Dutton.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts, Andrew</a>, <i>The 'Holy Fox': The Life of Lord Halifax.</i> London, 1991.</li> <li>Schwoerer, Lois G. "Lord Halifax's Visit To Germany: November 1937." <i>Historian</i> 32.3 (1970): 353–375.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Young_(historian)" title="Peter Young (historian)">Young, Peter</a> (ed.), Illustrated World War II Encyclopedia. Volume 2. Jaspard Polus, Monaco 1966.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Christopher Andrew, <i>The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5</i> (London: Allen Lane, 2009).</li> <li>A Gentleman with a Duster [pseud. for Harold Begbie], <i>The Conservative Mind</i> (London: Mills & Boon, 1924).</li> <li>Lord Butler, <i>The Art of the Possible</i> (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1971).</li> <li>Maurice Cowling, <i>The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy, 1933–1940</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1975).</li> <li>Keith Feiling, <i>A Life of Neville Chamberlain</i> (London: Macmillan, 1970).</li> <li>The Earl of Halifax, <i>Fulness of Days</i> (London: Collins, 1957).</li> <li>Andrew Roberts, <i>The Holy Fox: The Life of Lord Halifax</i> (Phoenix, 1997 (originally published 1991)).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Campbell-Johnson, Alan, and R. Hale. <i>Viscount Halifax: A Biography</i>. 1941</li> <li>Chapnick, Adam. "Testing the Bonds of Commonwealth with Viscount Halifax: Canada in the Post-War International System, 1942–1944." <i>International History Review</i> 31.1 (2009): 24–44.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winston_Furneaux_Smith,_2nd_Earl_of_Birkenhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Winston Furneaux Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead">Earl of Birkenhead</a>. <i>Earl of Halifax: The Life of Lord Halifax</i>. Hamilton, 1965.</li> <li>Neville, Peter. "Sir Alexander Cadogan and Lord Halifax's 'Damascus road' conversion over the Godesberg terms 1938." <i>Diplomacy and Statecraft</i> 11.3 (2000): 81–90.</li> <li>Schwoerer, Lois G. "Lord Halifax's Visit To Germany: November 1937." <i>Historian</i> 32#3 (1970): 353–375.</li> <li>Young, Ronald Bruce. "The Viscount Halifax (Charles Lindley Wood) and the Transformation of Lay Authority in the Church of England, 1865-1910." (Diss. General Theological Seminary, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/halifax/young2003.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Speeches on Foreign Policy, 1934-1989. By Viscount Halifax</i> Edited by HHE Craster. (Oxford University Press, 1940) pp. x, 368.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Lindley%2C%20Charles%2C%20Lord%20Halifax">Works by Charles, Lord Halifax Lindley</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28Edward+Frederick+Lindley+Wood%2C+1st+Earl+of+Halifax%29%20OR%20%28%221881-1959%22%20AND%20Halifax%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/hon-edward-wood">contributions in Parliament by the Earl of Halifax</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050106213938/http://www.indhistory.com/lord-irwin.html">Lord Irwin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/2WWhalifaxL.htm">Biography</a>, spartacus-educational.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#gon1935">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7933.shtml">Lord Halifax, Our War Aims – Now and After, radio broadcast November 1939</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/006985">Newspaper clippings about Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/H._F._B._Lynch" title="H. F. B. Lynch">H. F. B. Lynch</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Ripon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ripon (UK Parliament constituency)">Ripon</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">1910</a>–<a href="/wiki/1925_Ripon_by-election" title="1925 Ripon by-election">1925</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Hills_(politician)" title="John Hills (politician)">John Hills</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies">Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> </b><br />1921–1922 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Ormsby-Gore,_4th_Baron_Harlech" title="William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech">William Ormsby-Gore</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/H._A._L._Fisher" title="H. A. L. Fisher">H. A. L. Fisher</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Board of Education">President of the Board of Education</a> </b><br />1922–1924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Trevelyan,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Trevelyan, 3rd Baronet">Charles Trevelyan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Buxton" title="Noel Buxton">Noel Buxton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_and_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries">Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries</a> </b><br />1924–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Guinness" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Guinness">Walter Guinness</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Donald_Maclean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Donald Maclean">Sir Donald Maclean</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Board of Education">President of the Board of Education</a> </b><br />1932–1935 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Oliver Stanley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/War_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="War Secretary">War Secretary</a> </b><br />1935 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane-Tempest-Stewart,_7th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry">Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> </b><br />1935–1937 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herbrand_Sackville,_9th_Earl_De_La_Warr" title="Herbrand Sackville, 9th Earl De La Warr">Herbrand Sackville, 9th Earl De La Warr</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a> </b><br />1935–1938 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_7th_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope">James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> </b><br />1937–1938 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> </b><br />1938–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inskip,_1st_Viscount_Caldecote" title="Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote">Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a> </b><br />1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Lloyd,_1st_Baron_Lloyd" title="George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd">George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> </b><br />1935–1938 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_7th_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope">James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inskip,_1st_Viscount_Caldecote" title="Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote">Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> </b><br />1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Lloyd,_1st_Baron_Lloyd" title="George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd">George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Bulwer-Lytton,_2nd_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton">Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a> </b><br />1926–1931 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon" title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon">Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kerr,_11th_Marquess_of_Lothian" title="Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian">Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/British_Ambassador_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ambassador to the United States">British Ambassador to the United States</a> </b><br />1940–1946 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Clark_Kerr,_1st_Baron_Inverchapel" title="Archibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron Inverchapel">Archibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron Inverchapel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the University of Oxford">Chancellor of the University of Oxford</a> </b><br />1933–1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lascelles,_6th_Earl_of_Harewood" title="Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood">Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a> </b><br />1947–1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_6th_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland">William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" title="Chancellor of the Order of the Garter">Chancellor of the Order of the Garter</a> </b><br />1943–1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/The_Earl_of_Athlone" class="mw-redirect" title="The Earl of Athlone">The Earl of Athlone</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Grand Master of the Order of St Michael and St George">Grand Master of the Order of St Michael and St George</a> </b><br />1957–1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Halifax" title="Earl of Halifax">Earl of Halifax</a> </b><br /><i>4th creation</i><br />1944–1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 2nd Earl of Halifax">Charles Wood, 2nd Earl of Halifax</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_2nd_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax">Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Halifax">Viscount Halifax</a> </b><br /><i>2nd creation</i><br />1934–1959 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Irwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Irwin">Baron Irwin</a> </b><br />1925–1959 <br /><i>Member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></i><br /><i>(1925–1959)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_baronetcies" title="List of extant baronetcies">Baronetage of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" 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Hastings</a> (1774–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">The Earl Cornwallis</a> (1786–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shore,_1st_Baron_Teignmouth" title="John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth">The Lord Teignmouth</a> (1793–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">The Marquess Wellesley</a> (1798–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">The Marquess Cornwallis</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">The Earl of Minto</a> (1807–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">The Marquess of Hastings</a> (1813–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Amherst,_1st_Earl_Amherst" title="William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst">The Earl Amherst</a> (1823–28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Lord William Bentinck</a> (1828–35)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">The Earl of Auckland</a> (1836–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Earl_of_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough">The Earl of Ellenborough</a> (1842–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hardinge,_1st_Viscount_Hardinge" title="Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge">The Viscount Hardinge</a> (1844–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">The Marquess of Dalhousie</a> (1848–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">The Viscount Canning</a> (1856–58)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:5em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_(1885%E2%80%931947).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_(1947%E2%80%931950).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Government">British Government</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><br /><span class="nobold">(1858–1947)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">The Earl Canning</a> (1858–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin">The Earl of Elgin</a> (1862–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence" title="John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence">The Lord Lawrence</a> (1864–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo" title="Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo">The Earl of Mayo</a> (1869–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baring,_1st_Earl_of_Northbrook" title="Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook">The Earl of Northbrook</a> (1872–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">The Earl of Lytton</a> (1876–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">The Marquess of Ripon</a> (1880–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava</a> (1884–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">The Marquess of Lansdowne</a> (1888–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Bruce,_9th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin">The Earl of Elgin</a> (1894–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">The Lord Curzon of Kedleston</a> (1899–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto">The Earl of Minto</a> (1905–10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hardinge,_1st_Baron_Hardinge_of_Penshurst" title="Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst">The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst</a> (1910–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">The Lord Chelmsford</a> (1916–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">The Earl of Reading</a> (1921–26)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Lord Irwin</a> (1926–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon" title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon">The Earl of Willingdon</a> (1931–36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">The Marquess of Linlithgow</a> (1936–43)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">The Viscount Wavell</a> (1943–47)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;">Governors General after <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Indian <br />independence</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">The Earl Mountbatten of Burma</a> (1947–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari</a> (1948–50)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;">Governors General after <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistani <br />independence</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> (1947–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin</a> (1948–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Ghulam Muhammad</a> (1951–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a> (1955–56)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding-top:0.3em; line-height:1.2em;"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 Sepoy Mutiny</a>. <sup><small>2</small></sup> As representatives of <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> in his role as King of India (1947–50). <sup><small>3</small></sup> As representatives of George VI and then <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> in their roles as King and Queen of Pakistan, respectively.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Education_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Secretaries_of_State_for_Education" title="Template:Secretaries of State for Education"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Secretaries_of_State_for_Education" title="Template talk:Secretaries of State for Education"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Secretaries_of_State_for_Education" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Secretaries of State for Education"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Education_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education" title="Secretary of State for Education">Education secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education" title="Department for Education">Department for Education</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents of the Board of Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane-Tempest-Stewart,_6th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry">Londonderry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell">Birrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Runciman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pease,_1st_Baron_Gainford" title="Jack Pease, 1st Baron Gainford">Pease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._A._L._Fisher" title="H. A. L. Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Trevelyan,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Trevelyan, 3rd Baronet">Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Percy,_1st_Baron_Percy_of_Newcastle" title="Eustace Percy, 1st Baron Percy of Newcastle">Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Trevelyan,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Trevelyan, 3rd Baronet">Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_7th_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbrand_Sackville,_9th_Earl_De_La_Warr" title="Herbrand Sackville, 9th Earl De La Warr">De La Warr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herwald_Ramsbotham,_1st_Viscount_Soulbury" title="Herwald Ramsbotham, 1st Viscount Soulbury">Soulbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Education (United Kingdom)">Ministers of education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Law,_1st_Baron_Coleraine" title="Richard Law, 1st Baron Coleraine">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Wilkinson" title="Ellen Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tomlinson_(British_politician)" title="George Tomlinson (British politician)">Tomlinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Horsbrugh,_Baroness_Horsbrugh" title="Florence Horsbrugh, Baroness Horsbrugh">Horsbrugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Eccles,_1st_Viscount_Eccles" title="David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles">Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Lloyd,_Baron_Geoffrey-Lloyd" title="Geoffrey Lloyd, Baron Geoffrey-Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Eccles,_1st_Viscount_Eccles" title="David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles">Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Boyle,_Baron_Boyle_of_Handsworth" title="Edward Boyle, Baron Boyle of Handsworth">Boyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries of state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Gordon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reg_Prentice" title="Reg Prentice">Prentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Mulley" title="Fred Mulley">Mulley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Carlisle" title="Mark Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacGregor,_Baron_MacGregor_of_Pulham_Market" title="John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market">MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Patten,_Baron_Patten" title="John Patten, Baron Patten">Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Shephard" title="Gillian Shephard">Shephard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and employment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Shephard" title="Gillian Shephard">Shephard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Blunkett" title="David Blunkett">Blunkett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estelle_Morris" title="Estelle Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clarke" title="Charles Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kelly" title="Ruth Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children, schools and families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Balls" title="Ed Balls">Balls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Innovation, universities and skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Denham_(politician)" title="John Denham (politician)">Denham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Morgan" title="Nicky Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justine_Greening" title="Justine Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damian_Hinds" title="Damian Hinds">Hinds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Williamson" title="Gavin Williamson">Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Donelan" title="Michelle Donelan">Donelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Malthouse" title="Kit Malthouse">Malthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Keegan" title="Gillian Keegan">Keegan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_Secretary" title="Template:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_Secretary" title="Template talk:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_Secretary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Osborne,_5th_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Hawkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_1st_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby">Harrowby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Phipps,_1st_Earl_of_Mulgrave" title="Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave">Mulgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward,_1st_Earl_of_Dudley" title="John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Iddesleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Bevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Gordon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign<br />and Commonwealth Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Rifkind" title="Malcolm Rifkind">Rifkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign,<br />Commonwealth and Development Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">Lammy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Secretaries_of_State" title="Category:British Secretaries of State">Category:British Secretaries of State</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal:United Kingdom</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_Cabinet_of_Winston_Churchill" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Churchill_War_Ministry" title="Template:Churchill War Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Churchill_War_Ministry" title="Template talk:Churchill War Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Churchill_War_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Churchill War Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_Cabinet_of_Winston_Churchill" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Churchill_War_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill War Ministry">War Cabinet of</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister of Defence (United Kingdom)">Minister of Defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sir Winston Churchill"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg/100px-Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg/150px-Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg/200px-Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="3407" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> (1942–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Sir John Anderson</a> (1940–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> (1943–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Sir Stafford Cripps</a> (1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Sir Kingsley Wood</a> (1940–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Sir John Anderson</a> (1943–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Foreign Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viscount Halifax</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Herbert Morrison</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Aircraft_Production" title="Minister of Aircraft Production">Minister of Aircraft Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook" title="Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a> (1940–1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Dominion_Affairs" title="Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs">Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> (1942–1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour and National Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Ernest Bevin</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_Resident_Middle_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minister Resident Middle East (page does not exist)">Minister Resident Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton,_1st_Viscount_Chandos" title="Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos">Oliver Lyttelton</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Richard Casey</a> (1942–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Guinness,_1st_Baron_Moyne" title="Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne">Lord Moyne</a> (1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)">Minister without Portfolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Arthur Greenwood</a> (1940–1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Reconstruction" title="Minister of Reconstruction">Minister of Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">Lord Woolton</a> (1943–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State" title="Minister of State">Minister of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook" title="Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a> (1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Supply" title="Minister of Supply">Minister of Supply</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook" title="Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a> (1941–1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Production" title="Minister of Production">Minister of Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook" title="Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton,_1st_Viscount_Chandos" title="Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos">Oliver Lyttelton</a> (1942–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_Cabinet_of_Neville_Chamberlain_(1939–1940)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> (1939–1940)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> (1939–1940)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Right_Honourable_Neville_Chamberlain._Wellcome_M0003096.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Right_Honourable_Neville_Chamberlain._Wellcome_M0003096.jpg/140px-Right_Honourable_Neville_Chamberlain._Wellcome_M0003096.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Right_Honourable_Neville_Chamberlain._Wellcome_M0003096.jpg/210px-Right_Honourable_Neville_Chamberlain._Wellcome_M0003096.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Right_Honourable_Neville_Chamberlain._Wellcome_M0003096.jpg/280px-Right_Honourable_Neville_Chamberlain._Wellcome_M0003096.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2595" data-file-height="3433" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Sir Samuel Hoare</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Sir Kingsley Wood</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Sir John Simon</a> (1939–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lord Halifax</a> (1939–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Hore-Belisha,_1st_Baron_Hore-Belisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie Hore-Belisha, 1st Baron Hore-Belisha">Leslie Hore-Belisha</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Oliver Stanley</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary of State for Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Sir Kingsley Wood</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Sir Samuel Hoare</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1939–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Co-ordination_of_Defence" title="Minister for Co-ordination of Defence">Minister for Co-ordination of Defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernle_Chatfield,_1st_Baron_Chatfield" title="Ernle Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield">Lord Chatfield</a> (1939–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)">Minister without Portfolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hankey,_1st_Baron_Hankey" title="Maurice Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey">Lord Hankey</a> (1939–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Bonar_Law_(1922–1923)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bonar_Law_Ministry" title="Template:Bonar Law Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bonar_Law_Ministry" title="Template talk:Bonar Law Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bonar_Law_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bonar Law Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Cave,_1st_Viscount_Cave" title="George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave">Lord Cave</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bridgeman,_1st_Viscount_Bridgeman" title="William Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman">William Bridgeman</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_17th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Peel,_1st_Earl_Peel" title="William Peel, 1st Earl Peel">Lord Peel</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Munro_Ferguson,_1st_Viscount_Novar" title="Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar">Lord Novar</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cunliffe-Lister,_1st_Earl_of_Swinton" title="Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton">Sir Phillip Lloyd-Greame</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_and_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries">Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sanders,_1st_Baron_Bayford" title="Robert Sanders, 1st Baron Bayford">Sir Robert Sanders</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Board of Education">President of the Board of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">E. F. L. Wood</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anderson_Montague-Barlow,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet">Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Minister of Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith-Boscawen" title="Arthur Griffith-Boscawen">Arthur Griffith-Boscawen</a> (1922–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#002147; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Template:Chancellors of the University of Oxford"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Template talk:Chancellors of the University of Oxford"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors of the University of Oxford"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chancellors of the University of Oxford"><span style="color: #ffffff;">Chancellors of the University of Oxford</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#002147; color:white;;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; white-space:normal; text-align:center;"><div id="1224–1400" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1224–1400</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cole_(chancellor)" title="Ralph Cole (chancellor)">Ralph Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Maidstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph de Maidstone">Ralph de Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Batchden" title="Richard Batchden">Richard Batchden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cole_(chancellor)" title="Ralph Cole (chancellor)">Ralph Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Bovill" title="Simon de Bovill">Simon de Bovill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Rygater" title="John de Rygater">John de Rygater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Chichester" title="Richard of Chichester">Richard of Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Heyham" title="Ralph de Heyham">Ralph de Heyham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Bovill" title="Simon de Bovill">Simon de Bovill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Biham" title="Gilbert de Biham">Gilbert de Biham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Sempringham" title="Ralph de Sempringham">Ralph de Sempringham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Lodelawe" title="William de Lodelawe">William de Lodelawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_S._Agatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard de S. Agatha">Richard de S. Agatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Cantilupe" title="Thomas de Cantilupe">Thomas de Cantilupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Cicestre" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry de Cicestre">Henry de Cicestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_de_Ewelme" title="Nicholas de Ewelme">Nicholas de Ewelme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bek_(Bishop_of_St_David%27s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bek (Bishop of St David's)">Thomas Bek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Bosco" title="William de Bosco">William de Bosco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_de_Normanville" title="Eustace de Normanville">Eustace de Normanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Pontissara" class="mw-redirect" title="John de Pontissara">John de Pontissara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Stanton" title="Henry de Stanton">Henry de Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Montfort" title="William de Montfort">William de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Rowell" title="Roger de Rowell">Roger de Rowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pikerell" title="William Pikerell">William Pikerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_de_Saham" title="Hervey de Saham">Hervey de Saham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Winchelsey" title="Robert Winchelsey">Robert Winchelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Kingescote" title="William de Kingescote">William de Kingescote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Ludlow" title="John de Ludlow">John de Ludlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Monmouth_(bishop)" title="John of Monmouth (bishop)">John of Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Ghent" title="Simon of Ghent">Simon of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Swayne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Swayne">Henry Swayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Martival" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger de Martival">Roger de Martival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_de_Medburn" title="Peter de Medburn">Peter de Medburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Weseham" title="Roger Weseham">Roger Weseham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Clyve" title="Richard de Clyve">Richard de Clyve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_de_Cobeham" title="James de Cobeham">James de Cobeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Wetheringsete" title="Walter de Wetheringsete">Walter de Wetheringsete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Faversham" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon de Faversham">Simon de Faversham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burdun" title="Walter Burdun">Walter Burdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Bosco" title="William de Bosco">William de Bosco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Maunsfeld" title="Henry de Maunsfeld">Henry de Maunsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">Walter Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Maunsfeld" title="Henry de Maunsfeld">Henry de Maunsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Harclay" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Harclay">Henry Harclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Nottingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard de Nottingham">Richard de Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lutterell" title="John Lutterell">John Lutterell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gower" title="Henry Gower">Henry Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Alburwyke" title="William de Alburwyke">William de Alburwyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hotham" title="Thomas Hotham">Thomas Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_of_Shrewsbury" title="Ralph of Shrewsbury">Ralph of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Streton" title="Roger de Streton">Roger de Streton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_de_Wavere" title="Nigel de Wavere">Nigel de Wavere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Radyn" title="Ralph Radyn">Ralph Radyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Willoughby" title="Hugh de Willoughby">Hugh de Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Stratford" title="Robert de Stratford">Robert de Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paynink" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Paynink">Robert Paynink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(Oxford)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Leech (Oxford)">John Leech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Skelton" title="William de Skelton">William de Skelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Scauren" title="Walter de Scauren">Walter de Scauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Bergeveney" title="William de Bergeveney">William de Bergeveney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Northwode" title="John de Northwode">John de Northwode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Hawkesworth" title="William de Hawkesworth">William de Hawkesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Palmorna" title="William de Palmorna">William de Palmorna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_de_Cherlton" title="Humphrey de Cherlton">Humphrey de Cherlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Charlton_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Charlton (chancellor)">Lewis Charlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Hotham" title="John de Hotham">John de Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Renham" title="John Renham">John Renham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Hotham" title="John de Hotham">John de Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzRalph" title="Richard FitzRalph">Richard FitzRalph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_de_Aston" title="Nicholas de Aston">Nicholas de Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Renham" class="mw-redirect" title="John de Renham">John de Renham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Echingham" title="John de Echingham">John de Echingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Toneworth" title="Adam de Toneworth">Adam de Toneworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay" title="William Courtenay">William Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Toneworth" title="Adam de Toneworth">Adam de Toneworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Heytisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="William de Heytisbury">William de Heytisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Remmyngton" title="William de Remmyngton">William de Remmyngton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turke" title="John Turke">John Turke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Toneworth" title="Adam de Toneworth">Adam de Toneworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aylesham" title="Robert Aylesham">Robert Aylesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rygge" title="Robert Rygge">Robert Rygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Berton" title="William Berton">William Berton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rygge" title="Robert Rygge">Robert Rygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hereford" title="Nicholas Hereford">Nicholas Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rugg" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rugg">William Rugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rygge" title="Robert Rygge">Robert Rygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brightwell" title="Thomas Brightwell">Thomas Brightwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranley" title="Thomas Cranley">Thomas Cranley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rygge" title="Robert Rygge">Robert Rygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Redruth" title="Ralph Redruth">Ralph Redruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prestbury" title="Thomas Prestbury">Thomas Prestbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Arlyngton" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Arlyngton">Robert Arlyngton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hyndeman" title="Thomas Hyndeman">Thomas Hyndeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Repyngdon" title="Philip Repyngdon">Philip Repyngdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort" title="Henry Beaufort">Henry Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hyndeman" title="Thomas Hyndeman">Thomas Hyndeman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#002147; color:white;;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; white-space:normal; text-align:center;"><div id="1400–1500" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1400–1500</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Repyngdon" title="Philip Repyngdon">Philip Repyngdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hallam" title="Robert Hallam">Robert Hallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Courtenay" title="Richard Courtenay">Richard Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ullerston" title="Richard Ullerston">Richard Ullerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clynt" title="William Clynt">William Clynt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prestbury" title="Thomas Prestbury">Thomas Prestbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulburge" title="William Sulburge">William Sulburge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Courtenay" title="Richard Courtenay">Richard Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulburge" title="William Sulburge">William Sulburge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Courtenay" title="Richard Courtenay">Richard Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulburge" title="William Sulburge">William Sulburge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrow_(bishop)" title="William Barrow (bishop)">William Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Snetisham" title="Richard Snetisham">Richard Snetisham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrow_(bishop)" title="William Barrow (bishop)">William Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clare_(monk)" title="Thomas Clare (monk)">Thomas Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrow_(bishop)" title="William Barrow (bishop)">William Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clare_(monk)" title="Thomas Clare (monk)">Thomas Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Trengof" title="Walter Trengof">Walter Trengof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Colman" title="Robert Colman">Robert Colman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Trengof" title="Walter Trengof">Walter Trengof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rodborne" title="Thomas Rodborne">Thomas Rodborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Trengof" title="Walter Trengof">Walter Trengof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Castell" title="John Castell">John Castell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chase" title="Thomas Chase">Thomas Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Kymer" title="Gilbert Kymer">Gilbert Kymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(cardinal)" title="Thomas Bourchier (cardinal)">Thomas Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carpenter_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="John Carpenter (bishop of Worcester)">John Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Praty" title="Richard Praty">Richard Praty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Norton_(academic)" title="John Norton (academic)">John Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Roderham" title="Richard Roderham">Richard Roderham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey_(bishop_of_Ely)" title="William Grey (bishop of Ely)">William Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gascoigne_(academic)" title="Thomas Gascoigne (academic)">Thomas Gascoigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sever" title="Henry Sever">Henry Sever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gascoigne_(academic)" title="Thomas Gascoigne (academic)">Thomas Gascoigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thwaits" title="Robert Thwaits">Robert Thwaits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Kymer" title="Gilbert Kymer">Gilbert Kymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Neville_(bishop)" title="George Neville (bishop)">George Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chaundler" title="Thomas Chaundler">Thomas Chaundler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Neville_(bishop)" title="George Neville (bishop)">George Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Woodville" title="Lionel Woodville">Lionel Woodville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_(bishop)" title="William Dudley (bishop)">William Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell_(bishop)" title="John Russell (bishop)">John Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(cardinal)" title="John Morton (cardinal)">John Morton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#002147; color:white;;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; white-space:normal; text-align:center;"><div id="1500_onwards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1500 onwards</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Smyth" title="William Smyth">William Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mayew" title="Richard Mayew">Richard Mayew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Longland" title="John Longland">John Longland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cox_(bishop)" title="Richard Cox (bishop)">Richard Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mason_(diplomat)" title="John Mason (diplomat)">John Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fitzalan,_12th_Earl_of_Arundel" title="Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel">Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mason_(diplomat)" title="John Mason (diplomat)">John Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bromley" title="Thomas Bromley">Thomas Bromley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hatton" title="Christopher Hatton">Christopher Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sackville,_1st_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset">Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bancroft" title="Richard Bancroft">Richard Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Egerton,_1st_Viscount_Brackley" title="Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley">Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_3rd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke">William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke">Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Seymour,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset">William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke">Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><i>Vacant</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Seymour,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset">William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Sheldon" title="Gilbert Sheldon">Gilbert Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_1st_Duke_of_Ormond" title="James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond">James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_2nd_Duke_of_Ormonde" title="James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde">James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Butler,_1st_Earl_of_Arran" title="Charles Butler, 1st Earl of Arran">Charles Butler, 1st Earl of Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fane,_7th_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="John Fane, 7th Earl of Westmorland">John Fane, 7th Earl of Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lee,_3rd_Earl_of_Lichfield" title="George Lee, 3rd Earl of Lichfield">George Lee, 3rd Earl of Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">Frederick North, Lord North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cave,_1st_Viscount_Cave" title="George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave">George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins, Lord Jenkins of Hillhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten, Lord Patten of Barnes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#002147; color:white;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:University_of_Oxford" title="Portal:University of Oxford"><span style="color: #ffffff;">University of Oxford portal</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" title="Template:Chancellors of the Order of the Garter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" title="Template talk:Chancellors of the Order of the Garter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors of the Order of the Garter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" title="Chancellor of the Order of the Garter">Chancellors of the Order of the Garter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bishops of Salisbury (1477–1550)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Beauchamp_(bishop)" title="Richard Beauchamp (bishop)">Richard Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Woodville" title="Lionel Woodville">Lionel Woodville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Langton" title="Thomas Langton">Thomas Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blyth_(bishop)" title="John Blyth (bishop)">John Blyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Deane_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Henry Deane (archbishop of Canterbury)">Henry Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Audley" title="Edmund Audley">Edmund Audley</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arms_of_the_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arms_of_the_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arms_of_the_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lay chancellors (1551–1671)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">Sir William Cecil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petre" title="William Petre">Sir William Petre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smith_(diplomat)" title="Thomas Smith (diplomat)">Sir Thomas Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Sir Francis Walsingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amias_Paulet" title="Amias Paulet">Sir Amias Paulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wolley_(MP)" title="John Wolley (MP)">Sir John Wolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Dyer" title="Edward Dyer">Sir Edward Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herbert_(Secretary_of_State)" title="John Herbert (Secretary of State)">Sir John Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_More" title="George More">Sir George More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crane" title="Francis Crane">Sir Francis Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Roe" title="Thomas Roe">Sir Thomas Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Palmer_(1585%E2%80%931658)" title="James Palmer (1585–1658)">Sir James Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Vic" title="Henry de Vic">Sir Henry de Vic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bishops of Salisbury (1671–1837)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Ward_(bishop_of_Salisbury)" title="Seth Ward (bishop of Salisbury)">Seth Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Burnet" title="Gilbert Burnet">Gilbert Burnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Talbot_(bishop)" title="William Talbot (bishop)">William Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Willis_(bishop)" title="Richard Willis (bishop)">Richard Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hoadly" title="Benjamin Hoadly">Benjamin Hoadly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sherlock" title="Thomas Sherlock">Thomas Sherlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_(archbishop_of_York)" title="John Gilbert (archbishop of York)">John Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_(bishop_of_Winchester)" title="John Thomas (bishop of Winchester)">John Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hay_Drummond" title="Robert Hay Drummond">Robert Hay Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_(bishop_of_Salisbury)" title="John Thomas (bishop of Salisbury)">John Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hume_(bishop)" title="John Hume (bishop)">John Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shute_Barrington" title="Shute Barrington">Shute Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_(bishop_of_Salisbury)" title="John Douglas (bishop of Salisbury)">John Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher_(bishop_of_Salisbury)" title="John Fisher (bishop of Salisbury)">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Burgess_(bishop_of_Salisbury)" title="Thomas Burgess (bishop of Salisbury)">Thomas Burgess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bishops of Oxford (1837–1937)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bagot_(bishop)" title="Richard Bagot (bishop)">Richard Bagot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilberforce" title="Samuel Wilberforce">Samuel Wilberforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mackarness" title="John Mackarness">John Mackarness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stubbs" title="William Stubbs">William Stubbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Paget" title="Francis Paget">Francis Paget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gore" title="Charles Gore">Charles Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Burge" title="Hubert Burge">Hubert Burge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Strong_(bishop)" title="Thomas Strong (bishop)">Thomas Strong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Knights and Ladies Companion (since 1937)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_6th_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland">The Duke of Portland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Earl of Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyttelton,_10th_Viscount_Cobham" title="Charles Lyttelton, 10th Viscount Cobham">The Viscount Cobham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nevill,_5th_Marquess_of_Abergavenny" title="John Nevill, 5th Marquess of Abergavenny">The Marquess of Abergavenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">The Lord Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_5th_Duke_of_Abercorn" title="James Hamilton, 5th Duke of Abercorn">The Duke of Abercorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Manningham-Buller" title="Eliza Manningham-Buller">The Baroness Manningham-Buller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grand_masters_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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George</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Maitland_(British_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Maitland (British Army officer)">Sir Thomas Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">The Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">Prince George, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">The Prince George, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><i>Vacant</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">The Prince Edward, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cambridge,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone" title="Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone">Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StMichaelandStGeorgeInsignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/StMichaelandStGeorgeInsignia.jpg/80px-StMichaelandStGeorgeInsignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/StMichaelandStGeorgeInsignia.jpg/120px-StMichaelandStGeorgeInsignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/StMichaelandStGeorgeInsignia.jpg/160px-StMichaelandStGeorgeInsignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333426#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjHmYxk4M9Wf3YJB3V9rWP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118700960">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50027299">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12236920z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12236920z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35162780">Australia</a></span><ul><li><span 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04889975?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/847550">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118700960.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118700960">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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