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id="toc-Containment,_Truman_Doctrine,_Korean_War_(1947–53)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Containment,_Truman_Doctrine,_Korean_War_(1947–53)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Containment, Truman Doctrine, Korean War (1947–53) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Containment,_Truman_Doctrine,_Korean_War_(1947–53)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Containment, Truman Doctrine, Korean War (1947–53) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Containment,_Truman_Doctrine,_Korean_War_(1947–53)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iron_Curtain,_Iran,_Türkiye,_Greece,_and_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Curtain,_Iran,_Türkiye,_Greece,_and_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Iron Curtain, Iran, Türkiye, Greece, and Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Curtain,_Iran,_Türkiye,_Greece,_and_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marshall_Plan,_Czechoslovak_coup_and_formation_of_two_German_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marshall_Plan,_Czechoslovak_coup_and_formation_of_two_German_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Marshall Plan, Czechoslovak coup and formation of two German states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marshall_Plan,_Czechoslovak_coup_and_formation_of_two_German_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Espionage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Espionage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Espionage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Espionage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cominform_and_the_Tito–Stalin_Split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cominform_and_the_Tito–Stalin_Split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Cominform and the Tito–Stalin Split </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cominform_and_the_Tito–Stalin_Split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berlin_Blockade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berlin_Blockade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Berlin Blockade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berlin_Blockade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginnings_of_NATO_and_Radio_Free_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_of_NATO_and_Radio_Free_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_of_NATO_and_Radio_Free_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_rearmament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_rearmament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 German rearmament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_rearmament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_Civil_War,_SEATO,_and_NSC_68" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_Civil_War,_SEATO,_and_NSC_68"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Chinese Civil War, SEATO, and NSC 68 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_Civil_War,_SEATO,_and_NSC_68-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Korean War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_Arms_Race_and_escalation_(1953–62)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_Arms_Race_and_escalation_(1953–62)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Nuclear Arms Race and escalation (1953–62) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nuclear_Arms_Race_and_escalation_(1953–62)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nuclear Arms Race and escalation (1953–62) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_Arms_Race_and_escalation_(1953–62)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khrushchev,_Eisenhower,_and_de-Stalinization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khrushchev,_Eisenhower,_and_de-Stalinization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Khrushchev, Eisenhower, and de-Stalinization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khrushchev,_Eisenhower,_and_de-Stalinization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warsaw_Pact_and_Hungarian_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warsaw_Pact_and_Hungarian_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warsaw_Pact_and_Hungarian_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapacki_Plan_and_Berlin_Crisis_of_1958–59" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapacki_Plan_and_Berlin_Crisis_of_1958–59"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Rapacki Plan and Berlin Crisis of 1958–59 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapacki_Plan_and_Berlin_Crisis_of_1958–59-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_military_buildup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_military_buildup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 American military buildup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_military_buildup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_in_the_Third_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_in_the_Third_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Competition in the Third World </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_in_the_Third_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sino-Soviet_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sino-Soviet_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Sino-Soviet split </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sino-Soviet_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_Race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_Race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Space Race </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_Race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_the_Cuban_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_Cuban_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berlin_Crisis_of_1961"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Berlin Crisis of 1961 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berlin_Crisis_of_1961-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuban_Missile_Crisis_and_Khrushchev's_ousting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuban_Missile_Crisis_and_Khrushchev's_ousting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev's ousting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuban_Missile_Crisis_and_Khrushchev's_ousting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_confrontation_to_détente_(1962–79)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_confrontation_to_détente_(1962–79)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 From confrontation to détente (1962–79) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-From_confrontation_to_détente_(1962–79)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle From confrontation to détente (1962–79) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-From_confrontation_to_détente_(1962–79)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Vietnam War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Invasion of Czechoslovakia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sino-Soviet_split_and_Nixon-China_visit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sino-Soviet_split_and_Nixon-China_visit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Sino-Soviet split and Nixon-China visit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sino-Soviet_split_and_Nixon-China_visit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nixon,_Brezhnev,_and_détente" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nixon,_Brezhnev,_and_détente"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Nixon, Brezhnev, and détente </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nixon,_Brezhnev,_and_détente-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_1970s_deterioration_of_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1970s_deterioration_of_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Late 1970s deterioration of relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1970s_deterioration_of_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War_(1979–85)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_(1979–85)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Cold War (1979–85) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cold_War_(1979–85)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cold War (1979–85) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_(1979–85)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan_and_end_of_détente" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan_and_end_of_détente"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and end of détente </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan_and_end_of_détente-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reagan_and_Thatcher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reagan_and_Thatcher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Reagan and Thatcher </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reagan_and_Thatcher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_Solidarity_movement_and_martial_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_Solidarity_movement_and_martial_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Polish Solidarity movement and martial law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_Solidarity_movement_and_martial_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_and_USSR_military_and_economic_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_and_USSR_military_and_economic_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 US and USSR military and economic issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_and_USSR_military_and_economic_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_(1985–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_(1985–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Final years (1985–1991) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Final_years_(1985–1991)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Final years (1985–1991) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Final_years_(1985–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gorbachev's_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorbachev's_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Gorbachev's reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorbachev's_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thaw_in_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thaw_in_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Thaw in relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thaw_in_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe_breaks_away" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe_breaks_away"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Eastern Europe breaks away </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe_breaks_away-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Soviet dissolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decommunization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decommunization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Decommunization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decommunization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_quotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_quotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes and quotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_quotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Reports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Journal articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magazine_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magazine_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.4 Magazine articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magazine_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.5 News articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.6 Web </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Archives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_resource" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_resource"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.3 Educational resource </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_resource-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.4 News </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.5 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cold War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 172 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-172" aria-hidden="true" > 172 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koue_Oorlog" title="Koue Oorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koue Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalter_Krieg" title="Kalter Krieg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kalter Krieg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%85%E1%8B%9D%E1%89%83%E1%8B%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ቅዝቃዛው ጦርነት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቅዝቃዛው ጦርነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="शीत युद्ध – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="शीत युद्ध" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="الحرب الباردة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الباردة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Fr%C3%ADa" title="Guerra Fría – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guerra Fría" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="শীতল যুদ্ধ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শীতল যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Fr%C3%ADa" title="Guerra Fría – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra Fría" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91orair%C3%B5_Ro%27y" title="Ñorairõ Ro'y – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñorairõ Ro'y" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuq_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99" title="Soyuq müharibə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Soyuq müharibə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="سویوق ساواش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سویوق ساواش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuda_Dingin" title="Yuda Dingin – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Yuda Dingin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="স্নায়ুযুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্নায়ুযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ng-chi%C3%A0n" title="Léng-chiàn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Léng-chiàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Һалҡын һуғыш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һалҡын һуғыш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Халодная вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Халодная вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Халодная вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Халодная вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Студена война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Студена война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koida_Kriag" title="Koida Kriag – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Koida Kriag" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hladni_rat" title="Hladni rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hladni rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_Yen" title="Brezel Yen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel Yen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Хүйтэн дайн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүйтэн дайн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Freda" title="Guerra Freda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra Freda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%C4%95_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%83" title="Сивĕ вăрçă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сивĕ вăрçă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studen%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Studená válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Studená válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_freta" title="Guerra freta – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Guerra freta" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Rhyfel_Oer" title="Y Rhyfel Oer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Rhyfel Oer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_kolde_krig" title="Den kolde krig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den kolde krig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="لحرب لباردة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لحرب لباردة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalter_Krieg" title="Kalter Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalter Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClm_s%C3%B5da" title="Külm sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Külm sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CF%85%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ψυχρός Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψυχρός Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8ra_fradda" title="Guèra fradda – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Guèra fradda" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Fr%C3%ADa" title="Guerra Fría – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra Fría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvarma_milito" title="Malvarma milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malvarma milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Fria" title="Guerra Fria – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Guerra Fria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerra_Hotza" title="Gerra Hotza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gerra Hotza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جنگ سرد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ سرد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Cold War" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalda_kr%C3%ADggi%C3%B0" title="Kalda kríggið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kalda kríggið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_froide" title="Guerre froide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre froide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2lde_Kriich" title="Kâlde Kriich – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kâlde Kriich" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuere_frede" title="Vuere frede – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vuere frede" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Cogadh_Fuar" title="An Cogadh Fuar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Cogadh Fuar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_Fuar" title="Cogadh Fuar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cogadh Fuar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_fr%C3%ADa" title="Guerra fría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra fría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Шийла тӀом – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Шийла тӀом" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%B0" title="冷戰 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="冷戰" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2ng-chan" title="Lâng-chan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lâng-chan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%83%89%EC%A0%84" title="냉전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="냉전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cold War" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A8_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Սառը պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սառը պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="शीतयुद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शीतयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hladni_rat" title="Hladni rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hladni rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolda_milito" title="Kolda milito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kolda milito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalamiis_a_Gubat" title="Nalamiis a Gubat – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nalamiis a Gubat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Dingin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Frigide" title="Guerra Frigide – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guerra Frigide" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82" title="Уазал хæст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уазал хæст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalda_str%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Kalda stríðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kalda stríðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_fredda" title="Guerra fredda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra fredda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%94" title="המלחמה הקרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמה הקרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Adhem" title="Perang Adhem – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Adhem" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9Bnd%C9%9B%C5%8Bga_t%C9%9B%C9%9B_you" title="Tɛndɛŋga tɛɛ you – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɛndɛŋga tɛɛ you" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B2_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಶೀತಲ ಸಮರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶೀತಲ ಸಮರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сууукъ къазауат – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Сууукъ къазауат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ცივი ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცივი ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B8_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%9B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Қырғи қабақ соғысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қырғи қабақ соғысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresel_Yeyn" title="Bresel Yeyn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bresel Yeyn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_baridi" title="Vita baridi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita baridi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag%C3%A8r_fr%C3%A8t" title="Lagèr frèt – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lagèr frèt" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_Sar" title="Şerê Sar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê Sar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88" title="Кансыз согуш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кансыз согуш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viera_Fr%C3%ABida" title="Viera Frëida – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Viera Frëida" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerra_Friya" title="Gerra Friya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Gerra Friya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ສົງຄາມເຢັນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສົງຄາມເຢັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_frigidum" title="Bellum frigidum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum frigidum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aukstais_kar%C5%A1" title="Aukstais karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aukstais karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale_Krich" title="Kale Krich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kale Krich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Къайи дяве – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къайи дяве" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0altasis_karas" title="Šaltasis karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šaltasis karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouwe_Oorlog" title="Kouwe Oorlog – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kouwe Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8ra_fr%C3%A8gia" title="Guèra frègia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Guèra frègia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidegh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Hidegháború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hidegháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Студена војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Студена војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ady_Mangatsiaka" title="Ady Mangatsiaka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ady Mangatsiaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="ശീതയുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശീതയുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="शीत युद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शीत युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="რგილი ლჷმა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რგილი ლჷმა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87" title="حرب بارده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرب بارده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%86%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="بچا جنگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بچا جنگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Dingin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Frie" title="Guerra Frie – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Guerra Frie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Якшамась торпингесь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Якшамась торпингесь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Хүйтэн дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүйтэн дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="စစ်အေးတိုက်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စစ်အေးတိုက်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koude_Oorlog" title="Koude Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koude Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolden_Oorlog" title="Koolden Oorlog – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Koolden Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="शीतयुद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शीतयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="शीत हताः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शीत हताः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%A6" title="冷戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="冷戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Шийла тӀом – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шийла тӀом" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuul_Kriich" title="Kuul Kriich – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kuul Kriich" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_kalde_krigen" title="Den kalde krigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den kalde krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_kalde_krigen" title="Den kalde krigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den kalde krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraide_Dg%C3%A8rre" title="Fraide Dgèrre – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Fraide Dgèrre" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_Freja" title="Guèrra Freja – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra Freja" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovuq_urush" title="Sovuq urush – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sovuq urush" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਠੰਢੀ ਜੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਠੰਢੀ ਜੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DA%BE%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="ٹھنڈی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹھنڈی لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB" title="စဲ့ꩻယေန်ခွꩻတွိုက်ꩻပွယ်ꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="စဲ့ꩻယေန်ခွꩻတွိုက်ꩻပွယ်ꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guera_Friu" title="Guera Friu – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Guera Friu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%93%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="سړه جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سړه جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuol_Waar" title="Kuol Waar – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kuol Waar" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B" title="សង្គ្រាមត្រជាក់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សង្គ្រាមត្រជាក់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fro%C3%A9de_Dg%C3%A8re" title="Froéde Dgère – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Froéde Dgère" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8ra_fr%C3%A8ida" title="Guèra frèida – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Guèra frèida" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolt_Krieg" title="Koolt Krieg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Koolt Krieg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimna_wojna" title="Zimna wojna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zimna wojna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Fria" title="Guerra Fria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Fria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salq%C4%B1n_ur%C4%B1s" title="Salqın urıs – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Salqın urıs" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvuq_cenk" title="Suvuq cenk – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Suvuq cenk" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Rece" title="Războiul Rece – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul Rece" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_fraida" title="Guerra fraida – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Guerra fraida" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Холодна война – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Холодна война" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Холодная война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холодная война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Тымныы сэрии – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тымныы сэрии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherra_frida" title="Gherra frida – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gherra frida" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauld_War" title="Cauld War – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cauld War" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolde_Kriech" title="Koolde Kriech – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Koolde Kriech" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Ftoht%C3%AB" title="Lufta e Ftohtë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Ftohtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Fridda" title="Guerra Fridda – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Guerra Fridda" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="නිරවි යුද්ධය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිරවි යුද්ධය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cold War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سرد جنگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سرد جنگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studen%C3%A1_vojna" title="Studená vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Studená vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hladna_vojna" title="Hladna vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hladna vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Qaboobaa" title="Dagaalkii Qaboobaa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dagaalkii Qaboobaa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="شەڕی سارد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی سارد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Хладни рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хладни рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hladni_rat" title="Hladni rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hladni rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Tiis" title="Perang Tiis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Perang Tiis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylm%C3%A4_sota" title="Kylmä sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kylmä sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalla_kriget" title="Kalla kriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalla kriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaang_Malamig" title="Digmaang Malamig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Digmaang Malamig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பனிப்போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பனிப்போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%AC%E1%B9%ADra%E1%B8%8D_asemma%E1%B8%8D" title="Ṭṭraḍ asemmaḍ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ṭṭraḍ asemmaḍ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cold_War&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cold War">The Cold War</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geopolitical tension between US and USSR (1947–1991)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the state of political tension in the 20th century. For the general term, see <a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(term)" title="Cold war (term)">Cold war (term)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cold War (disambiguation)">Cold War (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cold Warrior" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cold_Warrior_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cold Warrior (disambiguation)">Cold Warrior (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;font-size:110%">Cold War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">12 March 1947</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">26 December 1991</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[A]</a> (44 years and 9 months) Part of the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">post-World War II era</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_(1949-1990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg/250px-NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg/375px-NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg/500px-NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> states during the Cold War era</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_War_alliances_mid-1975.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cold_War_alliances_mid-1975.svg/250px-Cold_War_alliances_mid-1975.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cold_War_alliances_mid-1975.svg/375px-Cold_War_alliances_mid-1975.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cold_War_alliances_mid-1975.svg/500px-Cold_War_alliances_mid-1975.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="440" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The "<a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three Worlds</a>" of the Cold War era, between 30 April and 24 June 1975: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a>: <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and its allies</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">independent</a>), and their allies</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>: <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral countries</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">History of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cold War</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Titan_Missile_(41980404201).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Titan nuclear missile, in use from 1959 until 1962"><img alt="Titan nuclear missile, in use from 1959 until 1962" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Titan_Missile_%2841980404201%29.jpg/150px-Titan_Missile_%2841980404201%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Titan_Missile_%2841980404201%29.jpg/225px-Titan_Missile_%2841980404201%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Titan_Missile_%2841980404201%29.jpg/300px-Titan_Missile_%2841980404201%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4504" data-file-height="3353" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Periods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Cold War (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Cold War (1948–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Cold War (1953–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Cold War (1962–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Cold War (1979–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">Cold War (1985–1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Frozen conflicts">Frozen conflicts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_in_the_Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of events in the Cold War">Timeline of events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">Related conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_since_1989" title="International relations since 1989">Relations since 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Cold_War" title="Template:History of the Cold War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Cold_War" title="Template talk:History of the Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Cold War was a period of global <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> tension and struggle for ideological and economic influence between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR) and their respective allies, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, that started in 1947, two years after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991. The term <a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(term)" title="Cold war (term)">cold war</a> is used because there was no direct fighting between the two <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>, though each supported opposing sides in major regional conflicts known as <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a>. Aside from the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a> starting in 1949 and conventional <a href="/wiki/Military_deployment" title="Military deployment">military deployment</a>, the struggle for dominance was expressed indirectly via <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda campaign">propaganda campaigns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>, far-reaching <a href="/wiki/Embargoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargoes">embargoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports diplomacy">sports diplomacy</a>, and technological competitions such as the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>. The US and USSR were both part of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a>, the military coalition which had defeated <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a> in 1945.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESempa2017[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-2">[1]</a> After the war, the USSR installed <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite governments</a> in the territories of Eastern and Central Europe it had occupied, and promoted the spread of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> to <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> in 1948 and created an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in 1949. The US declared the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>" in 1947, launched the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> in 1948 to assist Western Europe's economic recovery, and founded the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> military alliance in 1949 (which was matched by the Soviet-led <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> in 1955). Germany's split occupation zones solidified into <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> in 1949. The first major proxy war of the period was the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> from 1950 to 1953, which ended in stalemate. In 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> began after deployments of U.S. missiles in Europe and Soviet missiles in Cuba; it is widely considered <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_close_calls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear close calls">the closest</a> the Cold War came to escalating into full-scale <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear war</a>. Another major proxy conflict was the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> of 1955 to 1975; the Soviets solidified their domination of Eastern Europe with operations such as the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> in 1968. Both powers used economic aid in an attempt to win the loyalty of <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-aligned countries</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. By the 1970s, Japan and Western Europe rebuilt their economies, allowing them more diplomatic independence. After the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> between the USSR and China in 1961, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">initiated contacts with China in 1972</a>. In the same year, the US and USSR signed a series of treaties limiting their nuclear arsenals, which <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">eased tensions</a> for a time. In 1979, the toppling of pro-US governments in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaragua</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a> again raised fears of war. In the 1980s, the US provided support for anti-communist forces in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, and the leadership of the USSR changed with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, who expanded political freedoms in his country and the Eastern Bloc. This led to the fall of the communist governments of Europe from 1989, which concluded with the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991. The Western Bloc included the US and a number of <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a> nations that were generally <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democratic</a> but tied to a network of often <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> states, most of which were the <a href="/wiki/European_powers%27_former_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="European powers' former colonies">European powers' former colonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones,_G.2014176–179-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> The Eastern Bloc was led by the Soviet Union and its <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">communist party</a>, which had an influence across the <a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a> and was also tied to a network of authoritarian states. The Soviet Union had a <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a> and installed similarly <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist regimes</a> its in satellites. <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_during_the_Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States involvement in regime change during the Cold War">United States involvement in regime change during the Cold War</a> included support for <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship" title="Right-wing dictatorship">right-wing dictatorships</a>, governments, and uprisings across the world, while <a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a> included the funding of <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing parties">left-wing parties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">wars of independence</a>, revolutions and dictatorships. As nearly all the colonial states underwent <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> and achieved independence in the period from 1945 to 1960, many became Third World battlefields in the Cold War. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_the_term">Origins of the term</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(term)" title="Cold war (term)">Cold war (term)</a></div> At the end of World War II, English writer <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> used <a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(term)" title="Cold war (term)">cold war</a>, as a general term, in his essay "You and the Atomic Bomb", published 19 October 1945 in the British newspaper <a href="/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)" title="Tribune (magazine)">Tribune</a>. Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear warfare</a>, Orwell looked at <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a>'s predictions of a polarized world, writing: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Looking at the world as a whole, the drift for many decades has been not towards anarchy but towards the reimposition of slavery... James Burnham's theory has been much discussed, but few people have yet considered its ideological implications—that is, the kind of world-view, the kind of beliefs, and the social structure that would probably prevail in a state which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of "cold war" with its neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell1945-5">[4]</a></blockquote> In <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a> of 10 March 1946, Orwell wrote, "...after the Moscow conference last December, Russia began to make a 'cold war' on Britain and the British Empire."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell1946-6">[5]</a> The first use of the term to describe the specific <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> geopolitical confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States came in a speech by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Baruch" title="Bernard Baruch">Bernard Baruch</a>, an influential advisor to Democratic presidents,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200554-7">[6]</a> on 16 April 1947. The speech, written by journalist <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bayard_Swope" title="Herbert Bayard Swope">Herbert Bayard Swope</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafire2006-8">[7]</a> proclaimed, "Let us not be deceived: we are today in the midst of a cold war."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlass2016-9">[8]</a> Newspaper columnist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a> gave the term wide currency with his book The Cold War. When asked in 1947 about the source of the term, Lippmann traced it to a French term from the 1930s, la guerre froide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbott2009441_n._3-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[B]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_phases_of_the_war">Background and phases of the war</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins of the Cold War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Cold War (1947–1948)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Cold War (1948–1953)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Cold War (1953–1962)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Cold War (1962–1979)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Cold War (1979–1985)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">Cold War (1985–1991)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline of the Cold War</a>.</div> The roots of the Cold War can be traced back to diplomatic and military tensions preceding World War II. The 1917 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, where Soviet Russia ceded vast territories to Germany, deepened distrust among the Western Allies. Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War further complicated relations, and although the Soviet Union later allied with Western powers to defeat <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, this cooperation was strained by mutual suspicions. In the immediate aftermath of World War II, disagreements about the future of Europe, particularly <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, became central. The Soviet Union's establishment of communist regimes in the countries it had liberated from Nazi control—enforced by the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>—alarmed the US and UK. Western leaders saw this as a clear instance of Soviet expansionism, clashing with their vision of a democratic Europe. Economically, the divide was sharpened with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> in 1947, a US initiative to provide financial aid to rebuild Europe and prevent the spread of communism by stabilizing capitalist economies. The Soviet Union rejected the Marshall Plan, seeing it as an effort by the US to impose its influence on Europe. In response, the Soviet Union established <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) to foster economic cooperation among communist states. The United States and its <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a> allies sought to strengthen their bonds and used the policy of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> against Soviet influence; they accomplished this most notably through the formation of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, which was essentially a defensive agreement in 1949. The Soviet Union countered with the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> in 1955, which had similar results with the Eastern Bloc. As by that time the Soviet Union already had an armed presence and political domination all over its eastern satellite states, the pact has been long considered superfluous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrump20151,_17-12">[10]</a> Although nominally a defensive alliance, the Warsaw Pact's primary function was to safeguard <a href="/wiki/Soviet_hegemony" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet hegemony">Soviet hegemony</a> over its <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> satellites, with the pact's only direct military actions having been the invasions of its own member states to keep them from breaking away;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrump20151-13">[11]</a> in the 1960s, the pact evolved into a multilateral alliance, in which the non-Soviet Warsaw Pact members gained significant scope to pursue their own interests. In 1961, Soviet-allied <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> constructed the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> to prevent the citizens of <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> from fleeing to <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, at the time part of United States-allied <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinalda2009369-14">[12]</a> Major crises of this phase included the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a> of 1948–1949, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a> of 1945–1949, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> of 1950–1953, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> of that same year, the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> of 1962, and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> of 1964–1975. Both superpowers competed for influence in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and the decolonising states of <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Asia" title="Decolonisation of Asia">Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Oceania" title="Decolonisation of Oceania">Oceania</a>. Following the Cuban Missile Crisis, this phase of the Cold War saw the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>. Between China and the Soviet Union's complicated relations within the Communist sphere, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a>, while France, a Western Bloc state, began to demand greater autonomy of action. The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> occurred to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> of 1968, while the United States experienced internal turmoil from the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War</a>. In the 1960s–1970s, an international <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a> took root among citizens around the world. Movements against <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">nuclear weapons testing</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a> took place, with large <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war protests">anti-war protests</a>. By the 1970s, both sides had started making allowances for peace and security, ushering in a period of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> that saw the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a> that opened relations with China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union. A number of self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> governments were formed in the second half of the 1970s in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, including <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a>. Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> in 1979. Beginning in the 1980s, this phase was another period of elevated tension. The <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a> led to increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, which at the time was undergoing the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a>. This phase saw the new Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> introducing the liberalizing reforms of <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> ("openness") and <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> ("reorganization") and ending Soviet involvement in Afghanistan in 1989. Pressures for national sovereignty grew stronger in Eastern Europe, and Gorbachev refused to further support the Communist governments militarily. The fall of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>, which represented a peaceful revolutionary wave with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)</a>, overthrew almost all of the Marxist–Leninist regimes of the Eastern Bloc. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> itself lost control in the country and was banned following the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 Soviet coup attempt</a> that August. This in turn led to the formal <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in December 1991 and the collapse of Communist governments across much of Africa and Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> became the Soviet Union's successor state, while many of the other republics emerged from the Soviet Union's collapse as fully independent <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-15">[13]</a> The United States was left as the world's sole superpower. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Containment,_Truman_Doctrine,_Korean_War_(1947–53)">Containment, Truman Doctrine, Korean War (1947–53)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Cold War (1947–1948)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Cold War (1948–1953)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Curtain,_Iran,_Türkiye,_Greece,_and_Poland">Iron Curtain, Iran, Türkiye, Greece, and Poland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/X_Article" title="X Article">X Article</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%8C%C3%AD%C5%BEov_(Zaisa)_-_preserved_part_of_Iron_curtain.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%C4%8C%C3%AD%C5%BEov_%28Zaisa%29_-_preserved_part_of_Iron_curtain.JPG/220px-%C4%8C%C3%AD%C5%BEov_%28Zaisa%29_-_preserved_part_of_Iron_curtain.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%C4%8C%C3%AD%C5%BEov_%28Zaisa%29_-_preserved_part_of_Iron_curtain.JPG/330px-%C4%8C%C3%AD%C5%BEov_%28Zaisa%29_-_preserved_part_of_Iron_curtain.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%C4%8C%C3%AD%C5%BEov_%28Zaisa%29_-_preserved_part_of_Iron_curtain.JPG/440px-%C4%8C%C3%AD%C5%BEov_%28Zaisa%29_-_preserved_part_of_Iron_curtain.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the "Iron Curtain" in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, 2014</figcaption></figure> In February 1946, <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/X_Article" title="X Article">Long Telegram</a>" from Moscow to Washington helped to articulate the US government's increasingly hard line against the Soviets, which would become the basis for US strategy toward the Soviet Union for the duration of the Cold War. The telegram galvanized a policy debate that would eventually shape the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman administration</a>'s Soviet policy.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Washington's opposition to the Soviets accumulated after broken promises by Stalin and <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Molotov</a> concerning Europe and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasanli2014221–222-17">[15]</a> Following the World War II <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a>, the country was occupied by the Red Army in the far north and the British in the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebestyen2014-18">[16]</a> Iran was used by the United States and British to supply the Soviet Union, and the Allies agreed to withdraw from Iran within six months after the cessation of hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebestyen2014-18">[16]</a> However, when this deadline came, the Soviets remained in Iran under the guise of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200365–66-19">[17]</a> Shortly thereafter, on 5 March, former British prime minister Winston Churchill delivered his famous "<a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>" speech in <a href="/wiki/Fulton,_Missouri" title="Fulton, Missouri">Fulton, Missouri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200594-20">[18]</a> The speech called for an Anglo-American alliance against the Soviets, whom he accused of establishing an "iron curtain" dividing Europe from "<a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz1999-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarriman1987–1988-22">[20]</a> A week later, on 13 March, Stalin responded vigorously to the speech, saying Churchill could be compared to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> insofar as he advocated the racial superiority of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where English is an official language">English-speaking nations</a> so that they could satisfy their hunger for world domination, and that such a declaration was "a call for war on the USSR." The Soviet leader also dismissed the accusation that the USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere. He argued that there was nothing surprising in "the fact that the Soviet Union, anxious for its future safety, [was] trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley2008143-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-bottom:20px;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png/200px-Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png/300px-Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png/400px-Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">European military alliances</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_war_europe_economic_alliances_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cold_war_europe_economic_alliances_map_en.png/200px-Cold_war_europe_economic_alliances_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cold_war_europe_economic_alliances_map_en.png/300px-Cold_war_europe_economic_alliances_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cold_war_europe_economic_alliances_map_en.png/400px-Cold_war_europe_economic_alliances_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">European economic blocs</div></div></div></div></div> Soviet territorial demands to Turkey regarding the Dardanelles in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a> and Black Sea <a href="/wiki/Soviet_territorial_claims_against_Turkey" title="Soviet territorial claims against Turkey">border disputes</a> were also a major factor in increasing tensions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasanli2014221–222-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2011-25">[23]</a> In September, the Soviet side produced the <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vasilevich_Novikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Vasilevich Novikov">Novikov</a> telegram, sent by the Soviet ambassador to the US but commissioned and "co-authored" by <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>; it portrayed the US as being in the grip of monopoly capitalists who were building up military capability "to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKydd2018107-26">[24]</a> On 6 September 1946, <a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> delivered a <a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">speech</a> in Germany repudiating the <a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a> (a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany) and warning the Soviets that the US intended to maintain a military presence in Europe indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200530-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> As Byrnes stated a month later, "The nub of our program was to win the German people ... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds ..." In December, the Soviets agreed to withdraw from Iran after persistent US pressure, an early success of containment policy. By 1947, US president <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> was outraged by the perceived resistance of the Soviet Union to American demands in Iran, Turkey, and Greece, as well as Soviet rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a> on nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilestones:_1945–1952-29">[27]</a> In February 1947, the British government announced that it could no longer afford to finance the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">its civil war</a> against Communist-led insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIatrides1996373–376-30">[28]</a> In the same month, Stalin conducted the rigged <a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Polish legislative election">1947 Polish legislative election</a> which constituted an open breach of the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalta Agreement">Yalta Agreement</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US government</a> responded to this announcement by adopting a policy of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200528–29-31">[29]</a> with the goal of stopping the spread of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. Truman delivered a speech calling for the allocation of $400 million to intervene in the war and unveiled the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a>, which framed the conflict as a contest between free peoples and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> regimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200528–29-31">[29]</a> American policymakers accused the Soviet Union of conspiring against the Greek royalists in an effort to <a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">expand Soviet influence</a> even though Stalin had told the Communist Party to cooperate with the British-backed government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerolymatos2017195–204-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1993194–197-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200538-34">[32]</a> Enunciation of the Truman Doctrine marked the beginning of a US bipartisan defense and foreign policy consensus between <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> focused on containment and <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a> that weakened during and after the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, but ultimately persisted thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterson198935,_142,_212-35">[33]</a> Moderate and conservative parties in Europe, as well as social democrats, gave virtually unconditional support to the Western alliance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoschonas200221-36">[34]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">American Communists</a>, financed by the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> and involved in its intelligence operations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin2000276-37">[35]</a> adhered to Moscow's line, although dissent began to appear after 1956. Other critiques of the consensus policy came from <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">anti-Vietnam War activists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">anti-nuclear movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrockerHampsonAall200755-38">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marshall_Plan,_Czechoslovak_coup_and_formation_of_two_German_states">Marshall Plan, Czechoslovak coup and formation of two German states</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US-MarshallPlanAid-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/US-MarshallPlanAid-Logo.svg/170px-US-MarshallPlanAid-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/US-MarshallPlanAid-Logo.svg/255px-US-MarshallPlanAid-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/US-MarshallPlanAid-Logo.svg/340px-US-MarshallPlanAid-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The labeling used on the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> economic <a href="/wiki/Aid" title="Aid">aid</a> to Western Europe.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall_Plan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Marshall_Plan.png/220px-Marshall_Plan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Marshall_Plan.png/330px-Marshall_Plan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Marshall_Plan.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Map of Cold War-era Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. The red columns show the relative amount of total aid received per nation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshallplanhilfe.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Marshallplanhilfe.gif/170px-Marshallplanhilfe.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Marshallplanhilfe.gif/255px-Marshallplanhilfe.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Marshallplanhilfe.gif/340px-Marshallplanhilfe.gif 2x" data-file-width="1849" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Construction in <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> under Marshall Plan aid</figcaption></figure> In early 1947, France, Britain and the United States unsuccessfully attempted to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union for a plan envisioning an economically self-sufficient Germany, including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants, goods and infrastructure already taken by the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200016-39">[37]</a> In June 1947, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a>, the United States enacted the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, a pledge of economic assistance for all European countries willing to participate, including the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200016-39">[37]</a> Under the plan, which President Harry S. Truman signed on 3 April 1948, the US government gave to Western European countries over $13 billion (equivalent to $189 billion in 2016) to rebuild the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">economy of Europe</a>. Later, the program led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. The plan's aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to the <a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a>, such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis1990186-40">[38]</a> The plan also stated that European prosperity was contingent upon German economic recovery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDinan201740-41">[39]</a> One month later, Truman signed the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a>, creating a unified <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA), and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> (NSC). These would become the main bureaucracies for US defense policy in the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell1999916-42">[40]</a> Stalin believed economic integration with the West would allow <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries to escape Soviet control, and that the US was trying to buy a pro-US re-alignment of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200532-43">[41]</a> Stalin therefore prevented Eastern Bloc nations from receiving Marshall Plan aid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200532-43">[41]</a> The Soviet Union's alternative to the Marshall Plan, which was purported to involve Soviet subsidies and trade with central and eastern Europe, became known as the <a href="/wiki/Molotov_Plan" title="Molotov Plan">Molotov Plan</a> (later institutionalized in January 1949 as the <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Council for Mutual Economic Assistance</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1993194–197-33">[31]</a> Stalin was also fearful of a reconstituted Germany; his vision of a post-war Germany did not include the ability to rearm or pose any kind of threat to the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005105–106-44">[42]</a> In early 1948, following reports of strengthening "reactionary elements", Czech Communists executed a <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">coup d'état</a> in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> (resulting in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a> (9 May 1948)), the only Eastern Bloc state that the Soviets had permitted to retain democratic structures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWettig200886-45">[43]</a> The public brutality of the coup shocked Western powers more than any event up to that point, set in motion a brief scare that war would occur, and swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200019-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenville2005370–371-47">[45]</a> In an immediate aftermath of the crisis, the <a href="/wiki/London_Six-Power_Conference" title="London Six-Power Conference">London Six-Power Conference</a> was held, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> boycott of the Allied Control Council and its incapacitation, an event marking the beginning of the full-blown Cold War and the end of its prelude, as well as ending any hopes at the time for a single German government and leading to formation in 1949 of the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWettig200896–100-48">[46]</a> The twin policies of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to billions in economic and military aid for Western Europe, Greece, and Turkey. With the US assistance, the Greek military <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">won its civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell1999916-42">[40]</a> Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a> the Italian <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democrats</a> defeated the powerful <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Communist</a>–<a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Socialist</a> alliance in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Italian_general_election" title="1948 Italian general election">elections of 1948</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005162-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Espionage">Espionage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_espionage" title="Cold War espionage">Cold War espionage</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></div> All major powers engaged in espionage, using a great variety of spies, <a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">double agents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">moles</a>, and new technologies such as the tapping of telephone cables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarthoff2004-50">[48]</a> The Soviet <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> ("Committee for State Security"), the bureau responsible for foreign espionage and internal surveillance, was famous for its effectiveness. The most famous Soviet operation involved its <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spies" title="Atomic spies">atomic spies</a> that delivered crucial information from the United States' <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, leading the USSR to detonate its first nuclear weapon in 1949, four years after the American detonation and much sooner than expected.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewMitrokhin1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> A massive network of informants throughout the Soviet Union was used to monitor dissent from official Soviet politics and morals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarthoff2004-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2007-53">[51]</a> Although to an extent <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> had always existed, the term itself was invented, and the strategy formalized by a <a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">black propaganda</a> department of the Soviet KGB.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[C]</a> Based on the amount of top-secret Cold War archival information that has been released, historian <a href="/wiki/Raymond_L._Garthoff" title="Raymond L. Garthoff">Raymond L. Garthoff</a> concludes there probably was parity in the quantity and quality of secret information obtained by each side. However, the Soviets probably had an advantage in terms of <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">HUMINT</a> (human intelligence or interpersonal espionage) and "sometimes in its reach into high policy circles." In terms of decisive impact, however, he concludes:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarthoff200429–30-56">[53]</a> <blockquote>We also can now have high confidence in the judgment that there were no successful "moles" at the political decision-making level on either side. Similarly, there is no evidence, on either side, of any major political or military decision that was prematurely discovered through espionage and thwarted by the other side. There also is no evidence of any major political or military decision that was crucially influenced (much less generated) by an agent of the other side.</blockquote> According to historian Robert L. Benson, "Washington's forte was <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">'signals' intelligence</a> - the procurement and analysis of coded foreign messages." leading to the <a href="/wiki/Venona_project" title="Venona project">Venona project</a> or Venona intercepts, which monitored the communications of Soviet intelligence agents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonWarner1996vii,_xix-57">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Moynihan</a> wrote that the Venona project contained "overwhelming proof of the activities of Soviet spy networks in America, complete with names, dates, places, and deeds."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihan199815–16-58">[55]</a> The Venona project was kept highly secret even from policymakers until the <a href="/wiki/Moynihan_Commission_on_Government_Secrecy" title="Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy">Moynihan Commission</a> in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihan199815–16-58">[55]</a> Despite this, the decryption project had already been betrayed and dispatched to the USSR by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Weisband" title="Bill Weisband">Bill Weisband</a> in 1946,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihan199815–16-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2002-59">[56]</a> as was discovered by the US by 1950.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonWarner1996xxvii,_xxviii-60">[57]</a> Nonetheless, the Soviets had to keep their discovery of the program secret, too, and continued leaking their own information, some of which was still useful to the American program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2002-59">[56]</a> According to Moynihan, even President Truman may not have been fully informed of Venona, which may have left him unaware of the extent of Soviet espionage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihan199870-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-trumanfas-62">[59]</a> Clandestine <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spies" title="Atomic spies">atomic spies</a> from the Soviet Union, who infiltrated the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> at various points during WWII, played a major role in increasing tensions that led to the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonWarner1996vii,_xix-57">[54]</a> In addition to usual espionage, the Western agencies paid special attention to debriefing <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc defectors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowley1996157-63">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jay_Epstein" title="Edward Jay Epstein">Edward Jay Epstein</a> describes that the CIA understood that the KGB used "provocations", or fake defections, as a trick to embarrass Western intelligence and establish Soviet double agents. As a result, from 1959 to 1973, the CIA required that East Bloc defectors went through a counterintelligence investigation before being recruited as a source of intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> During the late 1970s and 1980s, the KGB perfected its use of espionage to sway and distort diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a> were "clandestine operations designed to further Soviet foreign policy goals," consisting of disinformation, forgeries, leaks to foreign media, and the channeling of aid to militant groups.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> Retired KGB Major General <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Kalugin" title="Oleg Kalugin">Oleg Kalugin</a>, former head of Foreign Counter Intelligence for the KGB (1973–1979), described active measures as "the heart and soul of <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_secret_police_organizations#Soviet_Union" title="List of historical secret police organizations">Soviet intelligence</a>."<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>, "spy wars" also occurred between the USSR and PRC.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cominform_and_the_Tito–Stalin_Split">Cominform and the Tito–Stalin Split</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_Split" class="mw-redirect" title="Tito–Stalin Split">Tito–Stalin Split</a></div> In September 1947, the Soviets created <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a> to impose orthodoxy within the international communist movement and tighten political control over Soviet <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state#Soviet_Union" title="Satellite state">satellites</a> through coordination of communist parties in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200532-43">[41]</a> Cominform faced an embarrassing setback the following June, when the <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a> obliged its members to expel Yugoslavia, which remained communist but adopted a <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-aligned</a> position and began accepting financial aid from the US.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapathanasiou201766-69">[66]</a> Besides Berlin, the status of the city of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> was at issue. Until the break between Tito and Stalin, the Western powers and the Eastern bloc faced each other uncompromisingly. In addition to capitalism and communism, Italians and Slovenes, monarchists and republicans as well as war winners and losers often faced each other irreconcilably. The neutral buffer state <a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a>, founded in 1947 with the United Nations, was split up and dissolved in 1954 and 1975, also because of the détente between the West and Tito.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings2017244-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuzicic-Kessler2014-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berlin_Blockade">Berlin Blockade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-47s_at_Tempelhof_Airport_Berlin_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/C-47s_at_Tempelhof_Airport_Berlin_1948.jpg/220px-C-47s_at_Tempelhof_Airport_Berlin_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/C-47s_at_Tempelhof_Airport_Berlin_1948.jpg/330px-C-47s_at_Tempelhof_Airport_Berlin_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/C-47s_at_Tempelhof_Airport_Berlin_1948.jpg/440px-C-47s_at_Tempelhof_Airport_Berlin_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption>American C-47s unloading at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Tempelhof_Airport" title="Berlin Tempelhof Airport">Berlin Tempelhof Airport</a> during the Berlin Blockade</figcaption></figure> The US and Britain merged their western German occupation zones into "<a href="/wiki/Bizone" title="Bizone">Bizone</a>" (1 January 1947, later "Trizone" with the addition of France's zone, April 1949).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200013-72">[69]</a> As part of the economic rebuilding of Germany, in early 1948, representatives of a number of Western European governments and the United States announced an agreement for a merger of western German areas into a federal governmental system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200018-73">[70]</a> In addition, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, they began to re-industrialize and rebuild the West German economy, including the introduction of a new <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> currency to replace the old <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">Reichsmark</a> currency that the Soviets had debased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200031-74">[71]</a> The US had secretly decided that a unified and neutral Germany was undesirable, with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a> telling General Eisenhower "in spite of our announced position, we really do not want nor intend to accept German unification on any terms that the Russians might agree to, even though they seem to meet most of our requirements."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayne200767-75">[72]</a> Shortly thereafter, Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade (June 1948 – May 1949), one of the first major crises of the Cold War, preventing Western food, materials and supplies from arriving in the West Germany's exclave of <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200533-76">[73]</a> The United States (primarily), Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and several other countries began the massive "Berlin airlift", supplying West Berlin with food and other provisions despite Soviet threats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200065–70-77">[74]</a> The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the policy change. Once again, the East Berlin communists attempted to disrupt the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade#December_elections" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin municipal elections</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200013-72">[69]</a> which were held on 5 December 1948 and produced a turnout of 86% and an overwhelming victory for the non-communist parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner198729-78">[75]</a> The results effectively divided the city into East and West, the latter comprising US, British and French sectors. 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch-Bournazel1990143-79">[76]</a> and US Air Force pilot <a href="/wiki/Gail_Halvorsen" title="Gail Halvorsen">Gail Halvorsen</a> created "<a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade#"Operation_Little_Vittles"" title="Berlin Blockade">Operation Vittles</a>", which supplied candy to German children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200026-80">[77]</a> The Airlift was as much a logistical as a political and psychological success for the West; it firmly linked West Berlin to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaum200811–13,_41-81">[78]</a> In May 1949, Stalin backed down and lifted the blockade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200534-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000180–181-83">[80]</a> In 1952, Stalin repeatedly <a href="/wiki/Stalin_Note" title="Stalin Note">proposed a plan</a> to unify East and West Germany under a single government chosen in elections supervised by the United Nations, if the new Germany were to stay out of Western military alliances, but this proposal was turned down by the Western powers. Some sources dispute the sincerity of the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk1996-84">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings_of_NATO_and_Radio_Free_Europe">Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Eastern Bloc media and propaganda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda in the Soviet Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truman_signing_North_Atlantic_Treaty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Truman_signing_North_Atlantic_Treaty.jpg/220px-Truman_signing_North_Atlantic_Treaty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Truman_signing_North_Atlantic_Treaty.jpg/330px-Truman_signing_North_Atlantic_Treaty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Truman_signing_North_Atlantic_Treaty.jpg/440px-Truman_signing_North_Atlantic_Treaty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="2359" /></a><figcaption>President Truman signs the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a> with guests in the Oval Office.</figcaption></figure> Britain, France, the United States, Canada and eight other western European countries signed the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a> of April 1949, establishing the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200534-82">[79]</a> That August, the <a href="/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1">first Soviet atomic device</a> was detonated in <a href="/wiki/Semey" title="Semey">Semipalatinsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1993194–197-33">[31]</a> Following Soviet refusals to participate in a German rebuilding effort set forth by western European countries in 1948,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200018-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner198723-85">[82]</a> the US, Britain and France spearheaded the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bizone" title="Bizone">three Western zones of occupation</a> in April 1949.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungert1994-86">[83]</a> The Soviet Union proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="Soviet occupation zone in Germany">its zone of occupation</a> in Germany the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> that October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrd2003-87">[84]</a> Media in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">organ of the state</a>, completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party. Radio and television organizations were state-owned, while print media was usually owned by political organizations, mostly by the local communist party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neil199715–25-88">[85]</a> Soviet radio broadcasts used Marxist rhetoric to attack capitalism, emphasizing themes of labor exploitation, imperialism and war-mongering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1992105-89">[86]</a> Along with the broadcasts of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> to Central and Eastern Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuddington2003131-90">[87]</a> a major propaganda effort began in 1949 was <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>, dedicated to bringing about the peaceful demise of the communist system in the Eastern Bloc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuddington20039-91">[88]</a> Radio Free Europe attempted to achieve these goals by serving as a surrogate home radio station, an alternative to the controlled and party-dominated domestic press in the Soviet Bloc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuddington20039-91">[88]</a> Radio Free Europe was a product of some of the most prominent architects of America's early Cold War strategy, especially those who believed that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means, such as George F. Kennan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuddington20037-92">[89]</a> Soviet and Eastern Bloc authorities used various methods to suppress Western broadcasts, including <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">radio jamming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamford2003-94">[91]</a> American policymakers, including Kennan and <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a>, acknowledged that the Cold War was in its essence a war of ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuddington20037-92">[89]</a> The United States, acting through the CIA, funded a long list of projects to counter the communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuddington200310-95">[92]</a> The CIA also <a href="/wiki/Secrecy" title="Secrecy">covertly</a> sponsored a domestic propaganda campaign called <a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECummings2010-96">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_rearmament">German rearmament</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/West_German_rearmament" title="West German rearmament">West German rearmament</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001,_Bonn,_Theodor_Blank,_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Generals <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Heusinger" title="Adolf Heusinger">Adolf Heusinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Speidel" title="Hans Speidel">Hans Speidel</a> sworn into the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a> by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Blank" title="Theodor Blank">Theodor Blank</a> in November 1955</figcaption></figure> The rearmament of West Germany was achieved in the early 1950s. Its main promoter was <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>, the chancellor of West Germany, with France the main opponent. Washington had the decisive voice. It was strongly supported by the Pentagon (the US military leadership), and weakly opposed by President Truman; the State Department was ambivalent. The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 changed the calculations and Washington now gave full support. That also involved naming <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> in charge of NATO forces and sending more American troops to West Germany. There was a strong promise that West Germany would not develop nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeisner2006356–374-97">[94]</a> Widespread fears of another rise of <a href="/wiki/Militarism#Germany" title="Militarism">German militarism</a> necessitated the new military to operate within an alliance framework under <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2002-98">[95]</a> In 1955, Washington secured full German membership of NATO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrd2003-87">[84]</a> In May 1953, <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a>, by then in a government post, had made an unsuccessful proposal to allow the reunification of a neutral Germany to prevent West Germany's incorporation into NATO, but his attempts were cut short after he was <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria#Arrest,_trial_and_execution" title="Lavrentiy Beria">executed several months later</a> during a Soviet power struggle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005105-99">[96]</a> The events led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a>, the West German military, in 1955.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHershberg1992-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_Civil_War,_SEATO,_and_NSC_68">Chinese Civil War, SEATO, and NSC 68</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao,_Bulganin,_Stalin,_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg/220px-Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg/330px-Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg/440px-Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in Moscow, December 1949</figcaption></figure> In 1949, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Chairman</a> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s United States-backed <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) Nationalist Government in China. The KMT-controlled territory was now <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang%27s_retreat_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuomintang's retreat to Taiwan">restricted</a> to the island of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the nationalist government of which exists to this day. The Kremlin promptly created an alliance with the newly formed People's Republic of China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200539-102">[99]</a> According to Norwegian historian <a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a>, the communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai-Shek made, and because in his search for a powerful centralized government, Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China. Moreover, his party was weakened during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">war against Japan</a>. Meanwhile, the communists told different groups, such as the peasants, exactly what they wanted to hear, and they cloaked themselves under the cover of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestad2012291-103">[100]</a> Confronted with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">communist revolution in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">the end of the American atomic monopoly</a> in 1949, the Truman administration quickly moved to escalate and expand its <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1993194–197-33">[31]</a> In <a href="/wiki/NSC_68" title="NSC 68">NSC 68</a>, a secret 1950 document, the National Security Council proposed reinforcing pro-Western alliance systems and quadrupling spending on defense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1993194–197-33">[31]</a> Truman, under the influence of advisor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nitze" title="Paul Nitze">Paul Nitze</a>, saw containment as implying complete <a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">rollback</a> of Soviet influence in all its forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayne200763–66-104">[101]</a> United States officials moved to expand this version of containment into <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements, often led by communist parties financed by the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005212-105">[102]</a> In this way, this US would exercise "<a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">preponderant power</a>," oppose neutrality, and <a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">establish global</a> <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayne200763–66-104">[101]</a> In the early 1950s (a period sometimes known as the "<a href="/wiki/Pactomania" title="Pactomania">Pactomania</a>"), the US formalized a series of alliances with <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (a former WWII enemy), <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (notably <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a> in 1951 and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a> in 1954), thereby guaranteeing the United States a number of long-term military bases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrd2003-87">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IncheonLandingMcArthur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/IncheonLandingMcArthur.jpg/220px-IncheonLandingMcArthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/IncheonLandingMcArthur.jpg/330px-IncheonLandingMcArthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/IncheonLandingMcArthur.jpg/440px-IncheonLandingMcArthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2837" data-file-height="2331" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, UN Command CiC (seated), observes the naval shelling of <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a>, Korea from <a href="/wiki/USS_Mount_McKinley" title="USS Mount McKinley">USS Mt. McKinley</a>, 15 September 1950.</figcaption></figure> One of the more significant examples of the implementation of containment was the United Nations US-led intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. In June 1950, after years of mutual hostilities,<a href="#cite_note-106">[D]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaruki20187–12-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStueck2013252–256-108">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">North Korean People's Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pokpoong" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Pokpoong">invaded</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> at the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north#Korea" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a>. Stalin had been reluctant to support the invasion<a href="#cite_note-109">[E]</a> but ultimately sent advisers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeathersby199328,_30-110">[105]</a> To Stalin's surprise,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1993194–197-33">[31]</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_82" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 82">United Nations Security Council Resolution 82</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_83" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 83">83</a> backed the defense of South Korea, although the Soviets were then boycotting meetings in protest of the fact that <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (Republic of China), not the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>, held a permanent seat on the council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalkasian200116-111">[106]</a> A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">UN force</a> of sixteen countries faced North Korea,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFehrenbach2001305-112">[107]</a> although 40 percent of troops were South Korean, and about 50 percent were from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraigLogevall2012118-113">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KoreanWar_recover_Seoul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/KoreanWar_recover_Seoul.jpg/220px-KoreanWar_recover_Seoul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/KoreanWar_recover_Seoul.jpg/330px-KoreanWar_recover_Seoul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/KoreanWar_recover_Seoul.jpg/440px-KoreanWar_recover_Seoul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5644" data-file-height="4488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">US Marines</a> engaged in street fighting during the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, September 1950</figcaption></figure> The US initially seemed to follow containment when it first entered the war. This directed the US's action to only push back North Korea across the 38th Parallel and restore South Korea's sovereignty while allowing North Korea's survival as a state. However, the success of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inchon" title="Battle of Inchon">Inchon landing</a> inspired the US/UN forces to pursue a <a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">rollback</a> strategy instead and to overthrow communist North Korea, thereby allowing nationwide elections under U.N. auspices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatray1979-114">[109]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> then advanced across the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">38th Parallel</a> into North Korea. The Chinese, fearful of a possible US invasion, sent in a large army and defeated the U.N. forces, pushing them back below the 38th parallel. Truman publicly hinted that he might use his "ace in the hole" of the atomic bomb, but Mao was unmoved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatersonCliffordBrighamDonoghue2014286–289-115">[110]</a> The episode was used to support the wisdom of the <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> doctrine as opposed to rollback. The Communists were later pushed to roughly around the original border, with minimal changes. Among other effects, the Korean War galvanised <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> to develop a military structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsbyKamps198513–14-116">[111]</a> Public opinion in countries involved, such as Great Britain, was divided for and against the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECotton1989100-117">[112]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a> was approved in July 1953, North Korean leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> created a highly centralized, totalitarian dictatorship that accorded his family unlimited power while generating a pervasive <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberdorfer200110–11-118">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoOsterholm1996-119">[114]</a> In the South, the American-backed dictator <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a> ran an authoritarian regime that engaged in <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">anti-communist mass killings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang201661–70-120">[115]</a> While Rhee was <a href="/wiki/April_Revolution" title="April Revolution">overthrown in 1960</a>, South Korea continued to be ruled by a military government of former Japanese collaborators until the re-establishment of a multi-party system in the late 1980s. Subsequently, South Korea experienced an economic boom and became one of the most <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index#Nations" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">advanced countries on the planet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh201325–35-121">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuclear_Arms_Race_and_escalation_(1953–62)">Nuclear Arms Race and escalation (1953–62)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Cold War (1953–1962)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khrushchev,_Eisenhower,_and_de-Stalinization">Khrushchev, Eisenhower, and de-Stalinization</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1959_NATO_and_WP_troop_strengths_in_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1959_NATO_and_WP_troop_strengths_in_Europe.svg/220px-1959_NATO_and_WP_troop_strengths_in_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1959_NATO_and_WP_troop_strengths_in_Europe.svg/330px-1959_NATO_and_WP_troop_strengths_in_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1959_NATO_and_WP_troop_strengths_in_Europe.svg/440px-1959_NATO_and_WP_troop_strengths_in_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1959</figcaption></figure> In 1953, changes in political leadership on both sides shifted the dynamic of the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell1999916-42">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> was inaugurated president that January. During the last 18 months of the Truman administration, the American defense budget had quadrupled, and Eisenhower moved to reduce military spending by a third while continuing to fight the Cold War effectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1993194–197-33">[31]</a> Joseph Stalin <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">died in 1953</a>. Without a mutually agreeable successor, the highest Communist Party officials initially opted to rule the Soviet Union jointly through a <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">troika</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a>. This did not last, however, and <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> eventually won the ensuing power struggle by the mid-1950s. In 1956, he <a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">denounced Joseph Stalin</a> and proceeded to ease controls over the party and society. This was known as <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell1999916-42">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voroshilov,_Khrushchev,_Kekkonen.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Voroshilov%2C_Khrushchev%2C_Kekkonen.jpeg/220px-Voroshilov%2C_Khrushchev%2C_Kekkonen.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Voroshilov%2C_Khrushchev%2C_Kekkonen.jpeg/330px-Voroshilov%2C_Khrushchev%2C_Kekkonen.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Voroshilov%2C_Khrushchev%2C_Kekkonen.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: Soviet <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">head of state</a> <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a>, Soviet <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">first secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">Finnish president</a> <a href="/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen" title="Urho Kekkonen">Urho Kekkonen</a> at Moscow in 1960</figcaption></figure> On 18 November 1956, while addressing Western dignitaries at a reception in Moscow's Polish embassy, Khrushchev infamously declared, "Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. <a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>", shocking everyone present.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> He would later claim he had not been referring to nuclear war, but the "historically fated victory of communism over capitalism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200584-123">[118]</a> In 1961, Khrushchev boasted that, even if the Soviet Union was currently behind the West, its housing shortage would disappear within ten years, consumer goods would be made abundant, and the "construction of a communist society" would be completed "in the main" within no more than two decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1997237–239-124">[119]</a> Eisenhower's secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, initiated a "<a href="/wiki/New_Look_(policy)" title="New Look (policy)">New Look</a>" for the <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> strategy, calling for a greater reliance on nuclear weapons against US enemies in wartime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell1999916-42">[40]</a> Dulles also enunciated the doctrine of "<a href="/wiki/Massive_retaliation" title="Massive retaliation">massive retaliation</a>", threatening a severe US response to any Soviet aggression. Possessing nuclear superiority, for example, allowed Eisenhower to face down Soviet threats to intervene in the Middle East during the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1993194–197-33">[31]</a> The declassified US plans for retaliatory nuclear strikes in the late 1950s included the "systematic destruction" of 1,200 major urban centers in the Soviet Bloc and China, including Moscow, East Berlin and Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradner2015-125">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> In spite of these events, there were substantial hopes for détente when <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev#Early_relations_and_U.S._visit_(1957–1960)" title="Nikita Khrushchev">an upswing in diplomacy took place in 1959</a>, including a two-week visit by Khrushchev to the US, and plans for a two-power summit for May 1960. The latter was disturbed by the <a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">U-2 spy plane scandal</a>, however, in which Eisenhower was caught lying about the intrusion of American surveillance aircraft into Soviet territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchudson2015-127">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatersonCliffordBrighamDonoghue2014306–308-128">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warsaw_Pact_and_Hungarian_Revolution">Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">The Hungarian Revolution of 1956</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-bottom:20px;width:222px;max-width:222px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_Lajos_utca_a_Ferenciek_tere_fel%C5%91l_n%C3%A9zve._1956._okt%C3%B3ber_25-e_d%C3%A9lut%C3%A1n,_-_Fortepan_24652.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kossuth_Lajos_utca_a_Ferenciek_tere_fel%C5%91l_n%C3%A9zve._1956._okt%C3%B3ber_25-e_d%C3%A9lut%C3%A1n%2C_-_Fortepan_24652.jpg/220px-Kossuth_Lajos_utca_a_Ferenciek_tere_fel%C5%91l_n%C3%A9zve._1956._okt%C3%B3ber_25-e_d%C3%A9lut%C3%A1n%2C_-_Fortepan_24652.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kossuth_Lajos_utca_a_Ferenciek_tere_fel%C5%91l_n%C3%A9zve._1956._okt%C3%B3ber_25-e_d%C3%A9lut%C3%A1n%2C_-_Fortepan_24652.jpg/330px-Kossuth_Lajos_utca_a_Ferenciek_tere_fel%C5%91l_n%C3%A9zve._1956._okt%C3%B3ber_25-e_d%C3%A9lut%C3%A1n%2C_-_Fortepan_24652.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kossuth_Lajos_utca_a_Ferenciek_tere_fel%C5%91l_n%C3%A9zve._1956._okt%C3%B3ber_25-e_d%C3%A9lut%C3%A1n%2C_-_Fortepan_24652.jpg/440px-Kossuth_Lajos_utca_a_Ferenciek_tere_fel%C5%91l_n%C3%A9zve._1956._okt%C3%B3ber_25-e_d%C3%A9lut%C3%A1n%2C_-_Fortepan_24652.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4840" data-file-height="3103" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">March of protesters in Budapest, on 25 October;</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Sz%C3%A9tl%C5%91tt_harckocsi_a_M%C3%B3ricz_Zsigmond_k%C3%B6rt%C3%A9ren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sz%C3%A9tl%C5%91tt_harckocsi_a_M%C3%B3ricz_Zsigmond_k%C3%B6rt%C3%A9ren.jpg/220px-Sz%C3%A9tl%C5%91tt_harckocsi_a_M%C3%B3ricz_Zsigmond_k%C3%B6rt%C3%A9ren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sz%C3%A9tl%C5%91tt_harckocsi_a_M%C3%B3ricz_Zsigmond_k%C3%B6rt%C3%A9ren.jpg/330px-Sz%C3%A9tl%C5%91tt_harckocsi_a_M%C3%B3ricz_Zsigmond_k%C3%B6rt%C3%A9ren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sz%C3%A9tl%C5%91tt_harckocsi_a_M%C3%B3ricz_Zsigmond_k%C3%B6rt%C3%A9ren.jpg/440px-Sz%C3%A9tl%C5%91tt_harckocsi_a_M%C3%B3ricz_Zsigmond_k%C3%B6rt%C3%A9ren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2243" data-file-height="1552" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">A destroyed Soviet T-34-85 tank in Budapest</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_empire_1960.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Soviet_empire_1960.png/220px-Soviet_empire_1960.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Soviet_empire_1960.png/330px-Soviet_empire_1960.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Soviet_empire_1960.png/440px-Soviet_empire_1960.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The maximum territorial extent of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">influence</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> of 1959 and before the official <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> of 1961</figcaption></figure> While <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>'s death in 1953 slightly relaxed tensions, the situation in Europe remained an uneasy armed truce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhanna2013372-129">[124]</a> The Soviets, who had already created a network of mutual assistance treaties in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> by 1949, established a formal alliance therein, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, in 1955. It stood opposed to NATO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrd2003-87">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hole_in_flag_-_Budapest_1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hole_in_flag_-_Budapest_1956.jpg/170px-Hole_in_flag_-_Budapest_1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hole_in_flag_-_Budapest_1956.jpg/255px-Hole_in_flag_-_Budapest_1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hole_in_flag_-_Budapest_1956.jpg/340px-Hole_in_flag_-_Budapest_1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Hungarian flag</a> (1949–1956) with the communist coat of arms cut out was an anti-Soviet revolutionary symbol</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> occurred shortly after Khrushchev arranged the removal of Hungary's Stalinist leader <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> In response to a popular anti-communist uprising,<a href="#cite_note-131">[F]</a> the new regime formally disbanded the <a href="/wiki/State_Protection_Authority" title="State Protection Authority">secret police</a>, declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and pledged to re-establish free elections. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> invaded.<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> Thousands of Hungarians were killed and arrested, imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolodkov1956-133">[127]</a> and approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary in the chaos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECseresnyés199986–101-134">[128]</a> Hungarian leader <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a> and others were executed following secret trials.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> From 1957 through 1961, Khrushchev openly and repeatedly threatened the West with nuclear annihilation. He claimed that Soviet missile capabilities were far superior to those of the United States, capable of wiping out any American or European city. According to <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a>, Khrushchev rejected Stalin's "belief in the inevitability of war," however. The new leader declared his ultimate goal was "<a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">peaceful coexistence</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200570-136">[130]</a> In Khrushchev's formulation, peace would allow capitalism to collapse on its own,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerlmutter1997145-137">[131]</a> as well as giving the Soviets time to boost their military capabilities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENjølstad2004136-138">[132]</a> which remained for decades until Gorbachev's later "new thinking" envisioning peaceful coexistence as an end in itself rather than a form of class struggle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer200272-139">[133]</a> The events in Hungary produced ideological fractures within the communist parties of the world, particularly in Western Europe, with great decline in membership, as many in both western and socialist countries felt disillusioned by the brutal Soviet response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendvai2008196-140">[134]</a> The communist parties in the West would never recover from the effect the Hungarian Revolution had on their membership, a fact that was immediately recognized by some, such as the Yugoslavian politician <a href="/wiki/Milovan_Djilas" title="Milovan Djilas">Milovan Đilas</a> who shortly after the revolution was crushed said that "The wound which the Hungarian Revolution inflicted on communism can never be completely healed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendvai2008196-140">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapacki_Plan_and_Berlin_Crisis_of_1958–59">Rapacki Plan and Berlin Crisis of 1958–59</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rapacki_Plan" title="Rapacki Plan">Rapacki Plan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1958%E2%80%931959" title="Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959">Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959</a></div> In 1957, Polish foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Adam_Rapacki" title="Adam Rapacki">Adam Rapacki</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Rapacki_Plan" title="Rapacki Plan">Rapacki Plan</a> for a nuclear free zone in central Europe. Public opinion tended to be favourable in the West, but it was rejected by leaders of West Germany, Britain, France and the United States. They feared it would leave the powerful conventional armies of the Warsaw Pact dominant over the weaker NATO armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefancic1987-141">[135]</a> During November 1958, Khrushchev made an unsuccessful attempt to turn all of Berlin into an independent, demilitarized "free city". He gave the United States, Great Britain and France a six-month ultimatum to withdraw their troops from the sectors of West Berlin, or he would transfer control of Western access rights to the East Germans. Khrushchev earlier explained to <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> that "Berlin is the testicles of the West. Every time I want to make the West scream, I squeeze on Berlin."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200571-142">[136]</a> NATO formally rejected the ultimatum in mid-December and Khrushchev withdrew it in return for a Geneva conference on the German question.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2004488–502-143">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_military_buildup">American military buildup</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flexible_response" title="Flexible response">Flexible response</a></div> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s foreign policy was dominated by American confrontations with the Soviet Union, manifested by proxy contests. Like Truman and Eisenhower, Kennedy supported containment to stop the spread of Communism. President Eisenhower's <a href="/wiki/New_Look_(policy)" title="New Look (policy)">New Look</a> policy had emphasized the use of less expensive nuclear weapons to <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deter</a> Soviet aggression by threatening massive nuclear attacks on all of the Soviet Union. Nuclear weapons were much cheaper than maintaining a large standing army, so Eisenhower cut conventional forces to save money. Kennedy implemented a new strategy known as <a href="/wiki/Flexible_response" title="Flexible response">flexible response</a>. This strategy relied on conventional arms to achieve limited goals. As part of this policy, Kennedy expanded the <a href="/wiki/United_States_special_operations_forces" title="United States special operations forces">United States special operations forces</a>, elite military units that could fight unconventionally in various conflicts. Kennedy hoped that the flexible response strategy would allow the US to counter Soviet influence without resorting to nuclear war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008704–705-144">[138]</a> To support his new strategy, Kennedy ordered a massive increase in defense spending. He sought, and Congress provided, a rapid build-up of the nuclear arsenal to restore the lost superiority over the Soviet Union—he claimed in 1960 that Eisenhower had lost it because of excessive concern with budget deficits. In his inaugural address, Kennedy promised "to bear any burden" in the defense of liberty, and he repeatedly asked for increases in military spending and authorization of new weapons systems. From 1961 to 1964, the number of nuclear weapons increased by 50 percent, as did the number of B-52 bombers to deliver them. The new ICBM force grew from 63 intercontinental ballistic missiles to 424. He authorized 23 new Polaris submarines, each of which carried 16 nuclear missiles. Kennedy also called on cities to construct fallout shelters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash1993-145">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarrenSiracusa2021-146">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competition_in_the_Third_World">Competition in the Third World</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Decolonization#After_1945" title="Decolonization">Decolonization § After 1945</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a>, <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a>, <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonization_1945.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Colonization_1945.png/400px-Colonization_1945.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Colonization_1945.png/600px-Colonization_1945.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Colonization_1945.png/800px-Colonization_1945.png 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>European <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empires</a> in Asia and Africa all collapsed in the years after 1945.</figcaption></figure> Nationalist movements in some countries and regions, notably <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, Indonesia and <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Indochina</a>, were often allied with communist groups or otherwise perceived to be unfriendly to Western interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell1999916-42">[40]</a> In this context, the United States and the Soviet Union increasingly competed for influence by proxy in the Third World as <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> gained momentum in the 1950s and early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005121–124-147">[141]</a> Both sides were selling armaments to gain influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETowle2000160-148">[142]</a> The Kremlin saw continuing territorial losses by imperial powers as presaging the eventual victory of their ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker20101566-149">[143]</a> The United States used the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) to undermine neutral or hostile Third World governments and to support allied ones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell199964,_916-150">[144]</a> In 1953, President Eisenhower implemented <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat#Execution_of_Operation_Ajax" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">Operation Ajax</a>, a covert coup operation to overthrow the Iranian prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a>. The popularly elected Mosaddegh had been a Middle Eastern nemesis of Britain since nationalizing the British-owned <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Iranian Oil Company</a> in 1951. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> told the United States that Mosaddegh was "increasingly turning towards Communist influence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasiorowskiByrne2004125-151">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1953-152">[146]</a> The pro-Western <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, assumed control as an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic</a> monarch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2002118-153">[147]</a> The shah's policies included banning the communist <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party of Iran</a>, and general suppression of political dissent by <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a>, the shah's domestic security and intelligence agency. In Guatemala, a <a href="/wiki/Banana_republic" title="Banana republic">banana republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a> ousted the left-wing President <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_%C3%81rbenz" title="Jacobo Árbenz">Jacobo Árbenz</a> with material CIA support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2010199,_256-154">[148]</a> The post-Arbenz government—a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military junta</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Carlos Castillo Armas</a>—repealed a <a href="/wiki/Decree_900" title="Decree 900">progressive land reform law</a>, returned nationalized property belonging to the <a href="/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a>, set up a <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_Defense_Against_Communism" title="National Committee of Defense Against Communism">National Committee of Defense Against Communism</a>, and decreed a <a href="/wiki/Preventive_Penal_Law_Against_Communism" title="Preventive Penal Law Against Communism">Preventive Penal Law Against Communism</a> at the request of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulmer-Thomas1987142-155">[149]</a> The non-aligned Indonesian government of <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> was faced with a major threat to its legitimacy beginning in 1956 when several regional commanders began to demand autonomy from <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>. After mediation failed, Sukarno took action to remove the dissident commanders. In February 1958, dissident military commanders in Central Sumatra (Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Husein" title="Ahmad Husein">Ahmad Husein</a>) and North Sulawesi (Colonel Ventje Sumual) declared the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia" title="Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia">Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia</a>-<a href="/wiki/Permesta" title="Permesta">Permesta</a> Movement aimed at overthrowing the Sukarno regime. They were joined by many civilian politicians from the <a href="/wiki/Masyumi_Party" title="Masyumi Party">Masyumi Party</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sjafruddin_Prawiranegara" title="Sjafruddin Prawiranegara">Sjafruddin Prawiranegara</a>, who were opposed to the growing influence of the communist <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Partai Komunis Indonesia</a>. Due to their anti-communist rhetoric, the rebels received arms, funding, and other covert aid from the CIA until <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lawrence_Pope" title="Allen Lawrence Pope">Allen Lawrence Pope</a>, an American pilot, was shot down after a bombing raid on government-held <a href="/wiki/Ambon,_Maluku" title="Ambon, Maluku">Ambon</a> in April 1958. The central government responded by launching airborne and seaborne military invasions of rebel strongholds at <a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a>. By the end of 1958, the rebels were militarily defeated, and the last remaining rebel guerilla bands surrendered by August 1961.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoadnight2002-156">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2576_stamp_(The_Struggle_for_the_Liberation_of_Africa._Lumumba_(_1925-1961_),_premier_of_Congo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2576_stamp_%28The_Struggle_for_the_Liberation_of_Africa._Lumumba_%28_1925-1961_%29%2C_premier_of_Congo%29.jpg/170px-The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2576_stamp_%28The_Struggle_for_the_Liberation_of_Africa._Lumumba_%28_1925-1961_%29%2C_premier_of_Congo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2576_stamp_%28The_Struggle_for_the_Liberation_of_Africa._Lumumba_%28_1925-1961_%29%2C_premier_of_Congo%29.jpg/255px-The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2576_stamp_%28The_Struggle_for_the_Liberation_of_Africa._Lumumba_%28_1925-1961_%29%2C_premier_of_Congo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2576_stamp_%28The_Struggle_for_the_Liberation_of_Africa._Lumumba_%28_1925-1961_%29%2C_premier_of_Congo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>1961 USSR stamp commemorating <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a>, assassinated prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo</a>, also known as Congo-Léopoldville, newly independent from <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> since June 1960, the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a> erupted on 5 July leading to the secession of the regions <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">Katanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a>. CIA-backed President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a> ordered the dismissal of the democratically elected Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a> and the Lumumba cabinet in September over massacres by the armed forces during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Kasai" title="Invasion of South Kasai">invasion of South Kasai</a> and for involving Soviets in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENzongola-Ntalaja2011108-157">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchraeder199457-158">[152]</a> Later the CIA-backed Colonel <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> quickly mobilized his forces to seize power through a military coup d'état, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchraeder199457-158">[152]</a> and worked with Western intelligence agencies to imprison Lumumba and hand him over to Katangan authorities who executed him by firing squad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENzongola-Ntalaja2011-159">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard2015216–218-160">[154]</a> In <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a>, the leftist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Progressive_Party/Civic" title="People's Progressive Party/Civic">People's Progressive Party</a> (PPP) candidate <a href="/wiki/Cheddi_Jagan" title="Cheddi Jagan">Cheddi Jagan</a> won the position of chief minister in a colonially administered election in 1953 but was quickly forced to resign from power after Britain's suspension of the still-dependent nation's constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose200257-161">[155]</a> Embarrassed by the landslide electoral victory of Jagan's allegedly Marxist party, the British imprisoned the PPP's leadership and maneuvered the organization into a divisive rupture in 1955, engineering a split between Jagan and his PPP colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsYoung2004xviii-162">[156]</a> Jagan again won the colonial elections in 1957 and 1961, despite Britain's shift to a reconsideration of its view of the left-wing Jagan as a Soviet-style communist at this time. The United States pressured the British to withhold <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>'s independence until an alternative to Jagan could be identified, supported, and brought into office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer2010247–248-163">[157]</a> Worn down by the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">communist guerrilla war for Vietnamese independence</a> and handed a watershed defeat by communist <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> rebels at the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a>, the French accepted a negotiated abandonment of their colonial stake in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">Geneva Conference</a>, peace accords were signed, leaving Vietnam divided between a pro-Soviet administration in <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> and a pro-Western administration in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> at the <a href="/wiki/17th_parallel_north" title="17th parallel north">17th parallel north</a>. Between 1954 and 1961, Eisenhower's United States sent economic aid and military advisers to strengthen South Vietnam's pro-Western government against communist efforts to destabilize it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1993194–197-33">[31]</a> Many emerging nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America rejected the pressure to choose sides in the East–West competition. In 1955, at the <a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a> in Indonesia, dozens of Third World governments resolved to stay out of the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005126-164">[158]</a> The consensus reached at Bandung culminated with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>-headquartered <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell1999916-42">[40]</a> Meanwhile, Khrushchev broadened Moscow's policy to establish ties with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and other key neutral states. Independence movements in the Third World transformed the post-war order into a more pluralistic world of decolonized African and Middle Eastern nations and of rising nationalism in Asia and Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1993194–197-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sino-Soviet_split">Sino-Soviet split</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_empire_1960.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Soviet_empire_1960.png/220px-Soviet_empire_1960.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Soviet_empire_1960.png/330px-Soviet_empire_1960.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Soviet_empire_1960.png/440px-Soviet_empire_1960.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Map showing greatest territorial extent of the Soviet Union and the states that it dominated politically, economically and militarily in 1960, after the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> of 1959 but before the official <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> of 1961 (total area: c. 35,000,000 km2)<a href="#cite_note-165">[G]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Soviet_split_1980.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sino-Soviet_split_1980.svg/300px-Sino-Soviet_split_1980.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sino-Soviet_split_1980.svg/450px-Sino-Soviet_split_1980.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sino-Soviet_split_1980.svg/600px-Sino-Soviet_split_1980.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the relations of <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Marxist–Leninist states</a> after the Sino-Soviet split, as of 1980: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  The USSR and pro-Soviet socialist states</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  China and pro-Chinese socialist states</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Neutral socialist states (<a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Non-socialist states</div></figcaption></figure> After 1956, the Sino-Soviet alliance began to break down. Mao had defended Stalin when Khrushchev criticized him in 1956 and treated the new Soviet leader as a superficial upstart, accusing him of having lost his revolutionary edge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005142-166">[159]</a> For his part, Khrushchev, disturbed by Mao's glib attitude toward nuclear war, referred to the Chinese leader as a "lunatic on a throne".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempe201142-167">[160]</a> After this, Khrushchev made many desperate attempts to reconstitute the Sino-Soviet alliance, but Mao considered it useless and denied any proposal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005142-166">[159]</a> The Chinese-Soviet animosity spilled out in an intra-communist propaganda war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüthi2010273–276-168">[161]</a> Further on, the Soviets focused on a bitter rivalry with Mao's China for leadership of the global communist movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005140–142-169">[162]</a> Historian Lorenz M. Lüthi argues: <dl><dd>The Sino-Soviet split was one of the key events of the Cold War, equal in importance to the construction of the Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Second[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Vietnam War, and <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Rapprochement" title="China–United States relations">Sino-American rapprochement</a>. The split helped to determine the framework for the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Cold War period 1979–1985</a> in general, and influenced the course of the Second Vietnam War in particular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüthi20101-170">[163]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_Race">Space Race</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/220px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/330px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/440px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3929" data-file-height="3967" /></a><figcaption>The United States <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">reached the Moon</a> in 1969.</figcaption></figure> On the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> front, the United States and the Soviet Union pursued nuclear rearmament and developed long-range weapons with which they could strike the territory of the other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrd2003-87">[84]</a> In August 1957, the Soviets successfully launched the world's first <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missile</a> (ICBM),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahon200375–76-171">[164]</a> and in October they launched the first Earth satellite, <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> The launch of Sputnik inaugurated the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landings</a> by the United States, which astronaut <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> later described as "just a battle in the Cold War."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlesius2008-173">[166]</a> The public's reaction in the Soviet Union was mixed. The Soviet government limited the release of information about the lunar landing, which affected the reaction. A portion of the populace did not give it any attention, and another portion was angered by it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas2009-174">[167]</a> A major Cold War element of the Space Race was <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">satellite reconnaissance</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> to gauge which aspects of the space programs had military capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> Later, however, the US and USSR pursued some cooperation in space as part of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_of_the_Cuban_Revolution">Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CheyFidel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CheyFidel.jpg/170px-CheyFidel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CheyFidel.jpg/255px-CheyFidel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CheyFidel.jpg/340px-CheyFidel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> (right) in 1961</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/26th_of_July_Movement" title="26th of July Movement">26th of July Movement</a>, led by young revolutionaries <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, seized power in the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> on 1 January 1959, toppling President <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a>, whose unpopular regime had been denied arms by the Eisenhower administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumberg199523–24-177">[170]</a> Although Fidel Castro's first refused to categorize his new government as socialist and repeatedly denying being a communist, Castro appointed Marxists to senior government and military positions. Most significantly, Che Guevara became Governor of the Central Bank and then Minister of Industries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne1986181–183-178">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirk1993248–252-179">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColtman2003162-180">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States</a> continued for some time after Batista's fall, but President Eisenhower deliberately left the capital to avoid meeting Castro during the latter's trip to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in April, leaving Vice President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> to conduct the meeting in his place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELechuga_Hevia2001142-181">[174]</a> Cuba began negotiating for arms purchases from the Eastern Bloc in March 1960.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDominguez198922-182">[175]</a> The same month, Eisenhower gave approval to <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> plans and funding to overthrow Castro.<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a> In January 1961, just prior to leaving office, Eisenhower formally severed relations with the Cuban government. That April, the administration of newly elected American President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> mounted the unsuccessful CIA-organized <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">ship-borne invasion</a> of the island by <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exodus" title="Cuban exodus">Cuban exiles</a> at Playa Girón and Playa Larga in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Province" title="Santa Clara Province">Santa Clara Province</a>—a failure that publicly humiliated the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199895-184">[177]</a> Castro responded by publicly embracing <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, and the Soviet Union pledged to <a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Cuba–Soviet Union relations">provide further support</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199895-184">[177]</a> In December, the US government <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">began a violent campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> attacks against civilians in Cuba, and <a href="/wiki/Covert_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Covert operations">covert operations</a> and sabotage against the administration, in an attempt to overthrow the Cuban government.<a href="#cite_note-191">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berlin_Crisis_of_1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration from the Eastern Bloc</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks,_Berlin_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg/220px-US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg/330px-US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg/440px-US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Tanks of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_United_States" title="Tanks of the United States">American tanks</a> face each other at <a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie">Checkpoint Charlie</a> during the Berlin Crisis of 1961</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a> was the last major incident in the Cold War regarding the status of Berlin and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">post–World War II Germany</a>. By the early 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Soviet approach to restricting emigration movement</a> was emulated by most of the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowty1989114-192">[183]</a> However, hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germans</a> annually emigrated to free and prosperous <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> through a "loophole" in the system that existed between <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200399-194">[185]</a> The emigration resulted in a massive "<a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">brain drain</a>" from East Germany to West Germany of younger educated professionals, such that nearly 20% of East Germany's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowty1989122-195">[186]</a> That June, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> issued a new <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum" title="Ultimatum">ultimatum</a> demanding the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a> from West Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005114-196">[187]</a> The request was rebuffed, but the United States now limited its security guarantees to West Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaum200827-197">[188]</a> On 13 August, East Germany erected a barbed-wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, effectively closing the loophole and preventing its citizens from fleeing to the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson199875-198">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuban_Missile_Crisis_and_Khrushchev's_ousting">Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev's ousting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuban_missiles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuban_missiles.jpg/220px-Cuban_missiles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuban_missiles.jpg/330px-Cuban_missiles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cuban_missiles.jpg/440px-Cuban_missiles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photograph of a Soviet missile site in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, taken by a US <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_aircraft" title="Surveillance aircraft">spy aircraft</a>, 1 November 1962</figcaption></figure> The Kennedy administration continued seeking ways to oust Castro following the Bay of Pigs invasion, experimenting with various ways of covertly facilitating the overthrow of the Cuban government. Significant hopes were pinned on the program of terrorist attacks and other destabilization operations known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a>, that was devised under the Kennedy administration in 1961. Khrushchev learned of the project in February 1962,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok1994-199">[190]</a> and preparations to install Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba were undertaken in response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok1994-199">[190]</a> Alarmed, Kennedy considered various reactions. He ultimately responded to the installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba with a <a href="/wiki/Naval_blockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval blockade">naval blockade</a>, and he presented an ultimatum to the Soviets. Khrushchev backed down from a confrontation, and the Soviet Union removed the missiles in return for a public American pledge not to invade Cuba again as well as a covert deal to remove US missiles from Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones,_H.2009122-200">[191]</a> Castro later admitted that "I would have agreed to the use of nuclear weapons. ... we took it for granted that it would become a nuclear war anyway, and that we were going to disappear."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlightAllynWelch2002252-201">[192]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> (October–November 1962) brought the world closer to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear war</a> than ever before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis200582-202">[193]</a> The aftermath led to efforts in the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a> at nuclear disarmament and improving relations, although the Cold War's first arms control agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>, had come into force in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-203">[J]</a> The compromise embarrassed Khrushchev and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from Italy and Turkey was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev, and the Soviets were seen as retreating from circumstances that they had started. In 1964, Khrushchev's Kremlin colleagues managed to <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev#Removal" title="Nikita Khrushchev">oust</a> him, but allowed him a peaceful retirement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005119–120-204">[194]</a> He was accused of rudeness and incompetence, and John Lewis Gaddis argues that he was also blamed with ruining Soviet agriculture, bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war, and becoming an "international embarrassment" when he authorized construction of the Berlin Wall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005119-205">[195]</a> According to Dobrynin, the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as "a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2004579-206">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaftali2012-207">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_confrontation_to_détente_(1962–79)">From confrontation to détente (1962–79)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Cold War (1962–1979)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glassboro-meeting1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Glassboro-meeting1967.jpg/250px-Glassboro-meeting1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Glassboro-meeting1967.jpg/375px-Glassboro-meeting1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Glassboro-meeting1967.jpg/500px-Glassboro-meeting1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4971" data-file-height="3307" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> at the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Glassboro_Summit_Conference" title="Glassboro Summit Conference">Glassboro Summit Conference</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1973_NATO_and_WP_troop_strengths_in_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1973_NATO_and_WP_troop_strengths_in_Europe.svg/220px-1973_NATO_and_WP_troop_strengths_in_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1973_NATO_and_WP_troop_strengths_in_Europe.svg/330px-1973_NATO_and_WP_troop_strengths_in_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1973_NATO_and_WP_troop_strengths_in_Europe.svg/440px-1973_NATO_and_WP_troop_strengths_in_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1973</figcaption></figure> In the course of the 1960s and 1970s, Cold War participants struggled to adjust to a new, more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer divided into two clearly opposed blocs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell1999916-42">[40]</a> From the beginning of the post-war period, with American help Western Europe and Japan rapidly recovered from the destruction of World War II and sustained strong economic growth through the 1950s and 1960s, with per capita GDPs approaching those of the United States, while <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc#Economies" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc economies stagnated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell1999916-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardtKaufman199516-208">[198]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> descended into a quagmire for the United States, leading to a decline in international prestige and economic stability, derailing arms agreements, and provoking domestic unrest. America's withdrawal from the war led it to embrace a policy of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> with both China and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilestones:_1969–1976-209">[199]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>) cut their petroleum output. This raised oil prices and hurt Western economies, but helped the Soviet Union by generating a huge flow of money from its oil sales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2014-210">[200]</a> As a result of the oil crisis, combined with the growing influence of Third World alignments such as OPEC and the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, less powerful countries had more room to assert their independence and often showed themselves resistant to pressure from either superpower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005212-105">[102]</a> Meanwhile, Moscow was forced to turn its attention inward to deal with the Soviet Union's deep-seated domestic economic problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell1999916-42">[40]</a> During this period, Soviet leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> embraced the notion of détente.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell1999916-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruce_Crandall%27s_UH-1D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bruce_Crandall%27s_UH-1D.jpg/220px-Bruce_Crandall%27s_UH-1D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bruce_Crandall%27s_UH-1D.jpg/330px-Bruce_Crandall%27s_UH-1D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bruce_Crandall%27s_UH-1D.jpg/440px-Bruce_Crandall%27s_UH-1D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>US combat operations during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ia_Drang" title="Battle of Ia Drang">Battle of Ia Drang</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, November 1965</figcaption></figure> Under President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, US troop levels in Vietnam grew under the <a href="/wiki/Military_Assistance_Advisory_Group" title="Military Assistance Advisory Group">Military Assistance Advisory Group</a> program from just under a thousand in 1959 to 16,000 in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-211">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[202]</a> South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem's heavy-handed <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">crackdown on Buddhist monks</a> in 1963 led the US to endorse a deadly <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">military coup against Diem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerWainstock2013315–325-213">[203]</a> The war escalated further in 1964 following the controversial <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin incident</a>, in which a US destroyer was alleged to have clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft. The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Gulf of Tonkin Resolution</a> gave President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> broad authorization to increase US military presence, deploying ground <a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">combat units</a> for the first time and increasing troop levels to 184,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoven201593-214">[204]</a> Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev responded by reversing Khrushchev's policy of disengagement and increasing aid to the North Vietnamese, hoping to entice the North from its pro-Chinese position. The USSR discouraged further escalation of the war, however, providing just enough military assistance to tie up American forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2011131-215">[205]</a> From this point, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a> (PAVN), also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in more <a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">conventional warfare</a> with US and South Vietnamese forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlass2017-216">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> of 1968 proved to be the turning point of the war. Despite years of American tutelage and aid, the South Vietnamese forces were unable to withstand the communist offensive and the task fell to US forces instead. Tet showed that the end of US involvement was not in sight, increasing domestic skepticism of the war and giving rise to what was referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_syndrome" title="Vietnam syndrome">Vietnam syndrome</a>, a public aversion to American overseas military involvements. Nonetheless, operations continued to cross international boundaries: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were used by North Vietnam as <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">supply routes</a>, and were heavily <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barrel_Roll" title="Operation Barrel Roll">bombed by US forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalb2013-217">[207]</a> At the same time, in 1963–1965, American domestic politics saw the triumph of <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberalism</a>. According to historian Joseph Crespino: <dl><dd>It has become a staple of twentieth-century historiography that Cold War concerns were at the root of a number of progressive political accomplishments in the postwar period: a high progressive marginal tax rate that helped fund the arms race and contributed to broad income equality; bipartisan support for far-reaching civil rights legislation that transformed politics and society in the American South, which had long given the lie to America's egalitarian ethos; bipartisan support for overturning an explicitly racist immigration system that had been in place since the 1920s; and free health care for the elderly and the poor, a partial fulfillment of one of the unaccomplished goals of the New Deal era. The list could go on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrespino2020123-218">[208]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia">Invasion of Czechoslovakia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg/220px-10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg/330px-10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg/440px-10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> by the Soviet Union in 1968 was one of the biggest military operations on European soil since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1968, a period of political liberalization took place in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>. An "<a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_a_human_face" title="Socialism with a human face">Action Program</a>" of reforms included increasing <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a>, along with an economic emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Final_good" title="Final good">consumer goods</a>, the possibility of a multiparty government, limitations on the power of the secret police,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllo196832,_54-219">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_GeldernSiegelbaum-220">[210]</a> and potential withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005150-221">[211]</a> In answer to the Prague Spring, on 20 August 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>, together with most of their Warsaw Pact allies, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">invaded Czechoslovakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[212]</a> The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration, including an estimated 70,000 Czechs and Slovaks initially fleeing, with the total eventually reaching 300,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEČulík1998-223">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[214]</a> The invasion sparked intense protests from Yugoslavia, Romania, China, and from Western European countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005154-225">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sino-Soviet_split_and_Nixon-China_visit">Sino-Soviet split and Nixon-China visit</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Richard_Nixon_and_Premier_Chou_En-Lai_Shake_Hands_at_the_Nixons%27_Arrival_in_Peking,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Premier_Chou_En-Lai_Shake_Hands_at_the_Nixons%27_Arrival_in_Peking%2C_China.jpg/220px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Premier_Chou_En-Lai_Shake_Hands_at_the_Nixons%27_Arrival_in_Peking%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Premier_Chou_En-Lai_Shake_Hands_at_the_Nixons%27_Arrival_in_Peking%2C_China.jpg/330px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Premier_Chou_En-Lai_Shake_Hands_at_the_Nixons%27_Arrival_in_Peking%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Premier_Chou_En-Lai_Shake_Hands_at_the_Nixons%27_Arrival_in_Peking%2C_China.jpg/440px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Premier_Chou_En-Lai_Shake_Hands_at_the_Nixons%27_Arrival_in_Peking%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1969" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> shakes hands with Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> at <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport" title="Beijing Capital International Airport">Beijing Capital International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>, tensions along the Chinese–Soviet border <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">reached their peak</a> in 1969. United States President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> decided to use the conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War through a policy of rapproachment with China, which began with his <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit to China</a> and culminated in 1979 with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations</a> by <a href="/wiki/Visit_by_Deng_Xiaoping_to_the_United_States" title="Visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States">President Carter and Chinese Communist Party leader Deng Xiaoping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005149–152-227">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nixon,_Brezhnev,_and_détente">Nixon, Brezhnev, and détente</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency of Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok_Summit_Meeting_on_Arms_Control" title="Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control">Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolai-Podgornyi-1969-in-Tampere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nikolai-Podgornyi-1969-in-Tampere.jpg/220px-Nikolai-Podgornyi-1969-in-Tampere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nikolai-Podgornyi-1969-in-Tampere.jpg/330px-Nikolai-Podgornyi-1969-in-Tampere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nikolai-Podgornyi-1969-in-Tampere.jpg/440px-Nikolai-Podgornyi-1969-in-Tampere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1291" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a> visiting <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> on 16 October 1969</figcaption></figure> Although indirect conflict between Cold War powers continued through the late 1960s and early 1970s, tensions were beginning to ease.<a href="#cite_note-228">[218]</a> Following the ousting of Khrushchev, another period of <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a> ensued, consisting of Leonid Brezhnev as general secretary, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> as Premier and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a> as Chairman of the Presidium, lasting until Brezhnev established himself in the early 1970s as the preeminent Soviet leader. Following his visit to China, Nixon met with Soviet leaders in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-229">[219]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a> resulted in landmark arms control treaties. These aimed to limit the development of costly anti-ballistic missiles and nuclear missiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell1999916-42">[40]</a> Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of "peaceful coexistence" and established the groundbreaking new policy of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> (or cooperation) between the superpowers. Meanwhile, Brezhnev attempted to revive the Soviet economy, which was declining in part because of heavy military expenditures. The Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">military budget</a> in the 1970s was massive, 40–60% of the federal budget and 15% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-230">[220]</a> Between 1972 and 1974, the two sides also agreed to strengthen their economic ties,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1993194–197-33">[31]</a> including agreements for increased trade. As a result of their meetings, détente would replace the hostility of the Cold War and the two countries would live mutually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwak1986-231">[221]</a> These developments coincided with <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a>" policy formulated by the West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005154-225">[215]</a> an effort to normalize relations between West Germany and Eastern Europe. Other agreements were concluded to stabilize the situation in Europe, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a> signed at the <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe">Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005188-232">[222]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg/220px-Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg/330px-Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg/440px-Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Soviet general secretary <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> and US President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> sign the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Treaty_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II">SALT II arms limitation treaty</a> in Vienna on 18 June 1979.</figcaption></figure> The Helsinki Accords, in which the Soviets promised to grant free elections in Europe, has been called a major concession to ensure peace by the Soviets. In practice, the Soviet government significantly curbed the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">protection of law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">guarantees of property</a>,&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-233">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1994401–403-234">[224]</a> which were considered examples of "bourgeois morality" by Soviet legal theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vyshinsky" title="Andrey Vyshinsky">Andrey Vyshinsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyszyński1949153,_162-235">[225]</a> The Soviet Union signed legally-binding human rights documents, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> in 1973 and the Helsinki Accords in 1975, but they were neither widely known or accessible to people living under Communist rule, nor were they taken seriously by the Communist authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2005117-236">[226]</a> Human rights activists in the Soviet Union were regularly subjected to harassment, repressions and arrests. The pro-Soviet American business magnate <a href="/wiki/Armand_Hammer" title="Armand Hammer">Armand Hammer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a> often mediated trade relations. Author <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Yergin" title="Daniel Yergin">Daniel Yergin</a>, in his book The Prize, writes that Hammer "ended up as a go-between for five Soviet General Secretaries and seven U.S. Presidents."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYergin2011557-237">[227]</a> Hammer had extensive business relationship in the Soviet Union stretching back to the 1920s with Lenin's approval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1980-238">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-239">[229]</a> According to Christian Science Monitor in 1980, "although his business dealings with the Soviet Union were cut short when Stalin came to power, he had more or less single-handedly laid the groundwork for the [1980] state of Western trade with the Soviet Union."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1980-238">[228]</a> In 1974, Brezhnev "publicly recognized Hammer's role in facilitating East-West trade." By 1981, according to the New York Times in that year, Hammer was on a "first-name basis with Leonid Brezhnev."<a href="#cite_note-:8-239">[229]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1979_Iranian_Revolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1979_Iranian_Revolution.jpg/180px-1979_Iranian_Revolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1979_Iranian_Revolution.jpg/270px-1979_Iranian_Revolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1979_Iranian_Revolution.jpg/360px-1979_Iranian_Revolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>Iranian people protesting against the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></figcaption></figure> Kissinger and Nixon were "realists" who deemphasized idealistic goals like anti-communism or promotion of democracy worldwide because those goals were too expensive in terms of America's economic capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-240">[230]</a> Instead of a Cold War they wanted peace, trade and cultural exchanges. They realized that Americans were no longer willing to tax themselves for idealistic foreign policy goals, especially for containment policies that never seemed to produce positive results. Instead, Nixon and Kissinger sought to downsize America's global commitments in proportion to its reduced economic, moral and political power. They rejected "idealism" as impractical and too expensive, and neither man showed much sensitivity to the plight of people living under Communism. Kissinger's realism fell out of fashion as idealism returned to American foreign policy with Carter's moralism emphasizing human rights, and Reagan's rollback strategy aimed at destroying Communism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2011-241">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_1970s_deterioration_of_relations">Late 1970s deterioration of relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism in the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Refuseniks" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuseniks">Refuseniks</a></div> In the 1970s, the KGB, led by <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>, continued to persecute distinguished <a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a>, who were criticising the Soviet leadership in harsh terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005186-242">[232]</a> Indirect conflict between the superpowers continued through this period of détente in the Third World, particularly during political crises in the Middle East, Chile, Ethiopia, and Angola.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005178-243">[233]</a> In 1973, Nixon announced his administration was committed to seeking <a href="/wiki/Most_favoured_nation" title="Most favoured nation">most favored nation</a> trade status with the USSR,<a href="#cite_note-244">[234]</a> which was challenged by Congress in the <a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson-Vanik Amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008804-245">[235]</a> The United States had long linked trade with the Soviet Union to its foreign policy toward the Soviet Union and, especially since the early 1980s, to <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Soviet human rights policies</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Jackson-Vanik_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson-Vanik Amendment">Jackson-Vanik Amendment</a>, which was attached to the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Act_of_1974" title="Trade Act of 1974">1974 Trade Act</a>, linked the granting of <a href="/wiki/Most-favored-nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Most-favored-nation">most-favored-nation</a> to the USSR to the right of persecuted <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Jews">Soviet Jews</a> to emigrate. Because the Soviet Union refused the right of emigration to Jewish <a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">refuseniks</a>, the ability of the President to apply most-favored nation trade status to the Soviet Union was restricted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomeranz2010-246">[236]</a> Although President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> tried to place another limit on the arms race with a <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks#SALT_II_Treaty" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">SALT II</a> agreement in 1979,<a href="#cite_note-247">[237]</a> his efforts were undermined by the other events that year, including the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a>, which both ousted pro-US governments, and his retaliation against the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm-333" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Storm-333">Soviet coup in Afghanistan</a> in December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1993194–197-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cold_War_(1979–85)">Cold War (1979–85)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Cold War (1979–1985)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg/220px-Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg/330px-Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg/440px-Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3667" data-file-height="2422" /></a><figcaption>Protest in Amsterdam against the deployment of <a href="/wiki/Pershing_II" title="Pershing II">Pershing II</a> missiles in Europe, 1981</figcaption></figure> The period in the late 1970s and early 1980s showed an intensive reawakening of Cold War tensions and conflicts. Tensions greatly increased between the major powers with both sides becoming more militant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliday20012e-248">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_Diggins" title="John Patrick Diggins">Diggins</a> says, "Reagan went all out to fight the second cold war, by supporting counterinsurgencies in the third world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiggins2007267-249">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Cox</a> says, "The intensity of this 'second' Cold War was as great as its duration was short."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox199018-250">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan_and_end_of_détente">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and end of détente</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SovietInvasionAfghanistanMap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SovietInvasionAfghanistanMap.png/220px-SovietInvasionAfghanistanMap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SovietInvasionAfghanistanMap.png/330px-SovietInvasionAfghanistanMap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SovietInvasionAfghanistanMap.png/440px-SovietInvasionAfghanistanMap.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>The Soviet invasion during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm-333" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Storm-333">Operation Storm-333</a> on 26 December 1979</figcaption></figure> In April 1978, the communist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan" title="People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan">People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan</a> (PDPA) seized power in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a>. Within months, opponents of the communist regime launched an uprising in eastern Afghanistan that quickly expanded into a <a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">civil war</a> waged by guerrilla <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a> against government forces countrywide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain2005108–109-251">[241]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen</a> insurgents received military training and weapons in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr2004157–158-252">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsella1992-253">[243]</a> while the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain2005108–109-251">[241]</a> Meanwhile, increasing friction between the competing factions of the PDPA—the dominant <a href="/wiki/Khalq" title="Khalq">Khalq</a> and the more moderate <a href="/wiki/Parcham" title="Parcham">Parcham</a>—resulted in the dismissal of Parchami cabinet members and the arrest of Parchami military officers under the pretext of a Parchami coup. By mid-1979, the United States had started a covert program to assist the mujahideen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeher200468–69,_94-254">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin2020-255">[245]</a> In September 1979, Khalqist President <a href="/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki" title="Nur Muhammad Taraki">Nur Muhammad Taraki</a> was assassinated in a coup within the PDPA orchestrated by fellow Khalq member <a href="/wiki/Hafizullah_Amin" title="Hafizullah Amin">Hafizullah Amin</a>, who assumed the presidency. Distrusted by the Soviets, Amin was assassinated by Soviet special forces during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm-333" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Storm-333">Operation Storm-333</a> in December 1979. Afghan forces suffered losses during the Soviet operation; 30 Afghan palace guards and over 300 army guards were killed while another 150 were captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley2008b142-256">[246]</a> Two of Amin's sons, an 11-year-old and a 9-year-old, died from shrapnel wounds sustained during the clashes.<a href="#cite_note-257">[247]</a> In the aftermath of the operation, a total of 1,700 Afghan soldiers who surrendered to Soviet forces were taken as prisoners,<a href="#cite_note-258">[248]</a> and the Soviets installed <a href="/wiki/Babrak_Karmal" title="Babrak Karmal">Babrak Karmal</a>, the leader of the PDPA's Parcham faction, as Amin's successor. Veterans of the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Group" title="Alpha Group">Alpha Group</a> have stated that Operation Storm-333 was one of the most successful in the unit's history. Documents released following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in the 1990s revealed that the Soviet leadership believed Amin had secret contacts within the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Kabul" title="Embassy of the United States, Kabul">American embassy in Kabul</a> and "was capable of reaching an agreement with the United States";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley20028-259">[249]</a> however, allegations of Amin colluding with the Americans have been widely discredited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlight201270-260">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[K]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[L]</a> The PDBA was tasked to fill the vacuum and carried out a purge of Amin supporters. Soviet troops were deployed to put Afghanistan under Soviet control with Karmal in more substantial numbers, although the Soviet government did not expect to do most of the fighting in Afghanistan. As a result, however, the Soviets were now directly involved in what had been a domestic war in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalinovsky201125–28-263">[251]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg/220px-Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg/330px-Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg/440px-Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2707" data-file-height="1911" /></a><figcaption>President Reagan publicizes his support by meeting with <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a> leaders in the White House, 1983.</figcaption></figure> Carter responded to the Soviet invasion by withdrawing the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks#SALT_II_Treaty" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">SALT II</a> treaty from ratification, imposing embargoes on grain and technology shipments to the USSR, and demanding a significant increase in military spending, and further announced the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">boycott</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a> in Moscow, which was joined by 65 other nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToohey2007100-264">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2016-265">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadaway1996-266">[254]</a> He described the Soviet incursion as "the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005211-267">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reagan_and_Thatcher">Reagan and Thatcher</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Prime_Minister_Margaret_Thatcher_During_a_Working_Luncheon_at_Camp_David_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Prime_Minister_Margaret_Thatcher_During_a_Working_Luncheon_at_Camp_David_%28retouched%29.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Prime_Minister_Margaret_Thatcher_During_a_Working_Luncheon_at_Camp_David_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Prime_Minister_Margaret_Thatcher_During_a_Working_Luncheon_at_Camp_David_%28retouched%29.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Prime_Minister_Margaret_Thatcher_During_a_Working_Luncheon_at_Camp_David_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Prime_Minister_Margaret_Thatcher_During_a_Working_Luncheon_at_Camp_David_%28retouched%29.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Prime_Minister_Margaret_Thatcher_During_a_Working_Luncheon_at_Camp_David_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5135" data-file-height="3403" /></a><figcaption>President Reagan with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher during a working luncheon at <a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a>, December 1984</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_War_Map_1980.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cold_War_Map_1980.svg/300px-Cold_War_Map_1980.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cold_War_Map_1980.svg/450px-Cold_War_Map_1980.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cold_War_Map_1980.svg/600px-Cold_War_Map_1980.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>The world map of military alliances in 1980</figcaption></figure> In January 1977, four years prior to becoming president, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> bluntly stated, in a conversation with <a href="/wiki/Richard_V._Allen" title="Richard V. Allen">Richard V. Allen</a>, his basic expectation in relation to the Cold War. "My idea of American policy toward the Soviet Union is simple, and some would say simplistic," he said. "It is this: We win and they lose. What do you think of that?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2000-268">[256]</a> In 1980, Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 presidential election</a>, vowing to increase military spending and confront the Soviets everywhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005189-269">[257]</a> Both Reagan and new British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> denounced the Soviet Union and its ideology. Reagan labeled the Soviet Union an "<a href="/wiki/Evil_Empire_speech" title="Evil Empire speech">evil empire</a>" and predicted that Communism would be left on the "<a href="/wiki/Ash_heap_of_history" title="Ash heap of history">ash heap of history</a>," while Thatcher inculpated the Soviets as "bent on world dominance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005197-270">[258]</a> In 1982, Reagan tried to cut off Moscow's access to hard currency by impeding its proposed gas line to Western Europe. It hurt the Soviet economy, but it also caused ill will among American allies in Europe who counted on that revenue. Reagan retreated on this issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsno2018281–304-271">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebnerBurnsSiracusa200829–31-272">[260]</a> By early 1985, Reagan's anti-communist position had developed into a stance known as the new <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a>—which, in addition to containment, formulated an additional right to subvert existing communist governments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebnerBurnsSiracusa200876-273">[261]</a> Besides continuing Carter's policy of supporting the Islamic opponents of the Soviet Union and the Soviet-backed <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan" title="People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan">PDPA</a> government in Afghanistan, the CIA also sought to weaken the Soviet Union itself by promoting <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> in the majority-Muslim <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Central Asian Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005130-274">[262]</a> Additionally, the CIA encouraged anti-communist Pakistan's ISI to train Muslims from around the world to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> against the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005130-274">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_Solidarity_movement_and_martial_law">Polish Solidarity movement and martial law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity (Polish trade union)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> provided a moral focus for <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>; a visit to his native Poland in 1979 stimulated a religious and nationalist resurgence centered on the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity movement</a> trade union that galvanized opposition and may have led to his <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II">attempted assassination</a> two years later.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In December 1981, Poland's <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a> reacted to the crisis by imposing <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">a period of martial law</a>. Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005219–222-275">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a>, the Kremlin's top ideologist, advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity, for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions, resulting in a catastrophe for the Soviet economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005219–222-275">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_and_USSR_military_and_economic_issues">US and USSR military and economic issues</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSD-10_Pioneer" title="RSD-10 Pioneer">RSD-10 Pioneer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing">MGM-31 Pershing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg/260px-US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg/390px-US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg/520px-US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>US and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945–2006</figcaption></figure> The Soviet Union had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of its gross national product at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Consumer_goods_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Consumer goods in the Soviet Union">consumer goods</a> and investment in civilian sectors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber2002332-276">[264]</a> Soviet spending on the <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> and other Cold War commitments both caused and exacerbated deep-seated structural problems in the Soviet system,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETowle2000159-277">[265]</a> which experienced at least <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">a decade of economic stagnation</a> during the late Brezhnev years. Soviet investment in the defense sector was not driven by military necessity but in large part by the interests of the <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a>, which was dependent on the sector for their own power and privileges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber2002335-278">[266]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> became the largest in the world in terms of the numbers and types of weapons they possessed, in the number of troops in their ranks, and in the sheer size of their <a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">military–industrial base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom20001-279">[267]</a> However, the quantitative advantages held by the Soviet military often concealed areas where the Eastern Bloc dramatically lagged behind the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber2002340-280">[268]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a> demonstrated how the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">armor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">fire control systems</a>, and firing range of the Soviet Union's most common main battle tank, the <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a>, were drastically inferior to the American <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a>, yet the USSR fielded almost three times as many T-72s as the US deployed M1s.<a href="#cite_note-281">[269]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SDIO_Delta_Star.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SDIO_Delta_Star.jpg/170px-SDIO_Delta_Star.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SDIO_Delta_Star.jpg/255px-SDIO_Delta_Star.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SDIO_Delta_Star.jpg/340px-SDIO_Delta_Star.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>Delta 183 launch vehicle lifts off, carrying the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a> sensor experiment "Delta Star".</figcaption></figure> By the early 1980s, the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States. Soon after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, President Carter began massively building up the United States military. This buildup was accelerated by the Reagan administration, which increased the military spending from 5.3 percent of GNP in 1981 to 6.5 percent in 1986,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlinerAlesina19916-282">[270]</a> the largest peacetime defense buildup in United States history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeeney2006-283">[271]</a> The American-Soviet tensions present during 1983 was defined by some as the start of "Cold War II". Whilst in retrospective this phase of the Cold War was generally defined as a "war of words",<a href="#cite_note-284">[272]</a> the Soviet's "peace offensive" was largely rejected by the West.<a href="#cite_note-285">[273]</a> Tensions continued to intensify as Reagan revived the <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer" title="Rockwell B-1 Lancer">B-1 Lancer</a> program, which had been canceled by the Carter administration,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200813-286">[274]</a> produced <a href="/wiki/LGM-118_Peacekeeper" title="LGM-118 Peacekeeper">LGM-118 Peacekeeper</a> missiles,<a href="#cite_note-287">[275]</a> installed US cruise missiles in Europe, and announced the experimental <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a>, dubbed "Star Wars" by the media, a defense program to shoot down missiles in mid-flight.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Soviets deployed <a href="/wiki/RSD-10_Pioneer" title="RSD-10 Pioneer">RSD-10 Pioneer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a> targeting Western Europe, and NATO decided, under the impetus of the Carter presidency, to deploy <a href="/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing">MGM-31 Pershing</a> and cruise missiles in Europe, primarily West Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005202-288">[276]</a> This deployment placed missiles just 10 minutes' striking distance from Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarthoff1994881–882-289">[277]</a> After Reagan's military buildup, the Soviet Union did not respond by further building its military,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebowStein1994-290">[278]</a> because the enormous military expenses, along with inefficient <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned manufacturing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">collectivized agriculture</a>, were already a heavy burden for the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Soviet economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2001-291">[279]</a> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> increased oil production,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaidar2007190–205-292">[280]</a> even as other non-OPEC nations were increasing production.<a href="#cite_note-293">[M]</a> These developments contributed to the <a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a>, which affected the Soviet Union as oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber2002332-276">[264]</a> Issues with <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Command_economy" title="Planned economy">command economics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardtKaufman19951-294">[281]</a> oil price decreases and large military expenditures gradually brought the Soviet economy to stagnation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaidar2007190–205-292">[280]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1985_CPA_5685.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1985_CPA_5685.jpg/170px-1985_CPA_5685.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1985_CPA_5685.jpg/255px-1985_CPA_5685.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1985_CPA_5685.jpg/340px-1985_CPA_5685.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>After ten-year-old American <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Smith" title="Samantha Smith">Samantha Smith</a> wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> expressing her fear of nuclear war, Andropov invited Smith to the Soviet Union.</figcaption></figure> On 1 September 1983, the Soviet Union shot down <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> with 269 people aboard, including sitting Congressman <a href="/wiki/Larry_McDonald" title="Larry McDonald">Larry McDonald</a>, an action which Reagan characterized as a massacre. The airliner was en route from Anchorage to Seoul but owing to a navigational mistake made by the crew, it drifted from its original planned route and flew through Russian <a href="/wiki/Prohibited_airspace" title="Prohibited airspace">prohibited airspace</a> past the west coast of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin Island</a> near <a href="/wiki/Moneron_Island" title="Moneron Island">Moneron Island</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a> treated the unidentified aircraft as an intruding U.S. <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_aircraft" title="Surveillance aircraft">spy plane</a> and destroyed it with <a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-to-air missiles">air-to-air missiles</a>. The Soviet Union found the wreckage under the sea two weeks later on 15 September and found the <a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">flight recorders</a> in October, but this information was kept secret by the Soviet authorities until after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">country's collapse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tapes-295">[282]</a> The incident increased support for military deployment, overseen by Reagan, which stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbottHannifinMagnusonDoerner1983-296">[283]</a> During the early hours of 26 September 1983, the <a href="/wiki/1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alarm_incident" title="1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident">1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident</a> occurred; systems in <a href="/wiki/Serpukhov-15" title="Serpukhov-15">Serpukhov-15</a> underwent a glitch that claimed several <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missiles</a> were heading towards Russia, but officer <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Petrov" title="Stanislav Petrov">Stanislav Petrov</a> correctly suspected it was a <a href="/wiki/False_alarm" title="False alarm">false alarm</a>, ensuring the Soviets did not respond to the non-existent attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman1999-297">[284]</a> As such, he has been credited as "the man who saved the world".<a href="#cite_note-298">[285]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a> exercise in November 1983, a realistic simulation of a coordinated NATO nuclear release, was perhaps the most dangerous moment since the Cuban Missile Crisis, as the Soviet leadership feared that a nuclear attack might be imminent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005228-299">[286]</a> American domestic public concerns about intervening in foreign conflicts persisted from the end of the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber2002323-300">[287]</a> The Reagan administration emphasized the use of quick, low-cost <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> tactics to intervene in foreign conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber2002323-300">[287]</a> In 1983, the Reagan administration intervened in the multisided <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">invaded Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya" title="1986 United States bombing of Libya">bombed Libya</a> and backed the Central American <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a>, anti-communist paramilitaries seeking to overthrow the Soviet-aligned <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista</a> government in Nicaragua.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005212-105">[102]</a> While Reagan's interventions against Grenada and Libya were popular in the United States, his backing of the Contra rebels was <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">mired in controversy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReagan1991-301">[288]</a> The Reagan administration's backing of the military government of <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a>, in particular the regime of <a href="/wiki/Efra%C3%ADn_R%C3%ADos_Montt" title="Efraín Ríos Montt">Efraín Ríos Montt</a>, was also controversial.<a href="#cite_note-302">[289]</a> Meanwhile, the Soviets incurred high costs for their own foreign interventions. Although Brezhnev was convinced in 1979 that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet war in Afghanistan</a> would be brief, Muslim guerrillas, aided by the US, China, Britain, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsella1992-253">[243]</a> waged a fierce resistance against the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber2002314-303">[290]</a> The Kremlin sent nearly 100,000 troops to support its puppet regime in Afghanistan, leading many outside observers to dub the war "the Soviets' Vietnam".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber2002314-303">[290]</a> However, Moscow's quagmire in Afghanistan was far more disastrous for the Soviets than Vietnam had been for the Americans because the conflict coincided with a period of internal decay and domestic crisis in the Soviet system. A senior <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US State Department</a> official predicted such an outcome as early as 1980, positing that the invasion resulted in part from a: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...domestic crisis within the Soviet system. ... It may be that the thermodynamic law of <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> has ... caught up with the Soviet system, which now seems to expend more energy on simply maintaining its equilibrium than on improving itself. We could be seeing a period of foreign movement at a time of internal decay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobrynin2001438–439-304">[291]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years_(1985–1991)">Final years (1985–1991)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">Cold War (1985–1991)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gorbachev's_reforms">Gorbachev's reforms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_at_the_first_Summit_in_Geneva,_Switzerland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_at_the_first_Summit_in_Geneva%2C_Switzerland.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_at_the_first_Summit_in_Geneva%2C_Switzerland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_at_the_first_Summit_in_Geneva%2C_Switzerland.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_at_the_first_Summit_in_Geneva%2C_Switzerland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_at_the_first_Summit_in_Geneva%2C_Switzerland.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_at_the_first_Summit_in_Geneva%2C_Switzerland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2651" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> in one-to-one discussions with US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagan_and_Gorbachev_signing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Reagan_and_Gorbachev_signing.jpg/220px-Reagan_and_Gorbachev_signing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Reagan_and_Gorbachev_signing.jpg/330px-Reagan_and_Gorbachev_signing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Reagan_and_Gorbachev_signing.jpg/440px-Reagan_and_Gorbachev_signing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="3144" /></a><figcaption>Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan sign the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">INF Treaty</a> at the White House, 1987.</figcaption></figure> By the time the comparatively youthful <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> became <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a> in 1985,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005197-270">[258]</a> the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber2002331–333-305">[292]</a> These issues prompted Gorbachev to investigate measures to revive the ailing state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber2002331–333-305">[292]</a> An ineffectual start led to the conclusion that deeper structural changes were necessary, and in June 1987 Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>, or restructuring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005231–233-306">[293]</a> Perestroika relaxed the <a href="/wiki/Production_quota" title="Production quota">production quota</a> system, allowed cooperative ownership of small businesses and paved the way for foreign investment. These measures were intended to redirect the country's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005231–233-306">[293]</a> Despite initial skepticism in the West, the new Soviet leader proved to be committed to reversing the Soviet Union's deteriorating economic condition instead of continuing the arms race with the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber2002300–340-307">[294]</a> Partly as a way to fight off internal opposition from party cliques to his reforms, Gorbachev simultaneously introduced <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a>, or openness, which increased freedom of the press and the transparency of state institutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbs19997-308">[295]</a> Glasnost was intended to reduce the corruption at the top of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> and moderate the <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">abuse of power</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbs199933-309">[296]</a> Glasnost also enabled increased contact between Soviet citizens and the Western world, particularly with the United States, contributing to the accelerating <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> between the two nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbs199961-310">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thaw_in_relations">Thaw in relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/START_I" title="START I">START I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg/220px-Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg/330px-Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg/440px-Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>The beginning of the 1990s brought a thaw in relations between the superpowers.</figcaption></figure> In response to the Kremlin's military and <a href="/wiki/Concession_(politics)" title="Concession (politics)">political concessions</a>, Reagan agreed to renew talks on economic issues and the scaling-back of the arms race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005229–230-311">[298]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">summit</a> was held in November 1985 in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005229–230-311">[298]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">second summit</a> was held in October 1986 in <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>. Talks went well until the focus shifted to Reagan's proposed <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a> (SDI), which Gorbachev wanted to be eliminated. Reagan refused.<a href="#cite_note-312">[299]</a> The negotiations failed, but the third summit (<a href="/wiki/Washington_Summit_(1987)" title="Washington Summit (1987)">Washington Summit (1987)</a>, 8–10 December 1987) led to a breakthrough with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty</a> (INF). The INF treaty eliminated all nuclear-armed, ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers (310 and 3,420 mi) and their infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-313">[300]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Tear_down_this_wall!" title="Tear down this wall!">Tear down this wall!</a>" speech: Reagan speaking in front of the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a>, 12 June 1987</figcaption></figure> During 1988, it became apparent to the Soviets that oil and gas subsidies, along with the cost of maintaining massive troops levels, represented a substantial economic drain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShearman199576-314">[301]</a> In addition, the security advantage of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">a buffer zone</a> was recognised as irrelevant and the Soviets <a href="/wiki/Sinatra_Doctrine" title="Sinatra Doctrine">officially declared</a> that they would no longer intervene in the affairs of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">satellite states</a> in Central and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005248-315">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and Gorbachev met at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1988)" title="Moscow Summit (1988)">Moscow Summit</a> in May 1988 and the <a href="/wiki/Governors_Island_Summit" title="Governors Island Summit">Governors Island Summit</a> in December 1988. In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan">Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan</a> without achieving their objectives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005235–236-316">[303]</a> Later that year, the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inner_German_border#Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Inner German border">Inner German border</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain#Fall_of_the_Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> fell. On 3 December 1989, Gorbachev and Bush declared the Cold War over at the <a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta Summit</a>. In February 1990, Gorbachev agreed with the US-proposed <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a> and signed it on 12 September 1990, paving the way for the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShearman199576-314">[301]</a> When the Berlin Wall came down, Gorbachev's "<a href="/wiki/Common_European_Home" title="Common European Home">Common European Home</a>" concept began to take shape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Navigator1989-317">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[305]</a> The two former adversaries were partners in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> (August 1990 – February 1991).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman199341-319">[306]</a> During the final summit in Moscow in July 1991, Gorbachev and Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/START_I" title="START I">START I</a> arms control treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005255-320">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe_breaks_away">Eastern Europe breaks away</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Mark_-_Otto_Habsburg-Lothringen,_P%C3%B6cking_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Oliver_Mark_-_Otto_Habsburg-Lothringen%2C_P%C3%B6cking_2006.jpg/170px-Oliver_Mark_-_Otto_Habsburg-Lothringen%2C_P%C3%B6cking_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Oliver_Mark_-_Otto_Habsburg-Lothringen%2C_P%C3%B6cking_2006.jpg/255px-Oliver_Mark_-_Otto_Habsburg-Lothringen%2C_P%C3%B6cking_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Oliver_Mark_-_Otto_Habsburg-Lothringen%2C_P%C3%B6cking_2006.jpg/340px-Oliver_Mark_-_Otto_Habsburg-Lothringen%2C_P%C3%B6cking_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a>, who played a leading role in opening the Iron Curtain</figcaption></figure> Two developments dominated the decade that followed: the increasingly apparent crumbling of the Soviet Union's economic and political structures, and the patchwork attempts at reforms to reverse that process. Kenneth S. Deffeyes argued in <a href="/wiki/Beyond_Oil" title="Beyond Oil">Beyond Oil</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a> encouraged <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to <a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">lower the price of oil</a> to the point where the Soviets could not make a profit selling their oil, and resulted in the depletion of the country's <a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">hard currency</a> reserves.<a href="#cite_note-321">[308]</a> Brezhnev's next two successors, transitional figures with deep roots in his tradition, did not last long. <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> was 68 years old and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a> 72 when they assumed power; both died in less than two years. In an attempt to avoid a third short-lived leader, in 1985, the Soviets turned to the next generation and selected <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. He made significant changes in the economy and party leadership, called <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>. His policy of <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> freed public <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">access to information</a> after decades of heavy government censorship. Gorbachev also moved to end the Cold War. In 1988, the USSR abandoned its <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">war in Afghanistan</a> and began to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan">withdraw its forces</a>. In the following year, <a href="/wiki/Sinatra_Doctrine" title="Sinatra Doctrine">Gorbachev refused to interfere in the internal affairs of the Soviet satellite states</a>, which paved the way for the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>. In particular, the standstill of the Soviet Union at the <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a> in August 1989 then set a peaceful chain reaction in motion, at the end of which the Eastern Bloc collapsed. With the tearing down of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> and with East and West Germany pursuing re-unification, the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> between <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a> and Soviet-occupied regions came down.<a href="#cite_note-Andreas_Rödder_2009-322">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Roser_2018-323">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-Otmar_Lahodynsky_2014-324">[311]</a> By 1989, the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse, and, deprived of Soviet military support, the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005235–236-316">[303]</a> Grassroots organizations, such as Poland's <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> movement, rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:00_P%C3%A1neur%C3%B3pai_Piknik_eml%C3%A9khely.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/00_P%C3%A1neur%C3%B3pai_Piknik_eml%C3%A9khely.jpg/170px-00_P%C3%A1neur%C3%B3pai_Piknik_eml%C3%A9khely.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/00_P%C3%A1neur%C3%B3pai_Piknik_eml%C3%A9khely.jpg/255px-00_P%C3%A1neur%C3%B3pai_Piknik_eml%C3%A9khely.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/00_P%C3%A1neur%C3%B3pai_Piknik_eml%C3%A9khely.jpg/340px-00_P%C3%A1neur%C3%B3pai_Piknik_eml%C3%A9khely.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a> took place in August 1989 on the Hungarian-Austrian border.</figcaption></figure> The Pan-European Picnic in August 1989 in Hungary finally started a peaceful movement that the rulers in the Eastern Bloc could not stop. It was the largest movement of refugees from East Germany since the Berlin Wall was built in 1961 and ultimately brought about the fall of the Iron Curtain. The patrons of the picnic, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a> and the Hungarian Minister of State <a href="/wiki/Imre_Pozsgay" title="Imre Pozsgay">Imre Pozsgay</a>, saw the planned event as an opportunity to test Mikhail Gorbachev's reaction. The Austrian branch of the <a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a>, which was then headed by <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">Karl von Habsburg</a>, distributed thousands of brochures inviting the GDR holidaymakers in Hungary to a picnic near the border at Sopron. But with the mass exodus at the Pan-European Picnic the subsequent hesitant behavior of the ruling Socialist Unity Party of East Germany and the non-interference of the Soviet Union broke the dams. Now tens of thousands of media-informed East Germans made their way to Hungary, which was no longer willing to keep its borders completely closed or to oblige its border troops to use armed force. On the one hand, this caused disagreement among the Eastern European states and, on the other hand, it was clear to the Eastern European population that the governments no longer had absolute power.<a href="#cite_note-Andreas_Rödder_2009-322">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Roser_2018-323">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-Otmar_Lahodynsky_2014-324">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[312]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R0518-182,_Erich_Honecker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R0518-182%2C_Erich_Honecker.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R0518-182%2C_Erich_Honecker.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R0518-182%2C_Erich_Honecker.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R0518-182%2C_Erich_Honecker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R0518-182%2C_Erich_Honecker.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R0518-182%2C_Erich_Honecker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>East German leader <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a> lost control in August 1989.</figcaption></figure> In 1989, the communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organization of competitive elections. In Czechoslovakia and East Germany, mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders. The communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled, in the latter case as the result of a <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">violent uprising</a>. Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania, on behalf of the opposition, to prevent bloodshed.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarthoff1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-326">[313]</a> The tidal wave of change culminated with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a> in November 1989, which symbolized the collapse of European communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">1989 revolutionary wave</a> swept across Central and Eastern Europe and peacefully overthrew all of the Soviet-style <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Marxist–Leninist states</a>: East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELefeberFitzmauriceVierdag1991221-327">[314]</a> Romania was the only Eastern-bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005247-328">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_dissolution">Soviet dissolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">The Barricades</a>, <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy of the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltsk%C3%BD%C5%98et%C4%9Bz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Baltsk%C3%BD%C5%98et%C4%9Bz.jpg/220px-Baltsk%C3%BD%C5%98et%C4%9Bz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Baltsk%C3%BD%C5%98et%C4%9Bz.jpg/330px-Baltsk%C3%BD%C5%98et%C4%9Bz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Baltsk%C3%BD%C5%98et%C4%9Bz.jpg/440px-Baltsk%C3%BD%C5%98et%C4%9Bz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3936" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption>The human chain in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a>, 23 August 1989</figcaption></figure> At the same time, the Soviet republics started legal moves towards potentially declaring <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> over their territories, citing the freedom to secede in Article 72 of the USSR constitution.<a href="#cite_note-329">[316]</a> On 7 April 1990, a law was passed allowing a republic to secede if more than two-thirds of its residents voted for it in a referendum.<a href="#cite_note-330">[317]</a> Many held their first free elections in the Soviet era for their own national legislatures in 1990. Many of these legislatures proceeded to produce legislation contradicting the Union laws in what was known as the '<a href="/wiki/War_of_Laws" title="War of Laws">War of Laws</a>'. In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> convened a newly elected Congress of People's Deputies. <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> was elected its chairman. On 12 June 1990, the Congress <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">declared Russia's sovereignty over its territory</a> and proceeded to pass laws that attempted to supersede some of the Soviet laws. After a landslide victory of <a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Sąjūdis</a> in Lithuania, that country declared its independence restored on 11 March 1990, citing the illegality of the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states</a>. Soviet forces attempted to halt the secession by crushing popular demonstrations in Lithuania (<a href="/wiki/January_Events" title="January Events">Bloody Sunday</a>) and Latvia (<a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">The Barricades</a>), as a result, numerous civilians were killed or wounded. However, these actions only bolstered international support for the secessionists.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_331-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMälksoo2022[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-331">[318]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:August_1991_coup_-_awaiting_the_counterattack_outside_the_White_House_Moscow_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/August_1991_coup_-_awaiting_the_counterattack_outside_the_White_House_Moscow_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-August_1991_coup_-_awaiting_the_counterattack_outside_the_White_House_Moscow_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/August_1991_coup_-_awaiting_the_counterattack_outside_the_White_House_Moscow_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-August_1991_coup_-_awaiting_the_counterattack_outside_the_White_House_Moscow_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/August_1991_coup_-_awaiting_the_counterattack_outside_the_White_House_Moscow_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-August_1991_coup_-_awaiting_the_counterattack_outside_the_White_House_Moscow_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">August Coup</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, 1991</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_Union_referendum" title="1991 Soviet Union referendum">referendum for the preservation of the USSR</a> was held on 17 March 1991 in nine republics (the remainder having boycotted the vote), with the majority of the population in those republics voting for preservation of the Union in the form of a new federation. The referendum gave Gorbachev a minor boost. In the summer of 1991, the <a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">New Union Treaty</a>, which would have turned the country into a much looser Union, was agreed upon by eight republics. The signing of the treaty, however, was interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August Coup</a>—an attempted coup d'état by hardline members of the government and the KGB who sought to reverse Gorbachev's reforms and reassert the central government's control over the republics. After the coup collapsed, Russian president Yeltsin was seen as a hero for his decisive actions, while Gorbachev's power was effectively ended. The balance of power tipped significantly towards the republics. In August 1991, Latvia and Estonia immediately declared the restoration of their full independence (following Lithuania's 1990 example). Gorbachev resigned as general secretary in late August, and soon afterwards, the party's activities were indefinitely suspended—effectively ending its rule. By the fall, Gorbachev could no longer influence events outside Moscow, and he was being challenged even there by Yeltsin, who had been elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> in July 1991. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image0_ST.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Image0_ST.jpg/220px-Image0_ST.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Image0_ST.jpg/330px-Image0_ST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Image0_ST.jpg/440px-Image0_ST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T-80" title="T-80">T-80</a> tank on <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August Coup</a></figcaption></figure> Later in August, Gorbachev resigned as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">general secretary of the Communist party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian</a> President Boris Yeltsin ordered the seizure of Soviet property. Gorbachev clung to power as the President of the Soviet Union until 25 December 1991, when the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">USSR dissolved</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2015205–206-332">[319]</a> <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Fifteen states</a> emerged from the Soviet Union, with by far the largest and most populous one (which also was the founder of the Soviet state with the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Petrograd), the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>, taking full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations. As such, Russia assumed the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Russia and the United Nations">UN membership and permanent membership on the Security Council</a>, nuclear stockpile and the control over the armed forces; Soviet embassies abroad became Russian embassies.<a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-15">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CCCP_1991_(4377719733).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/CCCP_1991_%284377719733%29.jpg/220px-CCCP_1991_%284377719733%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/CCCP_1991_%284377719733%29.jpg/330px-CCCP_1991_%284377719733%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/CCCP_1991_%284377719733%29.jpg/440px-CCCP_1991_%284377719733%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>The first <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_in_Russia" title="McDonald's in Russia">Russian McDonald's</a> on <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow's</a> <a href="/wiki/Pushkinskaya_Square" title="Pushkinskaya Square">Pushkin Square</a>, pictured in 1991</figcaption></figure> In his <a href="/wiki/1992_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1992 State of the Union Address">1992 State of the Union Address</a>, US President George H. W. Bush expressed his emotions: "The biggest thing that has happened in the world in my life, in our lives, is this: By the grace of God, America won the Cold War."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbroseBrinkley2011xvi-333">[320]</a> Bush and Yeltsin met in February 1992, declaring a new era of "friendship and partnership".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanhimäkiSoutouGermond2010501-334">[321]</a> In January 1993, Bush and Yeltsin agreed to <a href="/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a>, which provided for further nuclear arms reductions on top of the original START treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk2013860–861-335">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_Cold_War" title="Effects of the Cold War">Effects of the Cold War</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_relations_since_1989" title="International relations since 1989">International relations since 1989</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_dichotomy" title="East–West dichotomy">East–West dichotomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_War_border_changes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cold_War_border_changes.png/280px-Cold_War_border_changes.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cold_War_border_changes.png/420px-Cold_War_border_changes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cold_War_border_changes.png/560px-Cold_War_border_changes.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War</figcaption></figure> In summing up the international ramifications of these events, <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Zubok" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladislav Zubok">Vladislav Zubok</a> stated: 'The collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a> was an event of epochal geopolitical, military, ideological, and economic significance.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2009ix-336">[323]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, Russia drastically cut <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">military spending</a>, and restructuring the economy left millions unemployed.<a href="#cite_note-337">[324]</a> According to Western analysis, the neoliberal reforms in Russia culminated in a <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a> in the early 1990s more severe than the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> as experienced by the United States and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan199517–18-338">[325]</a> Western analysts suggest that in the 25 years following the end of the Cold War, only five or six of the post-communist states are on a path to joining the rich and capitalist world while most are falling behind, some to such an extent that it will take several decades to catch up to where they were before the collapse of communism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodsee201763-339">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanović2015135–138-340">[327]</a> Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania consider themselves as <a href="/wiki/State_continuity_of_the_Baltic_states" title="State continuity of the Baltic states">revivals of the three independent countries</a> that existed prior to their <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">occupation and annexation by the Soviet Union</a> in 1940. They maintain that the process by which they were incorporated into the Soviet Union violated both international law and their own law, and that in 1990–1991 they were reasserting an independence that still legally existed. Communist parties outside the Baltic states were not outlawed and their members were not prosecuted. Just a few places attempted to exclude members of communist secret services from decision-making. In some countries, the communist party changed its name and continued to function.<a href="#cite_note-341">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decommunization">Decommunization</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Holmes_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Holmes (political scientist)">Stephen Holmes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> argued in 1996 that decommunization, after a brief active period, quickly ended in near-universal failure. After the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Lustration" title="Lustration">lustration</a>, demand for scapegoats has become relatively low, and former communists have been elected for high governmental and other administrative positions. Holmes notes that the only real exception was former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, where thousands of former <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a> informers have been fired from public positions.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_342-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandelbaum1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-342">[329]</a> Holmes suggests the following reasons for the failure of decommunization:&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_342-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandelbaum1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-342">[329]</a> <ul><li>After 45–70 years of communist rule, nearly every family has members associated with the state. After the initial desire "to root out the reds" came a realization that massive punishment is wrong and finding only some guilty is hardly justice.</li> <li>The urgency of the current economic problems of postcommunism makes the crimes of the communist past "old news" for many citizens.</li> <li>Decommunization is believed to be a power game of elites.</li> <li>The difficulty of dislodging the social elite makes it require a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian state">totalitarian state</a> to disenfranchise the "<a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemies of the people">enemies of the people</a>" quickly and efficiently and a desire for normalcy overcomes the desire for punitive justice.</li> <li>Very few people have a perfectly clean slate and so are available to fill the positions that require significant expertise.</li></ul> Compared with the <a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">decommunization</a> efforts of the other former constituents of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, decommunization in Russia has been restricted to half-measures, if conducted at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyavec200313-343">[330]</a> Notable anti-communist measures in the Russian Federation include the banning of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a>) as well as changing the names of some Russian cities back to what they were before the 1917 <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> (Leningrad to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Sverdlovsk to <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a> and Gorky to <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevchenko2015-344">[331]</a> though others were maintained, with <a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a> (former Simbirsk), <a href="/wiki/Tolyatti" title="Tolyatti">Tolyatti</a> (former Stavropol) and <a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a> (former Vyatka) being examples. Even though Leningrad and Sverdlovsk were renamed, regions that were named after them are still officially called Leningrad and Sverdlovsk oblasts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Spasskaya_Tower,_photographed_in_1883,_published_1884_(Saviour_Tower_-_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F),_Moscow_Kremlin,_Red_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_photographed_in_1883%2C_published_1884_%28Saviour_Tower_-_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%29%2C_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Red_Square.jpg/170px-The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_photographed_in_1883%2C_published_1884_%28Saviour_Tower_-_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%29%2C_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Red_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_photographed_in_1883%2C_published_1884_%28Saviour_Tower_-_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%29%2C_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Red_Square.jpg/255px-The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_photographed_in_1883%2C_published_1884_%28Saviour_Tower_-_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%29%2C_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Red_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_photographed_in_1883%2C_published_1884_%28Saviour_Tower_-_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%29%2C_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Red_Square.jpg/340px-The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_photographed_in_1883%2C_published_1884_%28Saviour_Tower_-_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%29%2C_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Red_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Spasskaya_Tower" title="Spasskaya Tower">Spasskaya Tower</a> had kept its red star and did not restore the two-headed eagle present before communist takeover.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia for the Soviet Union</a> is gradually on the rise in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenberg2016-345">[332]</a> Communist symbols continue to form an important part of the rhetoric used in <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Russia">state-controlled media</a>, as banning on them in other countries is seen by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Russian foreign ministry</a> as "sacrilege" and "a perverse idea of good and evil".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevchenko2015-344">[331]</a> The process of <a href="/wiki/Decommunization_in_Ukraine" title="Decommunization in Ukraine">decommunization in Ukraine</a>, a neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet state">post-Soviet state</a>, was met with fierce criticism by Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevchenko2015-344">[331]</a> The <a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="State Anthem of the Russian Federation">State Anthem of the Russian Federation</a>, adopted in 2000 (the same year <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> began his first term as president of Russia), uses the exact same music as the <a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">State Anthem of the Soviet Union</a>, but with new lyrics written by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Mikhalkov" title="Sergey Mikhalkov">Sergey Mikhalkov</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Conversely, decommunization in Ukraine started during and after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhotin2009-346">[333]</a> With the success of the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a> in 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian government">Ukrainian government</a> approved <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_decommunization_laws" title="Ukrainian decommunization laws">laws</a> that outlawed <a href="/wiki/Communist_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist symbol">communist symbols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ectniiU-347">[334]</a> In July 2015, President of Ukraine <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a> signed a set of laws that started a six-month period for the removal of communist monuments (excluding <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> monuments) and renaming of public places named after communist-related themes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevchenko2015-344">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[336]</a> At the time, this meant that 22 cities and 44 villages were set to get new names.<a href="#cite_note-350">[337]</a> In 2016, 51,493 streets and 987 cities and villages were renamed, and 1,320 <a href="/wiki/Lenin_monuments" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin monuments">Lenin monuments</a> and 1,069 monuments to other communist figures removed.<a href="#cite_note-rdiU16-351">[338]</a> Violation of the law carries a penalty of a potential media ban and prison sentences of up to five years.<a href="#cite_note-dwdc9415-352">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-oscedc18515-353">[340]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Interior (Ukraine)">Ministry of the Interior</a> stripped the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Communist Party of Ukraine">Communist Party of Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(renewed)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed)">Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Workers_and_Peasants" title="Communist Party of Workers and Peasants">Communist Party of Workers and Peasants</a> of their right to participate in elections and stated it was continuing the court actions that started in July 2014 to end the registration of <a href="/wiki/Category:Communist_parties_in_Ukraine" title="Category:Communist parties in Ukraine">communist parties in Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Banukcom24715-354">[341]</a> By 16 December 2015, these three parties had been banned in Ukraine; the Communist Party of Ukraine appealed the ban to the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2></div> The Cold War continues to influence world affairs. The post-Cold War world is considered to be <a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)#Unipolarity" title="Polarity (international relations)">unipolar</a>, with the United States the sole remaining <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200687-359">[346]</a> The Cold War defined the political role of the United States after World War II—by 1989 the United States had military alliances with 50 countries, with 526,000 troops stationed abroad,<a href="#cite_note-PBS_2004-360">[347]</a> with 326,000 in Europe (two-thirds of which were in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuke1989175-361">[348]</a> and 130,000 in Asia (mainly <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>).<a href="#cite_note-PBS_2004-360">[347]</a> The Cold War also marked the zenith of peacetime <a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">military–industrial complexes</a>, especially in the Soviet Union and the United States, and large-scale <a href="/wiki/History_of_military_technology" title="History of military technology">military funding of science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2002-362">[349]</a> These complexes, though their origins may be found as early as the 19th century, snowballed considerably during the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavelec2009xv–xvi-363">[350]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enlargement_of_the_European_Union_77.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union_77.gif/220px-Enlargement_of_the_European_Union_77.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union_77.gif/330px-Enlargement_of_the_European_Union_77.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union_77.gif/440px-Enlargement_of_the_European_Union_77.gif 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>Since the end of the Cold War, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> has <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">expanded eastwards</a> into the former Warsaw Pact and parts of the former Soviet Union.</figcaption></figure> Cumulative US military expenditures throughout the entire Cold War amounted to an estimated $8 trillion. Further nearly 100,000 Americans died in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber20021-364">[351]</a> Although Soviet casualties are difficult to estimate, as a share of gross national product the financial cost for the Soviet Union was much higher than that incurred by the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005213-365">[352]</a> In addition to the loss of life by uniformed soldiers, millions died in the superpowers' <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a> around the globe, most notably in eastern Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005266-366">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[N]</a> Most of the proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold War; interstate wars, ethnic wars, revolutionary wars, as well as refugee and displaced persons crises have declined sharply in the post-Cold War years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshallGurr2006-368">[354]</a> However, the aftermath of the Cold War is not considered to be concluded. Many of the economic and social tensions that were exploited to fuel Cold War competition in parts of the Third World remain acute. The breakdown of state control in a number of areas formerly ruled by communist governments produced new civil and ethnic conflicts, particularly in the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. In Central and Eastern Europe, the end of the Cold War has ushered in an era of <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> and an increase in the number of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracies</a>, while in other parts of the world, such as Afghanistan, independence was accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">state failure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliday20012e-248">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_during_the_Cold_War" title="Culture during the Cold War">Culture during the Cold War</a></div> During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union invested heavily in propaganda designed to influence people around the world, especially using motion pictures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawYoungblood2010ch._1-369">[355]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Cold War endures as a popular topic reflected in entertainment media, and continuing to the present with post-1991 Cold War-themed feature films, novels, television and web series, and other media. In 2013, a KGB-sleeper-agents-living-next-door action drama series, <a href="/wiki/The_Americans" title="The Americans">The Americans</a>, set in the early 1980s, was ranked No. 6 on the <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a> annual Best New TV Shows list; its six-season run concluded in May 2018.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2013-370">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowry2015-371">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Historiography of the Cold War</a></div> As soon as the term "Cold War" was popularized to refer to post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, interpreting the course and origins of the conflict has been a source of heated controversy among historians, political scientists, and journalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashel1999-372">[358]</a> In particular, historians have sharply disagreed as to who was responsible for the breakdown of Soviet–US relations after the Second World War; and whether the conflict between the two superpowers was inevitable or could have been avoided.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbroseBrinkley2011789–799-373">[359]</a> Historians have also disagreed on what exactly the Cold War was, what the sources of the conflict were, and how to disentangle patterns of action and reaction between the two sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliday20012e-248">[238]</a> Although explanations of the origins of the conflict in academic discussions are complex and diverse, several general schools of thought on the subject can be identified. Historians commonly speak of three different approaches to the study of the Cold War: "orthodox" accounts, "revisionism", and "post-revisionism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2002-362">[349]</a> "Orthodox" accounts place responsibility for the Cold War on the Soviet Union and its expansion further into Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2002-362">[349]</a> "Revisionist" writers place more responsibility for the breakdown of post-war peace on the United States, citing a range of US efforts to isolate and confront the Soviet Union well before the end of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2002-362">[349]</a> "Post-revisionists" see the events of the Cold War as more nuanced and attempt to be more balanced in determining what occurred during the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2002-362">[349]</a> Much of the historiography on the Cold War weaves together two or even all three of these broad categories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrd2003-87">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War_by_period" title="Category:Cold War by period">Category:Cold War by period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Cold_War" title="Canada in the Cold War">Canada in the Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_peace" title="Cold peace">Cold peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Outline of the Cold War">Outline of the Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_quotes">Notes and quotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2015">Service 2015</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]: "Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span from the announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> on 12 March 1947 to the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> on 26 December 1991." </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Lippmann's own book is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLippmann1947" class="citation book cs1">Lippmann, Walter (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ydc3AAAAIAAJ">The Cold War</a>. Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598864048" title="Special:BookSources/9780598864048"><bdi>9780598864048</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=9780598864048&rft.aulast=Lippmann&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdc3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJowettO'Donnell2005">Jowett & O'Donnell 2005</a>, pp. 21–23: "In fact, the word disinformation is a cognate for the Russian dezinformatsia, taken from the name of a division of the KGB devoted to black propaganda." </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatray2002">Matray 2002</a>: "South Korea's President Rhee was obsessed with accomplishing early reunification through military means. The Truman administration's fear that Rhee would launch an invasion prompted it to limit South Korea's military capabilities, refusing to provide tanks, heavy artillery, and combat planes. This did not stop the South Koreans from initiating most of the border clashes with North Korean forces at the thirty-eighth parallel beginning in the summer of 1948 and reaching a high level of intensity and violence a year later. Historians now acknowledge that the two Koreas already were waging a civil conflict when North Korea's attack opened the conventional phase of the war." </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatray2002">Matray 2002</a>: "Contradicting traditional assumptions, however, available declassified Soviet documents demonstrate that throughout 1949 Stalin consistently refused to approve Kim Il Sung's persistent requests to approve an invasion of South Korea. The Soviet leader believed that North Korea had not achieved either military superiority north of the parallel or political strength south of that line. His main concern was the threat South Korea posed to North Korea's survival, for example fearing an invasion northward following U.S. military withdrawal in June 1949." </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117094223/http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-44.html">"Revolt in Hungary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-44.html">the original</a> on 17 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revolt+in+Hungary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.osa.ceu.hu%2Fholdings%2Fselection%2Frip%2F4%2Fav%2F1956-44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"> Narrator: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a>, producer: CBS (1956) – Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306-0-1:40 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> 34,374,483 square kilometres (13,272,062 sq mi). </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPradosJimenez-Bacardi2019">Prados & Jimenez-Bacardi 2019</a>: "The memorandum showed no concern for international law or the unspoken nature of these operations as terrorist attacks." </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">International Policy Report (Report). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Center_for_International_Policy" title="Center for International Policy">Center for International Policy</a>. 1977. pp. 10–12. <q>To coordinate and carry out its war of terror and destruction during the early 1960s, the CIA established a base of operations, known as <a href="/wiki/JMWAVE" title="JMWAVE">JMWAVE</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=International+Policy+Report&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=10-12&rft.pub=Center+for+International+Policy&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> National Research Council Committee on Antarctic Policy and Science, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColl2004">Coll 2004</a>, pp. 47–49: "Frustrated and hoping to discredit him, the KGB initially planted false stories that Amin was a CIA agent. In the autumn these rumors rebounded on the KGB in a strange case of "<a href="/wiki/Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Blowback (intelligence)">blowback</a>," the term used by spies to describe planted propaganda that filters back to confuse the country that first set the story loose." </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones,_S.2010">Jones, S. 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ingraveyardofemp00jone_0/page/16">16</a>–17: "'It was total nonsense,' said the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Graham_E._Fuller" title="Graham E. Fuller">Graham Fuller</a>. 'I would have been thrilled to have those kinds of contacts with Amin, but they didn't exist.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html">Official Energy Statistics of the US Government</a>", EIA – International Energy Data and Analysis. Retrieved on 4 July 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim2014">Kim 2014</a>, p. 45: "With three of the four major Cold War fault lines—divided Germany, divided Korea, divided China, and divided Vietnam—East Asia acquired the dubious distinction of having engendered the largest number of armed conflicts resulting in higher fatalities between 1945 and 1994 than any other region or sub-region. Even in Asia, while Central and South Asia produced a regional total of 2.8 million in human fatalities, East Asia's regional total is 10.4 million including the Chinese Civil War (1 million), the Korean War (3 million), the Vietnam War (2 million), and the Pol Pot genocide in Cambodia (1 to 2 million)." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESempa2017[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESempa2017[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSempa2017">Sempa 2017</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones,_G.2014176–179-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones,_G.2014176–179_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones,_G.2014">Jones, G. 2014</a>, pp. 176–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.W.2013" class="citation news cs1">T.W. (21 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/11/economist-explains-16">"Where did banana republics get their name?"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Decommunizing+Ukraine&rft.date=2015-04-28&rft.aulast=Motyl&rft.aufirst=Alexander+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fukraine%2F2015-04-28%2Fkievs-purge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/05/15/7068057/">"Порошенко підписав закони про декомунізацію"</a> [Poroshenko signed the laws about decomunization]. <a href="/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrayinska Pravda">Ukrayinska Pravda</a> (in Ukrainian). 15 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukrayinska+Pravda&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8E&rft.date=2015-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Fnews%2F2015%2F05%2F15%2F7068057%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/265988.html">"Poroshenko signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a>. 15 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interfax-Ukraine&rft.atitle=Poroshenko+signs+laws+on+denouncing+Communist%2C+Nazi+regimes&rft.date=2015-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.interfax.com.ua%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F265988.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/06/4/7070191">"В Україні перейменують 22 міста і 44 селища"</a> [In Ukraine, 22 cities and 44 villages are being renamed]. <a href="/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrayinska Pravda">Ukrayinska Pravda</a> (in Ukrainian). 4 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukrayinska+Pravda&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8C+22+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%96+44+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Fnews%2F2015%2F06%2F4%2F7070191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rdiU16-351"><a href="#cite_ref-rdiU16_351-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society_and_culture/2147127-decommunization-reform-25-districts-and-987-populated-areas-in-ukraine-renamed-in-2016.html">"Decommunization reform: 25 districts and 987 populated areas in Ukraine renamed in 2016"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a>. 27 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrinform&rft.atitle=Decommunization+reform%3A+25+districts+and+987+populated+areas+in+Ukraine+renamed+in+2016&rft.date=2016-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-society_and_culture%2F2147127-decommunization-reform-25-districts-and-987-populated-areas-in-ukraine-renamed-in-2016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dwdc9415-352"><a href="#cite_ref-dwdc9415_352-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/ukraine-lawmakers-ban-communist-and-nazi-propaganda/a-18372853">"Ukraine lawmakers ban 'Communist and Nazi propaganda'"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> (9 April 2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-oscedc18515-353"><a href="#cite_ref-oscedc18515_353-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/fom/158581">"New laws in Ukraine potential threat to free expression and free media, OSCE Representative says"</a>, <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a> (18 May 2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-Banukcom24715-354"><a href="#cite_ref-Banukcom24715_354-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraines-justice-ministry-outlaws-communists-from-elections-394217.html">"Ukraine's Justice Ministry outlaws Communists from elections"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. 24 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+Justice+Ministry+outlaws+Communists+from+elections&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Fukraine%2Fukraines-justice-ministry-outlaws-communists-from-elections-394217.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7131315/">"The European Court has begun consideration of a complaint against the KPU's ban"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrayinska Pravda">Ukrayinska Pravda</a>. 30 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrayinska+Pravda&rft.atitle=The+European+Court+has+begun+consideration+of+a+complaint+against+the+KPU%27s+ban&rft.date=2016-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpda.pravda.com.ua%2Fnews%2Fid_7131315%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshchenko2015" class="citation web cs1">Ishchenko, Volodymyr (18 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/18/ukraine-communist-party-ban-hysteria">"Kiev has a nasty case of anti-communist hysteria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kiev+has+a+nasty+case+of+anti-communist+hysteria&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft.aulast=Ishchenko&rft.aufirst=Volodymyr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fdec%2F18%2Fukraine-communist-party-ban-hysteria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-ukraine-court-bans-communist-party-2157044">"Ukraine court bans Communist Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_%26_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily News & Analysis">Daily News & Analysis</a>. 17 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+%26+Analysis&rft.atitle=Ukraine+court+bans+Communist+Party&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fworld%2Freport-ukraine-court-bans-communist-party-2157044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm">"Country profile: United States of America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved 11 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Country+profile%3A+United+States+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1217752.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200687-359"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum200687_359-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlum2006">Blum 2006</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS_2004-360">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PBS_2004_360-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PBS_2004_360-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/pentagon/maps/5.html">"U.S. Military Deployment 1969 to the present"</a>. Frontline. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. 26 October 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515131246/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/pentagon/maps/5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=U.S.+Military+Deployment+1969+to+the+present&rft.date=2004-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fpentagon%2Fmaps%2F5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuke1989175-361"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuke1989175_361-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuke1989">Duke 1989</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2002-362">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun2002_362-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun2002_362-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun2002_362-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun2002_362-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun2002_362-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalhoun2002">Calhoun 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavelec2009xv–xvi-363"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavelec2009xv–xvi_363-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPavelec2009">Pavelec 2009</a>, pp. xv–xvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber20021-364"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFeber20021_364-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaFeber2002">LaFeber 2002</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005213-365"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005213_365-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaddis2005">Gaddis 2005</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005266-366"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005266_366-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaddis2005">Gaddis 2005</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshallGurr2006-368"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshallGurr2006_368-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshallGurr2006">Marshall & Gurr 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawYoungblood2010ch._1-369"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawYoungblood2010ch._1_369-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShawYoungblood2010">Shaw & Youngblood 2010</a>, ch. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2013-370"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietz2013_370-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDietz2013">Dietz 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowry2015-371"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowry2015_371-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLowry2015">Lowry 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENashel1999-372"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENashel1999_372-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNashel1999">Nashel 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbroseBrinkley2011789–799-373"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbroseBrinkley2011789–799_373-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmbroseBrinkley2011">Ambrose & Brinkley 2011</a>, pp. 789–799. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAarons2007" class="citation book cs1">Aarons, Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA80">"Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide"</a>. In David A. Blumenthal; Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds.). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15691-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15691-3"><bdi>978-90-04-15691-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170129054607/https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA80">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Justice+Betrayed%3A+Post-1945+Responses+to+Genocide&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Nuremberg%3A+Civilising+Influence+or+Institutionalised+Vengeance%3F+%28International+Humanitarian+Law%29&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15691-3&rft.aulast=Aarons&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddg0hWswKgTIC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbroseBrinkley2011" class="citation book cs1">Ambrose, Stephen E.; Brinkley, Douglas G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s1u0DgAAQBAJ">Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since 1938</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200494-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200494-4"><bdi>978-0-14-200494-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729145015/https://books.google.com/books?id=s1u0DgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+to+Globalism%3A+American+Foreign+Policy+Since+1938&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-200494-4&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft.au=Brinkley%2C+Douglas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds1u0DgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Andrew, Christopher</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mitrokhin,_Vasili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitrokhin, Vasili">Mitrokhin, Vasili</a> (1999). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465003105" title="Special:BookSources/9780465003105"><bdi>9780465003105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+and+the+Shield%3A+The+Mitrokhin+Archive+and+the+Secret+History+of+the+KGB&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780465003105&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Mitrokhin%2C+Vasili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Andrew, Christopher</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mitrokhin,_Vasili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitrokhin, Vasili">Mitrokhin, Vasili</a> (2000). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465003129" title="Special:BookSources/9780465003129"><bdi>9780465003129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+and+the+Shield%3A+The+Mitrokhin+Archive+and+the+Secret+History+of+the+KGB&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780465003129&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Mitrokhin%2C+Vasili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ang, Cheng Guan. Southeast Asia's Cold War: An Interpretive History (University of Hawai'i Press, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issforum.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XX-39.pdf">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2004" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Charles (2004). The North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950 (1st ed.). Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+Korean+Revolution%2C+1945%E2%80%931950&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacevich2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich, Andrew</a> (2010). Washington rules: America's path to permanent war (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-4326-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-4326-0"><bdi>978-1-4299-4326-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington+rules%3A+America%27s+path+to+permanent+war&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-4326-0&rft.aulast=Bacevich&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeisner2006" class="citation book cs1">Beisner, Robert L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deanachesonlifei00beis">Dean Acheson : a life in the Cold War</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195045789" title="Special:BookSources/9780195045789"><bdi>9780195045789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dean+Acheson+%3A+a+life+in+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195045789&rft.aulast=Beisner&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeanachesonlifei00beis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensonWarner1996" class="citation book cs1">Benson, Robert Louis; Warner, Michael (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c8NIAQAAIAAJ">Venona Soviet Espionage and the American Response 1939–1957</a>. National Security Agency. Retrieved 17 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venona+Soviet+Espionage+and+the+American+Response+1939%E2%80%931957&rft.pub=National+Security+Agency&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Louis&rft.au=Warner%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc8NIAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Bevins, Vincent</a> (2020). <a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Method" title="The Jakarta Method">The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World</a>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541742406" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541742406"><bdi>978-1541742406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jakarta+Method%3A+Washington%27s+Anticommunist+Crusade+and+the+Mass+Murder+Program+that+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541742406&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlight2012" class="citation book cs1">Blight, James G. (2012). Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979–1988. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0830-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0830-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-0830-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Enemies%3A+U.S.-Iran+Relations+and+the+Iran-Iraq+War%2C+1979%E2%80%931988&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0830-8&rft.aulast=Blight&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlightAllynWelch2002" class="citation book cs1">Blight, James G.; Allyn, Bruce J.; Welch, David A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GDo1CdsGZ8IC">Cuba on the Brink: Castro, the Missile Crisis, and the Soviet Collapse</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2269-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2269-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-2269-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729144714/https://books.google.com/books?id=GDo1CdsGZ8IC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba+on+the+Brink%3A+Castro%2C+the+Missile+Crisis%2C+and+the+Soviet+Collapse&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2269-5&rft.aulast=Blight&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft.au=Allyn%2C+Bruce+J.&rft.au=Welch%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGDo1CdsGZ8IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2006" class="citation book cs1">Blum, William (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_u2v3">Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower</a> (3rd ed.). Common Courage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56751-374-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56751-374-5"><bdi>978-1-56751-374-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rogue+State%3A+A+Guide+to+the+World%27s+Only+Superpower&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Common+Courage+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-56751-374-5&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_u2v3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumberg1995" class="citation book cs1">Blumberg, Arnold (1995). Great Leaders, Great Tyrants?: Contemporary Views of World Rulers Who Made History. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28751-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28751-0"><bdi>978-0-313-28751-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Leaders%2C+Great+Tyrants%3F%3A+Contemporary+Views+of+World+Rulers+Who+Made+History&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-313-28751-0&rft.aulast=Blumberg&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourne1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bourne" title="Peter Bourne">Bourne, Peter G.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fidelbiographyof0000bour">Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro</a>. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-396-08518-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-396-08518-8"><bdi>978-0-396-08518-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fidel%3A+A+Biography+of+Fidel+Castro&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-396-08518-8&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffidelbiographyof0000bour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreslauer2002" class="citation book cs1">Breslauer, George W. (2002). Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89244-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89244-5"><bdi>978-0-521-89244-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gorbachev+and+Yeltsin+as+Leaders&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89244-5&rft.aulast=Breslauer&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronson2006" class="citation book cs1">Bronson, Rachel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=soE8DwAAQBAJ">Thicker Than Oil: America's Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536705-8"><bdi>978-0-19-536705-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729154150/https://books.google.com/books?id=soE8DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thicker+Than+Oil%3A+America%27s+Uneasy+Partnership+with+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536705-8&rft.aulast=Bronson&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsoE8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownellBillings1987" class="citation book cs1">Brownell, Will; Billings, Richard N. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soclosetogreatne00brow">So close to greatness: a biography of William C. Bullitt</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-517410-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-517410-8"><bdi>978-0-02-517410-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+close+to+greatness%3A+a+biography+of+William+C.+Bullitt&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-02-517410-8&rft.aulast=Brownell&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Billings%2C+Richard+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoclosetogreatne00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulmer-Thomas1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Bulmer-Thomas" title="Victor Bulmer-Thomas">Bulmer-Thomas, Victor</a> (1987). The Political Economy of Central America since 1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34284-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34284-1"><bdi>978-0-521-34284-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Central+America+since+1920&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34284-1&rft.aulast=Bulmer-Thomas&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrd2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Byrd, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLbEHQAACAAJ">"Cold War (entire chapter)"</a>. In McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (eds.). The concise Oxford dictionary of politics. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280276-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280276-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280276-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729150444/https://books.google.com/books?id=xLbEHQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cold+War+%28entire+chapter%29&rft.btitle=The+concise+Oxford+dictionary+of+politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280276-7&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLbEHQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Calhoun" title="Craig Calhoun">Calhoun, Craig</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SvSZHgAACAAJ&q=Dictionary+of+the+Social+Sciences">"Cold War (entire chapter)"</a>. Dictionary of the Social Sciences. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512371-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512371-5"><bdi>978-0-19-512371-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cold+War+%28entire+chapter%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Social+Sciences&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512371-5&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSvSZHgAACAAJ%26q%3DDictionary%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSocial%2BSciences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlinerAlesina1991" class="citation book cs1">Carliner, Geoffrey; Alesina, Alberto, eds. (1991). Politics and Economics in the Eighties. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-01281-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-01281-0"><bdi>978-0-226-01281-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Economics+in+the+Eighties&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-226-01281-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlton2000" class="citation book cs1">Carlton, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTPzJRV9hhgC&pg=PA116">Churchill and the Soviet Union</a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4107-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4107-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-4107-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313225749/https://books.google.com/books?id=MTPzJRV9hhgC&pg=PA116">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill+and+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4107-5&rft.aulast=Carlton&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMTPzJRV9hhgC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2000" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David (2000). Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot, Revised Edition. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brother+Number+One%3A+A+Political+Biography+of+Pol+Pot%2C+Revised+Edition&rft.place=Chiang+Mai%2C+Thailand&rft.pub=Silkworm+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChretien2017" class="citation book cs1">Chretien, Todd (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oG4kDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT129">Eyewitnesses to the Russian Revolution</a>. Haymarket Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-880-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-880-5"><bdi>978-1-60846-880-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729143357/https://books.google.com/books?id=oG4kDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT129">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyewitnesses+to+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-60846-880-5&rft.aulast=Chretien&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoG4kDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColtman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leycester_Scott_Coltman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Leycester Scott Coltman">Coltman, Leycester</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realfidelcastro00colt_0">The Real Fidel Castro</a>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10760-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10760-9"><bdi>978-0-300-10760-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+Fidel+Castro&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10760-9&rft.aulast=Coltman&rft.aufirst=Leycester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frealfidelcastro00colt_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Coll, Steve</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to 10 September 2001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594200076" title="Special:BookSources/9781594200076"><bdi>9781594200076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Wars%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Bin+Laden%2C+from+the+Soviet+Invasion+to+10+September+2001&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781594200076&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCombs2015" class="citation book cs1">Combs, Jerald A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MGamBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97">The History of American Foreign Policy from 1895</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45641-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45641-4"><bdi>978-1-317-45641-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729143054/https://books.google.com/books?id=MGamBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+American+Foreign+Policy+from+1895&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45641-4&rft.aulast=Combs&rft.aufirst=Jerald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMGamBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2001" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Bernard A. (2001). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-4057-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-4057-5"><bdi>0-8153-4057-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+Since+1945%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8153-4057-5&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Bernard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_K._Cooley" title="John K. Cooley">Cooley, John K.</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/Unholy_Wars" title="Unholy Wars">Unholy Wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745319179" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745319179"><bdi>978-0745319179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unholy+Wars&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0745319179&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotton1989" class="citation book cs1">Cotton, James (1989). The Korean war in history. Manchester University Press ND. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2984-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2984-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-2984-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+war+in+history&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press+ND&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-2984-4&rft.aulast=Cotton&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowley1996" class="citation book cs1">Cowley, Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sefbAAAAMAAJ">The Reader's Companion to Military History</a>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-66969-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-66969-3"><bdi>978-0-395-66969-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reader%27s+Companion+to+Military+History&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-395-66969-3&rft.aulast=Cowley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsefbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Cox, Michael</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cUsOYWpQZbAC&pg=PR18">Beyond the Cold War: Superpowers at the Crossroads</a>. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-7865-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-7865-7"><bdi>978-0-8191-7865-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906021516/https://books.google.com/books?id=cUsOYWpQZbAC&pg=PR18">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Cold+War%3A+Superpowers+at+the+Crossroads&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8191-7865-7&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcUsOYWpQZbAC%26pg%3DPR18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraigLogevall2012" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Campbell; Logevall, Fredrik (2012). America's Cold War: The Politics of Insecurity. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05367-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05367-0"><bdi>978-0-674-05367-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Cold+War%3A+The+Politics+of+Insecurity&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05367-0&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rft.au=Logevall%2C+Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrockerHampsonAall2007" class="citation book cs1">Crocker, Chester A.; Hampson, Fen Osler; Aall, Pamela R. (2007). Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World. US Institute of Peace Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-97-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-97-8"><bdi>978-1-929223-97-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leashing+the+Dogs+of+War%3A+Conflict+Management+in+a+Divided+World&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-929223-97-8&rft.aulast=Crocker&rft.aufirst=Chester+A.&rft.au=Hampson%2C+Fen+Osler&rft.au=Aall%2C+Pamela+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrump2015" class="citation book cs1">Crump, Laurien (2015). The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warsaw+Pact+Reconsidered%3A+International+Relations+in+Eastern+Europe%2C+1955%E2%80%931969&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Crump&rft.aufirst=Laurien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cumings" title="Bruce Cumings">Cumings, Bruce</a> (1981). The Origins of the Korean War, Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945–1947. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Korean+War%2C+Liberation+and+the+Emergence+of+Separate+Regimes%2C+1945%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Cumings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2010" class="citation book cs1">Cummings, Richard H. (2010). Radio Free Europe's "Crusade for freedom": Rallying Americans behind Cold War Broadcasting, 1950–1960. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4410-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4410-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-4410-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Free+Europe%27s+%22Crusade+for+freedom%22%3A+Rallying+Americans+behind+Cold+War+Broadcasting%2C+1950%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4410-6&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallek2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dallek" title="Robert Dallek">Dallek, Robert</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nixonkissingerpa00dall">Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power</a>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-072230-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-072230-2"><bdi>978-0-06-072230-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon+and+Kissinger%3A+Partners+in+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-072230-2&rft.aulast=Dallek&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnixonkissingerpa00dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaum2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Daum" title="Andreas Daum">Daum, Andreas</a> (2008). Kennedy in Berlin. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85824-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85824-3"><bdi>978-0-521-85824-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kennedy+in+Berlin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85824-3&rft.aulast=Daum&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiggins2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_Diggins" title="John Patrick Diggins">Diggins, John P.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ronaldreaganfate00digg">Ronald Reagan: Fate, Freedom, And the Making of History</a>. W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06022-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06022-5"><bdi>978-0-393-06022-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ronald+Reagan%3A+Fate%2C+Freedom%2C+And+the+Making+of+History&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06022-5&rft.aulast=Diggins&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fronaldreaganfate00digg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinan2017" class="citation book cs1">Dinan, Desmond (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9JlMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">Europe Recast: A History of European Union</a>. Macmillan Education UK. pp. 40–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-43645-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-43645-0"><bdi>978-1-137-43645-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729144504/https://books.google.com/books?id=9JlMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+Recast%3A+A+History+of+European+Union&rft.pages=40-&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-137-43645-0&rft.aulast=Dinan&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9JlMDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobrynin2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Dobrynin" title="Anatoly Dobrynin">Dobrynin, Anatoly</a> (2001). In Confidence: Moscow's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98081-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98081-2"><bdi>978-0-295-98081-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Confidence%3A+Moscow%27s+Ambassador+to+Six+Cold+War+Presidents&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98081-2&rft.aulast=Dobrynin&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoeneckeStoler2005" class="citation book cs1">Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, Mark A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA18">Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's Foreign Policies, 1933–1945</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9416-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9416-7"><bdi>978-0-8476-9416-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729144806/https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt%27s+Foreign+Policies%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9416-7&rft.aulast=Doenecke&rft.aufirst=Justus+D.&rft.au=Stoler%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdMF9rX6mX8C%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominguez1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_I._Dom%C3%ADnguez" title="Jorge I. Domínguez">Dominguez, Jorge I.</a> (1989). To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-89325-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-89325-2"><bdi>978-0-674-89325-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Make+a+World+Safe+for+Revolution%3A+Cuba%27s+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-674-89325-2&rft.aulast=Dominguez&rft.aufirst=Jorge+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowty1989" class="citation book cs1">Dowty, Alan (1989). Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04498-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04498-4"><bdi>0-300-04498-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Closed+Borders%3A+The+Contemporary+Assault+on+Freedom+of+Movement&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-300-04498-4&rft.aulast=Dowty&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuiker2009" class="citation book cs1">Duiker, William J. (31 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uqvgYtJHGSMC">Contemporary World History</a>. Wadsworth Pub Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57271-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57271-8"><bdi>978-0-495-57271-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622200541/https://books.google.com/books?id=uqvgYtJHGSMC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+World+History&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Pub+Co&rft.date=2009-08-31&rft.isbn=978-0-495-57271-8&rft.aulast=Duiker&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuqvgYtJHGSMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuke1989" class="citation book cs1">Duke, Simón (1989). United States Military Forces and Installations in Europe. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829132-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829132-9"><bdi>978-0-19-829132-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Military+Forces+and+Installations+in+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829132-9&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.aufirst=Sim%C3%B3n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElleman2001" class="citation book cs1">Elleman, Bruce A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernchinesewar00elle">Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795–1989</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415214742" title="Special:BookSources/0415214742"><bdi>0415214742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Chinese+Warfare%2C+1795%E2%80%931989&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0415214742&rft.aulast=Elleman&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernchinesewar00elle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllo1968" class="citation book cs1">Ello, Paul, ed. (1968). "Action Plan of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Prague, April 1968)". Dubcek's Blueprint for Freedom: His original documents leading to the invasion of Czechoslovakia. Control Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. William Kimber & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Action+Plan+of+the+Communist+Party+of+Czechoslovakia+%28Prague%2C+April+1968%29&rft.btitle=Dubcek%27s+Blueprint+for+Freedom%3A+His+original+documents+leading+to+the+invasion+of+Czechoslovakia&rft.pub=William+Kimber+%26+Co.&rft.date=1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2000" class="citation book cs1">English, Robert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qA_uT6GrcxEC&pg=PA26">Russia and the Idea of the West: Gorbachev, Intellectuals, and the End of the Cold War</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50474-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50474-4"><bdi>978-0-231-50474-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729150207/https://books.google.com/books?id=qA_uT6GrcxEC&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Idea+of+the+West%3A+Gorbachev%2C+Intellectuals%2C+and+the+End+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50474-4&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqA_uT6GrcxEC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlich2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reese_Erlich" title="Reese Erlich">Erlich, Reese</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/datelinehavanare0000erli">Dateline Havana: The Real Story of U.S. Policy and the Future of Cuba</a>. Sausalito, California: PoliPoint Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9815769-7-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9815769-7-8"><bdi>978-0-9815769-7-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dateline+Havana%3A+The+Real+Story+of+U.S.+Policy+and+the+Future+of+Cuba&rft.place=Sausalito%2C+California&rft.pub=PoliPoint+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9815769-7-8&rft.aulast=Erlich&rft.aufirst=Reese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdatelinehavanare0000erli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFehrenbach2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._R._Fehrenbach" title="T. R. Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach, T. R.</a> (2001). This Kind of War: The Classic Korean War History (15th Anniversary ed.). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-334-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-334-3"><bdi>978-1-57488-334-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Kind+of+War%3A+The+Classic+Korean+War+History&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=15th+Anniversary&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-334-3&rft.aulast=Fehrenbach&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2016" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Jane (2016). Cuba and the U.S. empire : a chronological history. New York: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-605-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-605-9"><bdi>978-1-58367-605-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba+and+the+U.S.+empire+%3A+a+chronological+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-58367-605-9&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Friedman" title="Norman Friedman">Friedman, Norman</a> (2007). The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-287-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-287-4"><bdi>978-1-59114-287-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fifty-Year+War%3A+Conflict+and+Strategy+in+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-287-4&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritsch-Bournazel1990" class="citation book cs1">Fritsch-Bournazel, Renata (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confrontinggerma0000frit">Confronting the German question: Germans on the East-West divide</a>. Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-100-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-100-9"><bdi>978-0-85496-100-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+the+German+question%3A+Germans+on+the+East-West+divide&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85496-100-9&rft.aulast=Fritsch-Bournazel&rft.aufirst=Renata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconfrontinggerma0000frit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaddis1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">Gaddis, John Lewis</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiasovietunio00gadd">Russia, the Soviet Union and the United States. An Interpretative History</a>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-557258-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-557258-9"><bdi>978-0-07-557258-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+the+Soviet+Union+and+the+United+States.+An+Interpretative+History&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-07-557258-9&rft.aulast=Gaddis&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiasovietunio00gadd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaddis2005" class="citation book cs1">Gaddis, John Lewis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coldwarnewhistor00gadd">The Cold War: A New History</a>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-062-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-062-5"><bdi>978-1-59420-062-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-062-5&rft.aulast=Gaddis&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoldwarnewhistor00gadd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaidar2007" class="citation book cs1">Gaidar, E. T. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDSfnxYjVwAC&pg=PA102">Collapse of an empire: lessons for modern Russia</a>. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815731146" title="Special:BookSources/9780815731146"><bdi>9780815731146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collapse+of+an+empire%3A+lessons+for+modern+Russia&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780815731146&rft.aulast=Gaidar&rft.aufirst=E.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbDSfnxYjVwAC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanser2005" class="citation book cs1">Ganser, Daniele (2005). NATO's secret armies: operation Gladio and terrorism in Western Europe. London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714656076" title="Special:BookSources/9780714656076"><bdi>9780714656076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NATO%27s+secret+armies%3A+operation+Gladio+and+terrorism+in+Western+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780714656076&rft.aulast=Ganser&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarthoff1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_L._Garthoff" title="Raymond L. Garthoff">Garthoff, Raymond</a> (1994). Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan. Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-3041-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-3041-5"><bdi>978-0-8157-3041-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9tente+and+Confrontation%3A+American-Soviet+Relations+from+Nixon+to+Reagan&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-3041-5&rft.aulast=Garthoff&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasiorowskiByrne2004" class="citation book cs1">Gasiorowski, Mark J.; Byrne, Malcolm (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yW2slrVAb5kC">Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran</a>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3018-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3018-0"><bdi>978-0-8156-3018-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729172455/https://books.google.com/books?id=yW2slrVAb5kC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohammad+Mosaddeq+and+the+1953+Coup+in+Iran&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-3018-0&rft.aulast=Gasiorowski&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rft.au=Byrne%2C+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyW2slrVAb5kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerard2015" class="citation book cs1">Gerard, Emmanuel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pvVqBgAAQBAJ&q=lumumba.+cold+war.+assassination">Death in the Congo</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-74536-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-74536-0"><bdi>978-0-674-74536-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729172533/https://books.google.com/books?id=pvVqBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=lumumba.+cold+war.+assassination">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+the+Congo&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-74536-0&rft.aulast=Gerard&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpvVqBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlumumba.%2Bcold%2Bwar.%2Bassassination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerolymatos2017" class="citation book cs1">Gerolymatos, André (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJoqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA376">An International Civil War: Greece, 1943–1949</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18060-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18060-2"><bdi>978-0-300-18060-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729153630/https://books.google.com/books?id=jJoqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA376">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+International+Civil+War%3A+Greece%2C+1943%E2%80%931949&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18060-2&rft.aulast=Gerolymatos&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjJoqDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodsee2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_R._Ghodsee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen R. Ghodsee">Ghodsee, Kristen</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover">Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-6949-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-6949-3"><bdi>978-0-8223-6949-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207032254/https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Hangover%3A+Legacies+of+Twentieth-Century+Communism&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-6949-3&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dukeupress.edu%2Fred-hangover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs1999" class="citation book cs1">Gibbs, Joseph (1999). Gorbachev's Glasnost: The Soviet Media in the First Phase of Perestroika. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-892-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-892-6"><bdi>0-89096-892-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gorbachev%27s+Glasnost%3A+The+Soviet+Media+in+the+First+Phase+of+Perestroika&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-89096-892-6&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebnerBurnsSiracusa2008" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Norman A.; Burns, Richard Dean; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r71u_AgE7iYC&pg=PA29">Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War</a>. Greenwoo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35241-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35241-6"><bdi>978-0-313-35241-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729145925/https://books.google.com/books?id=r71u_AgE7iYC&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reagan%2C+Bush%2C+Gorbachev%3A+Revisiting+the+End+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Greenwoo&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35241-6&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Norman+A.&rft.au=Burns%2C+Richard+Dean&rft.au=Siracusa%2C+Joseph+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr71u_AgE7iYC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandin2011" class="citation book cs1">Grandin, Greg (2011). The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War (updated ed.). University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30690-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30690-2"><bdi>978-0-226-30690-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Colonial+Massacre%3A+Latin+America+in+the+Cold+War&rft.edition=updated&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-30690-2&rft.aulast=Grandin&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2015" class="citation book cs1">Greene, John Robert (2015). The Presidency of George Bush (2nd ed.). University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2079-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2079-1"><bdi>978-0-7006-2079-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+George+Bush&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-2079-1&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=John+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenvilleWasserstein1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Grenville" title="John Grenville">Grenville, J.A.S</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Wasserstein" title="Bernard Wasserstein">Wasserstein, Bernard</a> (1987). The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14125-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14125-3"><bdi>978-0-415-14125-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Major+International+Treaties+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14125-3&rft.aulast=Grenville&rft.aufirst=J.A.S&rft.au=Wasserstein%2C+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenville2005" class="citation cs2">Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2005), A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28954-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28954-8"><bdi>0-415-28954-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+World+from+the+20th+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-28954-8&rft.aulast=Grenville&rft.aufirst=John+Ashley+Soames&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliday2001" class="citation book cs1">Halliday, Fred (2001). "Cold War". The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World. Oxford University Press Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cold+War&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Politics+of+the+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamann2007" class="citation book cs1">Hamann, Hilton (2007) [2003]. Days of the Generals. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-340-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-340-9"><bdi>978-1-86872-340-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Days+of+the+Generals&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=Struik+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86872-340-9&rft.aulast=Hamann&rft.aufirst=Hilton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanhimäkiSoutouGermond2010" class="citation book cs1">Hanhimäki, Jussi; Soutou, Georges-Henri; Germond, Basil (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=swfHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT501">The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Security</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136936074" title="Special:BookSources/9781136936074"><bdi>9781136936074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Transatlantic+Security&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781136936074&rft.aulast=Hanhim%C3%A4ki&rft.aufirst=Jussi&rft.au=Soutou%2C+Georges-Henri&rft.au=Germond%2C+Basil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DswfHBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardesty1991" class="citation book cs1">Hardesty, Von (1991) [1982]. Red phoenix : the rise of Soviet air power, 1941–1945. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87474-510-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87474-510-1"><bdi>0-87474-510-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+phoenix+%3A+the+rise+of+Soviet+air+power%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-87474-510-1&rft.aulast=Hardesty&rft.aufirst=Von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardtKaufman1995" class="citation book cs1">Hardt, John Pearce; Kaufman, Richard F., eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv-ehBPBdgYC&pg=PA714">East-Central European Economies in Transition</a>. United States Congress, Joint Economic Committee. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-613-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-613-5"><bdi>978-1-56324-613-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729145018/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv-ehBPBdgYC&pg=PA714">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East-Central+European+Economies+in+Transition&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-613-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYv-ehBPBdgYC%26pg%3DPA714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2003" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Hope Millard (2003). Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953–1961. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09678-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09678-3"><bdi>0-691-09678-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Driving+the+Soviets+Up+the+Wall%3A+Soviet-East+German+Relations%2C+1953%E2%80%931961&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-691-09678-3&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Hope+Millard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart-Landsberg1998" class="citation book cs1">Hart-Landsberg, Martin (1998). Korea: Division, Reunification, & U.S. Foreign Policy. Monthly Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853459279" title="Special:BookSources/9780853459279"><bdi>9780853459279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+Division%2C+Reunification%2C+%26+U.S.+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780853459279&rft.aulast=Hart-Landsberg&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaruki2018" class="citation book cs1">Haruki, Wada (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHBMDwAAQBAJ">The Korean War: An International History</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1642-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1642-5"><bdi>978-1-5381-1642-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+An+International+History&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-1642-5&rft.aulast=Haruki&rft.aufirst=Wada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfHBMDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasanli2014" class="citation book cs1">Hasanli, Jamil (2014). Khrushchev's Thaw and National Identity in Soviet Azerbaijan, 1954–1959. Lexington Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khrushchev%27s+Thaw+and+National+Identity+in+Soviet+Azerbaijan%2C+1954%E2%80%931959&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Hasanli&rft.aufirst=Jamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2006" class="citation book cs1">Heller, Henry (2006). The Cold War and the new imperialism: a global history, 1945–2005. Monthly Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-140-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-140-5"><bdi>978-1-58367-140-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War+and+the+new+imperialism%3A+a+global+history%2C+1945%E2%80%932005&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58367-140-5&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring1973" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George C. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aidtorussia1941100herr_0">Aid to Russia, 1941–1946: strategy, diplomacy, the origins of the cold war</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03336-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03336-7"><bdi>978-0-231-03336-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aid+to+Russia%2C+1941%E2%80%931946%3A+strategy%2C+diplomacy%2C+the+origins+of+the+cold+war&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-231-03336-7&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faidtorussia1941100herr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr">From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0"><bdi>978-0-19-507822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3B+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+Since+1776&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507822-0&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromcolonytosupe00herr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeuveline2001" class="citation book cs1">Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_Press" title="National Academies Press">National Academies Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-07334-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-07334-9"><bdi>978-0-309-07334-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Demographic+Analysis+of+Mortality+Crises%3A+The+Case+of+Cambodia%2C+1970%E2%80%931979&rft.btitle=Forced+Migration+and+Mortality&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-309-07334-9&rft.aulast=Heuveline&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHixson2009" class="citation book cs1">Hixson, Walter L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DNId6HxkzQwC">The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15013-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15013-1"><bdi>978-0-300-15013-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729150013/https://books.google.com/books?id=DNId6HxkzQwC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+American+Diplomacy%3A+National+Identity+and+U.S.+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15013-1&rft.aulast=Hixson&rft.aufirst=Walter+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDNId6HxkzQwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppe2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoppe, Bert (2011). In Stalins Gefolgschaft: Moskau und die KPD 1928–1933 (in German). Oldenbourg Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783486711738" title="Special:BookSources/9783486711738"><bdi>9783486711738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Stalins+Gefolgschaft%3A+Moskau+und+die+KPD+1928%E2%80%931933&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783486711738&rft.aulast=Hoppe&rft.aufirst=Bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2014" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Geraint (2014). My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-627-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-627-1"><bdi>978-1-84519-627-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Enemy%27s+Enemy%3A+Proxy+Warfare+in+International+Politics&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-627-1&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Geraint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2005" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Rizwan (2005). Pakistan and the emergence of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan. Aldershot, England Burlington, VT: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4434-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4434-7"><bdi>978-0-7546-4434-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+and+the+emergence+of+Islamic+militancy+in+Afghanistan&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England+Burlington%2C+VT&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4434-7&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Rizwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHwang2016" class="citation book cs1">Hwang, Su-kyoung (2016). <a href="/wiki/Korea%27s_Grievous_War" title="Korea's Grievous War">Korea's Grievous War</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4845-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4845-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-4845-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+Grievous+War&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4845-6&rft.aulast=Hwang&rft.aufirst=Su-kyoung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsbyKamps1985" class="citation book cs1">Isby, David C.; Kamps, Charles Tustin (1985). Armies of NATO's Central Front. Jane's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0341-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0341-8"><bdi>978-0-7106-0341-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+NATO%27s+Central+Front&rft.pub=Jane%27s&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7106-0341-8&rft.aulast=Isby&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Kamps%2C+Charles+Tustin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItzigsohn2000" class="citation book cs1">Itzigsohn, José (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Jo9GtxMEcC">Developing Poverty: The State, Labor Market Deregulation, and the Informal Economy in Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic</a>. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02028-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02028-0"><bdi>978-0-271-02028-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906022445/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Jo9GtxMEcC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developing+Poverty%3A+The+State%2C+Labor+Market+Deregulation%2C+and+the+Informal+Economy+in+Costa+Rica+and+the+Dominican+Republic&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02028-0&rft.aulast=Itzigsohn&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7Jo9GtxMEcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings2017" class="citation book cs1">Jennings, Christian (2017). Flashpoint Trieste: The First Battle of the Cold War. Lebanon, NH: ForeEdge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781512601725" title="Special:BookSources/9781512601725"><bdi>9781512601725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flashpoint+Trieste%3A+The+First+Battle+of+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Lebanon%2C+NH&rft.pub=ForeEdge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781512601725&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowettO'Donnell2005" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Garth; <a href="/wiki/Victoria_O%27Donnell" title="Victoria O'Donnell">O'Donnell, Victoria</a> (2005). "What Is Propaganda, and How Does It Differ From Persuasion?". Propaganda and Persuasion. Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0898-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0898-6"><bdi>978-1-4129-0898-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Is+Propaganda%2C+and+How+Does+It+Differ+From+Persuasion%3F&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+Persuasion&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-0898-6&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Garth&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonas1985" class="citation book cs1">Jonas, Manfred (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MSLgiCvfKXQC&pg=PA270">The United States and Germany: A Diplomatic History</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9890-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9890-2"><bdi>0-8014-9890-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729154155/https://books.google.com/books?id=MSLgiCvfKXQC&pg=PA270">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Germany%3A+A+Diplomatic+History&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8014-9890-2&rft.aulast=Jonas&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMSLgiCvfKXQC%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_G.2014" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Geoffrey (2014). "Firms and Global Capitalism". In Neal, Larry; Williamson, Jeffrey G. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jMRkAwAAQBAJ">The Cambridge History of Capitalism: Volume 2, The Spread of Capitalism: From 1848 to the Present</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 176–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-02571-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-02571-0"><bdi>978-1-316-02571-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729150244/https://books.google.com/books?id=jMRkAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Firms+and+Global+Capitalism&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Capitalism%3A+Volume+2%2C+The+Spread+of+Capitalism%3A+From+1848+to+the+Present&rft.pages=176-179&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-316-02571-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjMRkAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_H.2009" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Howard (2009). Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations from 1945. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6454-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6454-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-6454-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+Power%3A+A+History+of+American+Foreign+Relations+from+1945&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6454-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_S.2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seth_Jones_(political_scientist)" title="Seth Jones (political scientist)">Jones, Seth G.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ingraveyardofemp00jone_0">In the Graveyard of Empires: America's War in Afghanistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. 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Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05866-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05866-8"><bdi>978-0-674-05866-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Long+Goodbye%3A+The+Soviet+Withdrawal+from+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05866-8&rft.aulast=Kalinovsky&rft.aufirst=Artemy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalnins2015" class="citation book cs1">Kalnins, Mara (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vHpeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT126">Latvia: A Short History</a>. Hurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-606-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-606-0"><bdi>978-1-84904-606-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729145941/https://books.google.com/books?id=vHpeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT126">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latvia%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-606-0&rft.aulast=Kalnins&rft.aufirst=Mara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvHpeCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarabell1999" class="citation book cs1">Karabell, Zachary (1999). Architects of Intervention: The United States the Third World and the Cold War 1946–1962. LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2341-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2341-6"><bdi>978-0-8071-2341-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architects+of+Intervention%3A+The+United+States+the+Third+World+and+the+Cold+War+1946%E2%80%931962&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-2341-6&rft.aulast=Karabell&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempe2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kempe" title="Frederick Kempe">Kempe, Frederick</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp">Berlin 1961</a>. Penguin Group (US). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15729-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15729-5"><bdi>978-0-399-15729-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlin+1961&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+%28US%29&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-399-15729-5&rft.aulast=Kempe&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fberlin1961kenned0000kemp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanna2013" class="citation book cs1">Khanna, V.N. (2013). International Relations (5th ed.). Vikas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-259-6836-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-259-6836-3"><bdi>978-93-259-6836-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Relations&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Vikas&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-259-6836-3&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=V.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specterofgenocid00robe">"Twentieth-Century Genocides Underlying Ideological Themes from Armenia to East Timor"</a>. In Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan (ed.). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52750-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52750-7"><bdi>978-0-521-52750-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Twentieth-Century+Genocides+Underlying+Ideological+Themes+from+Armenia+to+East+Timor&rft.btitle=The+Specter+of+Genocide%3A+Mass+Murder+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52750-7&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspecterofgenocid00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2014" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Samuel S. (2014). "The Evolving Asian System". International Relations of Asia. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442226418" title="Special:BookSources/9781442226418"><bdi>9781442226418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolving+Asian+System&rft.btitle=International+Relations+of+Asia&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781442226418&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Samuel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsella1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Kinsella" title="Warren Kinsella">Kinsella, Warren</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unholyalliancest0000kins">Unholy Alliances</a>. Lester Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-895555-24-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-895555-24-0"><bdi>978-1-895555-24-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unholy+Alliances&rft.pub=Lester+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-895555-24-0&rft.aulast=Kinsella&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funholyalliancest0000kins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinvig2007" class="citation book cs1">Kinvig, Clifford (2007). Churchill's crusade : the British invasion of Russia, 1918–1920. Hambledon Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-021-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-021-6"><bdi>978-1-84725-021-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+crusade+%3A+the+British+invasion+of+Russia%2C+1918%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84725-021-6&rft.aulast=Kinvig&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinzer2003" class="citation book cs1">Kinzer, Stephen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allshahsmenameri00kinz">All the Shah's men : an American coup and the roots of Middle East terror</a>. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-67878-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-67878-6"><bdi>978-0-471-67878-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Shah%27s+men+%3A+an+American+coup+and+the+roots+of+Middle+East+terror&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=J.+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-471-67878-6&rft.aulast=Kinzer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallshahsmenameri00kinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissinger2011" class="citation book cs1">Kissinger, H. (2011). On China. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101445358" title="Special:BookSources/9781101445358"><bdi>9781101445358</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781101445358&rft.aulast=Kissinger&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoven2015" class="citation book cs1">Koven, Steven G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LUXRg7YBWiIC&pg=PA93">Responsible Governance: A Case Study Approach</a>. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 93–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2932-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2932-6"><bdi>978-0-7656-2932-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729151248/https://books.google.com/books?id=LUXRg7YBWiIC&pg=PA93">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Responsible+Governance%3A+A+Case+Study+Approach&rft.pages=93-&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2932-6&rft.aulast=Koven&rft.aufirst=Steven+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLUXRg7YBWiIC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2014" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Mark (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174">"The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe"</a>. In Larresm, Klaus (ed.). A Companion to Europe Since 1945. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-89024-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-89024-0"><bdi>978-1-118-89024-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Bloc+and+the+Cold+War+in+Europe&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Europe+Since+1945&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-89024-0&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEyNcCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKydd2018" class="citation book cs1">Kydd, Andrew H. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8_1ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">Trust and Mistrust in International Relations</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 107–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18851-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18851-5"><bdi>978-0-691-18851-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729143512/https://books.google.com/books?id=8_1ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trust+and+Mistrust+in+International+Relations&rft.pages=107-&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18851-5&rft.aulast=Kydd&rft.aufirst=Andrew+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8_1ZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFeber1993a" class="citation book cs1">LaFeber, Walter (1993a). "Thomas C. Mann and the Devolution of Latin American Policy: From the Good Neighbor to Military Intervention". In Thomas J. McCormick & Walter LaFeber (eds.). Behind the Throne: Servants of Power to Imperial Presidents, 1898–1968. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-13740-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-13740-6"><bdi>0-299-13740-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas+C.+Mann+and+the+Devolution+of+Latin+American+Policy%3A+From+the+Good+Neighbor+to+Military+Intervention&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Throne%3A+Servants+of+Power+to+Imperial+Presidents%2C+1898%E2%80%931968&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-299-13740-6&rft.aulast=LaFeber&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFeber1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">LaFeber, Walter</a> (1993). America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1992. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-035853-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-035853-9"><bdi>978-0-07-035853-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%2C+Russia%2C+and+the+Cold+War%2C+1945%E2%80%931992&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-07-035853-9&rft.aulast=LaFeber&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFeber2002" class="citation book cs1">LaFeber, Walter (2002). America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–2002. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-284903-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-284903-5"><bdi>978-0-07-284903-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%2C+Russia%2C+and+the+Cold+War%2C+1945%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-07-284903-5&rft.aulast=LaFeber&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarge1996" class="citation book cs1">Large, David K. (1996). Germans to the Front: West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era. University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germans+to+the+Front%3A+West+German+Rearmament+in+the+Adenauer+Era&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayne2007" class="citation book cs1">Layne, Christopher (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Gzrfmkw80MC&q=roll+back,+nsc+68&pg=PA63">The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7411-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7411-8"><bdi>978-0-8014-7411-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729144629/https://books.google.com/books?id=3Gzrfmkw80MC&pg=PA63&dq=roll+back,+nsc+68">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peace+of+Illusions%3A+American+Grand+Strategy+from+1940+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7411-8&rft.aulast=Layne&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Gzrfmkw80MC%26q%3Droll%2Bback%2C%2Bnsc%2B68%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLechuga_Hevia2001" class="citation book cs1">Lechuga Hevia, Carlos (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cubamissilecrisi0000lech">Cuba and the Missile Crisis</a>. Melbourne, Australia: Ocean Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876175-34-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876175-34-4"><bdi>978-1-876175-34-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba+and+the+Missile+Crisis&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Ocean+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-876175-34-4&rft.aulast=Lechuga+Hevia&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcubamissilecrisi0000lech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2008" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Tae-Woo (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militarytechnolo0000leet/page/12/mode/2up">Military Technologies of the World</a>. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99535-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99535-5"><bdi>978-0-275-99535-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Technologies+of+the+World&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99535-5&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Tae-Woo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilitarytechnolo0000leet%2Fpage%2F12%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefeberFitzmauriceVierdag1991" class="citation book cs1">Lefeber, R.; Fitzmaurice, M.; Vierdag, E. W. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingpolitica0000unse_y9g4">The Changing political structure of Europe: aspects of international law</a>. M. Nijhoff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-1379-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-1379-3"><bdi>978-0-7923-1379-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+political+structure+of+Europe%3A+aspects+of+international+law&rft.pub=M.+Nijhoff&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-1379-3&rft.aulast=Lefeber&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Fitzmaurice%2C+M.&rft.au=Vierdag%2C+E.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchangingpolitica0000unse_y9g4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeffler2008" class="citation book cs1">Leffler, Melvyn P. (2008). For The Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus,_and_Giroux" class="mw-redirect" title="Farrar, Straus, and Giroux">Farrar, Straus, and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53142-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53142-3"><bdi>978-0-374-53142-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+The+Soul+of+Mankind%3A+The+United+States%2C+the+Soviet+Union%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus%2C+and+Giroux&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-374-53142-3&rft.aulast=Leffler&rft.aufirst=Melvyn+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendvai2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lendvai" title="Paul Lendvai">Lendvai, Paul</a> (2008). One Day that Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13282-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13282-2"><bdi>978-0-691-13282-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Day+that+Shook+the+Communist+World%3A+The+1956+Hungarian+Uprising+and+Its+Legacy&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13282-2&rft.aulast=Lendvai&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitwak1986" class="citation book cs1">Litwak, Robert (1986). Détente and the Nixon doctrine : American foreign policy and the pursuit of stability, 1969–1976. Cambridge Cambridgeshire New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25094-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25094-8"><bdi>978-0-521-25094-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9tente+and+the+Nixon+doctrine+%3A+American+foreign+policy+and+the+pursuit+of+stability%2C+1969%E2%80%931976&rft.place=Cambridge+Cambridgeshire+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25094-8&rft.aulast=Litwak&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLüthi2010" class="citation book cs1">Lüthi, Lorenz M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dl4TRDxqexMC">The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World</a>. Princeton UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3762-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3762-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-3762-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609073503/https://books.google.com/books?id=dl4TRDxqexMC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sino-Soviet+Split%3A+Cold+War+in+the+Communist+World&rft.pub=Princeton+UP&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3762-5&rft.aulast=L%C3%BCthi&rft.aufirst=Lorenz+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddl4TRDxqexMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalkasian2001" class="citation book cs1">Malkasian, Carter (2001). The Korean War: Essential Histories. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-282-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-282-1"><bdi>978-1-84176-282-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+Essential+Histories&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-282-1&rft.aulast=Malkasian&rft.aufirst=Carter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMälksoo2022" class="citation book cs1">Mälksoo, Lauri (28 June 2022). "The Baltic States Between 1940 and 1991: Illegality and/Or Prescription". Illegal Annexation and State Continuity. BRILL. pp. 70–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004464896_005">10.1163/9789004464896_005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004464896" title="Special:BookSources/9789004464896"><bdi>9789004464896</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Baltic+States+Between+1940+and+1991%3A+Illegality+and%2FOr+Prescription&rft.btitle=Illegal+Annexation+and+State+Continuity&rft.pages=70-139&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004464896_005&rft.isbn=9789004464896&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4lksoo&rft.aufirst=Lauri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandelbaum1996" class="citation book cs1">Mandelbaum, Michael, ed. (1996). Post-Communism: Four Perspectives. Council on Foreign Relations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87609-186-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87609-186-9"><bdi>0-87609-186-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Communism%3A+Four+Perspectives&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-87609-186-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsYoung2004" class="citation book cs1">Mars, Perry; Young, Alma H (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4lJBFU-k1wC">Caribbean Labor and Politics: Legacies of Cheddi Jagan and Michael Manley</a>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3211-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3211-5"><bdi>978-0-8143-3211-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906023700/https://books.google.com/books?id=F4lJBFU-k1wC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Labor+and+Politics%3A+Legacies+of+Cheddi+Jagan+and+Michael+Manley&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-3211-5&rft.aulast=Mars&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft.au=Young%2C+Alma+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4lJBFU-k1wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawdsley2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Mawdsley" title="Evan Mawdsley">Mawdsley, Evan</a> (1 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiancivilwar00evan">The Russian Civil War</a>. Pegasus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933648-15-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933648-15-6"><bdi>978-1-933648-15-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Civil+War&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-933648-15-6&rft.aulast=Mawdsley&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiancivilwar00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCauley2008" class="citation book cs1">McCauley, Martin (2008). Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1949. Harlow, England; New York: Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-7433-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-7433-5"><bdi>978-1-4058-7433-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Cold+War%2C+1941%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Harlow%2C+England%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-7433-5&rft.aulast=McCauley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCauley2008b" class="citation book cs1">McCauley, Martin (2008b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r0V-Oxmy9FQC&q=Hafizullah+Amin+personal+guard&pg=PA142">Russia, America and the Cold War: 1949–1991</a> (Revised 2nd ed.). Harlow, UK: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-7430-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-7430-4"><bdi>978-1-4058-7430-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+America+and+the+Cold+War%3A+1949%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Harlow%2C+UK&rft.edition=Revised+2nd&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-7430-4&rft.aulast=McCauley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr0V-Oxmy9FQC%26q%3DHafizullah%2BAmin%2Bpersonal%2Bguard%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._McMahon" title="Robert J. McMahon">McMahon, Robert</a> (2003). The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280178-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280178-4"><bdi>978-0-19-280178-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280178-4&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcSherry2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Patrice_McSherry" title="J. Patrice McSherry">McSherry, J. Patrice</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/State-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years/Esparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein/p/book/9780415496377">"Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America"</a>. In Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein (eds.). State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66457-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66457-8"><bdi>978-0-415-66457-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719232658/https://www.routledge.com/State-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years/Esparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein/p/book/9780415496377">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+%22Industrial+repression%22+and+Operation+Condor+in+Latin+America&rft.btitle=State+Violence+and+Genocide+in+Latin+America%3A+The+Cold+War+Years+%28Critical+Terrorism+Studies%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-66457-8&rft.aulast=McSherry&rft.aufirst=J.+Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FState-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years%2FEsparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780415496377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anand_Menon" title="Anand Menon">Menon, Anand</a> (2000). France, NATO, and the limits of independence, 1981–97: the politics of ambivalence. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22931-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22931-3"><bdi>978-0-312-22931-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%2C+NATO%2C+and+the+limits+of+independence%2C+1981%E2%80%9397%3A+the+politics+of+ambivalence&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-22931-3&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Anand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeher2004" class="citation book cs1">Meher, Jagmohan (2004). America's Afghanistan war : the success that failed. Delhi: Kalpaz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-262-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-262-6"><bdi>978-81-7835-262-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Afghanistan+war+%3A+the+success+that+failed&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Kalpaz&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-262-6&rft.aulast=Meher&rft.aufirst=Jagmohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiglietta2002" class="citation book cs1">Miglietta, John P. (2002). American Alliance Policy in the Middle East, 1945–1992: Iran, Israel, and Saudi Arabia. Lexington Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Alliance+Policy+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1945%E2%80%931992%3A+Iran%2C+Israel%2C+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Miglietta&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2002" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Nicola (2002). "The Real Gap in the Cuban Missile Crisis: The Post-Cold-War Historiography and Continued Omission of Cuba". In Carter, Dale; Clifton, Robin (eds.). War and Cold War in American foreign policy, 1942–62. Basingstoke: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1385-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1385-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-1385-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Real+Gap+in+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+The+Post-Cold-War+Historiography+and+Continued+Omission+of+Cuba&rft.btitle=War+and+Cold+War+in+American+foreign+policy%2C+1942%E2%80%9362&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-1385-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerWainstock2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Robert; Wainstock, Dennis D. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jexmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT101">Indochina and Vietnam: The Thirty-five Year War, 1940–1975</a>. Enigma Books. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936274-66-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936274-66-6"><bdi>978-1-936274-66-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729150049/https://books.google.com/books?id=jexmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT101">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indochina+and+Vietnam%3A+The+Thirty-five+Year+War%2C+1940%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-936274-66-6&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Wainstock%2C+Dennis+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjexmAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2000" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Roger Gene (2000). To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-967-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-967-0"><bdi>978-0-89096-967-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Save+a+City%3A+The+Berlin+Airlift%2C+1948%E2%80%931949&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-967-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Roger+Gene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoschonas2002" class="citation book cs1">Moschonas, Gerassimos (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_00SKFEabywC&pg=PR4">In the Name of Social Democracy: The Great Transformation, 1945 to the Present</a>. Translated by Elliot, Gregory. Verso. pp. 4–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-639-1"><bdi>978-1-85984-639-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729154136/https://books.google.com/books?id=_00SKFEabywC&pg=PR4">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Name+of+Social+Democracy%3A+The+Great+Transformation%2C+1945+to+the+Present&rft.pages=4-&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-639-1&rft.aulast=Moschonas&rft.aufirst=Gerassimos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_00SKFEabywC%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss1993" class="citation book cs1">Moss, George (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaintwentie00moss_0">America in the Twentieth Century</a>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-031733-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-031733-9"><bdi>978-0-13-031733-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-13-031733-9&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericaintwentie00moss_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosyakov2004" class="citation book cs1">Mosyakov, Dmitry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/46645/GS20.pdf">"The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives"</a> (PDF). In Cook, Susan E. (ed.). Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda (Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092626/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/46645/GS20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Khmer+Rouge+and+the+Vietnamese+Communists%3A+A+History+of+Their+Relations+as+Told+in+the+Soviet+Archives&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+Cambodia+and+Rwanda+%28Yale+Genocide+Studies+Program+Monograph+Series+No.+1%29&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Mosyakov&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.files.ethz.ch%2Fisn%2F46645%2FGS20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotter1952" class="citation book cs1">Motter, T.H. Vail (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/persian/index.htm">The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia</a>. Center of Military History. Retrieved 12 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Corridor+and+Aid+to+Russia&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Motter&rft.aufirst=T.H.+Vail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2Fpersian%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoynihan1998" class="citation book cs1">Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secrecyamericane00moyn">Secrecy: The American Experience</a>. Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secrecyamericane00moyn/page/15">15–16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secrecyamericane00moyn/page/70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08079-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08079-7"><bdi>978-0-300-08079-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrecy%3A+The+American+Experience&rft.pages=15-16%2C+70&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08079-7&rft.aulast=Moynihan&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecrecyamericane00moyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNashel1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nashel, Jonathan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xtMKHgAACAAJ&q=The+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Military+History">"Cold War (1945–91): Changing Interpretations (entire chapter)"</a>. In Whiteclay Chambers, John (ed.). The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507198-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507198-6"><bdi>978-0-19-507198-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cold+War+%281945%E2%80%9391%29%3A+Changing+Interpretations+%28entire+chapter%29&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Military+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507198-6&rft.aulast=Nashel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxtMKHgAACAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BOxford%2BCompanion%2Bto%2BAmerican%2BMilitary%2BHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1993" class="citation book cs1">Newman, William W. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yW_Nu5iOE84C&pg=PA41">"History Accelerates: The Diplomacy of Co-operation and Fragmentation"</a>. In Goodby, James E.; Morel, Benoit (eds.). The Limited Partnership: Building a Russian-US Security Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829161-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829161-9"><bdi>978-0-19-829161-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729155247/https://books.google.com/books?id=yW_Nu5iOE84C&pg=PA41">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+Accelerates%3A+The+Diplomacy+of+Co-operation+and+Fragmentation&rft.btitle=The+Limited+Partnership%3A+Building+a+Russian-US+Security+Community&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829161-9&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyW_Nu5iOE84C%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNjølstad2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olav_Nj%C3%B8lstad" title="Olav Njølstad">Njølstad, Olav</a> (2004). The Last Decade of the Cold War. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8371-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8371-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-8371-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Decade+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-8371-3&rft.aulast=Nj%C3%B8lstad&rft.aufirst=Olav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoOsterholm1996" class="citation book cs1">No, Kum-Sok; Osterholm, J. Roger (1996). A MiG-15 to Freedom: Memoir of the Wartime North Korean Defector who First Delivered the Secret Fighter Jet to the Americans in 1953. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0210-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0210-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-0210-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+MiG-15+to+Freedom%3A+Memoir+of+the+Wartime+North+Korean+Defector+who+First+Delivered+the+Secret+Fighter+Jet+to+the+Americans+in+1953&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0210-6&rft.aulast=No&rft.aufirst=Kum-Sok&rft.au=Osterholm%2C+J.+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nolan" title="Peter Nolan">Nolan, Peter</a> (1995). China's Rise, Russia's Fall. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12714-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12714-5"><bdi>978-0-312-12714-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Rise%2C+Russia%27s+Fall&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-312-12714-5&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuenlistLocherMartin2010" class="citation book cs1">Nuenlist, Christian; Locher, Anna; Martin, Garret (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tcicr6TrwjUC&pg=PA101">Globalizing de Gaulle: International Perspectives on French Foreign Policies, 1958–1969</a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4250-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4250-9"><bdi>978-0-7391-4250-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729144631/https://books.google.com/books?id=tcicr6TrwjUC&pg=PA101">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalizing+de+Gaulle%3A+International+Perspectives+on+French+Foreign+Policies%2C+1958%E2%80%931969&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-4250-9&rft.aulast=Nuenlist&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Locher%2C+Anna&rft.au=Martin%2C+Garret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtcicr6TrwjUC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberdorfer2001" class="citation book cs1">Oberdorfer, Don (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r6lQ-430NL0C&q=Oberdorfer+2001">Tet!: The Turning Point in the Vietnam War</a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6703-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-6703-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729145017/https://books.google.com/books?id=r6lQ-430NL0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Oberdorfer+2001">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tet%21%3A+The+Turning+Point+in+the+Vietnam+War&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6703-3&rft.aulast=Oberdorfer&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr6lQ-430NL0C%26q%3DOberdorfer%2B2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdom2000" class="citation book cs1">Odom, William E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wojkd3uzVPgC">The Collapse of the Soviet Military</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08271-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08271-5"><bdi>978-0-300-08271-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729143427/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wojkd3uzVPgC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Soviet+Military&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08271-5&rft.aulast=Odom&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWojkd3uzVPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neil1997" class="citation book cs1">O'Neil, Patrick (1997). Post-communism and the Media in Eastern Europe. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4765-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4765-4"><bdi>978-0-7146-4765-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-communism+and+the+Media+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4765-4&rft.aulast=O%27Neil&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtfinoski2014" class="citation book cs1">Otfinoski, Steven (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gpv87uY9cucC&pg=PA14">The Baltic Republics</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2253-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2253-3"><bdi>978-1-4381-2253-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729165906/https://books.google.com/books?id=gpv87uY9cucC&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+Republics&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2253-3&rft.aulast=Otfinoski&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgpv87uY9cucC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2010" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Colin A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NHd1sxVg4XwC">Cheddi Jagan and the Politics of Power: British Guiana's Struggle for Independence</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3416-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3416-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-3416-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906024930/https://books.google.com/books?id=NHd1sxVg4XwC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheddi+Jagan+and+the+Politics+of+Power%3A+British+Guiana%27s+Struggle+for+Independence&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3416-9&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Colin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNHd1sxVg4XwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapathanasiou2017" class="citation book cs1">Papathanasiou, Ioanna (5 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wTorDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR4">"The Cominform and the Greek Civil War, 1947–49"</a>. In Carabott, Philip; Sfikas, Thanasis D. (eds.). The Greek Civil War: Essays on a Conflict of Exceptionalism and Silences. Taylor & Francis. pp. 57–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-88865-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-88865-3"><bdi>978-1-351-88865-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729143727/https://books.google.com/books?id=wTorDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR4">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cominform+and+the+Greek+Civil+War%2C+1947%E2%80%9349&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Civil+War%3A+Essays+on+a+Conflict+of+Exceptionalism+and+Silences&rft.pages=57-72&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft.isbn=978-1-351-88865-3&rft.aulast=Papathanasiou&rft.aufirst=Ioanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwTorDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson1989" class="citation book cs1">Paterson, Thomas G. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qGjmCwAAQBAJ">Meeting the Communist Threat: Truman to Reagan</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504532-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504532-1"><bdi>978-0-19-504532-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729145942/https://books.google.com/books?id=qGjmCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meeting+the+Communist+Threat%3A+Truman+to+Reagan&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504532-1&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqGjmCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatersonCliffordBrighamDonoghue2014" class="citation book cs1">Paterson, Thomas; Clifford, J. Garry; Brigham; Donoghue, Michael; Hagan, Kenneth (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hkjAAgAAQBAJ">American Foreign Relations: Volume 2: Since 1895</a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-17722-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-17722-2"><bdi>978-1-305-17722-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729151548/https://books.google.com/books?id=hkjAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA288&dq=truman,+rollback,+mao">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Foreign+Relations%3A+Volume+2%3A+Since+1895&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-305-17722-2&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Clifford%2C+J.+Garry&rft.au=Brigham&rft.au=Donoghue%2C+Michael&rft.au=Hagan%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhkjAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavelec2009" class="citation book cs1">Pavelec, Sterling Michael (2009). The Military–Industrial Complex and American Society. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-187-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-187-9"><bdi>978-1-59884-187-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military%E2%80%93Industrial+Complex+and+American+Society&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-187-9&rft.aulast=Pavelec&rft.aufirst=Sterling+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1998" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Raymond (1998). The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-17407-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-17407-1"><bdi>978-0-312-17407-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Empire&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-312-17407-1&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlmutter1997" class="citation book cs1">Perlmutter, Amos (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingworldsafef0000perl">Making the World Safe for Democracy: A Century of Wilsonianism and Its Totalitarian Challengers</a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2365-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2365-1"><bdi>978-0-8078-2365-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+the+World+Safe+for+Democracy%3A+A+Century+of+Wilsonianism+and+Its+Totalitarian+Challengers&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-2365-1&rft.aulast=Perlmutter&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingworldsafef0000perl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrett2016" class="citation book cs1">Perrett, Bryan (2016). Desert Warfare: From Its Roman Origins to the Gulf Conflict. Barnsley: <a href="/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books" title="Pen and Sword Books">Pen and Sword Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-4745-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-4745-3"><bdi>978-1-4738-4745-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desert+Warfare%3A+From+Its+Roman+Origins+to+the+Gulf+Conflict&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-4745-3&rft.aulast=Perrett&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes, Richard</a> (1994). Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-76184-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-76184-5"><bdi>0-679-76184-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+Under+the+Bolshevik+Regime&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-679-76184-5&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes, Richard</a> (2001). Communism. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-64688-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-64688-5"><bdi>0-297-64688-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-297-64688-5&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlettenberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Plettenberg, Ingeborg (2010). "The Soviet Union and the League of Nations". The League of Nations in retrospect – Proceedings of the Symposium / La Societe des Nations: retrospective – Actes du Colloque. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 144–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-090585-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-090585-4"><bdi>978-3-11-090585-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Union+and+the+League+of+Nations&rft.btitle=The+League+of+Nations+in+retrospect+%E2%80%93+Proceedings+of+the+Symposium+%2F+La+Societe+des+Nations%3A+retrospective+%E2%80%93+Actes+du+Colloque&rft.pages=144-181&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-11-090585-4&rft.aulast=Plettenberg&rft.aufirst=Ingeborg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlokhy2010" class="citation book cs1">Plokhy, S. M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0wOKfjnXdAUC">Yalta: The Price of Peace</a>. Penguin Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-18992-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-18992-4"><bdi>978-1-101-18992-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213192543/https://books.google.com/books?id=0wOKfjnXdAUC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yalta%3A+The+Price+of+Peace&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-101-18992-4&rft.aulast=Plokhy&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0wOKfjnXdAUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower2013" class="citation book cs1">Power, Samantha (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LTAgAQAAQBAJ&q=cambodia.+tens+of.+1973.+civilians&pg=PT81">A Problem From Hell: America and the Age of Genocide</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05089-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05089-5"><bdi>978-0-465-05089-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729150134/https://books.google.com/books?id=LTAgAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT81&lpg=PT81&dq=cambodia.+tens+of.+1973.+civilians">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Problem+From+Hell%3A+America+and+the+Age+of+Genocide&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-465-05089-5&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLTAgAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcambodia.%2Btens%2Bof.%2B1973.%2Bcivilians%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuddington2003" class="citation book cs1">Puddington, Arch (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/broadcastingfree0000pudd">Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty</a>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-9045-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-9045-7"><bdi>978-0-8131-9045-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadcasting+Freedom%3A+The+Cold+War+Triumph+of+Radio+Free+Europe+and+Radio+Liberty&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-9045-7&rft.aulast=Puddington&rft.aufirst=Arch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbroadcastingfree0000pudd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuandt2005" class="citation book cs1">Quandt, William (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MVXxUGe9qEkC">Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab–Israeli Conflict Since 1967</a> (3rd ed.). California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520246317" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520246317"><bdi>978-0520246317</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Process%3A+American+Diplomacy+and+the+Arab%E2%80%93Israeli+Conflict+Since+1967&rft.place=California&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0520246317&rft.aulast=Quandt&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMVXxUGe9qEkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuirk1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Quirk" title="Robert E. Quirk">Quirk, Robert E.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fidelcastro00robe">Fidel Castro</a>. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03485-1"><bdi>978-0-393-03485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fidel+Castro&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03485-1&rft.aulast=Quirk&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffidelcastro00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReagan1991" class="citation book cs1">Reagan, Ronald (1991). <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_A._Garraty" title="John A. Garraty">Garraty, John Arthur</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readerscompanion00fone">The Reader's companion to American history</a>. Houghton Mifflin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-51372-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-51372-9"><bdi>978-0-395-51372-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reader%27s+companion+to+American+history&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-395-51372-9&rft.aulast=Reagan&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freaderscompanion00fone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinalda2009" class="citation book cs1">Reinalda, Bob (11 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ln19AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA369">Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-02405-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-02405-6"><bdi>978-1-134-02405-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101212444/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ln19AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA369">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+History+of+International+Organizations%3A+From+1815+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-09-11&rft.isbn=978-1-134-02405-6&rft.aulast=Reinalda&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLn19AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRislakki1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rislakki, Jukka (1982). Erittäin salainen. Vakoilu Suomessa (in Finnish). LOVE KIRJAT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-835-057-4" title="Special:BookSources/951-835-057-4"><bdi>951-835-057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritt%C3%A4in+salainen.+Vakoilu+Suomessa&rft.pub=LOVE+KIRJAT&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=951-835-057-4&rft.aulast=Rislakki&rft.aufirst=Jukka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoadnight2002" class="citation book cs1">Roadnight, Andrew (2002). United States Policy towards Indonesia in the Truman and Eisenhower Years. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-79315-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-79315-2"><bdi>978-0-333-79315-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Policy+towards+Indonesia+in+the+Truman+and+Eisenhower+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-79315-2&rft.aulast=Roadnight&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Roberts" title="Geoffrey Roberts">Roberts, Geoffrey</a> (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7"><bdi>978-0-300-11204-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Wars%3A+From+World+War+to+Cold+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11204-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2018" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html">The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8886-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-8886-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011656/https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+Season%3A+A+History+of+the+Indonesian+Massacres%2C+1965%E2%80%9366&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F11135.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoht-Arriaza1995" class="citation book cs1">Roht-Arriaza, Naomi (1995). Impunity and human rights in international law and practice. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508136-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-508136-6"><bdi>0-19-508136-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impunity+and+human+rights+in+international+law+and+practice&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-508136-6&rft.aulast=Roht-Arriaza&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2002" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Euclid A. (2002). Dependency and Socialism in the Modern Caribbean: Superpower Intervention in Guyana, Jamaica, and Grenada, 1970–1985. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0448-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0448-4"><bdi>978-0-7391-0448-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dependency+and+Socialism+in+the+Modern+Caribbean%3A+Superpower+Intervention+in+Guyana%2C+Jamaica%2C+and+Grenada%2C+1970%E2%80%931985&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0448-4&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Euclid+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothschild1997" class="citation book cs1">Rothschild, Donald (1997). Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation. Washington: The Brookings Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-7593-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-7593-5"><bdi>978-0-8157-7593-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Africa%3A+Pressures+and+Incentives+for+Cooperation&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-7593-5&rft.aulast=Rothschild&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyavec2003" class="citation book cs1">Ryavec, Karl W. (2003). Russian Bureaucracy: Power and Pathology. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9503-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-9503-4"><bdi>0-8476-9503-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Bureaucracy%3A+Power+and+Pathology&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8476-9503-4&rft.aulast=Ryavec&rft.aufirst=Karl+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_F._Schmitz" title="David F. Schmitz">Schmitz, David F.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xtMKHgAACAAJ">"Cold War (1945–91): Causes [entire chapter]"</a>. In Whiteclay Chambers, John (ed.). The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507198-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507198-6"><bdi>978-0-19-507198-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cold+War+%281945%E2%80%9391%29%3A+Causes+%5Bentire+chapter%5D&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Military+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507198-6&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxtMKHgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoultz2009" class="citation book cs1">Schoultz, Lars (2009). "State Sponsored Terrorism". That infernal little Cuban republic: the United States and the Cuban Revolution. Chapel Hill: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-8860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-8860-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-8860-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+Sponsored+Terrorism&rft.btitle=That+infernal+little+Cuban+republic%3A+the+United+States+and+the+Cuban+Revolution&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-8860-5&rft.aulast=Schoultz&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchraeder1994" class="citation book cs1">Schraeder, Peter J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goKxyUia-7UC">United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa: Incrementalism, Crisis, and Change</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46677-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46677-6"><bdi>978-0-521-46677-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511111854/http://books.google.com/books?id=goKxyUia-7UC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Foreign+Policy+Toward+Africa%3A+Incrementalism%2C+Crisis%2C+and+Change&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-46677-6&rft.aulast=Schraeder&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgoKxyUia-7UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchudson2015" class="citation book cs1">Schudson, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dm93CgAAQBAJ&q=francis+powers,+lying,+scandal&pg=PT114">The Rise of the Right to Know: Politics and the Culture of Transparency, 1945–1975</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91580-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91580-0"><bdi>978-0-674-91580-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729150441/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dm93CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT114&dq=francis+powers,+lying,+scandal">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Right+to+Know%3A+Politics+and+the+Culture+of+Transparency%2C+1945%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-91580-0&rft.aulast=Schudson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDm93CgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfrancis%2Bpowers%2C%2Blying%2C%2Bscandal%26pg%3DPT114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebestyen2014" class="citation book cs1">Sebestyen, Victor (2014). 1946: The Making of the Modern World. Pan Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-75800-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-75800-1"><bdi>978-0-230-75800-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1946%3A+The+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-230-75800-1&rft.aulast=Sebestyen&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSempa2017" class="citation book cs1">Sempa, Francis (12 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Px4uDwAAQBAJ">Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-51768-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-51768-3"><bdi>978-1-351-51768-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geopolitics%3A+From+the+Cold+War+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft.isbn=978-1-351-51768-3&rft.aulast=Sempa&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPx4uDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenior2016" class="citation book cs1">Senior, Michael (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YE-uDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA176">Victory on the Western Front: The Development of the British Army 1914-1918</a>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-0957-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-0957-8"><bdi>978-1-5267-0957-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729150357/https://books.google.com/books?id=YE-uDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA176">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+on+the+Western+Front%3A+The+Development+of+the+British+Army+1914-1918&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5267-0957-8&rft.aulast=Senior&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYE-uDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenn2007" class="citation book cs1">Senn, Alfred Erich (2007). Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2225-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2225-6"><bdi>978-90-420-2225-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lithuania+1940%3A+Revolution+from+Above&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2225-6&rft.aulast=Senn&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2015" class="citation book cs1">Service, Robert (2015). The End of the Cold War: 1985–1991. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-8728-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-8728-5"><bdi>978-1-4472-8728-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Cold+War%3A+1985%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4472-8728-5&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2000" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Martin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6HHJ1gSfjfsC&pg=PA141">Theory of the Global State: Globality as an Unfinished Revolution</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 141–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59730-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59730-2"><bdi>978-0-521-59730-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729143705/https://books.google.com/books?id=6HHJ1gSfjfsC&pg=PA141">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+the+Global+State%3A+Globality+as+an+Unfinished+Revolution&rft.pages=141-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59730-2&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6HHJ1gSfjfsC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawYoungblood2010" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Tony; Youngblood, Denise Jeanne (2010). Cinematic Cold War: The American and Soviet Struggle for Hearts and Minds. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1743-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1743-2"><bdi>978-0-7006-1743-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinematic+Cold+War%3A+The+American+and+Soviet+Struggle+for+Hearts+and+Minds&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1743-2&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Youngblood%2C+Denise+Jeanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShearman1995" class="citation book cs1">Shearman, Peter (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zHuakfpPujQC&pg=PA8">Russian foreign policy since 1990</a>. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2633-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2633-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-2633-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+foreign+policy+since+1990&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-2633-7&rft.aulast=Shearman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzHuakfpPujQC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSihanouk1973" class="citation book cs1">Sihanouk, Norodom (1973). My War with the CIA. Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+War+with+the+CIA&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Sihanouk&rft.aufirst=Norodom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2010" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Bradley (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853">Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7182-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-7182-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213245/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economists+with+Guns%3A+Authoritarian+Development+and+U.S.%E2%80%93Indonesian+Relations%2C+1960%E2%80%931968&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7182-5&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D7853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Joseph (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FnnF9NKMJdkC">The Cold War 1945–1991</a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19138-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19138-4"><bdi>978-0-631-19138-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906033754/https://books.google.com/books?id=FnnF9NKMJdkC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War+1945%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19138-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFnnF9NKMJdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Smith, Jean Edward</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fdr00smit">FDR</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6121-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6121-1"><bdi>978-1-4000-6121-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6121-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jean+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffdr00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._Frederick_Starr" title="S. Frederick Starr">Starr, S. Frederick</a> (2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. M E Sharpe Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1318-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1318-9"><bdi>978-0-7656-1318-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+Borderland&rft.pub=M+E+Sharpe+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1318-9&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=S.+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockwell1979" class="citation book cs1">Stockwell, John (1979) [1978]. In search of enemies. London: Futura Publications Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00926-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00926-2"><bdi>978-0-393-00926-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+search+of+enemies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Futura+Publications+Limited&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-393-00926-2&rft.aulast=Stockwell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Stone, Norman</a> (2010). The Atlantic and Its Enemies: A History of the Cold War. Basic Books Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02043-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02043-0"><bdi>978-0-465-02043-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+and+Its+Enemies%3A+A+History+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Basic+Books+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02043-0&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStueck2013" class="citation book cs1">Stueck, William (25 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zDvMXm7fHpUC&q=stalin,+korea,+armistice">Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4761-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4761-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-4761-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729152931/https://books.google.com/books?id=zDvMXm7fHpUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=stalin,+korea,+armistice#v=snippet">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+the+Korean+War%3A+A+New+Diplomatic+and+Strategic+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4761-7&rft.aulast=Stueck&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzDvMXm7fHpUC%26q%3Dstalin%2C%2Bkorea%2C%2Barmistice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuh2013" class="citation book cs1">Suh, Jae-Jung (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYjbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Truth and Reconciliation in South Korea: Between the Present and Future of the Korean Wars</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-73820-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-73820-4"><bdi>978-1-135-73820-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+and+Reconciliation+in+South+Korea%3A+Between+the+Present+and+Future+of+the+Korean+Wars&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-73820-4&rft.aulast=Suh&rft.aufirst=Jae-Jung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyYjbAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbott2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strobe_Talbott" title="Strobe Talbott">Talbott, Strobe</a> (2009). The Great Experiment: The Story of Ancient Empires, Modern States, and the Quest for a Global Nation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Experiment%3A+The+Story+of+Ancient+Empires%2C+Modern+States%2C+and+the+Quest+for+a+Global+Nation&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Talbott&rft.aufirst=Strobe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaubman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Taubman" title="William Taubman">Taubman, William</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev:_The_Man_and_His_Era" title="Khrushchev: The Man and His Era">Khrushchev: The Man and His Era</a>. W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32484-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32484-6"><bdi>978-0-393-32484-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khrushchev%3A+The+Man+and+His+Era&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32484-6&rft.aulast=Taubman&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2016" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Allan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VCX-CwAAQBAJ">History for the IB Diploma Paper 3 The Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia (1924–2000)</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-50369-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-50369-0"><bdi>978-1-316-50369-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402000803/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCX-CwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+for+the+IB+Diploma+Paper+3+The+Soviet+Union+and+Post-Soviet+Russia+%281924%E2%80%932000%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-316-50369-0&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVCX-CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTompson1997" class="citation book cs1">Tompson, William (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/khrushchevapolit0000tomp">Khrushchev: a Political Life</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16360-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16360-0"><bdi>978-0-312-16360-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khrushchev%3A+a+Political+Life&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16360-0&rft.aulast=Tompson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkhrushchevapolit0000tomp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToohey2007" class="citation book cs1">Toohey, Kristine (8 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ywy9aslk3M8C&pg=PA100">The Olympic Games: A Social Science Perspective</a>. CABI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-355-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-355-5"><bdi>978-1-84593-355-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229042751/https://books.google.com/books?id=ywy9aslk3M8C&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Olympic+Games%3A+A+Social+Science+Perspective&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2007-11-08&rft.isbn=978-1-84593-355-5&rft.aulast=Toohey&rft.aufirst=Kristine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dywy9aslk3M8C%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowle2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Towle" title="Philip Towle">Towle, Philip</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofm00town/page/160">"Cold War"</a>. In Charles Townshend (ed.). The Oxford History of Modern War. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofm00town/page/160">160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285373-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285373-8"><bdi>978-0-19-285373-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cold+War&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Modern+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285373-8&rft.aulast=Towle&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofm00town%2Fpage%2F160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripp2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles R.H.</a> (2002). A History of Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. xii, 211–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&rft.pages=xii%2C+211-214&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87823-4&rft.aulast=Tripp&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2010" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C (2010). The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8510-9947-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8510-9947-4"><bdi>978-1-8510-9947-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Middle+East+Wars%3A+The+United+States+in+the+Persian+Gulf%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Iraq+Conflicts%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-8510-9947-4&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2011" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC">The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-960-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-960-3"><bdi>978-1-85109-960-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518141237/https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Vietnam+War%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-960-3&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqh5lffww-KsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer C.</a> (2016). World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-969-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-969-6"><bdi>978-1-85109-969-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+The+Definitive+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-969-6&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ashby_Turner" title="Henry Ashby Turner">Turner, Henry Ashby</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twogermaniessinc00turn">The Two Germanies Since 1945: East and West</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03865-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03865-8"><bdi>0-300-03865-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Germanies+Since+1945%3A+East+and+West&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-300-03865-8&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Henry+Ashby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwogermaniessinc00turn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanneman1990" class="citation book cs1">Vanneman, Peter (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann">Soviet Strategy in Southern Africa: Gorbachev's Pragmatic Approach</a>. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8902-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8902-6"><bdi>978-0-8179-8902-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Strategy+in+Southern+Africa%3A+Gorbachev%27s+Pragmatic+Approach&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-8902-6&rft.aulast=Vanneman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsovietstrategyin00vann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Dijk2008" class="citation book cs1">van Dijk, Ruud (2008). Encyclopedia of the Cold War. Vol. 1. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97515-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97515-5"><bdi>978-0-415-97515-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97515-5&rft.aulast=van+Dijk&rft.aufirst=Ruud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Dijk2013" class="citation book cs1">van Dijk, Ruud (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgX0bQ3Enj4C&pg=PA861">Encyclopedia of the Cold War</a>. Routledge. pp. 860–861. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135923112" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135923112"><bdi>978-1135923112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=860-861&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1135923112&rft.aulast=van+Dijk&rft.aufirst=Ruud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgX0bQ3Enj4C%26pg%3DPA861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrenSiracusa2021" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Aiden; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2021). "Kennedy's Nuclear Dilemma". US Presidents and Cold War Nuclear Diplomacy. Cham, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 95–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-61954-1">10.1007/978-3-030-61954-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-61954-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-61954-1"><bdi>978-3-030-61954-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234294333">234294333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kennedy%27s+Nuclear+Dilemma&rft.btitle=US+Presidents+and+Cold+War+Nuclear+Diplomacy&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=95-124&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+%2F+Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234294333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-61954-1&rft.isbn=978-3-030-61954-1&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Aiden&rft.au=Siracusa%2C+Joseph+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2002" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Cynthia A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nj2monE0y4cC">U.S. National Security: A Reference Handbook</a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABL-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-598-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-598-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-598-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906020608/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nj2monE0y4cC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+National+Security%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABL-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-598-2&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNj2monE0y4cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigert2011" class="citation book cs1">Weigert, Stephen (2011). Angola: A Modern Military History. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11777-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11777-8"><bdi>978-0-230-11777-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angola%3A+A+Modern+Military+History&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave-Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11777-8&rft.aulast=Weigert&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestad2012" class="citation book cs1">Westad, Odd Arne (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/restlessempirech0000west">Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02936-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02936-5"><bdi>978-0-465-02936-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restless+Empire%3A+China+and+the+World+Since+1750&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02936-5&rft.aulast=Westad&rft.aufirst=Odd+Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frestlessempirech0000west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWettig2008" class="citation book cs1">Wettig, Gerhard (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-5542-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+the+Cold+War+in+Europe&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6&rft.aulast=Wettig&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2005" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Alan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRsXkR7AHXkC&pg=PA62">Stalin and Stalinism</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30731-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30731-4"><bdi>978-0-415-30731-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729143448/https://books.google.com/books?id=wRsXkR7AHXkC&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+Stalinism&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30731-4&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRsXkR7AHXkC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1992" class="citation book cs1">Wood, James (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUO4U8L5N_cC&pg=PA105">History of International Broadcasting</a>. IET. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86341-302-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86341-302-5"><bdi>978-0-86341-302-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729143358/https://books.google.com/books?id=WUO4U8L5N_cC&pg=PA105">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+International+Broadcasting&rft.pub=IET&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-86341-302-5&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUO4U8L5N_cC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyszyński1949" class="citation book cs1">Wyszyński, Andrzej (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729141510/https://echelon.pl/files/echelon/Wyszy%C5%84ski%20-%20Teoria%20dowod%C3%B3w%20s%C4%85dowych%20%28OCR%29.pdf">Teoria dowodów sądowych w prawie radzieckim</a> (PDF). Biblioteka Zrzeszenia Prawników Demokratów. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echelon.pl/files/echelon/Wyszy%C5%84ski%20-%20Teoria%20dowod%C3%B3w%20s%C4%85dowych%20(OCR).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teoria+dowod%C3%B3w+s%C4%85dowych+w+prawie+radzieckim&rft.pub=Biblioteka+Zrzeszenia+Prawnik%C3%B3w+Demokrat%C3%B3w&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Wyszy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fechelon.pl%2Ffiles%2Fechelon%2FWyszy%25C5%2584ski%2520-%2520Teoria%2520dowod%25C3%25B3w%2520s%25C4%2585dowych%2520%28OCR%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYergin2011" class="citation book cs1">Yergin, Daniel (5 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WiUTwBTux2oC">The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3483-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3483-2"><bdi>978-1-4391-3483-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prize%3A+The+Epic+Quest+for+Oil%2C+Money+%26+Power&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2011-04-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-3483-2&rft.aulast=Yergin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWiUTwBTux2oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubok1994" class="citation book cs1">Zubok, Vladislav M. (1994). "Unwrapping the Enigma: What was Behind the Soviet Challenge in the 1960s?". In Kunz, Diane B. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SiVTA31wrzEC">The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations During the 1960s</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08177-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08177-1"><bdi>978-0-231-08177-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906025950/https://books.google.com/books?id=SiVTA31wrzEC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unwrapping+the+Enigma%3A+What+was+Behind+the+Soviet+Challenge+in+the+1960s%3F&rft.btitle=The+Diplomacy+of+the+Crucial+Decade%3A+American+Foreign+Relations+During+the+1960s&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-231-08177-1&rft.aulast=Zubok&rft.aufirst=Vladislav+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSiVTA31wrzEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubok2009" class="citation book cs1">Zubok, Vladislav M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3j2VJj1hs1EC&pg=PR9">A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev</a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9905-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9905-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-9905-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309161344/https://books.google.com/books?id=3j2VJj1hs1EC&pg=PR9">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Failed+Empire%3A+The+Soviet+Union+in+the+Cold+War+from+Stalin+to+Gorbachev&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-9905-2&rft.aulast=Zubok&rft.aufirst=Vladislav+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3j2VJj1hs1EC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubokPleshakov1996" class="citation book cs1">Zubok, Vladislav; Pleshakov, Constantine (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidekremlinsco00zubo">Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-45531-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-45531-3"><bdi>978-0-674-45531-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Kremlin%27s+Cold+War%3A+From+Stalin+to+Khrushchev&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-674-45531-3&rft.aulast=Zubok&rft.aufirst=Vladislav&rft.au=Pleshakov%2C+Constantine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidekremlinsco00zubo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reports">Reports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshallGurr2006" class="citation report cs1">Marshall, Monty G.; Gurr, Ted (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624210152/http://www.systemicpeace.org/PC2005.pdf">Peace and Conflict 2005</a> (PDF) (Report). Center for Systemic Peace. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.systemicpeace.org/PC2005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Peace+and+Conflict+2005&rft.pub=Center+for+Systemic+Peace&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Monty+G.&rft.au=Gurr%2C+Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.systemicpeace.org%2FPC2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomeranz2010" class="citation report cs1">Pomeranz, William E. (4 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-legacy-and-consequences-jackson-vanik-reassessing-human-rights-21st-century-russia-0">The Legacy and Consequences of Jackson-Vanik: Reassessing Human Rights in 21st Century Russia</a> (Report). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Retrieved 21 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+and+Consequences+of+Jackson-Vanik%3A+Reassessing+Human+Rights+in+21st+Century+Russia&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft.aulast=Pomeranz&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fthe-legacy-and-consequences-jackson-vanik-reassessing-human-rights-21st-century-russia-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradosJimenez-Bacardi2019" class="citation report cs1">Prados, John; Jimenez-Bacardi, Arturo, eds. (3 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuba/2019-10-03/kennedy-cuba-operation-mongoose">Kennedy and Cuba: Operation Mongoose</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_George_Washington_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The George Washington University">The George Washington University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102010542/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuba/2019-10-03/kennedy-cuba-operation-mongoose">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Kennedy+and+Cuba%3A+Operation+Mongoose&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=The+George+Washington+University&rft.date=2019-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fbriefing-book%2Fcuba%2F2019-10-03%2Fkennedy-cuba-operation-mongoose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1953" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Smith, Walter B.</a> (20 March 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB126/iran530320.pdf">"First Progress Report on Paragraph 5-1 of NSC 136/1, 'U.S. Policy Regarding the Current Situation in Iran'"</a> (PDF) (Memo). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150116083558/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB126/iran530320.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2007 – via George Washington University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Progress+Report+on+Paragraph+5-1+of+NSC+136%2F1%2C+%27U.S.+Policy+Regarding+the+Current+Situation+in+Iran%27&rft.date=1953-03-20&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Walter+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB126%2Firan530320.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB126/iran530300.pdf">Measures which the United States Government Might Take in Support of a Successor Government to Mosaddegh</a> (PDF) (Report). 11 March 1953. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617082256/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB126/iran530300.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2007 – via George Washington University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Measures+which+the+United+States+Government+Might+Take+in+Support+of+a+Successor+Government+to+Mosaddegh&rft.date=1953-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB126%2Firan530300.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Dijk1996" class="citation report cs1">van Dijk, Ruud (May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-1952-stalin-note-debate-myth-or-missed-opportunity-for-german-unification">The 1952 Stalin Note Debate: Myth Or Missed Opportunity for German Unification?</a> (Report). Cold War International History Project: Working Paper No. 14. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+1952+Stalin+Note+Debate%3A+Myth+Or+Missed+Opportunity+for+German+Unification%3F&rft.series=Cold+War+International+History+Project%3A+Working+Paper+No.+14&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft.date=1996-05&rft.aulast=van+Dijk&rft.aufirst=Ruud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fthe-1952-stalin-note-debate-myth-or-missed-opportunity-for-german-unification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeathersby1993" class="citation report cs1">Weathersby, Kathryn (November 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/soviet-aims-korea-and-the-origins-the-korean-war-1945-50-new-evidence-the-russian">Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War, 1945–50: New Evidence From the Russian Archives</a> (Report). Cold War International History Project: Working Paper No. 8. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525180815/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/soviet-aims-korea-and-the-origins-the-korean-war-1945-50-new-evidence-the-russian">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Soviet+Aims+in+Korea+and+the+Origins+of+the+Korean+War%2C+1945%E2%80%9350%3A+New+Evidence+From+the+Russian+Archives&rft.series=Cold+War+International+History+Project%3A+Working+Paper+No.+8&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft.date=1993-11&rft.aulast=Weathersby&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fsoviet-aims-korea-and-the-origins-the-korean-war-1945-50-new-evidence-the-russian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAftergood2017" class="citation journal cs1">Aftergood, S. (2017). "Cybersecurity: The cold war online". Nature. 547 (7661): 30–31. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.547...30A">2017Natur.547...30A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F547030a">10.1038/547030a</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Cybersecurity%3A+The+cold+war+online&rft.volume=547&rft.issue=7661&rft.pages=30-31&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F547030a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Natur.547...30A&rft.aulast=Aftergood&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2001" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Robert C. (November 2001). "The rise and decline of the Soviet economy". Canadian Journal of Economics. 34 (4): 859–881. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0008-4085.00103">10.1111/0008-4085.00103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4085">0008-4085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+decline+of+the+Soviet+economy&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=859-881&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0008-4085.00103&rft.issn=0008-4085&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailes1981" class="citation journal cs1">Bailes, Kendall E. (1981). "The American Connection: Ideology and the Transfer of American Technology to the Soviet Union, 1917–1941". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 23 (3): 421–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500013438">10.1017/S0010417500013438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=The+American+Connection%3A+Ideology+and+the+Transfer+of+American+Technology+to+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1917%E2%80%931941&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=421-448&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500013438&rft.aulast=Bailes&rft.aufirst=Kendall+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBungert1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bungert, Heike (July 1994). "A New Perspective on French-American Relations during the Occupation of Germany, 1945? 1948: Behind-the-Scenes Diplomatic Bargaining and the Zonal Merger". Diplomatic History. 18 (3): 333–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1994.tb00217.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1994.tb00217.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=A+New+Perspective+on+French-American+Relations+during+the+Occupation+of+Germany%2C+1945%3F+1948%3A+Behind-the-Scenes+Diplomatic+Bargaining+and+the+Zonal+Merger&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-352&rft.date=1994-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1994.tb00217.x&rft.aulast=Bungert&rft.aufirst=Heike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrespino2020" class="citation journal cs1">Crespino, Joseph (March 2020). "A Nation Ruled by Its Fears". Reviews in American History. 48 (1): 119–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frah.2020.0016">10.1353/rah.2020.0016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=A+Nation+Ruled+by+Its+Fears&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=119-123&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frah.2020.0016&rft.aulast=Crespino&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCseresnyés1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cseresnyés, Ferenc (Summer 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041127172402/http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no154/086.html">"The '56 Exodus to Austria"</a>. The Hungarian Quarterly. XL (154): 86–101. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no154/086.html">the original</a> on 27 November 2004. Retrieved 9 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hungarian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+%2756+Exodus+to+Austria&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=XL&rft.issue=154&rft.pages=86-101&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Cseresny%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Ferenc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarianquarterly.com%2Fno154%2F086.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple1964" class="citation journal cs1">Dalrymple, Dana G. (1964). "The American tractor comes to Soviet agriculture: The transfer of a technology". Technology and Culture. 5 (2): 191–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3101161">10.2307/3101161</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3101161">3101161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=The+American+tractor+comes+to+Soviet+agriculture%3A+The+transfer+of+a+technology&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-214&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3101161&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3101161%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=Dana+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2016" class="citation journal cs1">Eaton, Joseph (November 2016). "Reconsidering the 1980 Moscow Olympic Boycott: American Sports Diplomacy in East Asian Perspective". 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Emory Report. 48 (37).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emory+Report&rft.atitle=Carter+stresses+role+of+Olympics+in+promoting+global+harmony&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=37&rft.date=1996-08-05&rft.aulast=Treadaway&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emory.edu%2FEMORY_REPORT%2Ferarchive%2F1996%2FAugust%2FERaug.5%2F8_5_96carter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2002" class="citation journal cs1">West, Nigel (1 March 2002). "'Venona': the British dimension". Intelligence and National Security. 17 (1): 117–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684520412331306440">10.1080/02684520412331306440</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-4527">0268-4527</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145696471">145696471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=%27Venona%27%3A+the+British+dimension&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-134&rft.date=2002-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145696471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0268-4527&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684520412331306440&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magazine_articles">Magazine articles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Das, Saswato R. (16 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/apollo-moon-khrushchev/">"The Moon Landing through Soviet Eyes: A Q&A with Sergei Khrushchev, son of former premier Nikita Khrushchev"</a>. Scientific American. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225085952/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/apollo-moon-khrushchev/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Moon+Landing+through+Soviet+Eyes%3A+A+Q%26A+with+Sergei+Khrushchev%2C+son+of+former+premier+Nikita+Khrushchev&rft.date=2009-07-16&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Saswato+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fapollo-moon-khrushchev%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlesius2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Klesius, Mike (19 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/to-boldly-go-133005480/">"To Boldly Go"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 5 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=To+Boldly+Go&rft.date=2008-12-19&rft.aulast=Klesius&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fair-space-magazine%2Fto-boldly-go-133005480%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Lowry, Brian (26 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://variety.com/2013/tv/reviews/the-americans-1117949116/">"The Americans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226182921/http://variety.com/2013/tv/reviews/the-americans-1117949116/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=The+Americans&rft.date=2015-02-26&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2013%2Ftv%2Freviews%2Fthe-americans-1117949116%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatray2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Matray, James I. (Summer 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/summer/korean-myths-1.html">"Revisiting Korea: Exposing Myths of the Forgotten War"</a>. Prologue Magazine. Vol. 34, no. 2. National Archives. Retrieved 21 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prologue+Magazine&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Korea%3A+Exposing+Myths+of+the+Forgotten+War&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Matray&rft.aufirst=James+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpublications%2Fprologue%2F2002%2Fsummer%2Fkorean-myths-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_articles">News articles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsh2016" class="citation news cs1">Ash, Lucy (1 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32529679">"The rape of Berlin"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 1 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+rape+of+Berlin&rft.date=2016-05-01&rft.aulast=Ash&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-32529679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford2003" class="citation news cs1">Bamford, James (4 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/04/books/books-of-the-times-the-labyrinthine-morass-of-spying-in-the-cold-war.html">"Books of The Times; The Labyrinthine Morass of Spying in the Cold War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109023149/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/04/books/books-of-the-times-the-labyrinthine-morass-of-spying-in-the-cold-war.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Books+of+The+Times%3B+The+Labyrinthine+Morass+of+Spying+in+the+Cold+War&rft.date=2003-07-04&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F07%2F04%2Fbooks%2Fbooks-of-the-times-the-labyrinthine-morass-of-spying-in-the-cold-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2017" class="citation news cs1">Bevins, Vincent (20 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/">"What the United States Did in Indonesia"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201014117/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+the+United+States+Did+in+Indonesia&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2017%2F10%2Fthe-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda%2F543534%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradner2015" class="citation news cs1">Bradner, Eric (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/23/politics/cold-war-u-s-nuclear-target-list/index.html">"Newly released documents reveal U.S. Cold War nuclear target list"</a>. CNN Politics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022015222/https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/23/politics/cold-war-u-s-nuclear-target-list/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Politics&rft.atitle=Newly+released+documents+reveal+U.S.+Cold+War+nuclear+target+list&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Bradner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F12%2F23%2Fpolitics%2Fcold-war-u-s-nuclear-target-list%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeney2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Feeney" title="Mark Feeney">Feeney, Mark</a> (29 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/2006/03/29/caspar_w_weinberger_88_architect_of_massive_pentagon_buildup/">"Caspar W. Weinberger, 88; Architect of Massive Pentagon Buildup"</a>. The Boston Globe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140529051659/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/2006/03/29/caspar_w_weinberger_88_architect_of_massive_pentagon_buildup/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Caspar+W.+Weinberger%2C+88%3B+Architect+of+Massive+Pentagon+Buildup&rft.date=2006-03-29&rft.aulast=Feeney&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Fobituaries%2Farticles%2F2006%2F03%2F29%2Fcaspar_w_weinberger_88_architect_of_massive_pentagon_buildup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass2016" class="citation news cs1">Glass, Andrew (16 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2016/04/bernard-baruch-coins-term-cold-war-april-16-1947-221853">"Bernard Baruch coins term 'Cold War,' April 16, 1947"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Bernard+Baruch+coins+term+%27Cold+War%2C%27+April+16%2C+1947&rft.date=2016-04-16&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2016%2F04%2Fbernard-baruch-coins-term-cold-war-april-16-1947-221853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass2017" class="citation news cs1">Glass, Andrew (14 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2017/10/14/this-day-in-politics-oct-14-1966-243670">"McNamara becomes Vietnam War skeptic, Oct. 14, 1966"</a>. Politico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509024718/https://www.politico.com/story/2017/10/14/this-day-in-politics-oct-14-1966-243670">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=McNamara+becomes+Vietnam+War+skeptic%2C+Oct.+14%2C+1966&rft.date=2017-10-14&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2017%2F10%2F14%2Fthis-day-in-politics-oct-14-1966-243670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1999" class="citation news cs1">Hoffman, David (10 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/coldwar/shatter021099b.htm">"I Had A Funny Feeling in My Gut"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=I+Had+A+Funny+Feeling+in+My+Gut&rft.date=1999-02-10&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Finatl%2Flongterm%2Fcoldwar%2Fshatter021099b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller1989" class="citation news cs1">Keller, Bill (26 October 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/26/world/gorbachev-in-finland-disavows-any-right-of-regional-intervention.html">"Gorbachev, in Finland, Disavows Any Right of Regional Intervention"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 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Retrieved 5 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metacritic&rft.atitle=2013+Film+Critic+Top+Ten+Lists&rft.date=2013-12-08&rft.aulast=Dietz&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metacritic.com%2Ffeature%2Ffilm-critic-top-10-lists-best-movies-of-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriman1987–1988" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Harriman" title="Pamela Harriman">Harriman, Pamela C.</a> (Winter 1987–1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015163941/http://winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=711">"Churchill and ... Politics: The True Meaning of the Iron Curtain Speech"</a>. Winston Churchill Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=711">the original</a> on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 22 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Churchill+and+...+Politics%3A+The+True+Meaning+of+the+Iron+Curtain+Speech&rft.pub=Winston+Churchill+Centre&rft.date=1987%2F1988&rft.aulast=Harriman&rft.aufirst=Pamela+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winstonchurchill.org%2Fi4a%2Fpages%2Findex.cfm%3Fpageid%3D711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalb2013" class="citation web cs1">Kalb, Marvin (22 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/01/22-obama-foreign-policy-kalb">"It's Called the Vietnam Syndrome, and It's Back"</a>. Brookings Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613220713/http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/01/22-obama-foreign-policy-kalb">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+Called+the+Vietnam+Syndrome%2C+and+It%27s+Back&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft.aulast=Kalb&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblogs%2Fup-front%2Fposts%2F2013%2F01%2F22-obama-foreign-policy-kalb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_GeldernSiegelbaum" class="citation web cs1">Von Geldern, James; Siegelbaum, Lewis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090817200255/http://soviethistory.org/index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1968czechoslovakia&Year=1968">"The Soviet-led Intervention in Czechoslovakia"</a>. Soviethistory.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soviethistory.org/index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1968czechoslovakia&Year=1968">the original</a> on 17 August 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soviet-led+Intervention+in+Czechoslovakia&rft.pub=Soviethistory.org&rft.aulast=Von+Geldern&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Siegelbaum%2C+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoviethistory.org%2Findex.php%3Faction%3DL2%26SubjectID%3D1968czechoslovakia%26Year%3D1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Navigator1989" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220033/http://www.ena.lu/?doc=11160">"Address given by Mikhail Gorbachev to the Council of Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="European Navigator">Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe</a>. 6 July 1989. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ena.lu/?doc=11160">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address+given+by+Mikhail+Gorbachev+to+the+Council+of+Europe&rft.pub=Centre+Virtuel+de+la+Connaissance+sur+l%27Europe&rft.date=1989-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ena.lu%2F%3Fdoc%3D11160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilestones:_1945–1952" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/truman-doctrine">"Milestones: 1945–1952 – Office of the Historian"</a>. history.state.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118193318/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/truman-doctrine">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Milestones%3A+1945%E2%80%931952+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1945-1952%2Ftruman-doctrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilestones:_1969–1976" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/detente">"Milestones: 1969–1976 – Office of the Historian"</a>. history.state.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190611223144/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/detente">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Milestones%3A+1969%E2%80%931976+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1969-1976%2Fdetente&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolodkov1956" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc8.pdf">"Report by Soviet Deputy Interior Minister M.N. Holodkov to Interior Minister N. P. Dudorov (15 November 1956)"</a> (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060908023144/http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc8.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+1956+Hungarian+Revolution%2C+A+History+in+Documents&rft.atitle=Report+by+Soviet+Deputy+Interior+Minister+M.N.+Holodkov+to+Interior+Minister+N.+P.+Dudorov+%2815+November+1956%29&rft.date=2002-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB76%2Fdoc8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Peace_Foundation2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/cambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge/">"Cambodia: U.S. bombing, civil war, & Khmer Rouge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Foundation" title="World Peace Foundation">World Peace Foundation</a>. 7 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714181839/https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/cambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambodia%3A+U.S.+bombing%2C+civil+war%2C+%26+Khmer+Rouge&rft.pub=World+Peace+Foundation&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.tufts.edu%2Fatrocityendings%2F2015%2F08%2F07%2Fcambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Bibliography of the Cold War">Bibliography of the Cold War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia#Further_reading" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia § Further reading</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/World_History/The_Cold_War" class="extiw" title="b:World History/The Cold War">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8683" class="extiw" title="d:Q8683">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/Cold_War.ogg/Cold_War.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_War.ogg" title="File:Cold War.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 11 July 2012 (2012-07-11), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about the Cold War <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Cold+War&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Cold+War">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Cold+War&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/cold-war-international-history-project">The Cold War International History Project (CWIHP)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080918203432/http://coldwarfiles.org/">The Cold War Files</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://persuasivemaps.library.cornell.edu/browse-subject">Select "Communism & Cold War" value to browse Maps from 1933–1982 at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Library" title="Cornell University Library">Cornell University Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conelrad.com/">CONELRAD Cold War Pop Culture Site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729202943/http://www.conelrad.com/">Archived</a> 29 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/cold-war/cold-war-culture-the-nuclear-fear-of-the-1950s-and-1960s/topic---cold-war-culture-the-nuclear-fear-of-the-1950s-and-1960s.html">CBC Digital Archives – Cold War Culture: The Nuclear Fear of the 1950s and 1960s</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060203121815/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=issues%2FArms+Race">Annotated bibliography for the arms race from the Alsos Digital Library</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_resource">Educational resource</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/">Electronic Briefing Books</a> at the National Security Archive, George Washington University</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News">News</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/themes/world_politics/cold_war/default.stm">"Cold War"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218221127/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/themes/world_politics/cold_war/default.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Cold+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fthemes%2Fworld_politics%2Fcold_war%2Fdefault.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"> Video and audio news reports from during the cold war.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3></div> <ul><li>André Bossuroy, Europe for Citizens Programme of the European Union, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/368099620">"30 years ago, the fall of the Berlin Wall, the end of the Cold War"</a>. Documentary 26 min, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Documentary+26+min%2C+2019&rft.atitle=30+years+ago%2C+the+fall+of+the+Berlin+Wall%2C+the+end+of+the+Cold+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F368099620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Union" title="Category:Soviet Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_world_and_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_world" title="Template:Western world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_world" title="Template talk:Western world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">AER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUK" title="ANZUK">ANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">CBSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">EPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK TCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Treaties" title="Lancaster House Treaties">Lancaster House Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">PROSUR/PROSUL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western European and Others Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_world_and_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_world" title="Template:Eastern world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_world" title="Template talk:Eastern world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">Eastern world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_culture" title="Eastern culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Indic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history (Middle Ages)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Middle Eastern Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_culture" title="Eastern culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Hanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Asia">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_art" title="History of Asian art">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_esotericism" title="Eastern esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folklore" title="Chinese folklore">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_folklore" title="Korean folklore">Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_literature" title="Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_folk_music_traditions" title="List of Asian folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnamese philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Philippine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Dharmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern/Eastern/Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Shenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Muism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Churches</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali_B%C3%A1bism" class="mw-redirect" title="Azali Bábism">Azali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Customs_Union" title="Arab Customs Union">Arab Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Asia_and_the_Pacific_Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Group of Asia and the Pacific Small Island Developing States">Asia and the Pacific Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Council" title="Asia Council">Asia Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia_Regional_Economic_Cooperation_Program" title="Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program">CAREC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Union" title="Central Asian Union">CAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">CSTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">CPTPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easternization" class="mw-redirect" title="Easternization">Easternization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">EAEU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">EAEU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">ECO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">OTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">RCEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Cooperation_Secretariat" title="Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat">TCS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations" title="Template:International relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_relations" title="Template talk:International relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_international_relations_terms" title="Glossary of international relations terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)" title="International relations (1648–1814)">1648–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">1919–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_since_1989" title="International relations since 1989">International relations since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entente_(alliance)" title="Entente (alliance)">Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">Co-belligerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">Collective security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis" title="Crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">International community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationality" title="Internationality">Internationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism" title="Liberal institutionalism">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">National interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">Neutral country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-belligerent" title="Non-belligerent">Non-belligerent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">Non-state actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_treaty" title="Bilateral treaty">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship" title="Treaty of friendship">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_treaty" title="Multilateral treaty">Multilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">Non-aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-of-society" title="Whole-of-society">Whole-of-society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)" title="Constructivism (international relations)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" title="Marxist international relations theory">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields and subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_analysis" title="Foreign policy analysis">Foreign policy analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_economy" title="International political economy">International political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_sociology" title="International political sociology">International political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_studies" title="Security studies">Security studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/17px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/26px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/34px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="275" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Modern_history" title="Portal:Modern history">Modern history</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/11px-Fifties_jukebox.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/17px-Fifties_jukebox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/23px-Fifties_jukebox.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="493" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:1950s" title="Portal:1950s">1950s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/21px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/32px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/42px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="361" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:1960s" title="Portal:1960s">1960s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._Smiley_Face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/19px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/29px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/38px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="414" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:1970s" title="Portal:1970s">1970s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/17px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/26px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/34px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="530" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:1980s" title="Portal:1980s">1980s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/16px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/24px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/32px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/19px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/29px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/38px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/21px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/42px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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272.955 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.00% 224.023 51 Template:Cite_web"," 4.93% 220.889 8 Template:Harvnb"," 4.46% 199.702 39 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.169","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27887282,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAarons2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAftergood2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmbroseBrinkley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacevich2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailes1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBamford2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeisner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBensonWarner1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBevins2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBevins2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlight2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlightAllynWelch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlum2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlumberg1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourne1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreslauer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownellBillings1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulmer-Thomas1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBungert1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurr2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrd2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaldwell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalhoun2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlinerAlesina1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandler2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChretien2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColl2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColtman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCombs2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCotton1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowley1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraigLogevall2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrespino2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrockerHampsonAall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrump2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCseresnyés1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumings1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCummings2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallek2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalrymple1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaum2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDietz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiggins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobrynin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoeneckeStoler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDominguez1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowty1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuiker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuke1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmondson1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkholm2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElleman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllo1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglish2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFErlich2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsno2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Navigator1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarid2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeeney2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFehrenbach2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranklin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritsch-Bournazel1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaddis1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaddis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaidar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanser2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarthoff1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarthoff2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGasiorowskiByrne2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerard2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerolymatos2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodsee2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbs1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlennon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraebnerBurnsSiracusa2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenville2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenvilleWasserstein1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalliday2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamann2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanhimäkiSoutouGermond2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardesty1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardtKaufman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaro2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarriman1987–1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart-Landsberg1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaruki2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasanli2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeller2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerring1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerring2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHershberg1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeuveline2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHixson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolodkov1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoppe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHwang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIatrides1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsbyKamps1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshchenko2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItzigsohn2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJennings2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonas1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones,_G.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones,_H.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones,_S.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJowettO\u0026#039;Donnell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalabekov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalb2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalinovsky2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalnins2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarabell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeller1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKempe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanna2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhotin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsella1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinvig2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinzer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKissinger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlesius2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKovacevic2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoven2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKydd2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaFeber1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaFeber1993a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaFeber2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarge1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLayne2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLebowStein1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLechuga_Hevia2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLefeberFitzmauriceVierdag1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeffler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehto2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLendvai2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLippmann1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittle1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitwak1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLocard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowry2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLüthi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalkasian2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandelbaum1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsYoung2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshallGurr2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatray1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatray2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMawdsley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCauley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCauley2008b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormick1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMahon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcSherry2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeher2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiglietta2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilanović2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilestones:_1945–1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilestones:_1969–1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerWainstock2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoschonas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoss1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosyakov2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMotter1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMotyl2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoynihan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMälksoo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaftali2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNash1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNashel1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNjølstad2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoOsterholm1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuenlistLocherMartin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNzongola-Ntalaja2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neil1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOberdorfer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdom2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrwell1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrwell1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtfinoski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPainter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapathanasiou2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatenaude2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaterson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatersonCliffordBrighamDonoghue2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavelec2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlmutter1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrett2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlettenberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlokhy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPomeranz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPower2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradosJimenez-Bacardi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuddington2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuandt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuirk1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReagan1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinalda2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichelson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRislakki1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoadnight2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoht-Arriaza1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothschild1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuzicic-Kessler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyavec2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafire2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoultz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchraeder1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchudson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebestyen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSempa2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenior2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFService2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawYoungblood2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShearman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShevchenko2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShifrinson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSihanouk1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlocomb2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefancic1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStockwell1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStueck2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT.W.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbott2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbottHannifinMagnusonDoerner1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaubman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThaler2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTompson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToohey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTowle2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreadaway1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTripp2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanneman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_GeldernSiegelbaum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarrenSiracusa2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeathersby1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeigert2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestad2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWettig2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Peace_Foundation2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyszyński1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYergin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZubok1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZubok2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZubokPleshakov1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Dijk1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Dijk2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Dijk2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFČulík1998\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 8,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 221,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 51,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Cold War\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 4,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern world\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn-ua\"] = 14,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 10,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 8,\n [\"History of the Cold War\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"International relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Leftlegend\"] = 3,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Legend inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 32,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist-ua\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pages?\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 9,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 6,\n [\"Refend\"] = 6,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 366,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Soviet Union topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"United States topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Western world\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","500","15.2"],["?","380","11.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","360","11.0"],["dataWrapper 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War","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cold_War","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8683","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8683","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-23T04:44:46Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T22:57:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/dc\/NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg","headline":"1947\u20131991 tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies"}</script> </body> </html>