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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inspectorate_from_1934_to_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Inspectorate from 1934 to 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inspectorate_from_1934_to_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SS_hierarchy_inside_the_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SS_hierarchy_inside_the_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>SS hierarchy inside the camps</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-SS_hierarchy_inside_the_camps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle SS hierarchy inside the camps subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-SS_hierarchy_inside_the_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divisions_and_duties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_and_duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Divisions and duties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_and_duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duties_of_the_Schutzhaftlagerführer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duties_of_the_Schutzhaftlagerführer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Duties of the <i>Schutzhaftlagerführer</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duties_of_the_Schutzhaftlagerführer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duties_of_the_political_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duties_of_the_political_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Duties of the political department</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duties_of_the_political_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duties_of_the_maintenance_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duties_of_the_maintenance_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Duties of the maintenance department</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duties_of_the_maintenance_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duties_of_the_chief_physician" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duties_of_the_chief_physician"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Duties of the chief physician</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duties_of_the_chief_physician-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Rotation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedures_for_punishing_violations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedures_for_punishing_violations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Procedures for punishing violations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Procedures_for_punishing_violations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Procedures for punishing violations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Procedures_for_punishing_violations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nazi_propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nazi propaganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breach_of_their_own_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breach_of_their_own_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Breach of their own rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breach_of_their_own_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informational_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informational_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Informational notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informational_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مفتشية معسكرات الاعتقال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مفتشية معسكرات الاعتقال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspektion_der_Konzentrationslager" title="Inspektion der Konzentrationslager – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Inspektion der Konzentrationslager" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspecci%C3%B3n_de_los_Campos_de_Concentraci%C3%B3n" title="Inspección de los Campos de Concentración – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inspección de los Campos de Concentración" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سازمان بازرسی اردوگاه‌های کار اجباری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازمان بازرسی اردوگاه‌های کار اجباری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspection_des_camps_de_concentration" title="Inspection des camps de concentration – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inspection des camps de concentration" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspektorat_Kamp_Konsentrasi" title="Inspektorat Kamp Konsentrasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inspektorat Kamp Konsentrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspektion_der_Konzentrationslager" title="Inspektion der Konzentrationslager – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inspektion der Konzentrationslager" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspektoratet_for_konsentrasjonsleirene" title="Inspektoratet for konsentrasjonsleirene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Inspektoratet for konsentrasjonsleirene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspektion_der_Konzentrationslager" title="Inspektion der Konzentrationslager – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inspektion der Konzentrationslager" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Инспекция концентрационных лагерей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инспекция концентрационных лагерей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspektionen_f%C3%B6r_koncentrationsl%C3%A4gren" title="Inspektionen för koncentrationslägren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Inspektionen för koncentrationslägren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplama_Kamplar%C4%B1_M%C3%BCfetti%C5%9Fli%C4%9Fi" title="Toplama Kampları Müfettişliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toplama Kampları Müfettişliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%90%A5%E7%9B%91%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80" title="集中营监察局 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="集中营监察局" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q276752#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Central SS administrative and managerial authority for the concentration camps of the Third Reich</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97512,_Berlin,_Geheimes_Staatspolizeihauptamt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97512%2C_Berlin%2C_Geheimes_Staatspolizeihauptamt.jpg/320px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97512%2C_Berlin%2C_Geheimes_Staatspolizeihauptamt.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97512%2C_Berlin%2C_Geheimes_Staatspolizeihauptamt.jpg/480px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97512%2C_Berlin%2C_Geheimes_Staatspolizeihauptamt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97512%2C_Berlin%2C_Geheimes_Staatspolizeihauptamt.jpg/640px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97512%2C_Berlin%2C_Geheimes_Staatspolizeihauptamt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gestapo headquarters on <a href="/wiki/Prinz-Albrecht-Stra%C3%9Fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prinz-Albrecht-Straße">Prinz-Albrecht-Straße</a> in Berlin, 1933. The CCI moved into these offices in May 1934</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#e2e2ff;">Operation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">May 1934</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">1945</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Concentration Camps Inspectorate</b> (<b>CCI</b>) or in German, IKL (<i>Inspektion der Konzentrationslager</i>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɪnspɛkˈt͡si̯oːn<span class="wrap"> </span>deːɐ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>kɔnt͡sɛntʁaˈt͡si̯oːnsˌlaːɡɐ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/46\/De-Inspektion_der_Konzentrationslager.ogg\/De-Inspektion_der_Konzentrationslager.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Inspektion der Konzentrationslager.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/De-Inspektion_der_Konzentrationslager.ogg/De-Inspektion_der_Konzentrationslager.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Inspektion_der_Konzentrationslager.ogg" title="File:De-Inspektion der Konzentrationslager.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) was the central <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> administrative and managerial authority for the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">concentration camps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>. Created by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a>, it was originally known as the "General Inspection of the Enhanced <i><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfstandarten</a></i>", after Eicke's position in the SS. It was later integrated into the <a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">SS Main Economic and Administrative Office</a> as "Amt D". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inspector_of_all_concentration_camps">Inspector of all concentration camps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Inspector of all concentration camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0402-503,_Theodor_Eicke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0402-503%2C_Theodor_Eicke.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0402-503%2C_Theodor_Eicke.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0402-503%2C_Theodor_Eicke.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0402-503%2C_Theodor_Eicke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0402-503%2C_Theodor_Eicke.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0402-503%2C_Theodor_Eicke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Concentration Camp Inspector Theodor Eicke</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12,_Dachau,_Konzentrationslager,_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Inspection by the Nazi party and <a href="/wiki/Himmler" class="mw-redirect" title="Himmler">Himmler</a> at Dachau on 8 May 1936.</figcaption></figure> <p>SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Oberf%C3%BChrer" title="Oberführer">Oberführer</a></i> Theodor Eicke, became <a href="/wiki/Commandant" title="Commandant">commandant</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a> on 26 June 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadfield2001128–129_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadfield2001128–129-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His form of organization at Dachau stood as the model for all later concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200585_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200585-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eicke claimed the title of "Concentration Camps Inspector" for himself by May 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201584_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201584-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the disempowerment of the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> through murder during the "<a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a>" he had personally shot <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a> on 1 July 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008308–314_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008308–314-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200531–35,_39_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200531–35,_39-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the Röhm affair on 4 July 1934, <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> officially named Eicke chief of the <i>Inspektion der Konzentrationslager—IKL</i> (Concentration Camps Inspectorate or CCI).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012174–175_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012174–175-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also promoted Eicke to the rank of SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Gruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Gruppenführer">Gruppenführer</a></i> in command of the <i><a href="/wiki/SS-Wachverb%C3%A4nde" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Wachverbände">SS-Wachverbände</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadfield2001128–129_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadfield2001128–129-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler was unquestionably the master of the police organizations and the associated camps, but only those places under the official jurisdiction of the CCI were considered "concentration camps" within the territory comprising the Third Reich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201020–21_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201020–21-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the Night of the Long Knives, the remaining SA-run camps were taken over by the SS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008308–314_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008308–314-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200531–35,_39_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200531–35,_39-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The factional police functions of the SS were dissolved on 20 July 1934 with the subordination of the SA. Additionally, the Concentration Camps Inspectorate (CCI) was officially established as a department for Eicke. The CCI moved into offices at <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> headquarters on Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse 8 in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the offices of <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>'s police apparatus was in close physical proximity to the CCI office of Eicke, Himmler kept them distinct and separated; Heydrich policed the Reich, arrested and detained people and then sent them to concentration camps, where the inmates were superintended by the CCI under Eicke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201586_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201586-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCI was subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">SD</a> and Gestapo only in regards to who was admitted to the camps and who was released; what happened inside the camps was at the discretion of the CCI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200151_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200151-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The head of the CCI (first Eicke) was subordinate both to the <a href="/wiki/SS-Amt" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Amt">SS-Amt</a> as an SS member but really only reported directly to the Chief of the German Police, <i>Reichsführer-SS</i> Himmler in this role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESydnor1977117_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESydnor1977117-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of dual subordination was characteristic of many SS posts and created free room for interpretation for their members, which is how and why the CCI under Eicke became an institution of both the Nazi Party and the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201021_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201021-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eicke had a free hand in bringing the concentration camps to the highest "level of efficiency";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968228–229_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968228–229-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he especially knew how to use this system for his own ends and contributed significantly to the CCI having sole control of all concentration camp prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968256–261_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968256–261-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inspectorate_from_1934_to_1945">Inspectorate from 1934 to 1945</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inspectorate from 1934 to 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1934, the CCI under Eicke was operating outward from Dachau.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200237_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200237-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes and reorganization of the many camps were on the horizon. Under Eicke's direction, the smaller detention centers and punitive facilities throughout Germany were consolidated into five principle camps at Esterwegen, Lichtenburg, Moringen, Sachsenburg, and Dachau.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200237_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200237-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SS camp guards of the CCI came from all walks of life; there were men, women, Germans, non-Germans, Protestants, Catholics, other religious faiths, elderly soldiers, young men, army conscripts, ideologues, sadistic killers, and those who treated inmates humanely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth201045_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth201045-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, the concentration camp guards and administration units were formally designated as the <i>SS-Totenkopfverbände</i> (Death's Head Troops; SS-TV).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968258_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968258-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1936, Eicke was named commander of the <i>SS-Totenkopfverbände</i> and the number of men under his command increased from 2,876 to 3,222; the CCI was also provided official funding through the Reich's budget office, and Eicke was allowed to recruit future troops from the Hitler Youth based on regional needs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoehl2004146_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehl2004146-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The CCI's leader, Eicke, advocated for a tight-knit group. He also did his best to instill a sense of loyalty within the SS men assigned to the camps, encouraging "bombast, bravado, and deadly earnestness" in carrying out their duties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200238–39_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200238–39-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the camps expanded into the mid-1930s, so did the number of personnel assigned to the CCI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth201045–46_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth201045–46-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eicke's most important subordinate, beginning in 1936, was <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a>. On 1 April 1936, Glücks was named by Eicke <a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">military chief of staff</a> of the Inspector of the <i>Wachverbände</i> and later became Eicke's deputy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchel199458–60_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchel199458–60-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the administrative duties at the CCI that Eicke preferred to ignore were assumed by Glücks, which over time led to his usurping significant amounts of authority; Glücks subsequent rise to prominence within the Nazi ranks had more to do with Eicke's "ineffectual management" of clerical responsibilities than Glücks' competence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200241_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200241-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/T-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg/350px-T-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/T-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg/525px-T-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/T-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg/700px-T-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5633" data-file-height="2131" /></a><figcaption>The T-building in <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</a>, home of the Concentration Camps Inspectorate from 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>Ideological training intensified under Eicke's command and military training for new recruits working the camps was increased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoehl2004147_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehl2004147-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometime in August 1938, Eicke's entire support staff was moved to <a href="/wiki/Oranienburg" title="Oranienburg">Oranienburg</a> (near Sachsenhausen) where the CCI's main office would remain until 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofsky199731_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESofsky199731-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Eicke's role as the chief of the CCI placed him within the framework of Heydrich's secret state police; whereas his command of the Death's Head units, made him accountable to the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) of the SS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofsky199731_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESofsky199731-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All SS camps' regulations, both for guards and prisoners, followed the Dachau camp model established by Eicke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200584_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200584-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 April 1937, the SS leadership consolidated the CCI's primary organization, the Death's Head Battalion, into three units; the first for service at Dachau, the second at Sachsenhausen, and the third at Buchenwald. Then during the autumn of 1938, a fourth unit was created for the latest concentration camp at Mauthausen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth201046_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth201046-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCI also administered the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_concentration_camp" title="Columbia concentration camp">Columbia-Haus</a> concentration camp in Berlin-Tempelhof.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofsky199730_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESofsky199730-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the CCI's original camps, Lichtenburg (which housed mostly women), was closed in May 1939 when <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück concentration camp</a> became operational.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201598_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201598-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secrecy increased among the guards and CCI staff as the number of camps and the supporting network expanded. New camps were "largely shielded from sight" and established in remote places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201599–100_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201599–100-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war contributed to this expansion as the camp system itself grew to support the Nazi territorial occupation with corresponding rapidity. Just one day after invading Poland (2 September 1939) for instance, the Nazis established the Stutthof concentration camp near Danzig.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2017171–172_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2017171–172-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Eicke was reassigned to the front, to be the commander of the <i>SS-Totenkopf-Standarten</i>. Eicke's <i>Waffen-SS</i> unit carried-out policing duties, deportations, and even executions through 1940 and into 1941, a function that was in accordance with the Nazi regime's ethnic and political goals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1984xxxiv_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1984xxxiv-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glücks was appointed the new CCI chief by Himmler in mid-November 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth201047_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth201047-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glücks made few changes, leaving the organizational structure intact as Eicke had set it up. By 1940, the CCI came under the control of the <i>Verwaltung und Wirtschaftshauptamt Hauptamt</i> (VuWHA; Administration and Business office) which was set up under <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Pohl" title="Oswald Pohl">Oswald Pohl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012115_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012115-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 1942, the CCI became <i>Amt D</i> (Office D) of the consolidated main office, known as the <a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">SS Main Economic and Administrative Office</a> (<i>SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt</i>; WVHA).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012115_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012115-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth201053_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth201053-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the entire concentration camp system was placed under the authority of the WVHA with the CCI now subordinated to the Chief of the WVHA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoehl2004182–183_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehl2004182–183-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near the end of 1941 and beginning of 1942, it was decided that to support the Nazi war machine, concentration camp prisoners should be put to work in armaments factories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2010127–132_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2010127–132-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competing interests and SS beliefs placed the leadership of the WVHA and the CCI at odds with one another, particularly concerning slave labor; namely as Eicke thought of concentration camp inmates more along punitive politico-ideological lines, whereas Pohl viewed prisoners within the camps as economic fodder to be fully exploited, especially in cases where they possessed needed industrial skills or expertise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200242–47_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200242–47-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conflicts between the WVHA and the CCI only proved deadly to the prisoners due to the fact that both organizations were equally reckless and inconsiderate to the needs of their slave-labor force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200247–48_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200247–48-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the inception of the concentration camp system, Pohl had been trying to influence the administration of them. He succeeded, in part, because while camp commandants handled the discipline of SS members under them, they were not actually their superiors. The SS camp members received their instructions from the CCI (later "Amt D"), through their SS camp department heads. This is another example of the SS practice of dual subordination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2002175–180_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2002175–180-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Except for the admittance and release of concentration camp prisoners, which the SD and Gestapo handled (later as departments of the RSHA), the CCI had sole control over the prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200151_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200151-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCI made all decisions regarding internal camp matters. The CCI also coordinated the operations for systematic murder in other SS divisions, for example, the murder of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Commissar" title="Commissar">commissars</a>, and the T4 killing operations like <a href="/wiki/Action_14f13" title="Action 14f13">Action 14f13</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1997142–150_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1997142–150-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek concentration camps</a> were under the CCI, having been especially built for use as <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1997287_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1997287-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps unique in part due to the scope of its operations, Auschwitz-Birkenau was concomitantly under the jurisdiction of the WVHA and within the administrative control of the CCI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1997301_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1997301-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SS_hierarchy_inside_the_camps">SS hierarchy inside the camps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: SS hierarchy inside the camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions_and_duties">Divisions and duties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Divisions and duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i> ("political department"), which controlled the lives of prisoners at each camp, became the most important subdivision within the CCI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorsch200565–66_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorsch200565–66-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Eicke's direction, all new concentration camps were organized along the "Dachau model". Principally, this meant the segregation of SS members from among the guards or those working in the commandant's department. Within the commandant's department, the same sections were formed, building a core command structure that was replicated at each camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESydnor197719–20_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESydnor197719–20-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Commandant / Adjutant</li> <li>Political Department</li> <li>Protective Custody Camp<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Administration</li> <li>Camp Doctor</li> <li>Guard Command<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth201049_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth201049-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Because of the CCI Inspector's personnel policy, which was based largely on personal relationships, there was only a small elite cadre of concentration camp commandants during the entire <a href="/wiki/Nazi_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi era">Nazi era</a>. Unlike the guards, these "experts" were generally not dispatched to the front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth201050–51_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth201050–51-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duties_of_the_Schutzhaftlagerführer"><span id="Duties_of_the_Schutzhaftlagerf.C3.BChrer"></span>Duties of the <i>Schutzhaftlagerführer</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Duties of the Schutzhaftlagerführer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Special:EditPage/Concentration Camps Inspectorate">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22">"Concentration Camps Inspectorate"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzhaftlagerf%C3%BChrer" title="Schutzhaftlagerführer">Schutzhaftlagerführer</a></i> (head of the "preventive detention camp") and his adjutant were responsible for the operation of the camp. The <i>Schutzhaftlagerführer</i> had to maintain order, take care of daily routines, roll calls and so on. Under him were the <i>Rapportführer</i>, the <i>Arbeitseinsatzführer</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Oberaufseherin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberaufseherin">Oberaufseherin</a></i> (if there was a women's camp). They were directly responsible for order in the camp and they assigned prisoners to the outside work details. The <i>Blockführer</i>, each of whom were responsible for one or more barracks, were subordinate to them. The <i>Arbeitseinsatzführer</i> (head of "work details") was responsible for prisoner work details, both at the camp and outside and making use of professional skills and abilities. The <i>Arbeitseinsatzführer</i> had every prisoner in the camp listed in a card file by profession and skill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorsch200566–68_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorsch200566–68-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subordinate to him, was the <i>Arbeitsdienstführer</i> (an SS-<i>Unterführer</i>) who was responsible for assembling and supervising the "internal command", the <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_functionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner functionary">prisoner functionaries</a>. The <i>Blockführer</i> ("block" or "barracks" leader) identified candidates from the ranks of prisoners to become the <i>Blockälteste" ("barracks elder") and the </i>Stubenälteste" ("room elder"). Prisoner functionaries were used by the SS as auxiliary police in a "divide-and-conquer strategy". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duties_of_the_political_department">Duties of the political department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Duties of the political department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Special:EditPage/Concentration Camps Inspectorate">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i> was responsible for records about prisoners, their initial registration, release, transfer, police comments about the death or escape of a prisoner, investigations (which most often involved <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> or threats), and keeping prisoner card files up to date. The head of the political department was always an officer from the Gestapo, generally an officer from the <i><a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei" title="Kriminalpolizei">Kriminalpolizei</a></i> ("criminal police"). He was subordinate to the local Gestapo headquarters, but often received instructions and orders from the RSHA, generally the office involved with matters related to "protective custody". For example, execution orders went directly from the RSHA office to the <i>Politische Abteilung</i> and the RSHA decreed individual admissions and release of protective custody prisoners. </p><p>As a Gestapo officer, the head of the political department reported to the RSHA or the local Gestapo headquarters. He was subordinate to them, as was his deputy. The other members of the department, however, as members of the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, were subordinate to the Gestapo regarding technical and functional matters, but otherwise belonged to the <i>Stabskompanie</i> (staff troops) so that in terms of discipline, they were subject to the camp commandant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duties_of_the_maintenance_department">Duties of the maintenance department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Duties of the maintenance department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Special:EditPage/Concentration Camps Inspectorate">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The maintenance department was responsible for housing, food, clothing and remuneration of the command staff and guards, as well as for housing, feeding and clothing the prisoners. It was the chief accounting clerk in a commercial enterprise, responsible for the verification of all material goods and their current status and the management and upkeep of its real property. Internal accounts were prepared as requested by <a href="/wiki/SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt">Amt D IV</a>, first under <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a>, then <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Mauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Mauer (page does not exist)">Gerhard Mauer</a>. An important office of this department was the <i>Gefangeneneigentumsverwaltung</i>, the "prisoners' property management", which was responsible for holding all the personal property brought to the camps by the prisoners, for sorting, bundling and storing the prisoners' money, valuables, "civilian" clothing and so on. This department was held responsible for the assets; embezzlement or misappropriation was disciplined and offenders could be held criminally liable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duties_of_the_chief_physician">Duties of the chief physician</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Duties of the chief physician"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Special:EditPage/Concentration Camps Inspectorate">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22">"Concentration Camps Inspectorate"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The head of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i> was in charge of several camp doctors, including dentists, who were subordinate to him. They had several areas of responsibility. The "troops doctor" was responsible for the medical care of the SS guards. The rest of the camp doctors divided up the remaining areas of the camp (men's camp, women's camp, etc.), according to the duty roster. The medical care of prisoners was secondary to their main tasks. Of primary importance were camp hygiene to prevent disease and maintaining prisoners' capacity to work. To this end, they availed themselves of prisoners who were doctors and nurses to serve as auxiliary staff in the infirmary. Direct contact with prisoners as patients was rare. </p><p>In addition, camp doctors had different non-medical or pseudo-medical tasks, such as selections at arriving transports with new prisoners and in the infirmary (deciding who was fit to work and who should be killed), supervision of <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gassing procedures</a>, supervision of the removal of dental gold from dead prisoners' mouths, certification of death after executions, especially murders committed by the camp Gestapo, performing abortions and sterilizations on prisoners, as well as taking part in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">pseudo-scientific human experiments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1990_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1990-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005232–233_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitz2005232–233-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a study, historian <a href="/wiki/Karin_Orth" title="Karin Orth">Karin Orth</a> established that the management level at the concentration camps (commandants and division heads) repeatedly were recruited from a small group of SS members. Excluding the approximately 110 camp doctors, who were subject to a bit more fluctuation, this group numbered about 207 men and a few women. Orth showed numerous similarities within this group, including social background, path of life, year of birth (around 1902), the date they joined the SS and their political development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth2004151_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth2004151-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1945, there were 37,674 men and 3,508 women working as concentration camp guards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth200454_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth200454-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotation">Rotation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rotation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1944, it became standard practice to rotate SS members in and out of the camps, partly based on manpower needs, but also to provide easier assignments to wounded Waffen-SS members who could no longer serve at the front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1989265_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1989265-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Job rotation between concentration camps and the Waffen-SS is estimated to have involved at least 10,000 men and some historians think the number of personnel rotated between the two duties could be as high as 60,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarny2002791–793_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarny2002791–793-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This exchange of staff in particular refutes the claim that the Waffen-SS had no connections with the SS guards of the concentration camps. Nearly the entire SS knew what was going on inside the concentration camps, making the entire organization liable for <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1984258–263_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1984258–263-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedures_for_punishing_violations">Procedures for punishing violations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Procedures for punishing violations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pr%C3%BCgelbock_00136.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pr%C3%BCgelbock_00136.JPG/220px-Pr%C3%BCgelbock_00136.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pr%C3%BCgelbock_00136.JPG/330px-Pr%C3%BCgelbock_00136.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pr%C3%BCgelbock_00136.JPG/440px-Pr%C3%BCgelbock_00136.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Punishment horse, <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Special:EditPage/Concentration Camps Inspectorate">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22">"Concentration Camps Inspectorate"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Concentration+Camps+Inspectorate%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_and_Penal_Code" title="Disciplinary and Penal Code">Disciplinary and Penal Code</a></div> <p>The CCI set uniform guidelines for the punishment of violations, enabling Himmler to insist, for purposes of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a>, that a proper procedure was in place for the punishment of violations at concentration camps. Adherence to the guidelines was rare, however. Dachau was the first systematically organized concentration camp of the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist">National Socialists</a>. The regimentation of concentration camp order and resulting penalties were later extended to all SS concentration camps. Since Dachau was set up as the model camp, other camps' procedure for punishing violations followed the example of Dachau. </p><p>The punishment of a violation began with the "violations report". A prisoner could be punished for violations related to camp order, such as missing a button on his jacket, for a dish that wasn't washed well enough. The SS man noted the prisoner number on the violations report. Under <a href="/wiki/Egon_Zill" title="Egon Zill">Egon Zill</a>, for example, <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_functionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner functionary">prisoner functionaries</a>, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_functionary#Ranks_of_functionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner functionary">Lagerälteste</a></i>, were instructed to deliver some 30–40 violations daily to the SS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZámečník2002125,_132–135_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZámečník2002125,_132–135-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a group of prisoners collectively violated a camp regulation, the entire group would have to kneel and then be beaten, for example. If they didn't call the name of any individual prisoner, then all the names would be noted on the violations report. Work crews were searched before and after work for contraband, such as a cigarette butt. The penalty for smaller things was <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> or excessive exercise. A more serious violation, such as sabotage or theft could merit a "<a href="/wiki/Sonderbehandlung" title="Sonderbehandlung">special treatment</a>". After a violation report, the prisoner had to wait in limbo while the report was processed before finding out what his punishment would be, sometimes resulting in weeks or months of uncertainty. </p><p>If a citation came back, the prisoner had to report for roll call and wait. The hearing took place in the <i><a href="/wiki/Jourhaus" title="Jourhaus">Jourhaus</a></i>. If the prisoner denied his guilt, he was often accused of lying, which meant additional flogging. In severe cases, prisoners were interrogated in the "bunker" until they confessed. At the end, came the verdict and the punishment, for example "<a href="/wiki/Strappado#Modern_instances" title="Strappado">tree</a>", or "<a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">twenty-five</a>" (see photo, above). </p><p>The camp commandant had to sign off on the sentence worked out by the interrogation officer. In cases such as corporal punishment, the Inspector in Oranienburg had to approve the punishment. An <a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen#Camp_doctors" title="Sanitätswesen">SS camp doctor</a> had to assess the health of the prisoner, but medical objections were rare. The prisoner had to go to before the infirmary and undress. The SS doctor walked through the rows of prisoners and the infirmary clerk recorded the opinion, "fit". </p><p>A few days later, the sentence was carried out. The particular prisoners had to report for punishment and a functionary prisoner had to carry out the punishment. An SS guard unit attended the procedure. </p><p>The rules stipulated that the following people were involved in carrying out punishment: </p> <ul><li>the SS man or prisoner functionary who had filed the punishment report,</li> <li>the interrogation officer,</li> <li>the commandant,</li> <li>an SS doctor,</li> <li>an infirmary clerk,</li> <li>a unit of SS guards,</li> <li>prisoner functionaries, who had to carry out the sentence,</li> <li>the Inspector of the CCI,</li> <li>in some cases, <a href="/wiki/Himmler" class="mw-redirect" title="Himmler">Himmler</a> himself.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_propaganda">Nazi propaganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nazi propaganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Himmler cited the protracted procedure as alleged proof that SS concentration camps were absolutely run as orderly prisons that safeguarded against abuse. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Cruelty, sadistic things, as are often stated in the foreign press, are impossible there. First, only the Inspector of the entire [SS] camp [system] can impose punishment, not even the camp commandant; second, the punishment is carried out by a company of guards so that there is always a platoon, 20–24 people are there; finally there is a doctor at the punishment, and a secretary. And so, you can not have more rigor. — <small>Speech by Himmler to <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i> officers, 1937.</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartel196026_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartel196026-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breach_of_their_own_rules">Breach of their own rules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Breach of their own rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cumbersome, bureaucratic procedure obscured the trail of accountability. The complexity of the penal procedure did not lead to a reduction of violations. The "<a href="/wiki/Lagerordnung" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagerordnung">Penalty Catalog</a>" was unconstrained. Prisoners were often beaten without any violations procedure or they were killed by the punishment itself. Compliance with the penal procedure was not a given. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Lagerf%C3%BChrer" title="Lagerführer">Lagerführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Egon_Zill" title="Egon Zill">Egon Zill</a> once ordered two men to implement the number of blows in a particular punishment. Although this doubled the number of blows given to the prisoner, the total was counted just once.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZámečník2002128_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZámečník2002128-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination through labor">Extermination through labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">List of Nazi Party leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">List of SS personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapo_(concentration_camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapo (concentration camp)">Kapo (concentration camp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badges" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp badges">Nazi concentration camp badges</a> about the hierarchy and stigma of groups of prisoners, <i>vis-à-vis</i> guards</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Informational_notes">Informational notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Informational notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian Nikolaus Wachsmann avows that while Himmler provided the "general direction for the later SS camp system," it was Eicke who "became its powerful motor."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201557_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201557-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This site is today the location of <a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Terror" title="Topography of Terror">Topography of Terror</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> memorial and museum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Protective custody served two purposes according to Himmler; first it protected the population from those the Nazis arrested, and those detained were "protected" from the population. In the upside down world of the Nazis, persons being held in protective custody could upon their release sign a statement that read, "I am aware that I may at any time apply for a further period of protective custody if I consider my physical well being to be in jeopardy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees201769_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees201769-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the periodic and arbitrary violence of anti-Semites and other radicalized supporters of the regime, this gave the practice of placing people in detention a semblance of legality and consideration. Reality was much different.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadfield2001128–129-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadfield2001128–129_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadfield2001128–129_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPadfield2001">Padfield 2001</a>, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200585-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200585_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201584-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201584_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008308–314-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008308–314_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008308–314_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, pp. 308–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200531–35,_39-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200531–35,_39_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200531–35,_39_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 31–35, 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012174–175-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012174–175_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 174–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201020–21-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201020–21_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2010">Wachsmann 2010</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201557-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201557_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201586-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201586_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200151-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200151_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200151_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESydnor1977117-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESydnor1977117_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSydnor1977">Sydnor 1977</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201021-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201021_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2010">Wachsmann 2010</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968228–229-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968228–229_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchheim1968">Buchheim 1968</a>, pp. 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968256–261-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968256–261_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchheim1968">Buchheim 1968</a>, pp. 256–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200237-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200237_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200237_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2002">Allen 2002</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth201045-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth201045_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrth2010">Orth 2010</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968258-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968258_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchheim1968">Buchheim 1968</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehl2004146-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoehl2004146_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoehl2004">Koehl 2004</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200238–39-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200238–39_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2002">Allen 2002</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth201045–46-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth201045–46_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrth2010">Orth 2010</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchel199458–60-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchel199458–60_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuchel1994">Tuchel 1994</a>, pp. 58–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200241-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200241_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2002">Allen 2002</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehl2004147-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoehl2004147_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoehl2004">Koehl 2004</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESofsky199731-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofsky199731_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofsky199731_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSofsky1997">Sofsky 1997</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200584-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200584_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth201046-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth201046_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrth2010">Orth 2010</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESofsky199730-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofsky199730_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSofsky1997">Sofsky 1997</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201598-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201598_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201599–100-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201599–100_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, p. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2017171–172-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2017171–172_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2017">Rees 2017</a>, pp. 171–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1984xxxiv-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1984xxxiv_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1984">Stein 1984</a>, p. xxxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth201047-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth201047_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrth2010">Orth 2010</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012115-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012115_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2012115_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeale2012">Weale 2012</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth201053-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth201053_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrth2010">Orth 2010</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehl2004182–183-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoehl2004182–183_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoehl2004">Koehl 2004</a>, pp. 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2010127–132-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2010127–132_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2010">Wagner 2010</a>, pp. 127–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200242–47-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200242–47_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2002">Allen 2002</a>, pp. 42–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200247–48-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200247–48_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2002">Allen 2002</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2002175–180-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2002175–180_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2002">Allen 2002</a>, pp. 175–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1997142–150-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1997142–150_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedlander1997">Friedlander 1997</a>, pp. 142–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1997287-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1997287_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedlander1997">Friedlander 1997</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1997301-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1997301_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedlander1997">Friedlander 1997</a>, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorsch200565–66-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorsch200565–66_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorsch2005">Morsch 2005</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESydnor197719–20-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESydnor197719–20_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSydnor1977">Sydnor 1977</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees201769-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees201769_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2017">Rees 2017</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth201049-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth201049_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrth2010">Orth 2010</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth201050–51-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth201050–51_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrth2010">Orth 2010</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorsch200566–68-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorsch200566–68_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorsch2005">Morsch 2005</a>, pp. 66–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1990-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1990_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1990">Cohen 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitz2005232–233-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005232–233_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpitz2005">Spitz 2005</a>, pp. 232–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth2004151-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth2004151_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrth2004">Orth 2004</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrth200454-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrth200454_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrth2004">Orth 2004</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1989265-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1989265_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReitlinger1989">Reitlinger 1989</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarny2002791–793-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarny2002791–793_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarny2002">Karny 2002</a>, pp. 791–793.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1984258–263-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1984258–263_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1984">Stein 1984</a>, pp. 258–263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZámečník2002125,_132–135-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZámečník2002125,_132–135_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZámečník2002">Zámečník 2002</a>, pp. 125, 132–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartel196026-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartel196026_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartel1960">Bartel 1960</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZámečník2002128-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZámečník2002128_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZámečník2002">Zámečník 2002</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllen2002" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Michael Thad (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/businessofgenoci00alle"><i>The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps</i></a>. London and Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80782-677-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80782-677-5"><bdi>978-0-80782-677-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Business+of+Genocide%3A+The+SS%2C+Slave+Labor%2C+and+the+Concentration+Camps&rft.place=London+and+Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-80782-677-5&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Michael+Thad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbusinessofgenoci00alle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartel1960" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bartel, Walter (1960). <i>Buchenwald: Mahnung und Verpflichtung</i> (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Röderberg Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DCCNZGY">B00DCCNZGY</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buchenwald%3A+Mahnung+und+Verpflichtung&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pub=R%C3%B6derberg+Verlag&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00DCCNZGY%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Bartel&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchheim1968" class="citation book cs1">Buchheim, Hans (1968). "The SS – Instrument of Domination". In <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Krausnick" title="Helmut Krausnick">Krausnick, Helmut</a>; Buchheim, Hans; Broszat, Martin; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (eds.). <i>Anatomy of the SS State</i>. New York: Walker and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00211-026-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00211-026-6"><bdi>978-0-00211-026-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+SS+%E2%80%93+Instrument+of+Domination&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+SS+State&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker+and+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-00211-026-6&rft.aulast=Buchheim&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan"><i>The Third Reich in Power</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3"><bdi>978-0-14-303790-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303790-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreichinpowe00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedlander1997" class="citation book cs1">Friedlander, Henry (1997). <i>The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4675-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4675-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-4675-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Nazi+Genocide%3A+From+Euthanasia+to+the+Final+Solution&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4675-9&rft.aulast=Friedlander&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarny2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karny, Mirsoslav (2002). "Waffen-SS und Konzentrationslager". In Ulrich Herbert (ed.). <i>Die nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager</i> (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-596-15516-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-596-15516-9"><bdi>3-596-15516-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waffen-SS+und+Konzentrationslager&rft.btitle=Die+nationalsozialistischen+Konzentrationslager&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pub=Fischer+Taschenbuch+Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-596-15516-9&rft.aulast=Karny&rft.aufirst=Mirsoslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2008" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2008). <i>Hitler: A Biography</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06757-6"><bdi>978-0-393-06757-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06757-6&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoehl2004" class="citation book cs1">Koehl, Robert (2004). <i>The SS: A History 1919–45</i>. Stroud: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-75242-559-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-75242-559-7"><bdi>978-0-75242-559-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SS%3A+A+History+1919%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-75242-559-7&rft.aulast=Koehl&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2012" class="citation book cs1">Longerich, Peter (2012). <i>Heinrich Himmler</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199592326" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199592326"><bdi>978-0199592326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinrich+Himmler&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199592326&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorsch2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Morsch, Günter (2005). "Organisations- und Verwaltungsstruktur der Konzentrationslager". In Wolfgang Benz (ed.). <i>Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager</i> (in German). Vol. Band I: Die Organisation des Terrors. München: Verlag C. H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3406529610" title="Special:BookSources/978-3406529610"><bdi>978-3406529610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Organisations-+und+Verwaltungsstruktur+der+Konzentrationslager&rft.btitle=Der+Ort+des+Terrors%3A+Geschichte+der+nationalsozialistischen+Konzentrationslager&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Verlag+C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3406529610&rft.aulast=Morsch&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrth2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Orth, Karin (2004). <i>Die Konzentrationslager-SS: Sozialstrukturelle Analysen und biographische Studien</i> (in German). München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8924-4380-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-8924-4380-7"><bdi>3-8924-4380-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Konzentrationslager-SS%3A+Sozialstrukturelle+Analysen+und+biographische+Studien&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Deutscher+Taschenbuch+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-8924-4380-7&rft.aulast=Orth&rft.aufirst=Karin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrth2010" class="citation book cs1">Orth, Karin (2010). "The Concentration Camp Personnel". In Jane Caplan; Nikolaus Wachsmann (eds.). <i>Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany: The New Histories</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41542-651-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41542-651-0"><bdi>978-0-41542-651-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Concentration+Camp+Personnel&rft.btitle=Concentration+Camps+in+Nazi+Germany%3A+The+New+Histories&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-41542-651-0&rft.aulast=Orth&rft.aufirst=Karin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadfield2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Padfield" title="Peter Padfield">Padfield, Peter</a> (2001) [1990]. <i>Himmler: Reichsführer-SS</i>. London: Cassel & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35839-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35839-8"><bdi>0-304-35839-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himmler%3A+Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassel+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-304-35839-8&rft.aulast=Padfield&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2017" class="citation book cs1">Rees, Laurence (2017). <i>The Holocaust: A New History</i>. New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-844-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-844-2"><bdi>978-1-61039-844-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-61039-844-2&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitlinger1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Reitlinger" title="Gerald Reitlinger">Reitlinger, Gerald</a> (1989). <i>The SS: Alibi of a Nation, 1922–1945</i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80351-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80351-2"><bdi>978-0-306-80351-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SS%3A+Alibi+of+a+Nation%2C+1922%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80351-2&rft.aulast=Reitlinger&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofsky1997" class="citation book cs1">Sofsky, Wolfgang (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orderofterrorthe00sofs"><i>The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69100-685-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69100-685-7"><bdi>978-0-69100-685-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+Terror%3A+The+Concentration+Camp&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-69100-685-7&rft.aulast=Sofsky&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forderofterrorthe00sofs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitz2005" class="citation book cs1">Spitz, Vivien (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/doctorsfromhellh00spit"><i>Doctors from Hell: The Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans</i></a>. Boulder, CO: Sentient Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591810322" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591810322"><bdi>978-1591810322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctors+from+Hell%3A+The+Horrific+Account+of+Nazi+Experiments+on+Humans&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Sentient+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1591810322&rft.aulast=Spitz&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdoctorsfromhellh00spit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1984" class="citation book cs1">Stein, George H. (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waffensshitlers00stei"><i>The Waffen SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War, 1939–1945</i></a></span>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9275-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9275-0"><bdi>0-8014-9275-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waffen+SS%3A+Hitler%27s+Elite+Guard+at+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8014-9275-0&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaffensshitlers00stei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSydnor1977" class="citation book cs1">Sydnor, Charles (1977). <i>Soldiers of Destruction: The SS Death's Head Division, 1933–1945</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001Y18PZ6">B001Y18PZ6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+Destruction%3A+The+SS+Death%27s+Head+Division%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001Y18PZ6%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Sydnor&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchel1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tuchel, Johannes (1994). <i>Die Inspektion der Konzentrationslager 1938-1945: Das System des Terrors</i> (in German). Berlin: Hentrich Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3894681586" title="Special:BookSources/978-3894681586"><bdi>978-3894681586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Inspektion+der+Konzentrationslager+1938-1945%3A+Das+System+des+Terrors&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Hentrich+Verlag&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3894681586&rft.aulast=Tuchel&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachsmann2010" class="citation book cs1">Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2010). "The Dynamics of Destruction". In Jane Caplan; Nikolaus Wachsmann (eds.). <i>Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany: The New Histories</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41542-651-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41542-651-0"><bdi>978-0-41542-651-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dynamics+of+Destruction&rft.btitle=Concentration+Camps+in+Nazi+Germany%3A+The+New+Histories&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-41542-651-0&rft.aulast=Wachsmann&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachsmann2015" class="citation book cs1">Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2015). <i>KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-37411-825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-37411-825-9"><bdi>978-0-37411-825-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=KL%3A+A+History+of+the+Nazi+Concentration+Camps&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-37411-825-9&rft.aulast=Wachsmann&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2010" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Jens-Christian (2010). "Work and Extermination in the Concentration Camps". In Jane Caplan; Nikolaus Wachsmann (eds.). <i>Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany: The New Histories</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41542-651-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41542-651-0"><bdi>978-0-41542-651-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Work+and+Extermination+in+the+Concentration+Camps&rft.btitle=Concentration+Camps+in+Nazi+Germany%3A+The+New+Histories&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-41542-651-0&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Jens-Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeale2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Weale" title="Adrian Weale">Weale, Adrian</a> (2012). <i>Army of Evil: A History of the SS</i>. New York; Toronto: NAL Caliber (Penguin Group). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23791-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23791-0"><bdi>978-0-451-23791-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+of+Evil%3A+A+History+of+the+SS&rft.place=New+York%3B+Toronto&rft.pub=NAL+Caliber+%28Penguin+Group%29&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-451-23791-0&rft.aulast=Weale&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Max (2001). <i>Reinhard Heydrich: The Biography, Volume 1—Road To War</i>. Church Stretton: Ulric Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9537577-5-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9537577-5-6"><bdi>978-0-9537577-5-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinhard+Heydrich%3A+The+Biography%2C+Volume+1%E2%80%94Road+To+War&rft.place=Church+Stretton&rft.pub=Ulric+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9537577-5-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZámečník2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zámečník, Stanislav (2002). <i>Das war Dachau</i> (in German). Luxemburg: Comité International de Dachau. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003DMHFYG">B003DMHFYG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+war+Dachau&rft.place=Luxemburg&rft.pub=Comit%C3%A9+International+de+Dachau&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB003DMHFYG%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Z%C3%A1me%C4%8Dn%C3%ADk&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online">Online</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Online"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1990" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Baruch C. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/NaziMedEx.html">"The Ethics of Using Medical Data from Nazi Experiments (Jewish Law Articles)"</a>. <i>The Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society</i>. <b>19</b>: <span class="nowrap">103–</span>126<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Halacha+and+Contemporary+Society&rft.atitle=The+Ethics+of+Using+Medical+Data+from+Nazi+Experiments+%28Jewish+Law+Articles%29&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Baruch+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jlaw.com%2FArticles%2FNaziMedEx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcentration+Camps+Inspectorate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust17" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_North_Macedonia" title="The Holocaust in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="smallcaps">be</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France"><span class="smallcaps">fr</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps"><span class="smallcaps">it</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">nl</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">sk</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-<i>Totenkopfverbände</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia <span style="font-size:85%;">(Action T4)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q276752#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata476" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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