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Vestibular nucleus is labelled at left</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">Medulla</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">Vestibular system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_inferior_cerebellar_artery" title="Anterior inferior cerebellar artery">AICA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Posterior_inferior_cerebellar_artery" title="Posterior inferior cerebellar artery">PICA</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>nuclei vestibulares</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014726">D014726</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=714">714</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/birnlex_1337">birnlex_1337</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.04.242%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.04.242</a><br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.05.425%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.05.425</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5933">5933</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma72239">72239</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2004165" class="extiw" title="d:Q2004165">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>vestibular nuclei</b> (<b>VN</b>) are the <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial nuclei">cranial nuclei</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nerve" title="Vestibular nerve">vestibular nerve</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">Terminologia Anatomica</a>, they are grouped in both the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestibular_nuclei&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Path">Path</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestibular_nuclei&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Path"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fibers of the vestibular nerve enter the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a> on the medial side of those of the cochlear, and pass between the inferior peduncle and the spinal tract of the <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigeminal">trigeminal</a> nerve. </p><p>They then divide into ascending and descending fibers. The latter end by arborizing around the cells of the medial nucleus, which is situated in the area acustica of the <a href="/wiki/Rhomboid_fossa" title="Rhomboid fossa">rhomboid fossa</a>. The ascending fibers either end in the same manner or in the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibular_nucleus" title="Lateral vestibular nucleus">lateral nucleus</a>, which is situated lateral to the area acustica and farther from the ventricular floor. </p><p>Some of the axons of the cells of the lateral nucleus, and possibly also of the <a href="/wiki/Medial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial nucleus">medial nucleus</a>, are continued upward through the inferior peduncle to the roof nuclei of the opposite side of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, to which also other fibers of the vestibular root are prolonged without interruption in the nuclei of the medulla oblongata. </p><p>A second set of fibers from the medial and lateral nuclei end partly in the <a href="/wiki/Tegmentum" title="Tegmentum">tegmentum</a>, while the remainder ascend in the medial longitudinal fasciculus to arborize around the cells of the nuclei of the <a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve" title="Oculomotor nerve">oculomotor nerve</a>. </p><p>Fibers from the lateral vestibular nucleus also pass via the <a href="/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract" title="Vestibulospinal tract">vestibulospinal tract</a>, to anterior horn cells at many levels in the spinal cord, in order to co-ordinate head and trunk movements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subnuclei">Subnuclei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestibular_nuclei&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subnuclei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 4 subnuclei; they are situated at the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_ventricle" title="Fourth ventricle">fourth ventricle</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medial_vestibular_nucleus" title="Medial vestibular nucleus">medial vestibular nucleus</a> (dorsal or chief vestibular nucleus) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a> (floor of <a href="/wiki/Fourth_ventricle" title="Fourth ventricle">fourth ventricle</a>) </td> <td>corresponding to the lower part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Area_acustica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Area acustica (page does not exist)">area acustica</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rhomboid_fossa" title="Rhomboid fossa">rhomboid fossa</a>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the caudal end of this nucleus is sometimes termed the <b>descending</b> or <b>spinal vestibular nucleus</b>. <p>This nucleus is sometimes termed the <b>nucleus of Schwalbe</b>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibular_nucleus" title="Lateral vestibular nucleus">lateral vestibular nucleus</a> or nucleus of Deiters </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a> (upper) </td> <td>consisting of large cells and situated in the lateral angle of the rhomboid fossa. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inferior_vestibular_nucleus" title="Inferior vestibular nucleus">inferior vestibular nucleus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a> (lower) </td> <td>This nucleus is sometimes termed the <b>nucleus of Roller</b>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Superior_vestibular_nucleus" title="Superior vestibular nucleus">superior vestibular nucleus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a> </td> <td>This nucleus is sometimes termed the <b>nucleus of Bechterew</b>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestibular_nuclei&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nerve" title="Vestibular nerve">Vestibular nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_syndrome" title="Vestibulocerebellar syndrome">Vestibulocerebellar syndrome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestibular_nuclei&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/788/mode/2up">page 788</a> of the 20th edition of</i> <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> <i>(1918)</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestibular_nuclei&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/Bs97/TEXT/P13/intro.htm">Illustration and text: Bs97/TEXT/P13/intro.htm</a> at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical school</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080405062814/http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section8/8ch6/s8ch6_29.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20080405062814/http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section8/8ch6/s8ch6_29.htm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070209100449/http://www.parkinson.org/atf/cf/%7BF0E9372E-94BC-4BFF-89A3-AF6BAB57D6CF%7D/medulla.gif">Parkinson.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">Cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>afferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_tract" title="Solitary tract">tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal respiratory group">Dorsal respiratory group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_nucleus" title="Gustatory nucleus">Gustatory nucleus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vestibular nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibular_nucleus" title="Lateral vestibular nucleus">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_vestibular_nucleus" title="Medial vestibular nucleus">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_vestibular_nucleus" title="Inferior vestibular nucleus">Inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>efferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nucleus" title="Hypoglossal nucleus">Hypoglossal nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">Nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve">Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_salivatory_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivatory nucleus">Inferior salivatory nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracile_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile nucleus">Gracile nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneate_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate nucleus">Cuneate nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_cuneate_nucleus" title="Accessory cuneate nucleus">Accessory cuneate nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral respiratory group">Ventral respiratory group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_nucleus_(medulla)" title="Arcuate nucleus (medulla)">Arcuate nucleus of medulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostral_ventromedial_medulla" title="Rostral ventromedial medulla">Rostral ventromedial medulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botzinger_complex" title="Botzinger complex">Botzinger complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-B%C3%B6tzinger_complex" title="Pre-Bötzinger complex">Pre-Bötzinger complex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sensory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_decussation" title="Sensory decussation">Sensory decussation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juxtarestiform_body" title="Juxtarestiform body">Juxtarestiform body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus">Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Motor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus">Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Descending tracts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivocerebellar_tract" title="Olivocerebellar tract">Olivocerebellar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubro-olivary_tract" title="Rubro-olivary tract">Rubro-olivary tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(brainstem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid (brainstem)">Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_median_fissure_of_the_medulla_oblongata" title="Anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata">Anterior median fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_sulcus_of_medulla" title="Anterolateral sulcus of medulla">Anterolateral sulcus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivary_body" title="Olivary body">Olive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">Inferior olivary nucleus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Back</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_median_sulcus_of_medulla_oblongata" title="Posterior median sulcus of medulla oblongata">Posterior median sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterolateral_sulcus_of_medulla_oblongata" title="Posterolateral sulcus of medulla oblongata">Posterolateral sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_postrema" title="Area postrema">Area postrema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagal_trigone" title="Vagal trigone">Vagal trigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_trigone" title="Hypoglossal trigone">Hypoglossal trigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_eminence_of_floor_of_fourth_ventricle" title="Medial eminence of floor of fourth ventricle">Medial eminence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior cerebellar peduncle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigantocellular_reticular_nucleus" title="Gigantocellular reticular nucleus">Gigantocellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_reticular_nucleus" title="Parvocellular reticular nucleus">Parvocellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_reticular_nucleus" title="Ventral reticular nucleus">Ventral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_reticular_nucleus" title="Lateral reticular nucleus">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedian_reticular_nucleus" title="Paramedian reticular nucleus">Paramedian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_obscurus" title="Nucleus raphe obscurus">Obscurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_magnus" title="Nucleus raphe magnus">Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_pallidus" title="Nucleus raphe pallidus">Pallidus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perihypoglossal_nuclei" title="Perihypoglossal nuclei">Perihypoglossal nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_pons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pons" title="Template:Pons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pons" title="Template talk:Pons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_pons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Pontine_tegmentum" title="Pontine tegmentum">tegmentum</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Surface" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellopontine_angle" title="Cerebellopontine angle">Cerebellopontine angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_medullary_velum" title="Superior medullary velum">Superior medullary velum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_limitans" title="Sulcus limitans">Sulcus limitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_eminence_of_floor_of_fourth_ventricle" title="Medial eminence of floor of fourth ventricle">Medial eminence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_colliculus" title="Facial colliculus">Facial colliculus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Sensory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_body" title="Trapezoid body">Trapezoid body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_lemniscus" title="Trigeminal lemniscus">Trigeminal lemniscus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_trigeminal_tract" title="Dorsal trigeminal tract">Dorsal trigeminal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_trigeminothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior trigeminothalamic tract">Ventral trigeminal tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">Lateral lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_tegmental_tract" title="Central tegmental tract">Central tegmental tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulo-oculomotor_fibers" title="Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers">Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Motor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior cerebellar peduncle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">Vestibulocerebellar tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract" title="Vestibulospinal tract">Vestibulospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Medial vestibulospinal tract">Medial vestibulospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Lateral vestibulospinal tract">Lateral vestibulospinal tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">Cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>afferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic afferent fibers">GSA</a> <ul><li>Trigeminal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_sensory_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus" title="Spinal trigeminal nucleus">Spinal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nucleus" title="Cochlear nucleus">Cochlear nucleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus" title="Dorsal cochlear nucleus">Dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cochlear_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior cochlear nucleus">Anterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vestibular nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_vestibular_nucleus" title="Superior vestibular nucleus">Superior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>efferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_efferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral efferent">SVE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_motor_nucleus" title="Trigeminal motor nucleus">Trigeminal motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motor_nucleus" title="Facial motor nucleus">Facial motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">GSE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abducens_nucleus" title="Abducens nucleus">Abducens nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral efferent fibers">GVE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Superior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior salivary nucleus">Superior salivary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivary nucleus">Inferior salivary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grey: Other nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedunculopontine_nucleus" title="Pedunculopontine nucleus">Pedunculopontine nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apneustic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Apneustic center">Apneustic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumotaxic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumotaxic center">Pneumotaxic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabrachial_nuclei" title="Parabrachial nuclei">Parabrachial nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subparabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Subparabrachial nucleus">Subparabrachial nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial parabrachial nucleus">Medial parabrachial nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral parabrachial nucleus">Lateral parabrachial nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_olivary_complex" title="Superior olivary complex">Superior olivary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_coeruleus" title="Locus coeruleus">Locus coeruleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Basilar_part_of_pons" title="Basilar part of pons">base</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">Pontine nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Motor/descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Corticospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">Corticobulbar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticopontine_fibers" title="Corticopontine fibers">Corticopontine fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Middle cerebellar peduncle">MCP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_fibers" title="Pontocerebellar fibers">Pontocerebellar fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilar_sulcus" title="Basilar sulcus">Basilar sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other grey: Raphe/<br />reticular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus" title="Caudal pontine reticular nucleus">Caudal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_pontine_reticular_nucleus" title="Oral pontine reticular nucleus">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegmental_pontine_reticular_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus">Tegmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedian_pontine_reticular_formation" title="Paramedian pontine reticular formation">Paramedian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_raphe_nucleus" title="Median raphe nucleus">Median</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_cranial_nerves" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cranial_nerves" title="Template:Cranial nerves"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cranial_nerves" title="Template talk:Cranial nerves"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cranial_nerves" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cranial nerves"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_cranial_nerves" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terminal_nerve" title="Terminal nerve">Terminal</a> (CN 0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septal_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Septal nuclei">septal nuclei</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><i>no significant branches</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">Olfactory</a> (CN I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_olfactory_nucleus" title="Anterior olfactory nucleus">anterior olfactory nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_tract" title="Olfactory tract">olfactory tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic</a> (CN II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus" title="Lateral geniculate nucleus">lateral geniculate nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_chiasm" title="Optic chiasm">optic chiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_tract" title="Optic tract">optic tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve" title="Oculomotor nerve">Oculomotor</a> (CN III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nucleus" title="Oculomotor nucleus">oculomotor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinger%E2%80%93Westphal_nucleus" title="Edinger–Westphal nucleus">Edinger–Westphal nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_branch_of_oculomotor_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior branch of oculomotor nerve">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_root_of_ciliary_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion">parasympathetic root</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ciliary_ganglion" title="Ciliary ganglion">ciliary ganglion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_branch_of_oculomotor_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve">inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nerve" title="Trochlear nerve">Trochlear</a> (CN IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nucleus" title="Trochlear nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><i>no significant branches</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">Trigeminal</a> (CN V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_sensory_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve">PSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus" title="Spinal trigeminal nucleus">spinal trigeminal nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_motor_nucleus" title="Trigeminal motor nucleus">TMN</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_ganglion" title="Trigeminal ganglion">trigeminal ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_nerve" title="Ophthalmic nerve">ophthalmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_nerve" title="Maxillary nerve">maxillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_nerve" title="Mandibular nerve">mandibular</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abducens_nerve" title="Abducens nerve">Abducens</a> (CN VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abducens_nucleus" title="Abducens nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><i>no significant branches</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">Facial</a> (CN VII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_nerve" title="Intermediate nerve">Intermediate nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniculate_ganglion" title="Geniculate ganglion">Geniculate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inside<br /><a href="/wiki/Facial_canal" title="Facial canal">facial canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_petrosal_nerve" title="Greater petrosal nerve">Greater petrosal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pterygopalatine_ganglion" title="Pterygopalatine ganglion">pterygopalatine ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_to_the_stapedius" title="Nerve to the stapedius">Nerve to the stapedius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorda_tympani" title="Chorda tympani">Chorda tympani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_nerve" title="Lingual nerve">lingual nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submandibular_ganglion" title="Submandibular ganglion">submandibular ganglion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">At <a href="/wiki/Stylomastoid_foramen" title="Stylomastoid foramen">stylomastoid<br />foramen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_auricular_nerve" title="Posterior auricular nerve">Posterior auricular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprahyoid_muscles" title="Suprahyoid muscles">Suprahyoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digastric_branch_of_facial_nerve" title="Digastric branch of facial nerve">digastric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylohyoid_branch_of_facial_nerve" title="Stylohyoid branch of facial nerve">stylohyoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parotid_plexus" title="Parotid plexus">Parotid plexus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_branches_of_the_facial_nerve" title="Temporal branches of the facial nerve">temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_branches_of_the_facial_nerve" title="Zygomatic branches of the facial nerve">zygomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccal_branch_of_the_facial_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Buccal branch of the facial nerve">buccal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_mandibular_branch_of_facial_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve">mandibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_branch_of_the_facial_nerve" title="Cervical branch of the facial nerve">cervical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motor_nucleus" title="Facial motor nucleus">Facial motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior salivary nucleus">Superior salivary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">Vestibulocochlear</a> (CN VIII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">vestibular nuclei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochlear nuclei">cochlear nuclei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nerve" title="Cochlear nerve">Cochlear nerve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Striae_medullares" class="mw-redirect" title="Striae medullares">striae medullares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">lateral lemniscus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nerve" title="Vestibular nerve">Vestibular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scarpa%27s_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarpa's ganglion">Scarpa's ganglion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">Glossopharyngeal</a> (CN IX)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before <a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ganglia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Superior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve">inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After <a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_nerve" title="Tympanic nerve">Tympanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_plexus" title="Tympanic plexus">tympanic plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_petrosal_nerve" title="Lesser petrosal nerve">lesser petrosal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otic_ganglion" title="Otic ganglion">otic ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylopharyngeal_branch_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Stylopharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve">Stylopharyngeal branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_branches_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal nerve">Pharyngeal branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsillar_branches_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Tonsillar branches of glossopharyngeal nerve">Tonsillar branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_branches_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Lingual branches of glossopharyngeal nerve">Lingual branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve_to_carotid_sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch of glossopharyngeal nerve to carotid sinus">Carotid sinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">Nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_salivatory_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivatory nucleus">Inferior salivatory nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">Vagus</a> (CN X)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before <a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ganglia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_ganglion_of_vagus_nerve" title="Superior ganglion of vagus nerve">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_ganglion_of_vagus_nerve" title="Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve">inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After <a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meningeal_branch_of_vagus_nerve" title="Meningeal branch of vagus nerve">Meningeal branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auricular_branch_of_vagus_nerve" title="Auricular branch of vagus nerve">Auricular branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_branch_of_vagus_nerve" title="Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve">Pharyngeal branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_plexus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve">pharyngeal plexus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_laryngeal_nerve" title="Superior laryngeal nerve">Superior laryngeal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_laryngeal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="External laryngeal nerve">external</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_laryngeal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal laryngeal nerve">internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve" title="Recurrent laryngeal nerve">Recurrent laryngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_cervical_cardiac_branches_of_vagus_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior cervical cardiac branches of vagus nerve">Superior cervical cardiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cardiac_branches_of_the_vagus_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior cardiac branches of the vagus nerve">Inferior cardiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_branches_of_vagus_nerve" title="Pulmonary branches of vagus nerve">Pulmonary</a></li> <li>Vagal trunks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_vagal_trunk" title="Anterior vagal trunk">anterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_vagal_trunk" title="Posterior vagal trunk">posterior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celiac_branches_of_vagus_nerve" title="Celiac branches of vagus nerve">Celiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_branches_of_vagus_nerve" title="Renal branches of vagus nerve">Renal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_branches_of_anterior_vagal_trunk" title="Hepatic branches of anterior vagal trunk">Hepatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_gastric_branches_of_anterior_vagal_trunk" title="Anterior gastric branches of anterior vagal trunk">Anterior gastric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_gastric_branches_of_posterior_vagal_trunk" title="Posterior gastric branches of posterior vagal trunk">Posterior gastric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">Nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve">Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_nerve" title="Accessory nerve">Accessory</a> (CN XI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_accessory_nucleus" title="Spinal accessory nucleus">spinal accessory nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranial_root_of_accessory_nerves" title="Cranial root of accessory nerves">Cranial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_root_of_accessory_nerve" title="Spinal root of accessory nerve">Spinal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nerve" title="Hypoglossal nerve">Hypoglossal</a> (CN XII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nucleus" title="Hypoglossal nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_branches_of_hypoglossal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingual branches of hypoglossal nerve">lingual</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physiology_of_balance_and_hearing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physiology_of_hearing_and_balance" title="Template:Physiology of hearing and balance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physiology_of_hearing_and_balance" title="Template talk:Physiology of hearing and balance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physiology_of_hearing_and_balance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physiology of hearing and balance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physiology_of_balance_and_hearing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiology of <a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">balance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hearing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">Auditory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_conduction" title="Bone conduction">Bone conduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoacoustic_emission" title="Otoacoustic emission">Otoacoustic emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullio_phenomenon" title="Tullio phenomenon">Tullio phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neural_pathway" title="Neural pathway">Pathway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hair_cell" title="Hair cell">Hair cells</a> → <a href="/wiki/Spiral_ganglion" title="Spiral ganglion">Spiral ganglion</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nerve" title="Cochlear nerve">Cochlear nerve</a> <sup><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">VIII</a></sup> →</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nucleus" title="Cochlear nucleus">Cochlear nucleus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anterior_cochlear_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior cochlear nucleus">Anterior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus" title="Dorsal cochlear nucleus">Dorsal</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_body" title="Trapezoid body">Trapezoid body</a> → <a href="/wiki/Superior_olivary_complex" title="Superior olivary complex">Superior olivary nuclei</a> →</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">Lateral lemniscus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">Inferior colliculi</a> →</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Medial_geniculate_nucleus" title="Medial geniculate nucleus">Medial geniculate nuclei</a> →</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_radiation" title="Acoustic radiation">Acoustic radiation</a> → <a href="/wiki/Primary_auditory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary auditory cortex">Primary auditory cortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Balance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">Vestibular system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pathway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nerve" title="Vestibular nerve">Vestibular nerve</a> <sup><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">VIII</a></sup> →</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a>:</i> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vestibular nuclei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medial_vestibular_nucleus" title="Medial vestibular nucleus">Medial vestibular nucleus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibular_nucleus" title="Lateral vestibular nucleus">Lateral vestibular nucleus</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Flocculonodular_lobe" title="Flocculonodular lobe">Flocculonodular lobe</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract" title="Vestibulospinal tract">Vestibulospinal tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medial_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Medial vestibulospinal tract">Medial vestibulospinal tract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Lateral vestibulospinal tract">Lateral vestibulospinal tract</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ventral_posterolateral_nucleus" title="Ventral posterolateral nucleus">Ventral posterolateral nucleus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_cortex" title="Vestibular cortex">Vestibular cortex</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulo-oculomotor_fibers" title="Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers">Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers</a></li></ul> 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