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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Virginia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Virginia">Geography of Virginia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dark_Hollow_Falls_Shenandoah_NP_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Dark_Hollow_Falls_Shenandoah_NP_2007.jpg/220px-Dark_Hollow_Falls_Shenandoah_NP_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Dark_Hollow_Falls_Shenandoah_NP_2007.jpg/330px-Dark_Hollow_Falls_Shenandoah_NP_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Dark_Hollow_Falls_Shenandoah_NP_2007.jpg/440px-Dark_Hollow_Falls_Shenandoah_NP_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Dark Hollow Falls in <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_National_Park" title="Shenandoah National Park">Shenandoah National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The natural <b>environment of Virginia</b> encompasses the physical geography and biology of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. Virginia has a total area of 42,774.2 square miles (110,784.67 km<sup>2</sup>), including 3,180.13 square miles (8,236.5 km<sup>2</sup>) of water, making it the 35th-<a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by area">largest state</a> by area.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forests cover 65% of the state, wetlands and water cover 6% of the land in the state, while 5% of the state is a mixture of commercial, residential, and transitional.<sup id="cite_ref-forests_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forests-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virginia is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> to the north and east; by the Atlantic Ocean to the east; by <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> to the south; by <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> to the west; and by <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> to the north and west. Due to a peculiarity of Virginia's original charter, its boundary with Maryland and Washington, D.C. does not extend past the low-water mark of the south shore of the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> (unlike many boundaries that split a river down the middle).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern border is defined as the <a href="/wiki/36%C2%B030%27_parallel_north" class="mw-redirect" title="36°30' parallel north">36° 30′ parallel north</a>, though surveyor error led to deviations of as much as three <a href="/wiki/Arcminute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcminute">arcminutes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state agencies whose primary foci are on the natural environment of Virginia are the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Conservation_and_Recreation" title="Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation">Department of Conservation and Recreation</a> (DCR), and the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Environmental_Quality" title="Virginia Department of Environmental Quality">Department of Environmental Quality</a> (DEQ). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiogeographic_regions_and_geology">Physiogeographic regions and geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physiogeographic regions and geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_painted_relief.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Terrain map of Virginia divided with lines into five regions. The first region on the far left is small and only in the state's panhandle. The next is larger, and covers most of the western part of the state. The next is a thin strip that covers only the mountains. The next is a wide area in the middle of the state. The left most is based on the rivers which diffuse the previous region." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Virginia_painted_relief.png/220px-Virginia_painted_relief.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Virginia_painted_relief.png/330px-Virginia_painted_relief.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Virginia_painted_relief.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>Virginia is divided into five geographic regions.</figcaption></figure> <p>Geologically, Virginia is divided into five regions,<sup id="cite_ref-eov_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_United_States_(EPA)" title="List of ecoregions in the United States (EPA)">EPA lists</a> seven ecoregions with further precision. From east to west, the regions are as follows: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_region_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidewater region of Virginia">Tidewater</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">coastal plain</a> between the Atlantic coast and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Seaboard_fall_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Seaboard fall line">Fall Line</a>. It includes the Eastern Shore and major <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> which enter the Chesapeake Bay. This region corresponds to the EPA's Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain (#63) and Southeastern Plains (#65) regions.</li></ul> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> separates the contiguous portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginia's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Virginia" title="Eastern Shore of Virginia">Eastern Shore</a>. The bay was formed following a meteoroid <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_impact_crater" title="Chesapeake Bay impact crater">impact crater</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bay_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bay-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Virginia rivers">Virginia's rivers</a> flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_River" title="Rappahannock River">Rappahannock</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">James</a>, and <a href="/wiki/York_River_(Virginia)" title="York River (Virginia)">York</a>, which create three <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsulas</a> in the bay.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a> is a series of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rock</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Foothills" title="Foothills">foothills</a> east of the mountains which were formed in the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region, known for its heavy clay soil, includes the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Mountains" title="Southwest Mountains">Southwest Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-agriculture_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agriculture-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This region corresponds to the EPA's Piedmont (#45) and Northern Piedmont (#64) regions.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiographic regions of the world">physiographic province</a> of the chain of <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> with the highest points in the state, the tallest being <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rogers" title="Mount Rogers">Mount Rogers</a> at 5,729 feet (1,746 m).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This corresponds to the EPA's Blue Ridge (#66) region.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reflecting_cavern_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Reflecting_cavern_lake.jpg/220px-Reflecting_cavern_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Reflecting_cavern_lake.jpg/330px-Reflecting_cavern_lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Reflecting_cavern_lake.jpg/440px-Reflecting_cavern_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Reflecting Lake in Luray Caverns in the northern Shenendoah valley</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge and Valley</a> region is west of the mountains, and includes the <a href="/wiki/Great_Appalachian_Valley" title="Great Appalachian Valley">Great Appalachian Valley</a>, which includes the Shenandoah Valley. This region corresponds to the EPA's Ridge and Valley (#67) region. The region is <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">carbonate rock</a> based (primarily limestone), and includes <a href="/wiki/Massanutten_Mountain" title="Massanutten Mountain">Massanutten Mountain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-regions_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regions-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the areas of carbonate rock and resulting <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> formations, more than 4,000 caves exist in Virginia, with ten open for tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, another feature that resulted from limestone erosion in the valley region is the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Bridge_(Virginia)" title="Natural Bridge (Virginia)">Natural Bridge</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a> (also called the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Plateau" title="Appalachian Plateau">Appalachian Plateau</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains" title="Cumberland Mountains">Cumberland Mountains</a> are in the south-west corner of Virginia, below the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a>. In this region rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic <a href="/wiki/Drainage_system_(geomorphology)" title="Drainage system (geomorphology)">drainage system</a>, into the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> basin.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This region corresponds to the EPA's Central Appalachians (#69) region.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a> takes place in the three mountainous regions at 40 distinct coal beds near Mesozoic basins.<sup id="cite_ref-mining_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mining-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides coal, resources such as <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">kyanite</a>, sand, and gravel are mined, with an annual value over $2 billion as of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Virginia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virginia has a low risk of earthquakes,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in the northern part of the state. The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_seismic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia seismic zone">Virginia seismic zone</a> has not had a history of regular earthquake activity. <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquakes</a> are rarely above 4.5 in <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">magnitude</a> because Virginia is located centrally on the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a>, far from plate boundaries. Locations near tectonic plates suffer earthquakes frequently. The largest recorded earthquake, at an estimated 5.9 magnitude, was in 1897 near <a href="/wiki/Blacksburg,_Virginia" title="Blacksburg, Virginia">Blacksburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest since then was in August 2011, when a <a href="/wiki/2011_Virginia_earthquake" title="2011 Virginia earthquake">5.8 magnitude quake</a> struck near <a href="/wiki/Mineral,_Virginia" title="Mineral, Virginia">Mineral, Virginia</a> and was felt moderately to strongly throughout the state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Virginia" title="Climate of Virginia">Climate of Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Virginia_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/220px-Virginia_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Virginia_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/330px-Virginia_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Virginia_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/440px-Virginia_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1085" /></a><figcaption>Virginia map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> <p>The climate of Virginia varies according to location, and becomes increasingly warmer and humid farther south and east.<sup id="cite_ref-Burnham_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnham-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the state has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a>, from the Blue Ridge Mountains and southern <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> to the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">Atlantic coast</a>. In the Blue Ridge Mountains, the climate becomes <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">subtropical highland</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juvenile_American_black_bear_at_Old_Rag_mountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Juvenile_American_black_bear_at_Old_Rag_mountain.jpg/220px-Juvenile_American_black_bear_at_Old_Rag_mountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Juvenile_American_black_bear_at_Old_Rag_mountain.jpg/330px-Juvenile_American_black_bear_at_Old_Rag_mountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Juvenile_American_black_bear_at_Old_Rag_mountain.jpg/440px-Juvenile_American_black_bear_at_Old_Rag_mountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>Black bear on <a href="/wiki/Old_Rag_Mountain" title="Old Rag Mountain">Old Rag Mountain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> defines four <a href="/wiki/Ecoregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecoregions">ecoregions</a> in Virginia: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Atlantic_coastal_forests" title="Middle Atlantic coastal forests">Middle Atlantic coastal forests</a> near the Atlantic coast in the southeast corner of the state, <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_mixed_forests" title="Southeastern mixed forests">Southeastern mixed forests</a> on the Piedmont, <a href="/wiki/Appalachian-Blue_Ridge_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests">Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests</a> on the Appalachian Mountains, and <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_mixed_mesophytic_forests" title="Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests">Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests</a> in the far west.<sup id="cite_ref-ecoregions_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecoregions-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, the oak-hickory forest is the most common forest community in Virginia. Common species include <a href="/wiki/White_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="White oak">white oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erythrobalanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrobalanus">red oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercus_velutina" title="Quercus velutina">black oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarlet oak">scarlet oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chestnut oak">chestnut oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mockernut_hickory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mockernut hickory">mockernut hickory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pignut_hickory" class="mw-redirect" title="Pignut hickory">pignut hickory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulip_poplar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip poplar">tulip poplar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogwood">dogwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_cherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Black cherry">black cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_locust" class="mw-redirect" title="Black locust">black locust</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black_walnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Black walnut">black walnut</a>. The oak-pine forest is the second largest type of forest with the afore mentioned oaks and the addition of <a href="/wiki/Loblolly_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Loblolly pine">loblolly pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortleaf_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortleaf pine">shortleaf pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia pine">Virginia pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyssa_sylvatica" title="Nyssa sylvatica">black gum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua" title="Liquidambar styraciflua">sweetgum</a>, hickories, <a href="/wiki/Sycamore" title="Sycamore">sycamore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_virginiana" title="Juniperus virginiana">red cedar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tulip_poplar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip poplar">tulip poplar</a>. This type of forest is found primarily on the coastal plain and piedmont. Lowland hardwoods include <a href="/wiki/Willow_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Willow oak">willow oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Water oak">water oak</a>, blackgum, sweetgum, <a href="/wiki/Populus_sect._Aigeiros" title="Populus sect. Aigeiros">cottonwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtis" title="Celtis">hackberry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Red maple">red maple</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The lower altitudes are more likely to have small but dense stands of moisture-loving hemlocks and mosses in abundance, with hickory and oak in the Blue Ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Burnham_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnham-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since the early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsy moth">Gypsy moth</a> infestations have eroded the dominance of oak forests.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other common trees and plants include chestnut, maple, <a href="/wiki/Liriodendron_tulipifera" title="Liriodendron tulipifera">tulip poplar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalmia_latifolia" title="Kalmia latifolia">mountain laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias">milkweed</a>, daisies, and many species of ferns. The largest areas of wilderness are along the Atlantic coast and in the western mountains, which are likely home to the largest populations of <a href="/wiki/Trillium_grandiflorum" title="Trillium grandiflorum">trillium wildflowers</a> in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Burnham_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnham-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mammals include <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beaver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groundhog" title="Groundhog">groundhog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Virginia opossum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">gray fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">river otter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_hare" title="Snowshoe hare">snowshoe hare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_bog_lemming" title="Southern bog lemming">southern bog lemming</a>, common eastern <a href="/wiki/Chipmunk" title="Chipmunk">chipmunk</a>, common <a href="/wiki/Mink" title="Mink">mink</a>, common <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mouse" title="Cotton mouse">cotton mouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_spotted_skunk" title="Eastern spotted skunk">eastern spotted skunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">striped skunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_squirrel" title="Fox squirrel">fox squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel" title="Eastern gray squirrel">gray squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_flying_squirrel" title="Northern flying squirrel">northern flying squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsh_rabbit" title="Marsh rabbit">marsh rabbit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_cottontail_rabbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern cottontail rabbit">eastern cottontail rabbit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds include cardinals, barred owls, Carolina chickadees, American crow, American goldfinch, American pipit, American robin, Baird's sandpiper, Baltimore oriole, barn owl, great blue heron, great horned owl, snow goose, herring gull, mallard, blue jay, swallow-tailed kite, American tree sparrow, American white pelican, brown pelican, bald-eagle, cattle egret, common loon, eastern bluebird, osprey, arctic peregrine falcon, red-tailed hawk, and wild turkeys. The <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a> was reintroduced into Shenandoah National Park in the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walleye, brook trout, Roanoke bass, and blue catfish are among the 210 known species of freshwater fish.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Running brooks with rocky bottoms are often inhabited by a plentiful amounts of crayfish and salamanders.<sup id="cite_ref-Burnham_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnham-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> is the nation's largest and most biologically diverse estuary and is home to many species, including <a href="/wiki/Callinectes_sapidus" title="Callinectes sapidus">blue crab</a>, clams, oysters, scallops, Chesapeake ray, eel, bay anchovies, American shad, Atlantic croaker, Atlantic sturgeon, black drum, black seabass, blue fish, hickory shad, longnose gar, red drum, spot, and rockfish (also known as striped bass).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protected_lands">Protected lands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protected lands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_parks" title="List of Virginia state parks">List of Virginia state parks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg/220px-ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg/330px-ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg/440px-ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Cannon at the Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park</figcaption></figure> <p>Virginia has 30 <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> units, such as <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls_Park" title="Great Falls Park">Great Falls Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Trail" title="Appalachian Trail">Appalachian Trail</a>, and one national park, the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_National_Park" title="Shenandoah National Park">Shenandoah National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shenandoah was established in 1935. Almost 40% of the park's area (79,579 acres/322 km<sup>2</sup>) has been designated as wilderness under the <a href="/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System" title="National Wilderness Preservation System">National Wilderness Preservation System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parkways, such as the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Parkway" title="George Washington Memorial Parkway">George Washington Memorial Parkway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Parkway" title="Blue Ridge Parkway">Blue Ridge Parkway</a>, which encompasses the scenic <a href="/wiki/Skyline_Drive" title="Skyline Drive">Skyline Drive</a>, are among the most visited national park service sites nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Stats_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stats-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, there are 34 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_parks" title="List of Virginia state parks">Virginia state parks</a> and 17 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_forests" title="List of Virginia state forests">state forests</a>, run by the Department of Conservation and Recreation and the Department of Forestry.<sup id="cite_ref-forests_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forests-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chesapeake Bay, while not a national park, is protected by both state and federal legislation, and the jointly run <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Program" title="Chesapeake Bay Program">Chesapeake Bay Program</a> which conducts restoration on the bay and its watershed. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge">Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge</a> extends into North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Open-air_museum" title="Open-air museum">open-air museums</a> and battlefields are located in the state, such as <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg" title="Colonial Williamsburg">Colonial Williamsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richmond_National_Battlefield_Park" title="Richmond National Battlefield Park">Richmond National Battlefield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg_and_Spotsylvania_National_Military_Park" title="Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park">Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of March 26, 2010, there were 31 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_Virginia" title="List of Superfund sites in Virginia">Superfund sites in Virginia</a> on the National Priorities List, as designated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) environmental law. No additional sites are currently proposed for entry on the list. Four sites have been cleaned up and removed from the list.<sup id="cite_ref-NPL_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPL-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc3-us-pt1.pdf">"2000 Census of Population and Housing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>. April 2004. p. 71<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=2000+Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pages=71&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fcen2000%2Fphc3-us-pt1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forests-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forests_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forests_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080211174506/https://www.deq.virginia.gov/vanaturally/guide/forests.html">"Virginia's Forest Resources"</a>. <i>Natural Resource Education Guide</i>. Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. January 21, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deq.virginia.gov/vanaturally/guide/forests.html">the original</a> on February 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Natural+Resource+Education+Guide&rft.atitle=Virginia%27s+Forest+Resources&rft.date=2008-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deq.virginia.gov%2Fvanaturally%2Fguide%2Fforests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsglc.olemiss.edu/SandBar/SandBar2/2.4supreme.htm">"Supreme Court Rules for Virginia in Potomac Conflict"</a>. <i>The Sea Grant Law Center</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">University of Mississippi</a>. 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sea+Grant+Law+Center&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Rules+for+Virginia+in+Potomac+Conflict&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsglc.olemiss.edu%2FSandBar%2FSandBar2%2F2.4supreme.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2009">Hubbard 2009</a>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eov-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eov_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Encyclopedia_of_Virginia1999">The Encyclopedia of Virginia 1999</a>, pp. 2–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bay-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bay_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs102-98/">"Fact Sheet 102-98 - The Chesapeake Bay: Geologic Product of Rising Sea Level"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. November 18, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet+102-98+-+The+Chesapeake+Bay%3A+Geologic+Product+of+Rising+Sea+Level&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1998-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Ffs%2Ffs102-98%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurnhamBurnham2004">Burnham & Burnham 2004</a>, pp. 7, 56−57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202182541/http://web.wm.edu/geology/virginia/rivers/rivers.html">"Rivers and Watersheds"</a>. <i>The Geology of Virginia</i>. <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a>. February 23, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.wm.edu/geology/virginia/rivers/rivers.html">the original</a> on December 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Geology+of+Virginia&rft.atitle=Rivers+and+Watersheds&rft.date=2007-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.wm.edu%2Fgeology%2Fvirginia%2Frivers%2Frivers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPazzaglia2006">Pazzaglia 2006</a>, pp. 135−138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agriculture-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agriculture_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020193915/http://www.deq.state.va.us/vanaturally/guide/agriculture.html">"Virginia's Agricultural Resources"</a>. <i>Natural Resource Education Guide</i>. Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. January 21, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deq.state.va.us/vanaturally/guide/agriculture.html">the original</a> on October 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Natural+Resource+Education+Guide&rft.atitle=Virginia%27s+Agricultural+Resources&rft.date=2008-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deq.state.va.us%2Fvanaturally%2Fguide%2Fagriculture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurnhamBurnham2004">Burnham & Burnham 2004</a>, p. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regions-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regions_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915054734/http://web.wm.edu/geology/virginia/provinces/phys_regions.html">"Physiographic Regions of Virginia"</a>. <i>The Geology of Virginia</i>. <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a>. February 16, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.wm.edu/geology/virginia/provinces/phys_regions.html">the original</a> on September 15, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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United States Environmental Protection Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Priorities+List&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsuperfund%2Fsites%2Fnpl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnhamBurnham2004" class="citation book cs1">Burnham, Bill; Burnham, Mary (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VkKEooYDuToC"><i>Hiking Virginia: A Guide to Virginia's Greatest Hiking Adventures</i></a>. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7627-2747-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7627-2747-0"><bdi>0-7627-2747-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiking+Virginia%3A+A+Guide+to+Virginia%27s+Greatest+Hiking+Adventures&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7627-2747-0&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Burnham%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVkKEooYDuToC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrollMiller2002" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Steven; Miller, Mark (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ymATg0mq8jkC"><i>Wild Virginia: A Guide to Thirty Roadless Recreation Areas Including Shenandoah National Park</i></a>. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7627-2315-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7627-2315-7"><bdi>0-7627-2315-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Virginia%3A+A+Guide+to+Thirty+Roadless+Recreation+Areas+Including+Shenandoah+National+Park&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7627-2315-7&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Miller%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DymATg0mq8jkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Encyclopedia_of_Virginia1999" class="citation book cs1"><i>The Encyclopedia of Virginia</i>. Vol. 1 (4 ed.). St. Clair Shores, MI: Somerset Publishers. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-403-09753-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-403-09753-3"><bdi>0-403-09753-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Virginia&rft.place=St.+Clair+Shores%2C+MI&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Somerset+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-403-09753-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowardBurnhamBurnham2006" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Blair; Burnham, Mary; Burnham, Bill (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bX0t5dMokXYC"><i>The Virginia Handbook</i></a> (3 ed.). Edison, NJ: Hunter Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58843-512-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58843-512-1"><bdi>1-58843-512-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virginia+Handbook&rft.place=Edison%2C+NJ&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Hunter+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-58843-512-1&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Blair&rft.au=Burnham%2C+Mary&rft.au=Burnham%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbX0t5dMokXYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard2009" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Bill Jr. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LMacwod5KLwC&pg=PA140"><i>American Boundaries: The Nation, the States, the Rectangular Survey</i></a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-35591-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-35591-7"><bdi>978-0-226-35591-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Boundaries%3A+The+Nation%2C+the+States%2C+the+Rectangular+Survey&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-35591-7&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Bill+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLMacwod5KLwC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1998" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Tim (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ctA1eNFvI-oC&pg=PA49"><i>America by Rivers</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Island_Press" title="Island Press">Island Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-264-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55963-264-X"><bdi>1-55963-264-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+by+Rivers&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-55963-264-X&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DctA1eNFvI-oC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPazzaglia2006" class="citation book cs1">Pazzaglia, Frank James (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQdHRNitfOoC&pg=PA135"><i>Excursions in Geology and History: Field Trips in the Middle Atlantic States</i></a>. Boulder, CO: <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America" title="Geological Society of America">Geological Society of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8137-0008-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8137-0008-6"><bdi>0-8137-0008-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excursions+in+Geology+and+History%3A+Field+Trips+in+the+Middle+Atlantic+States&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8137-0008-6&rft.aulast=Pazzaglia&rft.aufirst=Frank+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQdHRNitfOoC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Julian (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNEYCRIIQy4C&pg=PA152"><i>Moon Virginia: Including Washington, D.C.</i></a> (4 ed.). Berkeley, CA: <a href="/wiki/Moon_Publications" title="Moon Publications">Avalon Travel</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59880-011-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59880-011-1"><bdi>978-1-59880-011-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon+Virginia%3A+Including+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Avalon+Travel&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59880-011-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWNEYCRIIQy4C%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Virginia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Virginia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environment of Virginia">Environment of Virginia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/">Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deq.state.va.us/">Virginia Department of 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virginia" title="Template:Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virginia" title="Template talk:Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Virginia-related_articles" title="Index of Virginia-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Virginia" title="Outline of Virginia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Virginia" title="Administrative divisions of Virginia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Virginia" title="Climate of Virginia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_congressional_districts" title="Virginia's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Virginia" title="United States congressional delegations from Virginia">Delegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">Senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia" title="List of United States representatives from Virginia">Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_furniture" title="Virginia furniture">Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Virginia" title="Government of Virginia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_Virginia" title="List of historic houses in Virginia">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Virginia" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia">Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia" title="First Families of Virginia">First Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Virginia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Virginia" title="Housing in Virginia">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Virginia" title="Law of Virginia">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Virginia" title="Gun laws in Virginia">Gun laws in Virginia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Virginia">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Virginia" title="Music of Virginia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Virginia" title="List of people from Virginia">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Virginia" title="List of rivers of Virginia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Virginia" title="Scouting in Virginia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_is_for_Lovers" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia is for Lovers">Slogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_teams_in_Virginia" title="Sports teams in Virginia">Sports teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Fair_of_Virginia" title="State Fair of Virginia">State Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_parks" title="List of Virginia state parks">State parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_symbols" title="List of Virginia state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Virginia" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Virginia">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Virginia" title="Transportation in Virginia">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia" title="Native American tribes in Virginia">Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Virginia" title="Culture of Virginia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Virginia" title="Abortion in Virginia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Virginia" title="Crime in Virginia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Virginia" title="Demographics of Virginia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Virginia" title="Economy of Virginia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Virginia" title="Education in Virginia">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia" title="List of colleges and universities in Virginia">Colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li>Media <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Virginia" title="List of newspapers in Virginia">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Virginia" title="List of radio stations in Virginia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Virginia" title="List of television stations in Virginia">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Virginia" title="Politics of Virginia">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Virginia" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic coastal plain">Atlantic Coastal Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains" title="Cumberland Mountains">Cumberland Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmarva_Peninsula" title="Delmarva Peninsula">Delmarva Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Virginia" title="Eastern Shore of Virginia">Eastern Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Peninsula" title="Middle Peninsula">Middle Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Neck" title="Northern Neck">Northern Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_region_of_Virginia" title="Piedmont region of Virginia">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hampton_Roads" title="South Hampton Roads">South Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southside_(Virginia)" title="Southside (Virginia)">Southside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Virginia" title="Southwest Virginia">Southwest Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Cities,_Virginia" title="Tri-Cities, Virginia">Tri-Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Virginia" title="Western Virginia">Western Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_statistical_areas" title="Virginia statistical areas">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blacksburg%E2%80%93Christiansburg_metropolitan_area" title="Blacksburg–Christiansburg metropolitan area">Blacksburg-Christiansburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefield_micropolitan_area" title="Bluefield micropolitan area">Bluefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsport%E2%80%93Bristol%E2%80%93Bristol,_Tennessee-Virginia_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol, Tennessee-Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia_metropolitan_area" title="Charlottesville, Virginia metropolitan area">Charlottesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danville,_Virginia_micropolitan_area" title="Danville, Virginia micropolitan area">Danville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisonburg_metropolitan_area" title="Harrisonburg metropolitan area">Harrisonburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynchburg_metropolitan_area" title="Lynchburg metropolitan area">Lynchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinsville,_Virginia_micropolitan_area" title="Martinsville, Virginia micropolitan area">Martinsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Richmond_Region" title="Greater Richmond Region">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_metropolitan_area" title="Roanoke metropolitan area">Roanoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staunton%E2%80%93Waynesboro_metropolitan_area" title="Staunton–Waynesboro metropolitan area">Staunton-Waynesboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington-Arlington-Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_VA%E2%80%93WV_MSA" title="Winchester, VA–WV MSA">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_counties_in_Virginia" title="List of cities and counties in Virginia">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accomack_County,_Virginia" title="Accomack County, Virginia">Accomack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albemarle_County,_Virginia" title="Albemarle County, Virginia">Albemarle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleghany_County,_Virginia" title="Alleghany County, Virginia">Alleghany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_County,_Virginia" title="Amelia County, Virginia">Amelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst_County,_Virginia" title="Amherst County, Virginia">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_County,_Virginia" title="Appomattox County, Virginia">Appomattox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_County,_Virginia" title="Augusta County, Virginia">Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_County,_Virginia" title="Bath County, Virginia">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_County,_Virginia" title="Bedford County, Virginia">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bland_County,_Virginia" title="Bland County, Virginia">Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botetourt_County,_Virginia" title="Botetourt County, Virginia">Botetourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_County,_Virginia" title="Brunswick County, Virginia">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_County,_Virginia" title="Buchanan County, Virginia">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_County,_Virginia" title="Buckingham County, Virginia">Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_County,_Virginia" title="Campbell County, Virginia">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_County,_Virginia" title="Caroline County, Virginia">Caroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Virginia" title="Carroll County, Virginia">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_City_County,_Virginia" title="Charles City County, Virginia">Charles City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_County,_Virginia" title="Charlotte County, Virginia">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_County,_Virginia" title="Chesterfield County, Virginia">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_County,_Virginia" title="Clarke County, Virginia">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_County,_Virginia" title="Craig County, Virginia">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culpeper_County,_Virginia" title="Culpeper County, Virginia">Culpeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Virginia" title="Cumberland County, Virginia">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickenson_County,_Virginia" title="Dickenson County, Virginia">Dickenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinwiddie_County,_Virginia" title="Dinwiddie County, Virginia">Dinwiddie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Virginia" title="Essex County, Virginia">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauquier_County,_Virginia" title="Fauquier County, Virginia">Fauquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_County,_Virginia" title="Floyd County, Virginia">Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvanna_County,_Virginia" title="Fluvanna County, Virginia">Fluvanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Virginia" title="Franklin County, Virginia">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_County,_Virginia" title="Frederick County, Virginia">Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_County,_Virginia" title="Giles County, Virginia">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_County,_Virginia" title="Gloucester County, Virginia">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goochland_County,_Virginia" title="Goochland County, Virginia">Goochland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayson_County,_Virginia" title="Grayson County, Virginia">Grayson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Virginia" title="Greene County, Virginia">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensville_County,_Virginia" title="Greensville County, Virginia">Greensville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_County,_Virginia" title="Halifax County, Virginia">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_County,_Virginia" title="Hanover County, Virginia">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrico_County,_Virginia" title="Henrico County, Virginia">Henrico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Virginia" title="Henry County, Virginia">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_County,_Virginia" title="Highland County, Virginia">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_County,_Virginia" title="Isle of Wight County, Virginia">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_City_County,_Virginia" title="James City County, Virginia">James City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_and_Queen_County,_Virginia" title="King and Queen County, Virginia">King and Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George_County,_Virginia" title="King George County, Virginia">King George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William_County,_Virginia" title="King William County, Virginia">King William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Virginia" title="Lancaster County, Virginia">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Virginia" title="Lee County, Virginia">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia" title="Loudoun County, Virginia">Loudoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_County,_Virginia" title="Louisa County, Virginia">Louisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_County,_Virginia" title="Lunenburg County, Virginia">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Virginia" title="Madison County, Virginia">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathews_County,_Virginia" title="Mathews County, Virginia">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg_County,_Virginia" title="Mecklenburg County, Virginia">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Virginia" title="Middlesex County, Virginia">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Virginia" title="Montgomery County, Virginia">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_County,_Virginia" title="Nelson County, Virginia">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kent_County,_Virginia" title="New Kent County, Virginia">New Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton_County,_Virginia" title="Northampton County, Virginia">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County,_Virginia" title="Northumberland County, Virginia">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottoway_County,_Virginia" title="Nottoway County, Virginia">Nottoway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_Virginia" title="Orange County, Virginia">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_County,_Virginia" title="Page County, Virginia">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_County,_Virginia" title="Patrick County, Virginia">Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsylvania_County,_Virginia" title="Pittsylvania County, Virginia">Pittsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_County,_Virginia" title="Powhatan County, Virginia">Powhatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_County,_Virginia" title="Prince Edward County, Virginia">Prince Edward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_County,_Virginia" title="Prince George County, Virginia">Prince George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Prince William County, Virginia">Prince William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Virginia" title="Pulaski County, Virginia">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_County,_Virginia" title="Rappahannock County, Virginia">Rappahannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_County,_Virginia" title="Richmond County, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_County,_Virginia" title="Roanoke County, Virginia">Roanoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockbridge_County,_Virginia" title="Rockbridge County, Virginia">Rockbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockingham_County,_Virginia" title="Rockingham County, Virginia">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_County,_Virginia" title="Russell County, Virginia">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Virginia" title="Scott County, Virginia">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_County,_Virginia" title="Shenandoah County, Virginia">Shenandoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyth_County,_Virginia" title="Smyth County, Virginia">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_County,_Virginia" title="Southampton County, Virginia">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotsylvania_County,_Virginia" title="Spotsylvania County, Virginia">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_County,_Virginia" title="Stafford County, Virginia">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surry_County,_Virginia" title="Surry County, Virginia">Surry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_County,_Virginia" title="Sussex County, Virginia">Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazewell_County,_Virginia" title="Tazewell County, Virginia">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Virginia" title="Warren County, Virginia">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Virginia" title="Washington County, Virginia">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Virginia" title="Westmoreland County, Virginia">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wise_County,_Virginia" title="Wise County, Virginia">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wythe_County,_Virginia" title="Wythe County, Virginia">Wythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_County,_Virginia" title="York County, Virginia">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)#Virginia" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent<br />cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Virginia" title="Bristol, Virginia">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista,_Virginia" title="Buena Vista, Virginia">Buena Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Heights,_Virginia" title="Colonial Heights, Virginia">Colonial Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covington,_Virginia" title="Covington, Virginia">Covington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danville,_Virginia" title="Danville, Virginia">Danville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporia,_Virginia" title="Emporia, Virginia">Emporia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Church,_Virginia" title="Falls Church, Virginia">Falls Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Virginia" title="Franklin, Virginia">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia" title="Fredericksburg, Virginia">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galax,_Virginia" title="Galax, Virginia">Galax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisonburg,_Virginia" title="Harrisonburg, Virginia">Harrisonburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Virginia" title="Hopewell, Virginia">Hopewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Virginia" title="Lexington, Virginia">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia" title="Manassas, Virginia">Manassas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manassas_Park,_Virginia" title="Manassas Park, Virginia">Manassas Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinsville,_Virginia" title="Martinsville, Virginia">Martinsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton,_Virginia" title="Norton, Virginia">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poquoson,_Virginia" title="Poquoson, Virginia">Poquoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radford,_Virginia" title="Radford, Virginia">Radford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Virginia" title="Salem, Virginia">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staunton,_Virginia" title="Staunton, Virginia">Staunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk,_Virginia" title="Suffolk, Virginia">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waynesboro,_Virginia" title="Waynesboro, Virginia">Waynesboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Virginia" title="Portal:Virginia">Virginia portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environment_of_the_United_States_by_political_division" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environment_of_the_United_States_by_political_division" title="Template:Environment of the United States by political division"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environment_of_the_United_States_by_political_division" title="Template talk:Environment of the United States by political division"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environment_of_the_United_States_by_political_division" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environment of the United States by political division"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environment_of_the_United_States_by_political_division" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_the_United_States" title="Environment of the United States">Environment of the United States</a> by political division</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_California" title="Environment of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Florida" title="Environment of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Idaho" title="Environment of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Iowa" title="Environment of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Kentucky" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Nevada" title="Environment of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Pennsylvania" title="Environment of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_South_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Tennessee" title="Environment of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_West_Virginia" title="Environment of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Wyoming" title="Environment of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Washington,_D.C.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of Washington, D.C. (page does not exist)">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of Puerto Rico (page does not exist)">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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