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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subspecies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subspecies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Subspecies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subspecies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Description </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Description subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Physical characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Senses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Behavior </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Behavior subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Social behavior </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dousing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dousing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Dousing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dousing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Reproduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Life expectancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Range </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Range-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Range subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Habitat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Distribution in North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_outside_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_outside_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Distribution outside North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_outside_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distribution_in_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_in_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Distribution in Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_in_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_in_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_in_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Distribution in Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_in_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_in_the_former_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_in_the_former_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Distribution in the former Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_in_the_former_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_raccoons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_raccoons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Urban raccoons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_raccoons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Relationship with humans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationship with humans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology,_arts,_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology,_arts,_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Mythology, arts, and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology,_arts,_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting_and_fur_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting_and_fur_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Hunting and fur trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting_and_fur_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pet_raccoons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pet_raccoons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Pet raccoons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pet_raccoons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_and_indigenous_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_and_indigenous_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Local and indigenous names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_and_indigenous_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Raccoon</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" > 98 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A6sber" title="Wæsber – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wæsber" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="راكون شائع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راكون شائع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyon_lotor" title="Procyon lotor – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Procyon lotor" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esipan" title="Esipan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Esipan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguachini" title="Jaguachini – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jaguachini" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_yenotu" title="Amerika yenotu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amerika yenotu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88" title="آمریکا یئنوتو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمریکا یئنوتو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%8D%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8" title="র‍্যাকুন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="র‍্যাকুন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9-h%C3%AEm" title="Sé-hîm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sé-hîm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Янот-паласкун – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Янот-паласкун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Янот-паласкун – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Янот-паласкун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Американски енот – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Американски енот" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakoun" title="Rakoun – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rakoun" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os_rentador" title="Os rentador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Os rentador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyon_lotor" title="Procyon lotor – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Procyon lotor" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BDval_severn%C3%AD" title="Mýval severní – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mýval severní" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almindelig_vaskebj%C3%B8rn" title="Almindelig vaskebjørn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Almindelig vaskebjørn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassanguov%C5%BEa" title="Bassanguovža – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bassanguovža" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragguune" title="Ragguune – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Ragguune" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waschb%C3%A4r" title="Waschbär – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Waschbär" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1b%C4%85%C4%85h_m%C4%85%CA%BCii_(%C3%ADiyis%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD)" title="Tábąąh mąʼii (íiyisígíí) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tábąąh mąʼii (íiyisígíí)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0up" title="Šup – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Šup" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesukaru" title="Pesukaru – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pesukaru" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD" title="Ρακούν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρακούν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruci%C3%B2%E1%B9%85" title="Pruciòṅ – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pruciòṅ" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyon_lotor" title="Procyon lotor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Procyon lotor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav-urso" title="Lav-urso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lav-urso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapatxe" title="Mapatxe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mapatxe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86" title="راکون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راکون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A1ttarbj%C3%B8rn" title="Tváttarbjørn – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tváttarbjørn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raton_laveur" title="Raton laveur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Raton laveur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waskbear" title="Waskbear – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Waskbear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rac%C3%BAn" title="Racún – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Racún" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapache" title="Mapache – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mapache" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%BF%A4" title="라쿤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라쿤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="रैकून – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रैकून" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0up" title="Šup – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Šup" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dki_rakun" title="Američki rakun – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Američki rakun" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratono" title="Ratono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ratono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakun_biasa" title="Rakun biasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rakun biasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyon_lotor" title="Procyon lotor – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Procyon lotor" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Evottabj%C3%B6rn" title="Þvottabjörn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þvottabjörn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyon_lotor" title="Procyon lotor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Procyon lotor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99" title="דביבון מצוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דביבון מצוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ರ್‍ಯಾಕೂನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರ್‍ಯಾಕೂನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ენოტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენოტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szop_pi%C3%A9r%C3%B4cz" title="Szop piérôcz – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Szop piérôcz" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biugbol_(Procyon_lotor)" title="Biugbol (Procyon lotor) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Biugbol (Procyon lotor)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B3" title="ໜູລ້າງນ້ຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໜູລ້າງນ້ຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyon_lotor" title="Procyon lotor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Procyon lotor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parastais_jenots" title="Parastais jenots – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parastais jenots" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4schbier" title="Wäschbier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wäschbier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprastasis_me%C5%A1k%C4%97nas" title="Paprastasis meškėnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paprastasis meškėnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos%C3%B3medve" title="Mosómedve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mosómedve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ракун – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ракун" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA" title="റാക്കൂൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റാക്കൂൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="रॅकून – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॅकून" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="راكون شائع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راكون شائع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86" title="راکون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="راکون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakun" title="Rakun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rakun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B6" title="ရက်ကွန်းဝံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရက်ကွန်းဝံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasbeer" title="Wasbeer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wasbeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E" title="アライグマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アライグマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaskebj%C3%B8rn" title="Vaskebjørn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vaskebjørn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaskebj%C3%B8rn" title="Vaskebjørn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vaskebjørn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyon_lotor" title="Procyon lotor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Procyon lotor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakun" title="Rakun – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rakun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86" title="ریکون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریکون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szop_pracz" title="Szop pracz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szop pracz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaxinim" title="Guaxinim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guaxinim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raton" title="Raton – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Raton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincha_mayuatu" title="Chincha mayuatu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chincha mayuatu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Енот-полоскун – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Енот-полоскун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Илиитин сууйар Аракуун – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Илиитин сууйар Аракуун" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Raccoon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Raccoon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medved%C3%ADk_%C4%8Distotn%C3%BD" title="Medvedík čistotný – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medvedík čistotný" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakun" title="Rakun – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rakun" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="ڕاکوون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕاکوون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakun" title="Rakun – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Rakun" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakun" title="Rakun – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rakun" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakun" title="Rakun – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rakun" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesukarhu" title="Pesukarhu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pesukarhu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A4ttbj%C3%B6rn" title="Tvättbjörn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tvättbjörn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medium sized mammal native to North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Raccoon (disambiguation)">Raccoon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Trash panda" redirects here. For the baseball team, see <a href="/wiki/Rocket_City_Trash_Pandas" title="Rocket City Trash Pandas">Rocket City Trash Pandas</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Raccoon <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: Pliocene–present <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:218.19498461538px; width:1.8050153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:218.19498461538px; width:1.8050153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:219.19498461538px; width:-0.19498461538462px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoon_in_Central_Park_(35264).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Raccoon_in_Central_Park_%2835264%29.jpg/220px-Raccoon_in_Central_Park_%2835264%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Raccoon_in_Central_Park_%2835264%29.jpg/330px-Raccoon_in_Central_Park_%2835264%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Raccoon_in_Central_Park_%2835264%29.jpg/440px-Raccoon_in_Central_Park_%2835264%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3855" data-file-height="3019" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Eastern raccoon (P. l. lotor), <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /> <a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a>  (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-iucn-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/220px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/330px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/440px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /> Secure  (<a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Procyon" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Procyon_(genus)" title="Procyon (genus)">Procyon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">P. lotor</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Procyon lotor <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoon_range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Raccoon_range.png/220px-Raccoon_range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Raccoon_range.png/330px-Raccoon_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Raccoon_range.png/440px-Raccoon_range.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Native range in red, introduced range in blue </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Ursus lotor Linnaeus, 1758</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The raccoon (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/rəˈkuːn/</a> or <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ræˈkuːn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f7\/En-us-raccoon.ogg\/En-us-raccoon.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-raccoon.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/En-us-raccoon.ogg/En-us-raccoon.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-raccoon.ogg" title="File:En-us-raccoon.ogg">ⓘ</a>, Procyon lotor), also spelled racoon<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and sometimes called the common raccoon or northern raccoon to distinguish it from the other species, is a <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> native to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. It is the largest of the <a href="/wiki/Procyonid" class="mw-redirect" title="Procyonid">procyonid</a> family, having a body length of 40 to 70 cm (16 to 28 in), and a body weight of 5 to 26 kg (11 to 57 lb). Its grayish coat mostly consists of dense <a href="/wiki/Underfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Underfur">underfur</a>, which insulates it against cold weather. The animal's most distinctive features include its extremely dexterous front <a href="/wiki/Paw" title="Paw">paws</a>, its facial mask, and its ringed tail, which are common themes in the <a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> surrounding the species. The raccoon is noted for its <a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">intelligence</a>, and studies show that it is able to remember the solution to tasks for at least three years. It is usually <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivorous">omnivorous</a>, eating about 40% <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, 33% <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, and 27% <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. The original <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> of the raccoon are <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">mixed forests</a>, but due to their adaptability, they have extended their range to mountainous areas, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_marsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal marsh">coastal marshes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>, where some homeowners consider them to be <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>. As a result of escapes and deliberate <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introductions</a> in the mid-20th century, raccoons are now also distributed across <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">central Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. In Europe, the raccoon has been included on the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern since 2016.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Though previously thought to be generally solitary, there is now evidence that raccoons engage in sex-specific <a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">social behavior</a>. Related females often share a common area, while unrelated males live together in groups of up to four raccoons in order to maintain their positions against foreign males during the mating season and against other potential invaders. <a href="/wiki/Home_range" title="Home range">Home range</a> sizes vary anywhere from 3 ha (7.4 acres) for females in cities, to 5,000 ha (12,000 acres) for males in <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a>. After a <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> period of about 65 days, two to five young known as "kits" are born in spring. The kits are subsequently raised by their mother until dispersal in late fall. Although captive raccoons have been known to live over 20 years, their life expectancy in the wild is only 1.8 to 3.1 years. In many areas, <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> and vehicular injury are the two most common causes of death. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoon_(Procyon_lotor)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raccoon_%28Procyon_lotor%29_2.jpg/220px-Raccoon_%28Procyon_lotor%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raccoon_%28Procyon_lotor%29_2.jpg/330px-Raccoon_%28Procyon_lotor%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raccoon_%28Procyon_lotor%29_2.jpg/440px-Raccoon_%28Procyon_lotor%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The mask of a raccoon is often interrupted by a brown-black streak that extends from forehead to nose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock19815-6">[6]</a></figcaption></figure> Names for the species include the common raccoon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200242-7">[7]</a> North American raccoon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff20021-8">[8]</a> and northern raccoon.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In various North American native languages, the reference to the animal's manual dexterity, or use of its hands is the source for the names.<a href="#cite_note-zeveloff-10">[10]</a> The word raccoon was adopted into English from the native <a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan</a> term meaning 'animal that scratches with its hands', as used in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>. It was recorded on <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">John Smith</a>'s list of Powhatan words as aroughcun, and on that of <a href="/wiki/William_Strachey" title="William Strachey">William Strachey</a> as arathkone.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> It has also been identified as a reflex of a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian</a> root *ahrah-koon-em, meaning '[the] one who rubs, scrubs and scratches with its hands'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren1990157-12">[12]</a> The word is sometimes spelled as racoon.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, the raccoon is called mapache, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> mapachtli of the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a>, meaning '[the] one who takes everything in its hands'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199052-14">[14]</a> Its Latin name, procyon lotor, literally means 'before-dog washer'.<a href="#cite_note-pbs-15">[15]</a> The genus Procyon was named by <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Conrad_Christian_Storr" title="Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr">Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zeveloff-10">[10]</a> The animal's observed habit of "washing" or "dousing" (see below) is the source of its name in other languages.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> For example, the French "raton laveur" means "washing rat". The <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquial</a> abbreviation coon is used in words like coonskin for <a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">fur clothing</a> and in phrases like old coon as a self-designation of <a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">trappers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff20022-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199075–76-19">[19]</a> In the 1830s, the United States <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> used the raccoon as an emblem, causing them to be pejoratively known as "coons" by their political opponents, who saw them as too sympathetic to African-Americans. Soon after that the term became an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_slur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic slur">ethnic slur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> especially in use between 1880 and 1920 (see <a href="/wiki/Coon_song" title="Coon song">coon song</a>), and the term is still considered offensive.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Dogs bred to hunt raccoons are called coonhound and coon dog.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:253px;max-width:253px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:67px;max-width:67px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_(1950)_Skins_of_subgenera_procyon_%26_euprocyon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_Skins_of_subgenera_procyon_%26_euprocyon.png/65px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_Skins_of_subgenera_procyon_%26_euprocyon.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_Skins_of_subgenera_procyon_%26_euprocyon.png/98px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_Skins_of_subgenera_procyon_%26_euprocyon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_Skins_of_subgenera_procyon_%26_euprocyon.png/130px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_Skins_of_subgenera_procyon_%26_euprocyon.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="862" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Skins of P. lotor and <a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">P. cancrivorus</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_(1950)_P._lotor_%26_P._cancrivorus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._lotor_%26_P._cancrivorus.png/180px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._lotor_%26_P._cancrivorus.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._lotor_%26_P._cancrivorus.png/270px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._lotor_%26_P._cancrivorus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._lotor_%26_P._cancrivorus.png/360px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._lotor_%26_P._cancrivorus.png 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="637" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Skulls of P. lotor and P. cancrivorus</div></div></div></div></div> In the first decades after its discovery by the members of the expedition of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, who were the first Europeans to leave a written record about the species, <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomists</a> thought the raccoon was related to many different species, including <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">badgers</a> and particularly <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199047–67-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, the father of modern taxonomy, placed the raccoon in the genus <a href="/wiki/Ursus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus (genus)">Ursus</a>, first as Ursus cauda elongata ('long-tailed bear') in the second edition of his <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a> (1740), then as Ursus Lotor ('washer bear') in the <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">tenth edition (1758–59)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199064–67-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff20024–6-25">[25]</a> In 1780, <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Conrad_Christian_Storr" title="Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr">Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr</a> placed the raccoon in its own genus <a href="/wiki/Procyon_(genus)" title="Procyon (genus)">Procyon</a>, which can be translated as either 'before the dog' or 'doglike'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199068–69-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff20026-27">[27]</a> It is also possible that Storr had its <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">nocturnal</a> lifestyle in mind and chose the star <a href="/wiki/Procyon" title="Procyon">Procyon</a> as eponym for the species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200144-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199068-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3></div> Based on <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> evidence from Russia and Bulgaria, the first known members of the family <a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a> lived in Europe in the late <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> about 25 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200219-30">[30]</a> Similar tooth and skull structures suggest procyonids and <a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">weasels</a> share a common ancestor, but molecular analysis indicates a closer relationship between raccoons and bears.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200216–18,_26-31">[31]</a> After the then-existing species crossed the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a> at least six million years later in the early <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, the center of its distribution was probably in Central America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200220,_23-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">Coatis</a> (Nasua and Nasuella) and raccoons (Procyon) have been considered to share common descent from a species in the genus Paranasua present between 5.2 and 6.0 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200224-33">[33]</a> This assumption, based on morphological comparisons of fossils, conflicts with a 2006 genetic analysis which indicates raccoons are more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Bassariscus" title="Bassariscus">ringtails</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Unlike other procyonids, such as the <a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">crab-eating raccoon</a> (Procyon cancrivorus), the ancestors of the common raccoon left <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> areas and migrated farther north about 2.5 million years ago, in a migration that has been confirmed by the discovery of fossils in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> dating back to the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200146-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200224-33">[33]</a> Its most recent ancestor was likely Procyon rexroadensis, a large <a href="/wiki/Blancan" title="Blancan">Blancan</a> raccoon from the <a href="/wiki/Rexroad_Formation" title="Rexroad Formation">Rexroad Formation</a> characterized by its narrow back teeth and large lower jaw.<a href="#cite_note-kurten1980-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecies">Subspecies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoon_Cudjoe_Key_Florida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Raccoon_Cudjoe_Key_Florida.jpg/220px-Raccoon_Cudjoe_Key_Florida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Raccoon_Cudjoe_Key_Florida.jpg/330px-Raccoon_Cudjoe_Key_Florida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Raccoon_Cudjoe_Key_Florida.jpg/440px-Raccoon_Cudjoe_Key_Florida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>A Torch Key raccoon (P. l. incautus) in <a href="/wiki/Cudjoe_Key" class="mw-redirect" title="Cudjoe Key">Cudjoe Key</a>, Florida. Subspecies inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a> are characterized by their small size and very pale fur.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoon2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Raccoon2014.jpg/220px-Raccoon2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Raccoon2014.jpg/330px-Raccoon2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Raccoon2014.jpg/440px-Raccoon2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Female raccoon of the Vancouver Island subspecies at <a href="/wiki/Sidney,_British_Columbia" title="Sidney, British Columbia">Sidney, British Columbia</a>, with characteristic dark fur</figcaption></figure> As of 2005, <a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">Mammal Species of the World</a> recognizes 22 subspecies of raccoons.<a href="#cite_note-msw3-37">[37]</a> Four of these subspecies <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">living only</a> on small Central American and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> islands were often regarded as distinct species after their discovery. These are the <a href="/wiki/Bahamian_raccoon" title="Bahamian raccoon">Bahamian raccoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_raccoon" title="Guadeloupe raccoon">Guadeloupe raccoon</a>, which are very similar to each other; the <a href="/wiki/Tres_Marias_raccoon" title="Tres Marias raccoon">Tres Marias raccoon</a>, which is larger than average and has an angular skull; and the <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbados_raccoon" title="Barbados raccoon">Barbados raccoon</a>. Studies of their morphological and genetic traits in 1999, 2003 and 2005 led all these <a href="/wiki/Island_raccoon" title="Island raccoon">island raccoons</a> to be listed as <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of the common raccoon in Mammal Species of the World's third edition. A fifth island raccoon population, the <a href="/wiki/Cozumel_raccoon" title="Cozumel raccoon">Cozumel raccoon</a>, which weighs only 3 to 4 kg (6.6 to 8.8 lb) and has notably small teeth, is still regarded as a separate species.<a href="#cite_note-msw3b-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200242–46-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The four smallest raccoon subspecies, with a typical weight of 1.8 to 2.7 kg (4.0 to 6.0 lb), live along the southern coast of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and on the adjacent islands; an example is the Ten Thousand Islands raccoon (Procyon lotor marinus).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200259,_82–83-42">[42]</a> Most of the other 15 subspecies differ only slightly from each other in coat color, size and other physical characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock19819-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200279–89-44">[44]</a> The two most widespread subspecies are the eastern raccoon (Procyon lotor lotor) and the Upper Mississippi Valley raccoon (Procyon lotor hirtus). Both share a comparatively dark coat with long hairs, but the Upper Mississippi Valley raccoon is larger than the eastern raccoon. The eastern raccoon occurs in all U.S. states and Canadian provinces to the north of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. The adjacent range of the Upper Mississippi Valley raccoon covers all U.S. states and Canadian provinces to the north of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200279–81,_84-45">[45]</a> The taxonomic identity of feral raccoons inhabiting Central Europe, Causasia and Japan is unknown, as the founding populations consisted of uncategorized specimens from zoos and fur farms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerSludskii20021383-46">[46]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsed" style="width:80%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#115a6c;"> <th>Subspecies </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Trinomial authority </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Range </th> <th>Synonyms </th></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern raccoon P. l. lotor <a href="/wiki/Nominate_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominate subspecies">Nominate subspecies</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_(1950)_P._l._lotor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._lotor.png/50px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._lotor.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._lotor.png/75px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._lotor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._lotor.png/100px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._lotor.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="599" /></a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus,_1758" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus, 1758">Linnaeus, 1758</a> </td> <td>A small and dark subspecies with long, soft fur.<a href="#cite_note-g33-47">[47]</a> </td> <td>Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, southern Quebec, and southern Ontario south through the eastern United States to North Carolina, and from the Atlantic coast west to Lake Michigan, Indiana, southern Illinois, western Kentucky, and probably eastern Tennessee. </td> <td>annulatus (G. Fischer, 1814) brachyurus (Wiegmann, 1837) fusca (Burmeister, 1850) gularis (C. E. H. Smith, 1848) melanus (J. E. Gray, 1864) obscurus (Wiegmann, 1837) rufescens (de Beaux, 1910) vulgaris (Tiedemann, 1808) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Key Vaca raccoon P. l. auspicatus </td> <td> </td> <td>Nelson, 1930 </td> <td>A very small and pale-furred subspecies.<a href="#cite_note-g47-48">[48]</a> </td> <td>Key Vaca and doubtless closely adjoining keys of the Key Vaca Group, a central section of the main chain off the southern coast of Florida. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Florida raccoon P. l. elucus </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_(1950)_P._l._elucus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._elucus.png/50px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._elucus.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._elucus.png/75px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._elucus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._elucus.png/100px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._elucus.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> </td> <td>Bangs, 1898 </td> <td>Generally a medium-sized and dark-colored subspecies with a prominent rusty rufous nuchal patch.<a href="#cite_note-g42-49">[49]</a> </td> <td>Peninsular Florida, except southwestern part inhabited by P. l. marinus, north to extreme southern Georgia; grading into P. l. varius in northwest Florida. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Snake River Valley raccoon P. l. excelsus </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_(1950)_P._l._excelsus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._excelsus.png/50px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._excelsus.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._excelsus.png/75px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._excelsus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._excelsus.png/100px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._excelsus.png 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> </td> <td>Nelson and Goldman, 1930 </td> <td>A very large and pale subspecies.<a href="#cite_note-g60-50">[50]</a> </td> <td>Snake River drainage in southeastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and southern Idaho, the Humboldt River Valley, Nev., and river valleys of northeastern California. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Texas raccoon P. l. fuscipes </td> <td> </td> <td>Mearns, 1914 </td> <td>A large, dark grayish subspecies.<a href="#cite_note-g49-51">[51]</a> </td> <td>Texas, except extreme northern and western parts, southern Arkansas, Louisiana, except delta region of Mississippi, and south into northeastern Mexico, including Coahuila and Nuevo León, to southern Tamaulipas. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>† <a href="/wiki/Barbados_raccoon" title="Barbados raccoon">Barbados raccoon</a> P. l. gloveralleni </td> <td> </td> <td>Nelson and Goldman, 1930 </td> <td>A small, dark-furred subspecies with a lightly built skull.<a href="#cite_note-g79-52">[52]</a> </td> <td>Known only from the Island of Barbados. </td> <td>solutus (Nelson and Goldman, 1931) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Baja California raccoon P. l. grinnelli </td> <td> </td> <td>Nelson and Goldman, 1930 </td> <td>A large, pale-furred subspecies with high and broad skull.<a href="#cite_note-g62-53">[53]</a> </td> <td>Southern Baja California from the Cape region north at least to San Ignacio. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mexican plateau raccoon P. l. hernandezii </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_(1950)_P._l._hernandezii.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._hernandezii.png/50px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._hernandezii.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._hernandezii.png/75px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._hernandezii.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._hernandezii.png/100px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._hernandezii.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="599" /></a></div> </td> <td>Wagler, 1831 </td> <td>A large and dark grayish subspecies with a flattish skull and heavy dentition.<a href="#cite_note-g64-54">[54]</a> </td> <td>Southern part of tableland or plateau region of Mexico and adjoining coasts, from <a href="/wiki/Nayarit" title="Nayarit">Nayarit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>, south to near the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a>. </td> <td>crassidens (Hollister, 1914) dickeyi (Nelson and Goldman, 1931) mexicana (Baird, 1858) shufeldti (Nelson and Goldman, 1931) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upper Mississippi Valley raccoon P. l. hirtus </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_(1950)_P._l._hirtus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._hirtus.png/50px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._hirtus.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._hirtus.png/75px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._hirtus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._hirtus.png/100px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._hirtus.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="599" /></a></div> </td> <td>Nelson and Goldman, 1930 </td> <td>A large and dark-furred subspecies, whose pelage is usually suffused with ochraceous buff.<a href="#cite_note-g37-55">[55]</a> </td> <td>Upper Mississippi and Missouri River drainage areas from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains east to Lake Michigan, and from southern Manitoba and probably southwestern Ontario and southeastern Alberta south to southern Oklahoma and Arkansas. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Torch Key raccoon P. l. incautus </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_(1950)_P._l._incautus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._incautus.png/50px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._incautus.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._incautus.png/75px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._incautus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._incautus.png/100px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._incautus.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="599" /></a></div> </td> <td>Nelson, 1930 </td> <td>A small subspecies with very pale fur (the palest of the Florida raccoons).<a href="#cite_note-g48-56">[56]</a> </td> <td>Big Pine Key Group, near southwestern end of chain of Florida Keys. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Matecumbe Key raccoon P. l. inesperatus </td> <td> </td> <td>Nelson, 1930 </td> <td>Similar to P. l. elucus, but smaller and grayer and with a flatter skull.<a href="#cite_note-g46-57">[57]</a> </td> <td>Key Largo Group, embracing fringing keys along the southeast coast of Florida, from Virginia Key south to Lower Matecumbe Key. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tres_Marias_raccoon" title="Tres Marias raccoon">Tres Marias raccoon</a> P. l. insularis </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_(1950)_P._l._insularis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._insularis.png/50px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._insularis.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._insularis.png/75px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._insularis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._insularis.png/100px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._insularis.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="599" /></a></div> </td> <td>Merriam, 1898 </td> <td>A large, massive-skulled subspecies with short and coarse fur.<a href="#cite_note-g71-58">[58]</a> </td> <td>Tres Marías Islands, off west coast of Nayarit, Mexico. </td> <td>vicinus (Nelson and Goldman, 1931) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Simon Island raccoon P. l. litoreus </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_(1950)_P._l._litoreus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._litoreus.png/50px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._litoreus.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._litoreus.png/75px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._litoreus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._litoreus.png/100px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._litoreus.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="599" /></a></div> </td> <td>Nelson and Goldman, 1930 </td> <td>Similar to P. l. elucus, being of medium size and having dark fur.<a href="#cite_note-g40-59">[59]</a> </td> <td>Coastal strip and islands of Georgia. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ten Thousand Islands raccoon P. l. marinus </td> <td> </td> <td>Nelson, 1930 </td> <td>A very small subspecies with heavy dentition.<a href="#cite_note-g44-60">[60]</a> </td> <td>Keys of the Ten Thousand Islands Group, and adjoining mainland of southwestern Florida from Cape Sable north through the Everglades to Lake Okeechobee. </td> <td>maritimus (Dozier, 1948) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_raccoon" title="Bahamian raccoon">Bahamian raccoon</a> P. l. maynardi </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_(1950)_P._l._maynardi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._maynardi.png/50px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._maynardi.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._maynardi.png/75px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._maynardi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._maynardi.png/100px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._maynardi.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="598" /></a></div> </td> <td>Bangs, 1898 </td> <td>A small and slightly dark subspecies with a lightly built skull and dentition.<a href="#cite_note-g75-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>Known only from New Providence Island, Bahamas. </td> <td>flavidus (de Beaux, 1910) <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_raccoon" title="Guadeloupe raccoon">minor</a> (Miller, 1911) varius (Nelson and Goldman, 1930) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mississippi Delta raccoon P. l. megalodous </td> <td> </td> <td>Lowery, 1943 </td> <td>A medium-sized subspecies, with a massive skull and pale yellow fur suffused above with black.<a href="#cite_note-g84-62">[62]</a> </td> <td>Coast region of southern Louisiana from St. Bernard Parish west to Cameron Parish. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_raccoon" title="Guadeloupe raccoon">Guadeloupe raccoon</a> P. l. minor </td> <td> </td> <td>Miller, 1911 </td> <td>A small subspecies with a delicate skull, a dark gray coat, and a slight ochre tint on the neck and shoulders.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> (both islands: <a href="/wiki/Grande-Terre" title="Grande-Terre">Grande-Terre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basse-Terre_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Basse-Terre Island">Basse-Terre</a>). </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pacific Northwest raccoon P. l. pacificus </td> <td> </td> <td>Merriam, 1899 </td> <td>A dark-furred subspecies with a relatively broad, flat skull.<a href="#cite_note-g58-64">[64]</a> </td> <td>Southwestern British Columbia, except Vancouver Island, northern, central, and western Washington, western Oregon, and extreme northwestern California. </td> <td>proteus (Brass, 1911) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colorado Desert raccoon P. l. pallidus </td> <td> </td> <td>Merriam, 1900 </td> <td>One of the palest subspecies, around the same size as P. l. mexicanus.<a href="#cite_note-g54-65">[65]</a> </td> <td>Colorado and Gila River Valleys and adjoining territory from the delta north to northeastern Utah, and east to western Colorado and northwestern New Mexico. </td> <td>ochraceus (Mearns, 1914) </td></tr> <tr> <td>California raccoon P. l. psora </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_(1950)_P._l._psora.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._psora.png/50px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._psora.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._psora.png/75px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._psora.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._psora.png/100px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._psora.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> </td> <td>Gray, 1842 </td> <td>A large and moderately dark subspecies with a broad, rather flat skull.<a href="#cite_note-g56-66">[66]</a> </td> <td>California, except extreme northwest coastal strip, the northeastern corner and southeastern desert region, ranging south through northwestern Baja California to San Quentin; extreme west central Nevada. </td> <td>californicus (Means, 1914) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Isthmian raccoon P. l. pumilus </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_(1950)_P._l._pumilus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._pumilus.png/50px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._pumilus.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._pumilus.png/75px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._pumilus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._pumilus.png/100px-Raccoons_of_North_%26_Middle_America_%281950%29_P._l._pumilus.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="598" /></a></div> </td> <td>Miller, 1911 </td> <td>Similar to P. l. crassidens in color, but has a shorter, broader and flatter skull.<a href="#cite_note-g70-67">[67]</a> </td> <td>Panama and the Canal Zone from Porto Bello west to Boqueron, Chiriqui, though the limits of its range are unknown. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>† Short-faced raccoon P. l. simus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:J._W._Gidley_(1906)_P._l._simus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/J._W._Gidley_%281906%29_P._l._simus.png/50px-J._W._Gidley_%281906%29_P._l._simus.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/J._W._Gidley_%281906%29_P._l._simus.png/75px-J._W._Gidley_%281906%29_P._l._simus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/J._W._Gidley_%281906%29_P._l._simus.png/100px-J._W._Gidley_%281906%29_P._l._simus.png 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="489" /></a> </td> <td>Gidley, 1906 </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> subspecies similar to P. l. excelsus, but with a deeper lower jaw and a more robust dentition.<a href="#cite_note-gidley1906-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-g95-69">[69]</a> </td> <td>California. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vancouver Island raccoon P. l. vancouverensis </td> <td> </td> <td>Nelson and Goldman, 1930 </td> <td>A dark-furred subspecies, similar to P. l. pacificus but smaller.<a href="#cite_note-g61-70">[70]</a> </td> <td>Known only from Vancouver Island. </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:149px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mm_Hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mm_Hand.jpg/208px-Mm_Hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mm_Hand.jpg/312px-Mm_Hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mm_Hand.jpg/416px-Mm_Hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="850" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Lower side of front paw with visible <a href="/wiki/Vibrissae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrissae">vibrissae</a> on the tips of the digits</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_(Procyon_lotor).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Procyon_lotor%29.jpg/208px-Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Procyon_lotor%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Procyon_lotor%29.jpg/312px-Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Procyon_lotor%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Procyon_lotor%29.jpg/416px-Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Procyon_lotor%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1948" data-file-height="932" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Skeleton</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoon_skull_Pengo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Raccoon_skull_Pengo.jpg/131px-Raccoon_skull_Pengo.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Raccoon_skull_Pengo.jpg/197px-Raccoon_skull_Pengo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Raccoon_skull_Pengo.jpg/262px-Raccoon_skull_Pengo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Skull with dentition: 2/2 molars, 4/4 premolars, 1/1 canines, 3/3 incisors</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:75px;max-width:75px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoonpenisbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Raccoonpenisbone.jpg/73px-Raccoonpenisbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Raccoonpenisbone.jpg/110px-Raccoonpenisbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Raccoonpenisbone.jpg/146px-Raccoonpenisbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="534" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Baculum" title="Baculum">Baculum</a> or penis bone</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulletin_(1973)_(19805173074).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bulletin_%281973%29_%2819805173074%29.jpg/208px-Bulletin_%281973%29_%2819805173074%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bulletin_%281973%29_%2819805173074%29.jpg/312px-Bulletin_%281973%29_%2819805173074%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bulletin_%281973%29_%2819805173074%29.jpg/416px-Bulletin_%281973%29_%2819805173074%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="854" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Female <a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">genitourinary system</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_91_of_%22Bulletin%22_(1918)_(20241179329).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Image_from_page_91_of_%22Bulletin%22_%281918%29_%2820241179329%29.jpg/208px-Image_from_page_91_of_%22Bulletin%22_%281918%29_%2820241179329%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Image_from_page_91_of_%22Bulletin%22_%281918%29_%2820241179329%29.jpg/312px-Image_from_page_91_of_%22Bulletin%22_%281918%29_%2820241179329%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Image_from_page_91_of_%22Bulletin%22_%281918%29_%2820241179329%29.jpg/416px-Image_from_page_91_of_%22Bulletin%22_%281918%29_%2820241179329%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="590" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Male genitourinary system</div></div></div></div></div> Head to hindquarters, raccoons measure between 40 and 70 cm (16 and 28 in), not including the bushy tail which can measure between 20 and 40 cm (7.9 and 15.7 in), but is usually not much longer than 25 cm (9.8 in).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200177-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagoni-Hansen198115-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200258-73">[73]</a> The shoulder height is between 23 and 30 cm (9.1 and 11.8 in).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagoni-Hansen198116-74">[74]</a> The body weight of an adult raccoon varies considerably with <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>, making the raccoon one of the most variably sized mammals. It can range from 2 to 26 kg (4.4 to 57.3 lb), but is usually between 5 and 12 kg (11 and 26 lb). The smallest specimens live in southern Florida, while those near the northern limits of the raccoon's range tend to be the largest <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(see <a href="/wiki/Bergmann%27s_rule" title="Bergmann's rule">Bergmann's rule</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200258–59-75">[75]</a> Males are usually 15 to 20% heavier than females.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagoni-Hansen198118-76">[76]</a> At the beginning of winter, a raccoon can weigh twice as much as in spring because of fat storage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200147–48-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198144-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002108-79">[79]</a> The largest recorded wild raccoon weighed 28.4 kg (63 lb) and measured 140 cm (55 in) in total length, by far the largest size recorded for a procyonid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock19818-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200259-81">[81]</a> The most characteristic physical feature of the raccoon is the area of black <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a> around the eyes, which contrasts sharply with the surrounding white face coloring. This is reminiscent of a "<a href="/wiki/Domino_mask" title="Domino mask">bandit's mask</a>" and has thus enhanced the animal's reputation for mischief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek20046-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200261-83">[83]</a> The slightly rounded ears are also bordered by white fur. Raccoons are assumed to recognize the facial expression and posture of other members of their species more quickly because of the conspicuous facial coloration and the alternating light and dark rings on the tail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200165–66-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock19815–6-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200263-86">[86]</a> The dark mask may also reduce <a href="/wiki/Glare_(vision)" title="Glare (vision)">glare</a> and thus enhance <a href="/wiki/Night_vision" title="Night vision">night vision</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock19815–6-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200263-86">[86]</a> On other parts of the body, the long and stiff <a href="/wiki/Guard_hair" title="Guard hair">guard hairs</a>, which shed moisture, are usually colored in shades of gray and, to a lesser extent, brown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200260-87">[87]</a> Raccoons with a very dark coat are more common in the German population because individuals with such coloring were among those initially released to the wild.<a href="#cite_note-stellungnahme-88">[88]</a> The dense <a href="/wiki/Underfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Underfur">underfur</a>, which accounts for almost 90% of the coat, insulates against cold weather and is composed of 2 to 3 cm (0.79 to 1.18 in) long hairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200260-87">[87]</a> The raccoon, whose method of <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_locomotion" title="Terrestrial locomotion">locomotion</a> is usually considered to be <a href="/wiki/Plantigrade" title="Plantigrade">plantigrade</a>, can stand on its hind legs to examine objects with its front paws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200157-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200271–72-90">[90]</a> As raccoons have short legs compared to their compact torso, they are usually not able either to run quickly or jump great distances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200193-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200272-92">[92]</a> Their top speed over short distances is 16 to 24 km/h (9.9 to 14.9 mph).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198128-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Raccoons can swim with an average speed of about 5 km/h (3.1 mph) and can stay in the water for several hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198133-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200272-92">[92]</a> For climbing down a tree headfirst—an unusual ability for a mammal of its size—a raccoon rotates its hind feet so they are pointing backwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198130-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200272-92">[92]</a> Raccoons have a dual cooling system to <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">regulate their temperature</a>; that is, they are able to both sweat and pant for heat dissipation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198129-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200273-98">[98]</a> Raccoon skulls have a short and wide facial region and a voluminous <a href="/wiki/Braincase" class="mw-redirect" title="Braincase">braincase</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Facial_skeleton" title="Facial skeleton">facial</a> length of the skull is less than the <a href="/wiki/Neurocranium" title="Neurocranium">cranial</a>, and their <a href="/wiki/Nasal_bone" title="Nasal bone">nasal bones</a> are short and quite broad. The <a href="/wiki/Auditory_bulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory bulla">auditory bullae</a> are inflated in form, and the <a href="/wiki/Sagittal_crest" title="Sagittal crest">sagittal crest</a> is weakly developed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerSludskii20021375–1376-99">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dentition" title="Dentition">dentition</a>—40 teeth with the <a href="/wiki/Dental_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental formula">dental formula</a>:3.1.4.23.1.4.2—is adapted to their <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivorous</a> diet: the <a href="/wiki/Carnassial" title="Carnassial">carnassials</a> are not as sharp and pointed as those of a full-time <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivore</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molars</a> are not as wide as those of a <a href="/wiki/Herbivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivory">herbivore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200264-100">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Baculum" title="Baculum">penis bone</a> of males is about 10 cm (3.9 in) long and strongly bent at the front end,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200127-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198184-102">[102]</a> and its shape can be used to distinguish juvenile males from mature males.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-SchwartzSchwartz2001-105">[105]</a> Seven of the thirteen identified vocal calls are used in <a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">communication</a> between the mother and her kits, one of these being the birdlike twittering of newborns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200166-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198192-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200273-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senses">Senses</h3></div> The most important sense for the raccoon is its <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">sense of touch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200413-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200155-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200270-110">[110]</a> The "hyper sensitive"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200155-109">[109]</a> front paws are protected by a thin <a href="/wiki/Stratum_corneum" title="Stratum corneum">horny layer</a> that becomes pliable when wet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200156–59-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198115-112">[112]</a> The five digits of the paws have no webbing between them, which is unusual for a <a href="/wiki/Carnivoran" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivoran">carnivoran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200269-113">[113]</a> Almost two-thirds of the area responsible for <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">sensory perception</a> in the raccoon's <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> is specialized for the interpretation of tactile impulses, more than in any other studied animal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200156-114">[114]</a> They are able to identify objects before touching them with <a href="/wiki/Vibrissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrissa">vibrissae</a> located above their sharp, nonretractable <a href="/wiki/Claw" title="Claw">claws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200157-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200270-110">[110]</a> The raccoon's paws lack an opposable <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a>; thus, it does not have the agility of the hands of <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200270-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198115-112">[112]</a> There is no observed negative effect on tactile perception when a raccoon stands in water below 10 °C (50 °F) for hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200160–62-115">[115]</a> Raccoons are thought to be <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">color blind</a> or at least poorly able to distinguish color, though their eyes are well-adapted for sensing green light.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200163-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198118-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200266-118">[118]</a> Although their <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">accommodation</a> of 11 <a href="/wiki/Dioptre" title="Dioptre">dioptre</a> is comparable to that of humans and they see well in twilight because of the <a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">tapetum lucidum</a> behind the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual perception</a> is of subordinate importance to raccoons because of their poor long-distance vision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200163–65-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198118–21-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200266–67-121">[121]</a> In addition to being useful for orientation in the dark, their <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">sense of smell</a> is important for intraspecific communication. Glandular <a href="/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion">secretions</a> (usually from their <a href="/wiki/Anal_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal glands">anal glands</a>), urine and feces are used for marking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200167–70-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198117-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200268–69-124">[124]</a> With their broad <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">auditory range</a>, they can perceive tones up to 50–85 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">kHz</a> as well as quiet noises, like those produced by <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a> underground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200166,_72-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200268-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3></div> Zoologist <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Hart_Merriam" title="Clinton Hart Merriam">Clinton Hart Merriam</a> described raccoons as "clever beasts", and that "in certain directions their cunning surpasses that of the fox". The animal's intelligence gave rise to the epithet "sly coon".<a href="#cite_note-merriam1884-127">[127]</a> Only a few studies have been undertaken to determine the mental abilities of raccoons, most of them based on the animal's sense of touch. In a study by the <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethologist</a> H. B. Davis in 1908, raccoons were able to open 11 of 13 complex locks in fewer than 10 tries and had no problems repeating the action when the locks were rearranged or turned upside down. Davis concluded that they understood the <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstract</a> principles of the locking mechanisms and their learning speed was equivalent to that of <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_macaque" title="Rhesus macaque">rhesus macaques</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Studies in 1963, 1973, 1975 and 1992 concentrated on raccoon <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> showed that they can remember the solutions to tasks for at least three years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200171–72-129">[129]</a> In a study by B. Pohl in 1992, raccoons were able to instantly differentiate between identical and different symbols three years after the short initial learning phase.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200171–72-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanislas_Dehaene" title="Stanislas Dehaene">Stanislas Dehaene</a> reports in his book The Number Sense that raccoons can distinguish boxes containing two or four grapes from those containing three.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In research by <a href="/wiki/Suzana_Herculano-Houzel" title="Suzana Herculano-Houzel">Suzana Herculano-Houzel</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Neuroscientist" title="Neuroscientist">neuroscientists</a>, raccoons have been found to be comparable to <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> in density of <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>, which they have proposed to be a <a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">neuroanatomical</a> indicator of intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_behavior">Social behavior</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_raccoons_in_a_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Three_raccoons_in_a_tree.jpg/220px-Three_raccoons_in_a_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Three_raccoons_in_a_tree.jpg/330px-Three_raccoons_in_a_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Three_raccoons_in_a_tree.jpg/440px-Three_raccoons_in_a_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3070" data-file-height="2046" /></a><figcaption>Eastern raccoons (P. l. lotor) in a tree: The raccoon's social structure is grouped into what <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Hohmann" title="Ulf Hohmann">Ulf Hohmann</a> calls a "three-class society".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoon_climbing_in_tree_-_Cropped_and_color_corrected.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Raccoon_climbing_in_tree_-_Cropped_and_color_corrected.jpg/220px-Raccoon_climbing_in_tree_-_Cropped_and_color_corrected.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Raccoon_climbing_in_tree_-_Cropped_and_color_corrected.jpg/330px-Raccoon_climbing_in_tree_-_Cropped_and_color_corrected.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Raccoon_climbing_in_tree_-_Cropped_and_color_corrected.jpg/440px-Raccoon_climbing_in_tree_-_Cropped_and_color_corrected.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>California raccoon (P. l. psora) climbing a tree in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Klamath_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge">Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Baby_Raccoon_Chatter_1.flac" title="File:Baby Raccoon Chatter 1.flac">Baby raccoon chatter</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Baby_Raccoon_Chatter_1.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Baby_Raccoon_Chatter_1.flac/Baby_Raccoon_Chatter_1.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Baby_Raccoon_Chatter_1.flac/Baby_Raccoon_Chatter_1.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Baby_Raccoon_Chatter_1.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Studies in the 1990s by the ethologists Stanley D. Gehrt and <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Hohmann" title="Ulf Hohmann">Ulf Hohmann</a> suggest that raccoons engage in sex-specific <a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">social behaviors</a> and are not typically solitary, as was previously thought.<a href="#cite_note-gehrt-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001133–155-134">[134]</a> Related females often live in a so-called "<a href="/wiki/Fission-fusion_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission-fusion society">fission-fusion society</a>"; that is, they share a common area and occasionally meet at feeding or resting grounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200410–12-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001141–142-136">[136]</a> Unrelated males often form loose male social groups to maintain their position against foreign males during the <a href="/wiki/Mating_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Mating season">mating season</a>—or against other potential invaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001152–154-137">[137]</a> Such a group does not usually consist of more than four individuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200412-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001140-139">[139]</a> Since some males show aggressive behavior towards unrelated kits, mothers will isolate themselves from other raccoons until their kits are big enough to defend themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001124–126,_155-140">[140]</a> With respect to these three different modes of life prevalent among raccoons, Hohmann called their <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structure</a> a "three-class society".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001133-141">[141]</a> Samuel I. Zeveloff, professor of <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Weber_State_University" title="Weber State University">Weber State University</a> and author of the book Raccoons: A Natural History, is more cautious in his interpretation and concludes at least the females are solitary most of the time and, according to Erik K. Fritzell's study in <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> in 1978, males in areas with low population densities are solitary as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002137–139-142">[142]</a> The shape and size of a raccoon's <a href="/wiki/Home_range" title="Home range">home range</a> varies depending on age, sex, and habitat, with adults claiming areas more than twice as large as juveniles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198161-143">[143]</a> While the size of home ranges in the habitat of North Dakota's <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a> lie between 7 and 50 km2 (3 and 20 sq mi) for males and between 2 and 16 km2 (1 and 6 sq mi) for females, the average size in a <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marsh</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> was 0.5 km2 (0.19 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198160–61-144">[144]</a> Irrespective of whether the home ranges of adjacent groups overlap, they are most likely not actively defended outside the mating season if food supplies are sufficient.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002137–138-145">[145]</a> Odor marks on prominent spots are assumed to establish home ranges and identify individuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200268–69-124">[124]</a> Urine and feces left at shared <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_latrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoon latrine">raccoon latrines</a> may provide additional information about feeding grounds, since raccoons were observed to meet there later for collective eating, sleeping and playing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001142–147-146">[146]</a> Concerning the general behavior patterns of raccoons, Gehrt points out that "typically you'll find 10 to 15 percent that will do the opposite" of what is expected.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> Though usually nocturnal, the raccoon is sometimes active in daylight to take advantage of available food sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200410-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200299-149">[149]</a> Its diet consists of about 40% <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, 33% <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> material and 27% <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200182-150">[150]</a> Since its diet consists of such a variety of different foods, Zeveloff argues the raccoon "may well be one of the world's most omnivorous animals".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002102-151">[151]</a> While its diet in spring and early summer consists mostly of insects, worms, and other animals already available early in the year, it prefers fruits and nuts, such as <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnuts</a>, which emerge in late summer and autumn, and represent a rich calorie source for building up fat needed for winter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200185–88-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198144–45-153">[153]</a> Contrary to popular belief, raccoons only occasionally eat active or large prey, such as <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. They prefer prey that is easier to catch, specifically <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> and bird eggs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200183-155">[155]</a> Raccoons are virulent predators of eggs and hatchlings in both birds and <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a> nests, to such a degree that, for threatened prey species, raccoons may need to be removed from the area or nests may need to be relocated to mitigate the effect of their predations (i.e. in the case of some globally threatened <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>).<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> When food is plentiful, raccoons can develop strong individual preferences for specific foods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198144-78">[78]</a> In the northern parts of their range, raccoons go into a <a href="/wiki/Winter_rest" title="Winter rest">winter rest</a>, reducing their activity drastically as long as a permanent snow cover makes searching for food difficult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock1981108–113-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dousing">Dousing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Procyon_lotor_7_-_am_Wasser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Procyon_lotor_7_-_am_Wasser.jpg/170px-Procyon_lotor_7_-_am_Wasser.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Procyon_lotor_7_-_am_Wasser.jpg/255px-Procyon_lotor_7_-_am_Wasser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Procyon_lotor_7_-_am_Wasser.jpg/340px-Procyon_lotor_7_-_am_Wasser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption>Captive raccoons often douse their food before eating.</figcaption></figure> One aspect of raccoon behavior is so well known that it gives the animal part of its scientific name, Procyon lotor; lotor is Latin for 'washer'. In the wild, raccoons often dabble for underwater food near the shore-line. They then often pick up the food item with their front paws to examine it and rub the item, sometimes to remove unwanted parts. This gives the appearance of the raccoon "washing" the food. The tactile sensitivity of raccoons' paws is increased if this rubbing action is performed underwater, since the water softens the hard layer covering the paws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200155-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff20027-162">[162]</a> However, the behavior observed in captive raccoons in which they carry their food to water to "wash" or douse it before eating has not been observed in the wild.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagoni-Hansen198141-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198156–57-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Naturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</a>, believed that raccoons do not have adequate <a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">saliva production</a> to moisten food thereby necessitating dousing, but this hypothesis is now considered to be incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff20027-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagoni-Hansen198141-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199070-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198157-166">[166]</a> Captive raccoons douse their food more frequently when a watering hole with a layout similar to a stream is not farther away than 3 m (10 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198157-166">[166]</a> The widely accepted theory is that dousing in captive raccoons is a <a href="/wiki/Fixed_action_pattern" title="Fixed action pattern">fixed action pattern</a> from the dabbling behavior performed when foraging at shores for aquatic foods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff20027-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198157-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200144–45-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagoni-Hansen198141–42-168">[168]</a> This is supported by the observation that aquatic foods are doused more frequently. Cleaning dirty food does not seem to be a reason for "washing".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198157-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3></div> Raccoons usually <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mate</a> in a period triggered by increasing daylight between late January and mid-March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001150-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198181-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002122-171">[171]</a> However, there are large regional differences which are not completely explicable by solar conditions. For example, while raccoons in southern states typically mate later than average, the mating season in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> also peaks later than usual in March and extends until June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002122-171">[171]</a> During the mating season, males restlessly roam their home ranges in search of females in an attempt to court them during the three- to four-day period when conception is possible. These encounters will often occur at central meeting places.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001148–150-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagoni-Hansen198147-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198181–82-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">Copulation</a>, including foreplay, can last over an hour and is repeated over several nights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001150–151-175">[175]</a> The weaker members of a male social group also are assumed to get the opportunity to mate, since the stronger ones cannot mate with all available females.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001153–154-176">[176]</a> In a study in southern Texas during the mating seasons from 1990 to 1992, about one third of all females mated with more than one male.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> If a female does not become <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_(mammals)" title="Pregnancy (mammals)">pregnant</a> or if she loses her kits early, she will sometimes become fertile again 80 to 140 days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001125-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagoni-Hansen198145-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002125-180">[180]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Raccoon_(Procyon_lotor)_in_Northwest_Indiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Common_Raccoon_%28Procyon_lotor%29_in_Northwest_Indiana.jpg/220px-Common_Raccoon_%28Procyon_lotor%29_in_Northwest_Indiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Common_Raccoon_%28Procyon_lotor%29_in_Northwest_Indiana.jpg/330px-Common_Raccoon_%28Procyon_lotor%29_in_Northwest_Indiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Common_Raccoon_%28Procyon_lotor%29_in_Northwest_Indiana.jpg/440px-Common_Raccoon_%28Procyon_lotor%29_in_Northwest_Indiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>An eastern raccoon (P. l. lotor) kit</figcaption></figure> After usually 63 to 65 days of <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> (although anywhere from 54 to 70 days is possible), a <a href="/wiki/Litter_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Litter (animal)">litter</a> of typically two to five young is born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001131-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002121,_126-182">[182]</a> The average litter size varies widely with habitat, ranging from 2.5 in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> to 4.8 in <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagoni-Hansen198150-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002126-184">[184]</a> Larger litters are more common in areas with a high mortality rate, due, for example, to <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> or severe winters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200432-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002126-184">[184]</a> While male yearlings usually reach their sexual maturity only after the main mating season, female yearlings can compensate for high mortality rates and may be responsible for about 50% of all young born in a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001163-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198182-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002123–127-188">[188]</a> Males have no part in raising young.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200412-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001111-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198183-190">[190]</a> The kits (also called "cubs") are blind and deaf at birth, but their mask is already visible against their light fur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001114,_117-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002127-192">[192]</a> The birth weight of the roughly 10 cm (4 in)-long kits is between 60 and 75 g (2.1 and 2.6 oz).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002127-192">[192]</a> Their ear canals open after around 18 to 23 days, a few days before their eyes open for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001117-193">[193]</a> Once the kits weigh about 1 kg (2 lb), they begin to explore outside the den, consuming solid food for the first time after six to nine weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001119-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198194–95-195">[195]</a> After this point, their mother <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">suckles</a> them with decreasing frequency; they are usually weaned by 16 weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002129-196">[196]</a> In the fall, after their mother has shown them dens and feeding grounds, the juvenile group splits up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001126–127-197">[197]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002130-198">[198]</a> While many females will stay close to the home range of their mother, males can sometimes move more than 20 km (12 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001130-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002132–133-200">[200]</a> This is considered an <a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">instinctive</a> behavior, preventing <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001128-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002133-202">[202]</a> However, mother and offspring may share a den during the first winter in cold areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002130-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_expectancy">Life expectancy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Racoon_crossing_road.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Racoon_crossing_road.JPG/220px-Racoon_crossing_road.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Racoon_crossing_road.JPG/330px-Racoon_crossing_road.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Racoon_crossing_road.JPG/440px-Racoon_crossing_road.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Young Florida raccoon (P. l. elucus) crossing a road</figcaption></figure> Captive raccoons have been known to live for more than 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek20046-82">[82]</a> However, the species' life expectancy in the wild is only 1.8 to 3.1 years, depending on the local conditions such as traffic volume, hunting, and weather severity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002118–119-203">[203]</a> It is not unusual for only half of the young born in one year to survive a full year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001163-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002119-204">[204]</a> After this point, the annual mortality rate drops to between 10% and 30%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001163-186">[186]</a> Young raccoons are vulnerable to losing their mother and to starvation, particularly in long and cold winters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198173-205">[205]</a> The most frequent natural cause of death in the North American raccoon population is <a href="/wiki/Canine_distemper" title="Canine distemper">distemper</a>, which can reach <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> proportions and kill most of a local raccoon population.<a href="#cite_note-ergebnisse-206">[206]</a> In areas with heavy vehicular traffic and extensive hunting, these factors can account for up to 90% of all deaths of adult raccoons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001162-207">[207]</a> The most important natural <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a> of the raccoon are <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_horned_owl" title="Great horned owl">great horned owls</a>, the latter mainly preying on young raccoons but capable of killing adults in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bosakowski-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, they have been reported to fall victim to larger carnivores like <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougars</a> and these species may also be a threat on occasion in other areas.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Where still present, <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">gray wolves</a> may still occasionally take raccoons as a supplemental prey item.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Also in the southeast, they are among the favored prey for adult <a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> On occasion, both <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagles</a> will prey on raccoons.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> In the tropics, raccoons are known to fall prey to smaller eagles such as <a href="/wiki/Ornate_hawk-eagle" title="Ornate hawk-eagle">ornate hawk-eagles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_hawk-eagle" title="Black hawk-eagle">black hawk-eagles</a>, although it is not clear whether adults or merely juvenile raccoons are taken by these.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> In rare cases of overlap, they may fall victim from carnivores ranging from species averaging smaller than themselves such as <a href="/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">fishers</a> to those as large and formidable as <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> In their introduced range in the former Soviet Union, their main predators are <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">lynxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl" title="Eurasian eagle-owl">Eurasian eagle-owls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerSludskii20021390-227">[227]</a> However, predation is not a significant cause of death, especially because larger predators have been <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocene extinction event">exterminated</a> in many areas inhabited by raccoons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002111–112-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range">Range</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoon_in_bayou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Raccoon_in_bayou.jpg/220px-Raccoon_in_bayou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Raccoon_in_bayou.jpg/330px-Raccoon_in_bayou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Raccoon_in_bayou.jpg/440px-Raccoon_in_bayou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a> raccoon (P. l. megaloudus) searching for food on a lake shore</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat">Habitat</h3></div> Although they have thrived in sparsely wooded areas in the last decades, raccoons depend on vertical structures to climb when they feel threatened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200193–94-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200293-230">[230]</a> Therefore, they avoid open terrain and areas with high concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> trees, as beech <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a> is too smooth to climb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200194-231">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tree_hollow" title="Tree hollow">Tree hollows</a> in old <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a> or other trees and rock crevices are preferred by raccoons as sleeping, winter and litter dens. If such dens are unavailable or accessing them is inconvenient, raccoons use <a href="/wiki/Burrow" title="Burrow">burrows</a> dug by other mammals, dense <a href="/wiki/Undergrowth" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergrowth">undergrowth</a> or tree crotches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200197–101-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200295–96-233">[233]</a> In a study in the <a href="/wiki/Solling" title="Solling">Solling</a> range of hills in Germany, more than 60% of all sleeping places were used only once, but those used at least ten times accounted for about 70% of all uses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200198-234">[234]</a> Since amphibians, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, and other animals around the shore of lakes and rivers are an important part of the raccoon's diet, lowland <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">mixed forests</a> abundant with water and marshes sustain the highest population densities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001160-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200298-236">[236]</a> While population densities range from 0.5 to 3.2 animals per square kilometer (1.3 to 8.3 animals per square mile) in prairies and do not usually exceed 6 animals per square kilometer (15.5 animals per square mile) in upland hardwood forests, more than 20 raccoons per square kilometer (51.8 animals per square mile) can live in lowland forests and marshes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001160-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200297-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_in_North_America">Distribution in North America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albino_raccoon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Albino_raccoon.png/220px-Albino_raccoon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Albino_raccoon.png/330px-Albino_raccoon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Albino_raccoon.png/440px-Albino_raccoon.png 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Albino" class="mw-redirect" title="Albino">albino</a> Florida raccoon (P. l. elucus) in <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Key" title="Virginia Key">Virginia Key</a>, Florida</figcaption></figure> Raccoons are common throughout North America from Canada to <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, where the subspecies Procyon lotor pumilus coexists with the <a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">crab-eating raccoon</a> (Procyon cancrivorus).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200112,_46-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200275,_88-239">[239]</a> The population on <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> was exterminated as early as 1513 by Spanish colonists who hunted them for their meat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199058-240">[240]</a> Raccoons were also exterminated in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, where the last sightings were reported in 1687.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199058–59-241">[241]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Barbados_raccoon" title="Barbados raccoon">Barbados raccoon</a> became extinct relatively recently, in 1964. When they were still considered separate species, the Bahamas raccoon, Guadeloupe raccoon and Tres Marias raccoon were classified as <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a> in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200242–45-242">[242]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoon_in_High_Park_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Raccoon_in_High_Park_04.jpg/220px-Raccoon_in_High_Park_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Raccoon_in_High_Park_04.jpg/330px-Raccoon_in_High_Park_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Raccoon_in_High_Park_04.jpg/440px-Raccoon_in_High_Park_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption> A Raccoon sleeping on a tree in <a href="/wiki/High_Park" title="High Park">High Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></figcaption></figure> There is archeological evidence that in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian</a> times raccoons were numerous only along rivers and in the woodlands of the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200277-243">[243]</a> As raccoons were not mentioned in earlier reports of <a href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">pioneers</a> exploring the central and north-central parts of the United States,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200278-244">[244]</a> their initial spread may have begun a few decades before the 20th century. Since the 1950s, raccoons have expanded their range from <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>—formerly the northernmost limit of their range—far into the northern portions of the four south-central Canadian provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200275-245">[245]</a> New habitats which have recently been occupied by raccoons (aside from urban areas) include mountain ranges, such as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Rocky_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Rocky Mountains">Western Rocky Mountains</a>, prairies and <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">coastal marshes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200276-246">[246]</a> After a population explosion starting in the 1940s, the estimated number of raccoons in North America in the late 1980s was 15 to 20 times higher than in the 1930s, when raccoons were comparatively rare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200275–76-247">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a>, the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, deliberate introductions, and the extermination of natural predators of the raccoon have probably caused this increase in abundance and distribution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200276–78-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_outside_North_America">Distribution outside North America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waschbaer-verbreitung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Waschbaer-verbreitung.png/220px-Waschbaer-verbreitung.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Waschbaer-verbreitung.png/330px-Waschbaer-verbreitung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Waschbaer-verbreitung.png/440px-Waschbaer-verbreitung.png 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Distribution in Germany: Raccoons killed or found dead by hunters in the hunting years 2000–2001, 2001–2002 and 2002–2003 in the administrative districts of Germany</figcaption></figure> As a result of escapes and deliberate <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introductions</a> in the mid-20th century, the raccoon is now distributed in several European and Asian countries. Sightings have occurred in all the countries bordering Germany, which hosts the largest population outside of North America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagoni-Hansen198189–90-249">[249]</a> Another stable population exists in northern France, where several pet raccoons were released by members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Laon-Couvron_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Laon-Couvron Air Base">Laon-Couvron Air Base</a> in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200113-250">[250]</a> Furthermore, raccoons have been known to be in the area around <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> since the early 1970s. In 2013, the city authorized "the capture and death of any specimen".<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> It is also present in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, with one self-sustaining population in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> About 1,240 animals were released in nine regions of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> between 1936 and 1958 for the purpose of establishing a population to be hunted for their fur. Two of these introductions were successful – one in the south of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> between 1954 and 1958, and another in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> between 1941 and 1957. With a seasonal harvest of between 1,000~1,500 animals, in 1974 the estimated size of the population distributed in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region was around 20,000 animals and the density was four animals per square kilometer (10 animals per square mile).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagoni-Hansen198190–92-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distribution_in_Japan">Distribution in Japan</h4></div> In Japan, up to 1,500 raccoons were imported as pets each year after the success of the <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> series <a href="/wiki/Rascal_the_Raccoon" title="Rascal the Raccoon">Rascal the Raccoon</a> (1977). In 2004, the descendants of discarded or escaped animals lived in 42 of 47 <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefectures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tohru-256">[256]</a> The range of raccoons in the wild in Japan grew from 17 prefectures in 2000 to all 47 prefectures in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Ribaraki-257">[257]</a> It is estimated that raccoons cause thirty million yen (~$275,000) of agricultural damage on <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distribution_in_Germany">Distribution in Germany</h4></div> In Germany – where the raccoon is called the Waschbär (literally, 'wash-bear' or 'washing bear') due to its habit of "dousing" food in water – two pairs of pet raccoons were released into the German countryside at the <a href="/wiki/Edersee" title="Edersee">Edersee</a> reservoir in the north of <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> in April 1934 by a forester upon request of their owner, a poultry farmer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer20019–10-259">[259]</a> He released them two weeks before receiving permission from the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> hunting office to "enrich the <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200110-260">[260]</a> Several prior attempts to introduce raccoons in Germany had been unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200111-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagoni-Hansen198184-262">[262]</a> A second population was established in eastern Germany in 1945 when 25 raccoons escaped from a <a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">fur farm</a> at Wolfshagen (today district of <a href="/wiki/Altlandsberg" title="Altlandsberg">Altlandsberg</a>), east of Berlin, after an air strike. The two populations are parasitologically distinguishable: 70% of the raccoons of the Hessian population are infected with the <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">roundworm</a> <a href="/wiki/Baylisascaris_procyonis" title="Baylisascaris procyonis">Baylisascaris procyonis</a>, but none of the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburgian</a> population is known to have the parasite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001182-263">[263]</a> In the Hessian region, there were an estimated 285 raccoons in 1956, which increased to over 20,000 in 1970; in 2008 there were between 200,000 and 400,000 raccoons in the whole of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-ergebnisse-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200111-261">[261]</a> By 2012 it was estimated that Germany now had more than a million raccoons.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> The raccoon was once a protected species in Germany, but has been declared a <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">game animal</a> in 14 of the 16 <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German states</a> since 1954.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200118,_21-265">[265]</a> Hunters and <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalists</a> argue the raccoon spreads uncontrollably, threatens protected bird species, and supersedes indigenous competitors.<a href="#cite_note-stellungnahme-88">[88]</a> This view is opposed by the zoologist Frank-Uwe Michler, who finds no evidence that a high population density of raccoons leads to negative effects on the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of an area.<a href="#cite_note-stellungnahme-88">[88]</a> Hohmann holds that extensive hunting cannot be justified by the absence of natural predators, because predation is not a significant cause of death in the North American raccoon population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200114–16-266">[266]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The raccoon is extensively hunted in Germany as it is seen as an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> In the 1990s, only about 400 raccoons were hunted yearly. This increased dramatically over the next quarter-century: during the 2015–2016 hunting season, 128,100 raccoons were hunted, 60 percent of them in the state of <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distribution_in_the_former_Soviet_Union">Distribution in the former Soviet Union</h4></div> Experiments in acclimatising raccoons into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> began in 1936, and were repeated a further 25 times until 1962. Overall, 1,222 individuals were released, 64 of which came from zoos and fur farms (38 of them having been imports from western Europe). The remainder originated from a population previously established in <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a>. The range of Soviet raccoons was never single or continuous, as they were often introduced to different locations far from each other. All introductions into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> failed; melanistic raccoons were released on Petrov Island near <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> and some areas of southern <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a>, but died. In <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, raccoons were released in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jalal-Abad_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal-Abad Province">Jalal-Abad Province</a>, though they were later recorded as "practically absent" there in January 1963. A large and stable raccoon population (yielding 1,000~1,500 catches a year) was established in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> after an introduction to the area in 1937. Raccoons apparently survived an introduction near <a href="/wiki/Terek_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Terek River">Terek</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Sulak_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulak River">Sulak River</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestani</a> lowlands. Attempts to settle raccoons on the <a href="/wiki/Kuban_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuban River">Kuban River</a>'s left tributary and <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> were unsuccessful. A successful acclimatization occurred in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, where three introductions (consisting of 52, 37, and 38 individuals in 1954 and 1958) took place. By January 1963, 700 individuals were recorded in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerSludskii20021380–1383-270">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_raccoons">Urban raccoons</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waschbaer_auf_dem_Dach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Waschbaer_auf_dem_Dach.jpg/220px-Waschbaer_auf_dem_Dach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Waschbaer_auf_dem_Dach.jpg/330px-Waschbaer_auf_dem_Dach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Waschbaer_auf_dem_Dach.jpg/440px-Waschbaer_auf_dem_Dach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>On the roof of a house in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albertshausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albertshausen (page does not exist)">Albertshausen</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> Due to its adaptability, the raccoon has been able to use <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a> as a habitat. The first sightings were recorded in a <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburb</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> in the 1920s. Since the 1950s, raccoons have been present in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan areas</a> like <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City." class="mw-redirect" title="New York City.">New York City.</a><a href="#cite_note-untersuchungen-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> Since the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> has hosted Europe's first and densest population in a large urban area, with about 50 to 150 animals per square kilometer (130 to 390 animals per square mile), a figure comparable to those of urban habitats in North America.<a href="#cite_note-untersuchungen-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001108-273">[273]</a> Home range sizes of urban raccoons are only 3 to 40 hectares (7.5 to 100 acres) for females and 8 to 80 hectares (20 to 200 acres) for males.<a href="#cite_note-Stand_der_Wissenschaft-274">[274]</a> In small towns and suburbs, many raccoons sleep in a nearby forest after foraging in the settlement area.<a href="#cite_note-untersuchungen-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200420-275">[275]</a> Fruit and insects in gardens and leftovers in municipal waste are easily available food sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200421-276">[276]</a> Furthermore, a large number of additional sleeping areas exist in these areas, such as hollows in old garden trees, cottages, garages, abandoned houses, and attics. The percentage of urban raccoons sleeping in abandoned or occupied houses varies from 15% in Washington, DC (1991) to 43% in Kassel (2003).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200420-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001108-273">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baylisascaris_larvae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Baylisascaris_larvae.jpg/170px-Baylisascaris_larvae.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Baylisascaris_larvae.jpg/255px-Baylisascaris_larvae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Baylisascaris_larvae.jpg/340px-Baylisascaris_larvae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Raccoon roundworm <a href="/wiki/Baylisascaris_procyonis" title="Baylisascaris procyonis">Baylisascaris procyonis</a> larvae</figcaption></figure> Raccoons can carry <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>, a lethal disease caused by the <a href="/wiki/Neurotropic_virus" title="Neurotropic virus">neurotropic</a> rabies <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> carried in the <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a> and transmitted by bites. Its spread began in Florida and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> in the 1950s and was facilitated by the introduction of infected individuals to <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and North Dakota in the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002113-277">[277]</a> Of the 6,940 documented rabies cases reported in the United States in 2006, 2,615 (37.7%) were in raccoons.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>, as well as local authorities in several U.S. states and Canadian provinces, has developed oral <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a> programs to fight the spread of the disease in endangered populations.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> Only one human fatality has been reported after transmission of the rabies virus strain commonly known as "raccoon rabies".<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> Among the main symptoms for rabies in raccoons are a generally sickly appearance, impaired mobility, abnormal vocalization, and <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggressiveness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rabies-283">[283]</a> There may be no visible signs at all, however, and most individuals do not show the aggressive behavior seen in infected canids; rabid raccoons will often retire to their dens instead.<a href="#cite_note-stellungnahme-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001182-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-rabies-283">[283]</a> Organizations like the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> encourage people to stay away from animals with unusual behavior or appearance, and to notify the proper authorities, such as an <a href="/wiki/Animal_control_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal control officer">animal control officer</a> from the local <a href="/wiki/Health_department" title="Health department">health department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-wdfw-285">[285]</a> Since healthy animals, especially nursing mothers, will occasionally forage during the day, daylight activity is not a reliable indicator of illness in raccoons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200410-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200299-149">[149]</a> Unlike rabies and at least a dozen other <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> carried by raccoons, <a href="/wiki/Canine_distemper" title="Canine distemper">distemper</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Epizootic" title="Epizootic">epizootic</a> virus, does not affect humans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198172-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002114-287">[287]</a> This disease is the most frequent natural cause of death in the North American raccoon population and affects individuals of all age groups.<a href="#cite_note-ergebnisse-206">[206]</a> For example, 94 of 145 raccoons died during an outbreak in <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Ohio" title="Clifton, Ohio">Clifton, Ohio</a>, in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002112-288">[288]</a> It may occur along with a following inflammation of the brain (<a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">encephalitis</a>), causing the animal to display rabies-like symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002113-277">[277]</a> In Germany, the first eight cases of distemper were reported in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-ergebnisse-206">[206]</a> Some of the most important <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> diseases which affect raccoons are <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">listeriosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia">tularemia</a>. Although internal <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a> weaken their <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a>, well-fed individuals can carry a great many roundworms in their <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">digestive tracts</a> without showing symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198173–74-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002114-287">[287]</a> The larvae of the roundworm <a href="/wiki/Baylisascaris_procyonis" title="Baylisascaris procyonis">Baylisascaris procyonis</a>, which can be contained in the feces and seldom causes a severe illness in humans, can be ingested when cleaning <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_latrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoon latrine">raccoon latrines</a> without wearing breathing protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001169,_182-290">[290]</a> While not endemic, the worm <a href="/wiki/Trichinella" title="Trichinella">Trichinella</a> does infect raccoons,<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> and undercooked raccoon meat has caused <a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">trichinosis</a> in humans.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> Trematode <a href="/wiki/Metorchis_conjunctus" title="Metorchis conjunctus">Metorchis conjunctus</a> can also infect raccoons.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts">Conflicts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urban_raccoon_and_skunk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Urban_raccoon_and_skunk.JPG/220px-Urban_raccoon_and_skunk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Urban_raccoon_and_skunk.JPG/330px-Urban_raccoon_and_skunk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Urban_raccoon_and_skunk.JPG/440px-Urban_raccoon_and_skunk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">skunk</a> and a California raccoon (P. l. psora) share cat food morsels in a <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a>, California backyard</figcaption></figure>Raccoons have become notorious in urban areas for consuming food waste. They possess impressive problem-solving abilities and can break into all but the most secure food waste bins, which has earned them the derisive nickname trash panda.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> The presence of raccoons in close proximity to humans may be undesirable, as raccoon droppings (like most wild animals) contain parasites and other disease vectors. Raccoon roundworm is of particular concern to public health. It can be contracted in humans by accidental ingestion or inhalation of the eggs, which are present in the feces of infected raccoons. While usually harmless to the host, it causes progressive neurological damage in humans, and is eventually fatal if untreated. It is found in about 60% of adult raccoons. The general presence of raccoons in an area is not typically of concern, but nests or droppings found within or near structures should be destroyed. Roundworm eggs are very robust and <a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleach</a> alone is insufficient; burning or treatment with hot solutions of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> is required. The keeping of raccoons as pets is illegal in some jurisdictions due to these risks.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> The increasing number of raccoons in urban areas has resulted in diverse reactions in humans, ranging from outrage at their presence to deliberate feeding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001103–106-297">[297]</a> Some wildlife experts and most public authorities caution against feeding wild animals because they might become increasingly obtrusive and dependent on humans as a food source.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200434-298">[298]</a> Other experts challenge such arguments and give advice on feeding raccoons and other wildlife in their books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001117–121-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> Raccoons without a fear of humans are a concern to those who attribute this trait to rabies, but scientists point out this behavior is much more likely to be a behavioral adjustment to living in habitats with regular contact to humans for many generations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001182-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200424-301">[301]</a> Raccoons usually do not prey on domestic cats and dogs, but isolated cases of killings have been reported.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> Attacks on pets may also target their owners.<a href="#cite_note-Palomino2015-303">[303]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curious_Raccoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Curious_Raccoon.jpg/220px-Curious_Raccoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Curious_Raccoon.jpg/330px-Curious_Raccoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Curious_Raccoon.jpg/440px-Curious_Raccoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3790" data-file-height="2527" /></a><figcaption>A Florida raccoon (P. l. elucus) in the <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a> approaches a group of humans, hoping to be fed</figcaption></figure> While overturned waste containers and raided fruit trees are just a nuisance to homeowners, it can cost several thousand dollars to repair damage caused by the use of attic space as dens.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> Relocating or killing raccoons without a permit is forbidden in many urban areas on grounds of <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a>. These methods usually only solve problems with particularly wild or aggressive individuals, since adequate dens are either known to several raccoons or will quickly be rediscovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200432-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-wdfw-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001142–144,_169-305">[305]</a> Loud noises, flashing lights, and unpleasant odors have proven particularly effective in driving away a mother and her kits before they would normally leave the nesting place (when the kits are about eight weeks old).<a href="#cite_note-wdfw-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200440-306">[306]</a> Typically, though, only precautionary measures to restrict access to <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a> and den sites are effective in the long term.<a href="#cite_note-wdfw-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200436–40-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001169-308">[308]</a> Among all fruits and crops cultivated in agricultural areas, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_corn" title="Sweet corn">sweet corn</a> in its milk stage is particularly popular among raccoons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200187–88-309">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198149–50-310">[310]</a> In a two-year study by <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> researchers, published in 2004, raccoons were responsible for 87% of the damage to corn plants.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> Like other predators, raccoons searching for food can break into <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> houses to feed on chickens, ducks, their eggs, or food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer200182-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-wdfw-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock198147–48-312">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythology,_arts,_and_entertainment">Mythology, arts, and entertainment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_raccoons" title="List of fictional raccoons">List of fictional raccoons</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S.E.C.C._hero_twins_3_HRoe_2007-transparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/S.E.C.C._hero_twins_3_HRoe_2007-transparent.png/220px-S.E.C.C._hero_twins_3_HRoe_2007-transparent.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/S.E.C.C._hero_twins_3_HRoe_2007-transparent.png/330px-S.E.C.C._hero_twins_3_HRoe_2007-transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/S.E.C.C._hero_twins_3_HRoe_2007-transparent.png/440px-S.E.C.C._hero_twins_3_HRoe_2007-transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Stylized raccoon skin as depicted on the Raccoon Priests <a href="/wiki/Gorget" title="Gorget">gorget</a> found at <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>, the raccoon is the subject of <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folk tales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199025–46-313">[313]</a> Stories such as "How raccoons catch so many <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a>" from the <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscarora (tribe)">Tuscarora</a> centered on its skills at foraging.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199041–43-314">[314]</a> In other tales, the raccoon played the role of the <a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">trickster</a> which outsmarts other animals, like coyotes and wolves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199026–29,_38–40-315">[315]</a> Among others, the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Sioux" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakota Sioux">Dakota</a> believe the raccoon has natural spirit powers, since its mask resembles the facial paintings, two-fingered swashes of black and white, used during <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> to connect to spirit beings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199015–17-316">[316]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> linked supernatural abilities especially to females, whose commitment to their young was associated with the role of wise women in their society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199017–18-317">[317]</a> The raccoon also appears in Native American art across a wide geographic range. <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyphs</a> with engraved raccoon tracks were found in Lewis Canyon, Texas;<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> at the Crow Hollow petroglyph site in <a href="/wiki/Grayson_County,_Kentucky" title="Grayson County, Kentucky">Grayson County, Kentucky</a>;<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> and in river drainages near <a href="/wiki/Tularosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tularosa">Tularosa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_River_(Gila_River_tributary)" title="San Francisco River (Gila River tributary)">San Francisco River</a> of New Mexico and Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> The meaning and significance of the Raccoon Priests Gorget, which features a stylized carving of a raccoon and was found at the <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a>, Oklahoma, remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-spiro_mounds-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199045-322">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting_and_fur_trade">Hunting and fur trade</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanpher_Furs_Auto_Coat_Raccoon_S71.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Lanpher_Furs_Auto_Coat_Raccoon_S71.jpg/170px-Lanpher_Furs_Auto_Coat_Raccoon_S71.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Lanpher_Furs_Auto_Coat_Raccoon_S71.jpg/255px-Lanpher_Furs_Auto_Coat_Raccoon_S71.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Lanpher_Furs_Auto_Coat_Raccoon_S71.jpg/340px-Lanpher_Furs_Auto_Coat_Raccoon_S71.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1863" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Car_coat" title="Car coat">Automobile coat</a> made out of raccoon fur (1906, U.S.)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mm_Gehege_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mm_Gehege_02.jpg/220px-Mm_Gehege_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mm_Gehege_02.jpg/330px-Mm_Gehege_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mm_Gehege_02.jpg/440px-Mm_Gehege_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Pen with climbing facilities, hiding places, and a watering hole (lower-left-side)</figcaption></figure> The fur of raccoons is used for clothing, especially for <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_coat" title="Raccoon coat">coats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coonskin_cap" title="Coonskin cap">coonskin caps</a>. At present, it is the material used for the inaccurately named "sealskin" cap worn by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers" title="Royal Fusiliers">Royal Fusiliers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sporran" title="Sporran">Sporrans</a> made of raccoon pelt and hide have sometimes been used as part of traditional <a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Scottish highland men's apparel</a> since the 18th century, especially in North America. Such sporrans may or may not be of the "full-mask" type.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of the Americas">Native American</a> tribes not only used the fur for winter clothing, but also used the tails for ornament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199018-325">[325]</a> The famous Sioux leader <a href="/wiki/Spotted_Tail" title="Spotted Tail">Spotted Tail</a> took his name from a raccoon skin hat with the tail attached he acquired from a fur trader. Since the late 18th century, various types of <a href="/wiki/Scent_hound" title="Scent hound">scent hounds</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Coonhound" title="Coonhound">coonhounds</a>, which are able to <a href="/wiki/Treeing" title="Treeing">tree</a> animals have been bred in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> In the 19th century, when coonskins occasionally even served as means of payment, several thousand raccoons were killed each year in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199074-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002160-328">[328]</a> This number rose quickly when <a href="/wiki/Car_coat" title="Car coat">automobile coats</a> became popular after the turn of the 20th century. In the 1920s, wearing a <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_coat" title="Raccoon coat">raccoon coat</a> was regarded as <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbol</a> among <a href="/wiki/College_student" class="mw-redirect" title="College student">college students</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199077-329">[329]</a> Attempts to breed raccoons in fur farms in the 1920s and 1930s in North America and Europe turned out not to be profitable, and farming was abandoned after prices for long-haired pelts dropped in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002161-330">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> Although raccoons had become rare in the 1930s, at least 388,000 were killed during the <a href="/wiki/Hunting_season" title="Hunting season">hunting season</a> of 1934–1935.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199077-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200275,_160,_173-332">[332]</a> After persistent population increases began in the 1940s, the seasonal <a href="/wiki/Coon_hunting" title="Coon hunting">coon hunting</a> harvest reached about one million animals in 1946–1947 and two million in 1962–1963.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200275,_160-333">[333]</a> The broadcast of three television episodes about the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">frontiersman</a> <a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett" title="Davy Crockett">Davy Crockett</a> and the film <a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett,_King_of_the_Wild_Frontier" class="mw-redirect" title="Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier">Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier</a> in 1954 and 1955 led to a high demand for <a href="/wiki/Coonskin_cap" title="Coonskin cap">coonskin caps</a> in the United States, although it is unlikely either Crockett or the actor who played him, <a href="/wiki/Fess_Parker" title="Fess Parker">Fess Parker</a>, actually wore a cap made from raccoon fur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002170-334">[334]</a> The seasonal hunt reached an all-time high with 5.2 million animals in 1976–1977 and ranged between 3.2 and 4.7 million for most of the 1980s. In 1982, the average pelt price was $20.<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> As of 1987, the raccoon was identified as the most important wild furbearer in North America in terms of revenue.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> In the first half of the 1990s, the seasonal hunt dropped to 0.9 from 1.9 million due to decreasing pelt prices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002160–161-337">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3></div> While primarily hunted for their fur, raccoons were also a source of food for Native Americans and early American settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199018–19-338">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff2002165-339">[339]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Thompson_Seton" title="Ernest Thompson Seton">Ernest Thompson Seton</a>, young specimens killed without a fight are palatable, whereas old raccoons caught after a lengthy battle are inedible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeton19091028-340">[340]</a> Raccoon meat was extensively eaten during the early years of California, where it was sold in the San Francisco market for $1–3 apiece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldmanJackson195014–17-341">[341]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">American slaves</a> occasionally ate raccoon at <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, but it was not necessarily a dish of the poor or rural. The first edition of <a href="/wiki/The_Joy_of_Cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="The Joy of Cooking">The Joy of Cooking</a>, released in 1931, contained a recipe for preparing raccoon, and US President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>'s pet raccoon <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_(raccoon)" title="Rebecca (raccoon)">Rebecca</a> was originally sent to be served at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner" title="Thanksgiving dinner">Thanksgiving Dinner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> Although the idea of eating raccoons may seem repulsive to most mainstream consumers, who see them as endearing, cute, or <a href="/wiki/Vermin" title="Vermin">vermin</a>, several thousand raccoons are still eaten each year in the United States, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> Some people tout the taste of the meat.<a href="#cite_note-crossan2015-349">[349]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3></div> In addition to the fur and meat, the raccoon <a href="/wiki/Baculum" title="Baculum">baculum</a> (penis bone) have had numerous traditional uses in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> and beyond. Indigenous people used the bones as a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_tool" title="Pipe tool">pipe cleaning tool</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff20025-350">[350]</a> The bones were used by <a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">moonshine</a> distillers to guide the flow of whiskey from the drip tube to the bottle.<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> With their tips filed down, the bones were used as <a href="/wiki/Toothpick" title="Toothpick">toothpicks</a> under the moniker "coon rods".<a href="#cite_note-352">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(folk_magic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoodoo (folk magic)">hoodoo</a>, the folk magic of the American South, the baculum is sometimes worn as an amulet for love or luck.<a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan-354">[353]</a> The bones also have decorative uses<a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a> (e.g. on the trademark hat of stock car racer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Petty" title="Richard Petty">Richard Petty</a> or as earrings by actresses <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jessica_Parker" title="Sarah Jessica Parker">Sarah Jessica Parker</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan-354">[353]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Williams" title="Vanessa Williams">Vanessa Williams</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan-354">[353]</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pet_raccoons">Pet raccoons</h3></div> Raccoons are sometimes kept as <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a>, which is discouraged by many experts because the raccoon is not a <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> species. Raccoons may act unpredictably and aggressively and it is extremely difficult to teach them to <a href="/wiki/Animal_training" title="Animal training">obey commands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200444-356">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001173–174-357">[356]</a> In places where keeping raccoons as pets is not forbidden, such as in Wisconsin and other U.S. states, an <a href="/wiki/Exotic_pet" title="Exotic pet">exotic pet</a> permit may be required.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock1981129-358">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a> One notable pet raccoon was <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_(raccoon)" title="Rebecca (raccoon)">Rebecca</a>, kept by US president <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a> Their propensity for unruly behavior exceeds that of <a href="/wiki/Skunks_as_pets" class="mw-redirect" title="Skunks as pets">captive skunks</a>, and they are even less trustworthy when allowed to roam freely. Because of their intelligence and nimble forelimbs, even inexperienced raccoons are easily capable of unscrewing jars, uncorking bottles and opening door latches, with more experienced specimens having been recorded to open door knobs.<a href="#cite_note-merriam1884-127">[127]</a> Sexually mature raccoons often show aggressive natural behaviors such as biting during the mating season.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200444-356">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001185–186-361">[360]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neutering" title="Neutering">Neutering</a> them at around five or six months of age decreases the chances of aggressive behavior developing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001186-362">[361]</a> Raccoons can become <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obese</a> and suffer from other disorders due to poor diet and lack of exercise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001185-363">[362]</a> When fed with <a href="/wiki/Cat_food" title="Cat food">cat food</a> over a long time period, raccoons can develop <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001180-364">[363]</a> With respect to the research results regarding their social behavior, it is now required by law in Austria and Germany to keep at least two individuals to prevent loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-gutachten-365">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-mindestanforderungen-366">[365]</a> Raccoons are usually kept in a <a href="/wiki/Pen_(enclosure)" title="Pen (enclosure)">pen</a> (indoor or outdoor), also a legal requirement in Austria and Germany, rather than in the apartment where their natural <a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">curiosity</a> may result in damage to property.<a href="#cite_note-gutachten-365">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-mindestanforderungen-366">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200444-356">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001184,_187-367">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock1981130–131-368">[367]</a> When orphaned, it is possible for kits to be <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_rehabilitation" title="Wildlife rehabilitation">rehabilitated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reintroduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Reintroduction">reintroduced</a> to the wild. However, it is uncertain whether they readapt well to life in the wild.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock1981130-369">[368]</a> Feeding unweaned kits with <a href="/wiki/Cow%27s_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow's milk">cow's milk</a> rather than a kitten replacement milk or a similar product can be dangerous to their health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200444-356">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001175–176-370">[369]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_and_indigenous_names">Local and indigenous names</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/raccoon#Translations" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:raccoon">Wiktionary:raccoon § Translations</a></div> <table class="wikitable collapsed"> <caption>Local and Indigenous names for Procyon lotor </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Linguistic group or area</th> <th>Local / Indigenous name </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a></td> <td>Raton laveur<a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></td> <td>Touaru<a href="#cite_note-reid2009-372">[371]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cocopah_language" title="Cocopah language">Cocopah</a></td> <td>NYmaṣ<a href="#cite_note-crawford1989-373">[372]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></td> <td>ᐱᓯᐢᑫᐢ (pisiskês) ᐅᒋᑯᒼᓯᐢ (ocikomsis)<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Swampy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree" title="Woods Cree">Woods</a>)</td> <td>kimociškw-<a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Creek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek language">Creek</a></td> <td>Wot•ko<a href="#cite_note-martin2004-376">[375]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a></td> <td>wičhítegleǧa, wičhá<a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Lenape</a></td> <td>Nahënëm<a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a> </td> <td>Chaoui<a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayan language">Mayan</a></td> <td>Culu<a href="#cite_note-reid2009-372">[371]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miskito_language" title="Miskito language">Miskito</a></td> <td>Suksuk<a href="#cite_note-reid2009-372">[371]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a></td> <td>Mapachitli<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmgren199052-14">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a></td> <td>Tábąąh mą'ii<a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_language" title="Nez Perce language">Nez Perce</a></td> <td>K'ayk'áyoc<a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Oglala Lakota</a></td> <td>Wee'-cha<a href="#cite_note-seton1010-382">[381]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></td> <td>Esiban<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Omaha–Ponca</a></td> <td>miká<a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></td> <td>Icat<a href="#cite_note-385">[384]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td> <td>Mapache<a href="#cite_note-reid2009-372">[371]</a> Mapachín<a href="#cite_note-reid2009-372">[371]</a> Tejón<a href="#cite_note-reid2009-372">[371]</a> Gato manglatero<a href="#cite_note-reid2009-372">[371]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></td> <td>Qari•lit<a href="#cite_note-pitkin1985-386">[385]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yankton_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankton Dakota">Yankton Dakota</a></td> <td>Way-atch-a<a href="#cite_note-seton1010-382">[381]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cozumel_raccoon" title="Cozumel raccoon">Cozumel raccoon</a>, an endangered species in the Yucatán Peninsula</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">Crab-eating raccoon</a>, of Central and South America, eats crustaceans amongst other things</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoon dog">Raccoon dog</a>, native to East Asia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> Other nicknames were "Alabama toothpick", "Arkansas toothpick", "mountain man toothpick" and "Texas toothpick". </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn-1"><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite 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Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 627–628. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8221-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494">62265494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Order+Carnivora&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.pages=627-628&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62265494&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rft.aulast=Wozencraft&rft.aufirst=W.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.departments.bucknell.edu%2Fbiology%2Fresources%2Fmsw3%2Fbrowse.asp%3Fid%3D14001664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-msw3b-38"><a href="#cite_ref-msw3b_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWozencraft2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Chris_Wozencraft" title="W. Chris Wozencraft">Wozencraft, W. C.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14001687">"Order Carnivora"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Don_E._Wilson" title="Don E. Wilson">Wilson, D. E.</a>; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA628">Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</a> (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 628. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8221-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494">62265494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Order+Carnivora&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.pages=628&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62265494&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rft.aulast=Wozencraft&rft.aufirst=W.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.departments.bucknell.edu%2Fbiology%2Fresources%2Fmsw3%2Fbrowse.asp%3Fid%3D14001687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200242–46-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeveloff200242–46_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZeveloff2002">Zeveloff 2002</a>, pp. 42–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelgenWilson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Helgen, Kristofer M.; Wilson, Don E. 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Illinois, it turns out, has bountiful supply of the critters – and fans and foodies are gobbling them up – Chicago Tribune"</a>. Archives.chicagotribune.com. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/251/story/59566.html">the original</a> on August 1, 2009. Retrieved March 19, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mcclatchydc.com&rft.atitle=The+other+dark+meat%3A+Raccoon+is+making+it+to+the+table&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcclatchydc.com%2F251%2Fstory%2F59566.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622145257/http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/mammals/raccoon/">"Mammals: Raccoon – (Procyon lotor)"</a>. Mdc.mo.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/mammals/raccoon/">the original</a> on June 22, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mammals%3A+Raccoon+%E2%80%93+%28Procyon+lotor%29&rft.pub=Mdc.mo.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmdc.mo.gov%2Fnathis%2Fmammals%2Fraccoon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081023082129/http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/wildlife/raccoon.asp">"Raccoon"</a>. Nebraska Wildlife Species Guide. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/wildlife/raccoon.asp">the original</a> on October 23, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nebraska+Wildlife+Species+Guide&rft.atitle=Raccoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngpc.state.ne.us%2Fwildlife%2Fraccoon.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crossan2015-349"><a href="#cite_ref-crossan2015_349-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossan2015" class="citation news cs1">Crossan, Ashley (November 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etonline.com/movies/176381_anthony_mackie_on_how_to_cook_raccoon">"'The Night Before' Star Anthony Mackie Perfectly Details How to Cook a Raccoon"</a>. Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved November 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Tonight&rft.atitle=%27The+Night+Before%27+Star+Anthony+Mackie+Perfectly+Details+How+to+Cook+a+Raccoon&rft.date=2015-11-18&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etonline.com%2Fmovies%2F176381_anthony_mackie_on_how_to_cook_raccoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeveloff20025-350"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeveloff20025_350-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZeveloff2002">Zeveloff 2002</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierce2019" class="citation book cs1">Pierce, Daniel S. (August 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUaqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT414">Tar Heel Lightnin': How Secret Stills and Fast Cars Made North Carolina the Moonshine Capital of the World</a>. UNC Press Books. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-5356-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-5356-3"><bdi>978-1-4696-5356-3</bdi></a>. <q>...the raccoon penis bone that Popcorn Sutton stuck through his trademark fedora and used to ensure that the condensed moonshine flowed smoothly into a collection container.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tar+Heel+Lightnin%27%3A+How+Secret+Stills+and+Fast+Cars+Made+North+Carolina+the+Moonshine+Capital+of+the+World&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2019-08-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-5356-3&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIUaqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> Charlotte Collins Bond. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegagenweb.com/gamadison/history/coonrod.htm">"Coonrod: Arkansas Tooth-pick."</a> Madison County GAGenWeb archives. 1998. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elizabethprata.blogspot.com/2007/06/on-madison-countys-coonrod-competition.html">Reprinted</a>) Retrieved 5 July 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Sullivan-354">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Sullivan_354-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Sullivan_354-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Sullivan_354-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoanne_O'Sullivan2010" class="citation book cs1">Joanne O'Sullivan (March 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQAUTJS5frAC&pg=PA87">Book of Superstitious Stuff: Weird Happenings, Wacky Rites, Frightening Fears, Mysterious Myths & Other Bizarre Beliefs</a>. Charlesbridge Publishing. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60734-367-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60734-367-7"><bdi>978-1-60734-367-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151229155808/https://books.google.com/books?id=kQAUTJS5frAC&pg=PA87">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015. <q>In the hoodoo (folk magic) tradition of the American South, a raccoon penis bone (scientifically known as the baculum) is a lucky charm used to attract love. In some areas, it's boiled to remove any trace of the animal, and then tied to a red ribbon and worn as a necklace. In other areas, the bones were traditionally given to girls and young women by suitors, and in still other places, the charms are worn by men. Earrings made from <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">cast</a> raccoon penis bones became a fad in 2004, and celebrities such as Sarah Jessica Parker and Vanessa Williams were photographed wearing them. New Orleans gamblers are said to use the bones (also called coon dogs and Texas toothpicks) for luck.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Superstitious+Stuff%3A+Weird+Happenings%2C+Wacky+Rites%2C+Frightening+Fears%2C+Mysterious+Myths+%26+Other+Bizarre+Beliefs&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Charlesbridge+Publishing&rft.date=2010-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60734-367-7&rft.au=Joanne+O%27Sullivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQAUTJS5frAC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knoxvilledailysun.com/lifestyle/2013/june/corn-in-a-jar.html">"'Corn from a Jar' Traces Moonshine's Smoky Mountain History"</a>. Knoxville Daily Sun. June 29, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knoxville+Daily+Sun&rft.atitle=%27Corn+from+a+Jar%27+Traces+Moonshine%27s+Smoky+Mountain+History.&rft.date=2013-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knoxvilledailysun.com%2Flifestyle%2F2013%2Fjune%2Fcorn-in-a-jar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartussek200444-356">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartussek200444_356-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartussek200444_356-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartussek200444_356-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartussek200444_356-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartussek2004">Bartussek 2004</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001173–174-357"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001173–174_357-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHohmannBartussekBöer2001">Hohmann, Bartussek & Böer 2001</a>, pp. 173–174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock1981129-358"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacClintock1981129_358-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacClintock1981">MacClintock 1981</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluettCraven1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bluett, Robert; Craven, Scott (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081031124153/http://learningstore.uwex.edu/pdf/G3304.pdf">"The Raccoon (Procyon lotor)"</a> (PDF). Cooperative Extension. Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System: 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learningstore.uwex.edu/pdf/G3304.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 31, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cooperative+Extension&rft.atitle=The+Raccoon+%28Procyon+lotor%29&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bluett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Craven%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearningstore.uwex.edu%2Fpdf%2FG3304.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman2007" class="citation cs2">Truman, Margaret (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIvmzQ33sm0C&pg=PT150">The President's House: 1800 to the Present</a>, Random House, p. 150, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307417312" title="Special:BookSources/9780307417312"><bdi>9780307417312</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+President%27s+House%3A+1800+to+the+Present&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780307417312&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIvmzQ33sm0C%26pg%3DPT150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001185–186-361"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001185–186_361-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHohmannBartussekBöer2001">Hohmann, Bartussek & Böer 2001</a>, pp. 185–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001186-362"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001186_362-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHohmannBartussekBöer2001">Hohmann, Bartussek & Böer 2001</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001185-363"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001185_363-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHohmannBartussekBöer2001">Hohmann, Bartussek & Böer 2001</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001180-364"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001180_364-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHohmannBartussekBöer2001">Hohmann, Bartussek & Böer 2001</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-gutachten-365">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gutachten_365-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gutachten_365-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225123327/http://www.lotor.de/download/haltung_saeugetiere.pdf">Gutachten über Mindestanforderungen an die Haltung von Säugetieren</a> (PDF) (in German). Bonn, Germany: Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft. June 10, 1996. pp. 42–43. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lotor.de/download/haltung_saeugetiere.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gutachten+%C3%BCber+Mindestanforderungen+an+die+Haltung+von+S%C3%A4ugetieren&rft.place=Bonn%2C+Germany&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Bundesministerium+f%C3%BCr+Verbraucherschutz%2C+Ern%C3%A4hrung+und+Landwirtschaft&rft.date=1996-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lotor.de%2Fdownload%2Fhaltung_saeugetiere.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mindestanforderungen-366">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mindestanforderungen_366-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mindestanforderungen_366-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2004_II_486/COO_2026_100_2_155421.pdf">Mindestanforderungen an die Haltung von Säugetieren</a> (PDF) (in German). Bundesministerium für Gesundheit und Frauen. December 17, 2004. p. 23. Retrieved August 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mindestanforderungen+an+die+Haltung+von+S%C3%A4ugetieren&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Bundesministerium+f%C3%BCr+Gesundheit+und+Frauen&rft.date=2004-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ris.bka.gv.at%2FDokumente%2FBgblAuth%2FBGBLA_2004_II_486%2FCOO_2026_100_2_155421.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001184,_187-367"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001184,_187_367-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHohmannBartussekBöer2001">Hohmann, Bartussek & Böer 2001</a>, pp. 184, 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock1981130–131-368"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacClintock1981130–131_368-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacClintock1981">MacClintock 1981</a>, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacClintock1981130-369"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacClintock1981130_369-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacClintock1981">MacClintock 1981</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001175–176-370"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHohmannBartussekBöer2001175–176_370-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHohmannBartussekBöer2001">Hohmann, Bartussek & Böer 2001</a>, pp. 175–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hww.ca/fr/faune/mammiferes/le-raton-laveur.html">"Faune et flore du pays - Le raton laveur"</a>. www.hww.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hww.ca&rft.atitle=Faune+et+flore+du+pays+-+Le+raton+laveur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hww.ca%2Ffr%2Ffaune%2Fmammiferes%2Fle-raton-laveur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reid2009-372">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reid2009_372-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reid2009_372-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reid2009_372-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reid2009_372-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reid2009_372-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reid2009_372-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reid2009_372-6">g</a> Reid, F. A. (2009). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America and Southeast Mexico. Oxford University Press. P. 263. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-534322-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-534322-0">0-19-534322-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-crawford1989-373"><a href="#cite_ref-crawford1989_373-0">^</a> Crawford, J. M. (1989). Cocopa Dictionary. p. 497. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-09749-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-09749-1">0-520-09749-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creedictionary.com/search/?q=raccoon&scope=0">"Search Results for: raccoon"</a>. Cree Dictionary. Miyo Wahkohtowin Education Authority. Retrieved October 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cree+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Search+Results+for%3A+raccoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creedictionary.com%2Fsearch%2F%3Fq%3Draccoon%26scope%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis" class="citation web cs1">Ellis, C. Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spokencree.org/Glossary/entry/kimoci%C5%A1kw-">"kimociškw-"</a>. Spoken Cree , Cree Legends and Narratives: Glossary. Moose and Swampy Cree Dictionary. Retrieved October 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spoken+Cree+%2C+Cree+Legends+and+Narratives%3A+Glossary&rft.atitle=kimoci%C5%A1kw-&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=C.+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspokencree.org%2FGlossary%2Fentry%2Fkimoci%25C5%25A1kw-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin2004-376"><a href="#cite_ref-martin2004_376-0">^</a> Martin, J. P. & Mauldin, M. M. (2004). A Dictionary of Creek/Muskogee. p. 150. University of Nebraska Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-8302-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-8302-4">0-8032-8302-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> *Ullrich, Jan. (2008). New Lakota Dictionary. Lakota Language Consortium. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9761082-9-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9761082-9-1">0-9761082-9-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150901051148/http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=5351">"nahënëm"</a>. Lenape Talking Dictionary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=5351">the original</a> on September 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lenape+Talking+Dictionary&rft.atitle=nah%C3%ABn%C3%ABm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talk-lenape.org%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D5351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dictionary of Louisiana French: As Spoken in Cajun, Creole, and American Indian Communities. University Press of Mississippi (published November 12, 2009). 2010. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604734034" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604734034"><bdi>978-1604734034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Louisiana+French%3A+As+Spoken+in+Cajun%2C+Creole%2C+and+American+Indian+Communities&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1604734034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> Neundorf, A. (1983). A Navajo/English Bilingual Dictionary: Áłchíní Bi Naaltsoostsoh. p. 615. UNM Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-3825-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-3825-9">0-8263-3825-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> Aoki, Haruo (1994). Nez Percé dictionary. p.268. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-09763-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-09763-7">0-520-09763-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-seton1010-382">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seton1010_382-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seton1010_382-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeton1909">Seton 1909</a>, pp. 1010 </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitawanakwatSheldonNoodinSt._Andrew2023" class="citation web cs1">Pitawanakwat, Alphonse; Sheldon, Stacie; Noodin, Margaret; St. Andrew, Megan (October 25, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojibwe.net/wild-animals-awesiinh/">"Wild Animals (Awesiinh)"</a>. Ojibwe.net. Retrieved October 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ojibwe.net&rft.atitle=Wild+Animals+%28Awesiinh%29&rft.date=2023-10-25&rft.aulast=Pitawanakwat&rft.aufirst=Alphonse&rft.au=Sheldon%2C+Stacie&rft.au=Noodin%2C+Margaret&rft.au=St.+Andrew%2C+Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojibwe.net%2Fwild-animals-awesiinh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omahaponca.unl.edu/omaha/view/5962">"Omaha Ponca Dictionary Omaha"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Omaha+Ponca+Dictionary+Omaha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fomahaponca.unl.edu%2Fomaha%2Fview%2F5962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> Parks, R. P.; Pratt, L. N. (2008). A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee. p. 252. University of Nebraska Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1926-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1926-1">0-8032-1926-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-pitkin1985-386"><a href="#cite_ref-pitkin1985_386-0">^</a> Pitkin, H. (1985). Wintu Dictionary. University of California Press. pp. 890. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-09613-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-09613-4">0-520-09613-4</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Raccoon" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Raccoon">Raccoon</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raccoon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartussek2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bartussek, Ingo (2004). Die Waschbären kommen (in German). Niedenstein, Germany: Cognitio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-932583-10-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-932583-10-0"><bdi>978-3-932583-10-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Waschb%C3%A4ren+kommen&rft.place=Niedenstein%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Cognitio&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-932583-10-0&rft.aulast=Bartussek&rft.aufirst=Ingo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldmanJackson1950" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Edward A.; Jackson, Hartley H.T. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raccoonsofnorthm60gold">Raccoons of North and Middle America</a>. North American Fauna. Vol. 60. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raccoons+of+North+and+Middle+America&rft.place=Washington&rft.series=North+American+Fauna&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior%2C+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Hartley+H.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraccoonsofnorthm60gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeptnerSludskii2002" class="citation book cs1">Heptner, V.G.; Sludskii, A.A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov212001gept#page/1372/mode/2up">Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II, part 1b, Carnivores (Mustelidae & Procyonidae)</a>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08876-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08876-4"><bdi>978-90-04-08876-4</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+the+Soviet+Union.+Vol.+II%2C+part+1b%2C+Carnivores+%28Mustelidae+%26+Procyonidae%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Libraries+and+National+Science+Foundation&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08876-4&rft.aulast=Heptner&rft.aufirst=V.G.&rft.au=Sludskii%2C+A.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmammalsofsov212001gept%23page%2F1372%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHohmannBartussekBöer2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hohmann, Ulf; Bartussek, Ingo; Böer, Bernhard (2001). Der Waschbär (in German). Reutlingen, Germany: Oertel+Spörer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88627-301-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88627-301-0"><bdi>978-3-88627-301-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Waschb%C3%A4r&rft.place=Reutlingen%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Oertel%2BSp%C3%B6rer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-88627-301-0&rft.aulast=Hohmann&rft.aufirst=Ulf&rft.au=Bartussek%2C+Ingo&rft.au=B%C3%B6er%2C+Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmgren1990" class="citation book cs1">Holmgren, Virginia C. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raccoonsinfolklo0000holm">Raccoons in Folklore, History and Today's Backyards</a>. Santa Barbara, California: Capra Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88496-312-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88496-312-7"><bdi>978-0-88496-312-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raccoons+in+Folklore%2C+History+and+Today%27s+Backyards&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=Capra+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-88496-312-7&rft.aulast=Holmgren&rft.aufirst=Virginia+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraccoonsinfolklo0000holm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagoni-Hansen1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lagoni-Hansen, Anke (1981). Der Waschbär (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87341-037-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87341-037-4"><bdi>978-3-87341-037-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Waschb%C3%A4r&rft.place=Mainz%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Verlag+Dieter+Hoffmann&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-3-87341-037-4&rft.aulast=Lagoni-Hansen&rft.aufirst=Anke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacClintock1981" class="citation book cs1">MacClintock, Dorcas (1981). A Natural History of Raccoons. Caldwell, New Jersey: Blackburn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930665-67-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930665-67-5"><bdi>978-1-930665-67-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Raccoons&rft.place=Caldwell%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Blackburn+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-1-930665-67-5&rft.aulast=MacClintock&rft.aufirst=Dorcas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeton1909" class="citation book cs1">Seton, Ernest Thompson (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifehistoriesofn02seto#page/1010/mode/2up">Life-histories of northern animals: an account of the mammals of Manitoba</a>. New York City: Scribner – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life-histories+of+northern+animals%3A+an+account+of+the+mammals+of+Manitoba&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Seton&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flifehistoriesofn02seto%23page%2F1010%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeveloff2002" class="citation book cs1">Zeveloff, Samuel I. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raccoonsnaturalh0000zeve">Raccoons: A Natural History</a>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-033-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-033-7"><bdi>978-1-58834-033-7</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raccoons%3A+A+Natural+History&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58834-033-7&rft.aulast=Zeveloff&rft.aufirst=Samuel+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraccoonsnaturalh0000zeve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Procyon_lotor" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Procyon lotor">Procyon lotor</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fohn.net/raccoon-pictures-facts/">Raccoon Tracks</a> – general information about raccoons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830020113/http://wdfw.wa.gov/living/raccoons.html">Raccoons – Living with Wildlife</a> – information about dealing with urban raccoons from the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/raccoon-nation/introduction/7518/">"Raccoon Nation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature (TV series)">Nature</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Raccoon+Nation&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fnature%2Fepisodes%2Fraccoon-nation%2Fintroduction%2F7518%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaccoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=fYSa58ZPnVE">The Biology and Management of the Raccoon</a>, c. 1970, Archives of Ontario YouTube Channel</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Feliformia_(&quot;cat-like&quot;_carnivorans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia ("cat-like" carnivorans)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feliformia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_palm_civet" title="African palm civet">African palm civet (Nandinia binotata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feloidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feloidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prionodon_(Asiatic_linsangs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_linsang" title="Asiatic linsang">Prionodon</a> (Asiatic linsangs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_linsang" title="Banded linsang">Banded linsang (P. linsang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_linsang" title="Spotted linsang">Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Felidae_(cats)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a> (cats)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantherinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pantherinae" title="Pantherinae">Pantherinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neofelis" title="Neofelis">Neofelis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_clouded_leopard" title="Sunda clouded leopard">Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard (P. uncia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tiger (P. tigris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguar (P. onca)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion (P. leo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopard (P. pardus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felinae" title="Felinae">Felinae</a> sensu stricto</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Bay cat lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pardofelis" title="Pardofelis">Pardofelis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_cat" title="Marbled cat">Marbled cat (P. marmorata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catopuma" title="Catopuma">Catopuma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_cat" title="Bay cat">Bay cat (C. badia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_golden_cat" title="Asian golden cat">Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Caracal lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serval" title="Serval">Serval (Leptailurus serval)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caracal_(genus)" title="Caracal (genus)">Caracal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_golden_cat" title="African golden cat">African golden cat (C. aurata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">Caracal (C. caracal)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Leopardus" title="Leopardus">Leopardus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_cat" title="Pampas cat">Pampas cat (L. colocola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_cat" title="Geoffroy's cat">Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodkod" title="Kodkod">Kodkod (L. guigna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopardus_guttulus" title="Leopardus guttulus">Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_mountain_cat" title="Andean mountain cat">Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">Ocelot (L. pardalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncilla" title="Oncilla">Oncilla (L. tigrinus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margay" title="Margay">Margay (L. wiedii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">Lynx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx (L. canadensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat (L. rufus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Puma lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Acinonyx" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acinonyx" title="Acinonyx">Acinonyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah (A. jubatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaguarundi" title="Jaguarundi">Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">Puma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (P. concolor)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Leopard cat lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prionailurus" title="Prionailurus">Prionailurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_leopard_cat" title="Sunda leopard cat">Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_cat" title="Flat-headed cat">Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_cat" title="Rusty-spotted cat">Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Felis" title="Felis">Felis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mountain_cat" title="Chinese mountain cat">Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Domestic cat (F. catus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">Jungle cat (F. chaus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wildcat" title="African wildcat">African wildcat (F. lybica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_cat" title="Sand cat">Sand cat (F. margarita)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_cat" title="Black-footed cat">Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat (F. silvestris)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Viverroidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverridae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemigalinae" title="Hemigalinae">Hemigalinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owston%27s_palm_civet" title="Owston's palm civet">Owston's palm civet (Chrotogale owstoni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_civet" title="Otter civet">Otter civet (Cynogale bennettii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose%27s_palm_civet" title="Hose's palm civet">Hose's palm civet (Diplogale hosei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_palm_civet" title="Banded palm civet">Banded palm civet (Hemigalus derbyanus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurinae" title="Paradoxurinae">Paradoxurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">Binturong (Arctictis binturong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-toothed_palm_civet" title="Small-toothed palm civet">Small-toothed palm civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_palm_civet" title="Sulawesi palm civet">Sulawesi palm civet (Macrogalidia musschenbroekii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">Masked palm civet (Paguma larvata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurus" title="Paradoxurus">Paradoxurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_palm_civet" title="Brown palm civet">Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_palm_civet" title="Golden palm civet">Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverrinae_sensu_lato" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"> <a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a> sensu lato</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a> sensu stricto</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_civet" title="African civet">African civet (Civettictis civetta)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viverra" title="Viverra">Viverra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_large-spotted_civet" title="Malabar large-spotted civet">Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-spotted_civet" title="Large-spotted civet">Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_civet" title="Malayan civet">Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Genettinae" title="Genettinae">Genettinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Poiana_(genus)" title="Poiana (genus)">Poiana</a> (African linsangs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_oyan" title="Central African oyan">Central African oyan (P. richardsonii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_oyan" title="West African oyan">West African oyan (P. leightoni)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Genet_(animal)" title="Genet (animal)">Genetta</a> (genets)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_genet" title="Abyssinian genet">Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_genet" title="Angolan genet">Angolan genet (G. angolensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourlon%27s_genet" title="Bourlon's genet">Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crested_servaline_genet" title="Crested servaline genet">Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_genet" title="Common genet">Common genet (G. genetta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston%27s_genet" title="Johnston's genet">Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letaba_genet" title="Letaba genet">Letaba genet (G. letabae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_genet" title="Rusty-spotted genet">Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardine_genet" title="Pardine genet">Pardine genet (G. pardina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_genet" title="Aquatic genet">Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_genet" title="King genet">King genet (G. poensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servaline_genet" title="Servaline genet">Servaline genet (G. servalina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_genet" title="Hausa genet">Hausa genet (G. thierryi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_genet" title="Cape genet">Cape genet (G. tigrina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_genet" title="Giant forest genet">Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_small-spotted_genet" title="South African small-spotted genet">South African small-spotted genet (G. felina)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Herpestoidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hyaenidae(hyenas)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">Hyaenidae</a> (hyenas)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Proteles" title="Proteles">Proteles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardwolf" title="Aardwolf">Aardwolf (P. cristata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyaeninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaeninae">Hyaeninae</a> (bone-crushing hyenas)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">Brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crocuta" title="Crocuta">Crocuta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> sensu lato</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae</a> (Malagasy carnivorans)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.7em"><a href="/wiki/Euplerinae" title="Euplerinae">Euplerinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(animal)" title="Fossa (animal)">Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Malagasy civet (Fossa fossana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eupleres" title="Eupleres">Eupleres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_falanouc" title="Eastern falanouc">Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_falanouc" title="Western falanouc">Western falanouc (E. major)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.7em"><a href="/wiki/Galidiinae" title="Galidiinae">Galidiinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring-tailed_vontsira" title="Ring-tailed vontsira">Ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galidictis" title="Galidictis">Galidictis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-striped_Malagasy_mongoose" title="Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose">Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandidier%27s_mongoose" title="Grandidier's mongoose">Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-striped_mongoose" title="Narrow-striped mongoose">Narrow-striped mongoose (Mungotictis decemlineata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salanoia" title="Salanoia">Salanoia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-tailed_mongoose" title="Brown-tailed mongoose">Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrell%27s_vontsira" title="Durrell's vontsira">Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> sensu stricto (mongooses)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Mungotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Suricata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suricata" title="Suricata">Suricata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat (S. suricatta)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_mongoose" title="Liberian mongoose">Liberian mongoose (Liberiictus kuhni)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mungos" title="Mungos">Mungos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_mongoose" title="Gambian mongoose">Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_mongoose" title="Banded mongoose">Banded mongoose (M. mungo)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pousargues%27s_mongoose" title="Pousargues's mongoose">Pousargues's mongoose (Dologale dybowskii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Helogale" title="Helogale">Helogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_dwarf_mongoose" title="Ethiopian dwarf mongoose">Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_dwarf_mongoose" title="Common dwarf mongoose">Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crossarchus" title="Crossarchus">Crossarchus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_kusimanse" title="Alexander's kusimanse">Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_kusimanse" title="Angolan kusimanse">Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_kusimanse" title="Common kusimanse">Common kusimanse (C. obscurus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_kusimanse" title="Flat-headed kusimanse">Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Herpestinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_mongoose" title="Marsh mongoose">Marsh mongoose (Atilax paludinosus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_mongoose" title="Long-nosed mongoose">Long-nosed mongoose (Xenogale naso)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urva_(genus)" title="Urva (genus)">Urva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_mongoose" title="Short-tailed mongoose">Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_brown_mongoose" title="Indian brown mongoose">Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_mongoose" title="Javan mongoose">Javan mongoose (U. javanica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collared_mongoose" title="Collared mongoose">Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruddy_mongoose" title="Ruddy mongoose">Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_mongoose" title="Crab-eating mongoose">Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripe-necked_mongoose" title="Stripe-necked mongoose">Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_mongoose" title="White-tailed mongoose">White-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_mongoose" title="Yellow mongoose">Yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selous%27s_mongoose" title="Selous's mongoose">Selous's mongoose (Paracynictis selousi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meller%27s_mongoose" title="Meller's mongoose">Meller's mongoose (Rhynchogale melleri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bdeogale" title="Bdeogale">Bdeogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy-tailed_mongoose" title="Bushy-tailed mongoose">Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_mongoose" title="Jackson's mongoose">Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_mongoose" title="Black-footed mongoose">Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herpestes" title="Herpestes">Herpestes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_slender_mongoose" title="Angolan slender mongoose">Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mongoose" title="Egyptian mongoose">Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_slender_mongoose" title="Somalian slender mongoose">Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochracea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_gray_mongoose" title="Cape gray mongoose">Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulenta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_slender_mongoose" title="Common slender mongoose">Common slender mongoose (H. sanguinea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Caniformia_(&quot;dog-like&quot;_carnivorans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia ("dog-like" carnivorans)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Canidae_(dogs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> (dogs)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Urocyon" title="Urocyon">Urocyon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_fox" title="Island fox">Island fox (U. littoralis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Vulpini" title="Vulpini">Vulpini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">Bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Nyctereutes" title="Nyctereutes">Nyctereutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">Common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raccoon_dog" title="Japanese raccoon dog">Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Vulpes" title="Vulpes">Vulpes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox (V. bengalensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanford%27s_fox" title="Blanford's fox">Blanford's fox (V. cana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_fox" title="Cape fox">Cape fox (V. chama)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">Corsac fox (V. corsac)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_fox" title="Tibetan fox">Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox (V. lagopus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_fox" title="Kit fox">Kit fox (V. macrotis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_fox" title="Pale fox">Pale fox (V. pallida)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_fox" title="Rüppell's fox">Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_fox" title="Swift fox">Swift fox (V. velox)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox (V. vulpes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">Fennec fox (V. zerda)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Canini_(tribe)" title="Canini (tribe)">Canini</a> (true dogs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Cerdocyonina" title="Cerdocyonina">Cerdocyonina</a> (zorro)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speothos" title="Speothos">Speothos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_dog" title="Bush dog">Bush dog (S. venaticus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-eared_dog" title="Short-eared dog">Short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_fox" title="Crab-eating fox">Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_American_fox" title="South American fox">Lycalopex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">Culpeo (L. culpaeus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_fox" title="Darwin's fox">Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_gray_fox" title="South American gray fox">South American gray fox (L. griseus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_fox" title="Pampas fox">Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechuran_fox" title="Sechuran fox">Sechuran fox (L. sechurae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoary_fox" title="Hoary fox">Hoary fox (L. vetulus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Canina_(subtribe)" title="Canina (subtribe)">Canina</a> (wolf-like canids)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lupulella" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lupulella" title="Lupulella">Lupulella</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">Side-striped jackal (L. adustus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal (L. mesomelas)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole (Cuon alpinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">Golden jackal (C. aureus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Domestic dog (C. familiaris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote (C. latrans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf (C. lupaster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf (C. lupus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">Eastern wolf (C. lycaon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf (C. rufus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Ursidae</a> (bears)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><a href="/wiki/Ailuropoda" title="Ailuropoda">Ailuropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><a href="/wiki/Tremarctos" title="Tremarctos">Tremarctos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)">Ursus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear (U. americanus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear (U. arctos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear (U. maritimus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Mustelida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia</a> (seals)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pinnipedia_(seals)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia (seals)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">Otariidae</a> (eared seals: <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Callorhinus" title="Callorhinus">Callorhinus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otariinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariinae">Otariinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zalophus" title="Zalophus">Zalophus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion (Z. californianus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neophoca" title="Neophoca">Neophoca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus" title="Arctocephalus">Arctocephalus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_fur_seal" title="South American fur seal">South American fur seal (A. australis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus_forsteri" title="Arctocephalus forsteri">Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_fur_seal" title="Juan Fernández fur seal">Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">Brown fur seal (A. pusillus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_fur_seal" title="Guadalupe fur seal">Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_fur_seal" title="Subantarctic fur seal">Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">Phocidae</a> (earless seals or true seals)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Phocinae" title="Phocinae">Phocinae</a> ("northern seals")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">Hooded seal (Cystophora cristata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phocini" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocini">Phocini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca">Phoca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">Spotted seal (P. largha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Harbor seal (P. vitulina)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pusa" title="Pusa">Pusa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">Caspian seal (P. caspica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal (P. hispida)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal (P. sibirica)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monachinae" title="Monachinae">Monachinae</a> ("southern seals")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monachini(monk_seals)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monk_seal" title="Monk seal">Monachini</a> (monk seals)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neomonachus" title="Neomonachus">Neomonachus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seal (N. schauinslandi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">Mirounga</a> (elephant seals)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lobodontini" title="Lobodontini">Lobodontini</a> (Antarctic seals)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophagus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Musteloidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ailuridae" title="Ailuridae">Ailuridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">Red panda (Ailurus fulgens)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mephitidae" title="Mephitidae">Mephitidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hog-nosed_skunk" title="Hog-nosed skunk">Conepatus</a> (hog-nosed skunks)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molina%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Molina's hog-nosed skunk">Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk">Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_hog-nosed_skunk" title="American hog-nosed skunk">American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Striped hog-nosed skunk">Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mephitis_(genus)" title="Mephitis (genus)">Mephitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_skunk" title="Hooded skunk">Hooded skunk (M. macroura)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">Striped skunk (M. mephitis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Stink_badger" title="Stink badger">Mydaus</a> (stink badgers)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_stink_badger" title="Sunda stink badger">Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_stink_badger" title="Palawan stink badger">Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Spotted_skunk" title="Spotted skunk">Spilogale</a> (spotted skunks)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_spotted_skunk" title="Southern spotted skunk">Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_spotted_skunk" title="Western spotted skunk">Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_spotted_skunk" title="Eastern spotted skunk">Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_spotted_skunk" title="Pygmy spotted skunk">Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinkajou" title="Kinkajou">Kinkajou (Potos flavus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Bassariscus" title="Bassariscus">Bassariscus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail" title="Ringtail">Ringtail (B. astutus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacomistle" title="Cacomistle">Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Procyon_(genus)" title="Procyon (genus)">Procyon</a> (raccoons)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raccoon (P. lotor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozumel_raccoon" title="Cozumel raccoon">Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Bassaricyon" title="Bassaricyon">Bassaricyon</a> (olingos)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_lowland_olingo" title="Eastern lowland olingo">Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_olingo" title="Northern olingo">Northern olingo (B. gabbii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_olingo" title="Western lowland olingo">Western lowland olingo (B. medius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olinguito" title="Olinguito">Olinguito (B. neblina)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">Nasuina</a> (coatis)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nasua" title="Nasua">Nasua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_coati" title="South American coati">South American coati (N. nasua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-nosed_coati" title="White-nosed coati">White-nosed coati (N. narica)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nasuella" title="Nasuella">Nasuella</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_meridensis" title="Nasuella meridensis">Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_olivacea" title="Nasuella olivacea">Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mustelidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mustelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">American badger (Taxidea taxus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mellivora" title="Mellivora">Mellivora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">Honey badger (M. capensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Melinae</a> (Eurasian badgers)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hog_badger" title="Hog badger">Arctonyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_hog_badger" title="Northern hog badger">Northern hog badger (A. albogularis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_hog_badger" title="Greater hog badger">Greater hog badger (A. collaris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_hog_badger" title="Sumatran hog badger">Sumatran hog badger (A. hoevenii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meles_(genus)" title="Meles (genus)">Meles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_badger" title="Japanese badger">Japanese badger (M. anakuma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_badger" title="Caucasian badger">Caucasian badger (M. canescens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_badger" title="Asian badger">Asian badger (M. leucurus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">European badger (M. meles)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ferret-badger" title="Ferret-badger">Melogale</a> (ferret-badgers)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_ferret-badger" title="Vietnam ferret-badger">Vietnam ferret-badger (M. cucphuongensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_ferret_badger" title="Bornean ferret badger">Bornean ferret badger (M. everetti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ferret-badger" title="Chinese ferret-badger">Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_ferret-badger" title="Javan ferret-badger">Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_ferret-badger" title="Burmese ferret-badger">Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_ferret-badger" title="Formosan ferret-badger">Formosan ferret-badger (M. subaurantiaca)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Guloninae" title="Guloninae">Guloninae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayra" title="Tayra">Tayra (Eira barbara)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Pekania" title="Pekania">Pekania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">Fisher (P. pennanti)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Gulo" title="Gulo">Gulo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverine (G. gulo)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">Martes</a> (martens)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_marten" title="American marten">American marten (M. americana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_marten" title="Pacific marten">Pacific marten (M. caurina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">Beech marten (M. foina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_marten" title="Nilgiri marten">Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_pine_marten" title="European pine marten">European pine marten (M. martes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_marten" title="Japanese marten">Japanese marten (M. melampus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">Sable (M. zibellina)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ictonychinae" title="Ictonychinae">Ictonychinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyncodontini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyncodontini (page does not exist)">Lyncodontini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_weasel" title="Patagonian weasel">Patagonian weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Galictis" title="Galictis">Galictis</a> (grisons)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_grison" title="Lesser grison">Lesser grison (G. cuja)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_grison" title="Greater grison">Greater grison (G. vittata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ictonychini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ictonychini (page does not exist)">Ictonychini</a> (African polecats)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vormela" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Vormela</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_striped_weasel" title="African striped weasel">African striped weasel (Poecilogale albinucha)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ictonyx" title="Ictonyx">Ictonyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_striped_polecat" title="Saharan striped polecat">Saharan striped polecat (I. libycus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_polecat" title="Striped polecat">Striped polecat (I. striatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">Lutrinae</a> (otters)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_otter" title="Giant otter">Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lontra" title="Lontra">Lontra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">North American river otter (L. canadensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_otter" title="Marine otter">Marine otter (L. felina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_otter" title="Neotropical otter">Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_river_otter" title="Southern river otter">Southern river otter (L. provocax)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enhydra" title="Enhydra">Enhydra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">Sea otter (E. lutris)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted-necked_otter" title="Spotted-necked otter">Spotted-necked otter (Hydrictis maculicollis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutra" title="Lutra">Lutra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter (L. lutra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-nosed_otter" title="Hairy-nosed otter">Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutrogale" title="Lutrogale">Lutrogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aonyx" title="Aonyx">Aonyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_clawless_otter" title="African clawless otter">African clawless otter (A. capensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter" title="Asian small-clawed otter">Asian small-clawed otter (A. cinereus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_clawless_otter" title="Congo clawless otter">Congo clawless otter (A. congicus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustelinae" title="Mustelinae">Mustelinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Neogale" title="Neogale">Neogale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_weasel" title="Amazon weasel">Amazon weasel (N. africana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_weasel" title="Colombian weasel">Colombian weasel (N. felipei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_weasel" title="Long-tailed weasel">Long-tailed weasel (N. frenata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">American mink (N. vison)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">Mustela</a> (weasels)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustela_aistoodonnivalis" title="Mustela aistoodonnivalis">Sichuan weasel (M. aistoodonnivalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_weasel" title="Mountain weasel">Mountain weasel (M. altaica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">Stoat/Beringian ermine (M. erminea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_polecat" title="Steppe polecat">Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">Ferret (M. furo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_ermine" title="Haida ermine">Haida ermine (M. haidarum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_weasel" title="Japanese weasel">Japanese weasel (M. itatsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-bellied_weasel" title="Yellow-bellied weasel">Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mink" title="European mink">European mink (M. lutreola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mountain_weasel" title="Indonesian mountain weasel">Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">Least weasel (M. nivalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_weasel" title="Malayan weasel">Malayan weasel (M. nudipes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">European polecat (M. putorius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ermine" title="American ermine">American ermine (M. richardsonii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel (M. sibirica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-striped_weasel" title="Back-striped weasel">Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_Game" title="Template:North American Game"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_Game" title="Template talk:North American Game"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_Game" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American Game"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Game animals and shooting in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_bobwhite" title="Northern bobwhite">Bobwhite quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukar_partridge" title="Chukar partridge">Chukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_partridge" title="Grey partridge">Hungarian partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater prairie chicken">Prairie chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove">Mourning dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">Ring-necked pheasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">Ptarmigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffed_grouse" title="Ruffed grouse">Ruffed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp-tailed_grouse" title="Sharp-tailed grouse">Sharp-tailed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_snipe" title="Wilson's snipe">Snipe (common snipe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_grouse" title="Spruce grouse">Spruce grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcock" title="Woodcock">Woodcock</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterfowl hunters"><img alt="Waterfowl hunters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/65px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" decoding="async" width="65" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/98px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/130px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>Waterfowl hunters</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_duck" title="American black duck">Black duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvasback" title="Canvasback">Canvasback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadwall" title="Gadwall">Gadwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_scaup" title="Greater scaup">Greater scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_scaup" title="Lesser scaup">Lesser scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">Mallard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">Northern pintail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redhead_(bird)" title="Redhead (bird)">Redhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_goose" title="Ross's goose">Ross's goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_goose" title="Snow goose">Snow goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_duck" title="Wood duck">Wood duck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">Black bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">Razorback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison (buffalo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Caribou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (mountain lion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other quarry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_squirrel" title="Fox squirrel">Fox squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel" title="Eastern gray squirrel">Gray squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Opossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_hare" title="Snowshoe hare">Snowshoe hare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big-game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Procyon lotor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121439" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q121439">Q121439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Procyon_lotor" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Procyon lotor">Procyon lotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Procyon_lotor/">Procyon_lotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/northern-raccoon/procyon-lotor/">procyon-lotor</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1804">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=12550">12550</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4MPXY">4MPXY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/328598">328598</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PROYLO">PROYLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/11324">11324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:305355">305355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/a5b51408-7552-4b6c-9cd7-3367111f05d9">a5b51408-7552-4b6c-9cd7-3367111f05d9</a></li> <li>FEIS: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/mammal/prlo/all.html">prlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5218786">5218786</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Invasive_Species_Database" title="Global Invasive Species Database">GISD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1262">1262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/41663">41663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10935916">10935916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/67856">67856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180575">180575</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/41686">41686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1005892">1005892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14001664">14001664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.798324/">2.798324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021109776">NHMSYS0021109776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9654">9654</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/10041/">10041</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/1451680">1451680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Ohio Department of Natural Resources">ODNR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/http://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/species-and-habitats/species-guide-index/mammals/raccoon">raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=348040">348040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=50729">50729</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=14574">14574</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1451680">1451680</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Ursus lotor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106448107" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q106448107">Q106448107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/11737">11737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8337917">8337917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1451681">1451681</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/C4F2E18D-F636-451C-BD5C-4C7E406382E0">C4F2E18D-F636-451C-BD5C-4C7E406382E0</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a 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