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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Construction and cancellation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_and_cancellation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate_after_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate_after_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fate after the war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fate_after_the_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fate after the war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fate_after_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery_in_2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_in_2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">German aircraft carrier <i>Graf Zeppelin</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86" title="حاملة الطائرات الألمانية غراف زبلن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حاملة الطائرات الألمانية غراف زبلن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(1938)" title="Graf Zeppelin (1938) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (1938)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(letadlov%C3%A1_lo%C4%8F)" title="Graf Zeppelin (letadlová loď) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (letadlová loď)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(skib)" title="Graf Zeppelin (skib) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (skib)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(Schiff,_1938)" title="Graf Zeppelin (Schiff, 1938) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (Schiff, 1938)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(lennukikandja)" title="Graf Zeppelin (lennukikandja) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (lennukikandja)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(1938)" title="Graf Zeppelin (1938) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (1938)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviadila_%C5%9Dipo_Graf_Zeppelin" title="Aviadila ŝipo Graf Zeppelin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aviadila ŝipo Graf Zeppelin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(hegazkin-ontzia)" title="Graf Zeppelin (hegazkin-ontzia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (hegazkin-ontzia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ناو هواپیمابر گراف سپلین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناو هواپیمابر گراف سپلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(porte-avions)" title="Graf Zeppelin (porte-avions) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (porte-avions)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5%EB%AA%A8%ED%95%A8_%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%ED%94%84_%EC%B2%B4%ED%8E%A0%EB%A6%B0" title="독일 항공모함 그라프 체펠린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일 항공모함 그라프 체펠린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin" title="Graf Zeppelin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Graf Zeppelin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_induk_Jerman_Graf_Zeppelin" title="Kapal induk Jerman Graf Zeppelin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapal induk Jerman Graf Zeppelin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(portaerei)" title="Graf Zeppelin (portaerei) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (portaerei)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p-hordoz%C3%B3)" title="Graf Zeppelin (repülőgép-hordozó) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (repülőgép-hordozó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_pengangkut_pesawat_Graf_Zeppelin" title="Kapal pengangkut pesawat Graf Zeppelin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapal pengangkut pesawat Graf Zeppelin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(vliegdekschip)" title="Graf Zeppelin (vliegdekschip) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (vliegdekschip)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%84%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3_(%E7%A9%BA%E6%AF%8D)" title="グラーフ・ツェッペリン (空母) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラーフ・ツェッペリン (空母)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%ABGraf_Zeppelin%C2%BB_(1938)" title="«Graf Zeppelin» (1938) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="«Graf Zeppelin» (1938)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(1938)" title="Graf Zeppelin (1938) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (1938)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(porta-avi%C3%B5es)" title="Graf Zeppelin (porta-aviões) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (porta-aviões)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(1938)" title="Graf Zeppelin (1938) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (1938)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(laiva)" title="Graf Zeppelin (laiva) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (laiva)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin" title="Graf Zeppelin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Graf Zeppelin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เรือบรรทุกอากาศยาน กราฟ เซ็พเพอลีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรือบรรทุกอากาศยาน กราฟ เซ็พเพอลีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(1938)" title="Graf Zeppelin (1938) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (1938)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin_(t%C3%A0u_s%C3%A2n_bay_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c)" title="Graf Zeppelin (tàu sân bay Đức) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Graf Zeppelin (tàu sân bay Đức)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E8%99%9F%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%AF%8D%E8%89%A6" title="齊柏林伯爵號航空母艦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="齊柏林伯爵號航空母艦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q156962#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carrier</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graf-Zeppelin-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graf Zeppelin"><img alt="Graf Zeppelin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Graf-Zeppelin-2.jpg/300px-Graf-Zeppelin-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Graf-Zeppelin-2.jpg/450px-Graf-Zeppelin-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Graf-Zeppelin-2.jpg/600px-Graf-Zeppelin-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1867" data-file-height="1295" /></a></span><div><i>Graf Zeppelin</i> after her launching on 8 December 1938</div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">History</th></tr> <tr><th height="30" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:left;padding-left:2px;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/47px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/70px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/94px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span style="padding-left:1em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></span></th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Name</td><td><i>Graf Zeppelin</i></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Namesake</td><td>Count <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelin" title="Ferdinand von Zeppelin">Ferdinand von Zeppelin</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Builder</td><td><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Werke" title="Deutsche Werke">Deutsche Werke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> Shipyards</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Laid down</td><td>28 December 1936</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Launched</td><td>8 December 1938</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Fate</td><td>Sunk as a target ship on 16 August 1947</td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Class and type</td><td><a href="/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carrier"><i>Graf Zeppelin</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Displacement</td><td>33,550 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a> (34,088 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Full_load" class="mw-redirect" title="Full load">full load</a>)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td>262.5 m (861 ft 3 in)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>36.2 m (118 ft 9 in)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Draft</td><td>8.5 m (27 ft 11 in)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Installed power</td><td>200,000 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower" title="Horsepower">shaft horsepower</a> (150,000 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kW</a>)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td>4 geared turbines</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Speed</td><td>33.8 knots (62.6 km/h; 38.9 mph)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Range</td><td>8,000 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a> (15,000 <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>; 9,200 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Complement</td><td>1,720</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armament</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">16 × <a href="/wiki/15_cm_SK_C/28" title="15 cm SK C/28">15 cm SK C/28</a> guns</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">12 × <a href="/wiki/10.5_cm_SK_C/33" class="mw-redirect" title="10.5 cm SK C/33">10.5 cm SK C/33</a> guns</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">22 × <a href="/wiki/3.7_cm_SK_C/30" title="3.7 cm SK C/30">3.7 cm SK C/30</a> guns</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">28 × <a href="/wiki/2_cm_Flak_30/38/Flakvierling" class="mw-redirect" title="2 cm Flak 30/38/Flakvierling">2 cm FlaK</a> guns</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armor</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">Belt</a>: 100 mm (3.9 in)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">Flight deck: 45 mm (1.8 in)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">Main deck: 60 mm (2.4 in)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Aircraft carried</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">Proposed complement of 42<sup id="cite_ref-chesneau_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chesneau-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">1930 proposal: 30 <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a> & 12 <a href="/wiki/Dive_bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive bombers">dive bombers</a><sup id="cite_ref-chesneau_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chesneau-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">1939 proposal: 12 fighters & 30 dive bombers<sup id="cite_ref-chesneau_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chesneau-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ul></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <b>German aircraft carrier <i>Graf Zeppelin</i></b> was the <a href="/wiki/Lead_ship" title="Lead ship">lead ship</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carrier">class of two carriers</a> of the same name ordered by the <i><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. She was the only <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> launched by Germany and represented part of the <i>Kriegsmarine</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s attempt to create a well-balanced oceangoing fleet, capable of projecting German naval power far beyond the narrow confines of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Seas</a>. The carrier would have had a complement of 42 fighters and <a href="/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">dive bombers</a>. </p><p>Construction on <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> began on 28 December 1936, when her keel was laid down at the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Werke" title="Deutsche Werke">Deutsche Werke</a> shipyard in <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>. Named in honor of <i><a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Graf</a></i> (Count) <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelin" title="Ferdinand von Zeppelin">Ferdinand von Zeppelin</a>, the ship was <a href="/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship naming and launching">launched</a> on 8 December 1938, and was 85% complete by the outbreak of World War II in September 1939. <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> was not completed and was never operational due to shifting construction priorities necessitated by the war. She remained in the Baltic for the duration of the war; with Germany's defeat imminent, the ship's custodian crew scuttled her just outside <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin</a> in March 1945. The Soviet Union raised the ship in March 1946, and she was ultimately sunk in weapons tests north of Poland 17 months later. The wreck was discovered by a Polish survey ship in July 2006. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carrier">Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carrier</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graf-Zeppelin-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Graf-Zeppelin-1.jpg/220px-Graf-Zeppelin-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Graf-Zeppelin-1.jpg/330px-Graf-Zeppelin-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Graf-Zeppelin-1.jpg/440px-Graf-Zeppelin-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Projected recognition drawing of <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> had she been completed in September 1942</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Graf Zeppelin</i> was 262.5 meters (861 ft) <a href="/wiki/Length_overall" title="Length overall">long overall</a>; she had a <a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">beam</a> of 36.2 m (119 ft) and a maximum <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">draft</a> of 8.5 m (28 ft). At full combat load, she would have displaced 33,550 long tons (34,090 t). The ship's propulsion system consisted of four <a href="/wiki/Brown,_Boveri_%26_Cie" title="Brown, Boveri & Cie">Brown, Boveri & Cie</a> <a href="/wiki/Geared_turbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Geared turbine">geared turbines</a> with sixteen oil-fired, ultra-high-pressure <a href="/wiki/LaMont_boiler" title="LaMont boiler">LaMont boilers</a>. The power plant was rated at 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower" title="Horsepower">shaft horsepower</a> (150 MW) and a top speed of 33.8 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (62.6 km/h; 38.9 mph). <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> had a projected cruising radius of 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) at a speed of 19 kn (35 km/h; 22 mph). She would have had a crew of 1760 officers and enlisted men, plus flight crews.<sup id="cite_ref-G71_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G71-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ship's primary offensive power would have been its aircraft complement. <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> would have carried 42 aircraft as designed: 12 <a href="/wiki/Navalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Navalized">navalized</a> <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87#Ju_87C" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87</a> "Stuka" <a href="/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">dive bombers</a>, 10 <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109_variants#Bf_109T" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109 variants">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a> fighters, and 20 <a href="/wiki/Fieseler_Fi_167" title="Fieseler Fi 167">Fieseler Fi 167</a> <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_bomber" title="Torpedo bomber">torpedo bombers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later during the construction process, the aerial complement was reworked to consist of thirty Ju 87s and twelve Bf 109s, and the Fi 167s were removed altogether. As designed, <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> was to be fitted with eight <a href="/wiki/15_cm_SK_C/28" title="15 cm SK C/28">15 cm SK C/28</a> guns for defense against surface warships. This number was later increased to sixteen. Her anti-aircraft battery consisted of ten <a href="/wiki/10.5_cm_SK_C/33" class="mw-redirect" title="10.5 cm SK C/33">10.5 cm SK C/33</a> guns—later increased to twelve—twenty-two <a href="/wiki/3.7_cm_SK_C/30" title="3.7 cm SK C/30">3.7 cm SK C/30</a> guns, and twenty-eight <a href="/wiki/2_cm_Flak_30/38/Flakvierling" class="mw-redirect" title="2 cm Flak 30/38/Flakvierling">2 cm guns</a>. The ship's flight deck was protected with up to 45 millimeters (1.8 in) of <i>Wotan Weich</i> steel armor.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 60 mm-thick (2.4 in) armored deck was located under the deck to protect the ship's vitals from aerial attacks. <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> had a waterline <a href="/wiki/Armor_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor belt">armor belt</a> that was 100 mm (3.9 in) thick in the central area of the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-G71_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G71-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_and_cancellation">Construction and cancellation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_RM_25_Bild-02,_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22,_Bau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_RM_25_Bild-02%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22%2C_Bau.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_RM_25_Bild-02%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22%2C_Bau.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_RM_25_Bild-02%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22%2C_Bau.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_RM_25_Bild-02%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22%2C_Bau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_RM_25_Bild-02%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22%2C_Bau.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_RM_25_Bild-02%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22%2C_Bau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>The keel for <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> in December 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 November 1935, the contract for <i>Flugzeugträger A</i> (Aircraft carrier A)—later christened <i>Graf Zeppelin</i>—was awarded to the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Werke" title="Deutsche Werke">Deutsche Werke</a> shipyard in <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>. Construction of the ship was delayed since Deutsche Werke was working at capacity, and the slipway needed for <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> was occupied by the new battleship <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Gneisenau" title="German battleship Gneisenau"><i>Gneisenau</i></a>, which was launched on 8 December 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work started on <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> on 28 December, when her <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> was laid down. She was launched on 8 December 1938, the 24th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Battle of the Falkland Islands">Battle of the Falkland Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GC226_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GC226-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she was christened by Helene von Zeppelin, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelin" title="Ferdinand von Zeppelin">the ship's namesake</a>. At the launching ceremony, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> gave a speech.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1939, she was 85% complete, with a projected completion by the middle of 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-GC227_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GC227-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September 1939, one carrier-borne wing, <i>Trägergruppe</i> 186, had been formed by the Luftwaffe at <a href="/wiki/Kiel_Holtenau_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiel Holtenau Airport">Kiel Holtenau</a>, composed of three squadrons equipped with <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Bf 109s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Ju 87s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the German <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">conquest of Norway</a> in April 1940 eroded any chance of completing <i>Graf Zeppelin</i>. Now responsible for defending Norway's long coastline and numerous port facilities, the <i>Kriegsmarine</i> urgently needed large numbers of coastal guns and anti-aircraft batteries. During a naval conference with Hitler on 28 April 1940, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a> proposed halting all work on <i>Graf Zeppelin</i>, arguing that even if she was commissioned by the end of 1940, final installation of her guns would need another ten months or more (her original <a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">fire-control system</a> had been sold to the Soviet Union under an earlier trade agreement).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler consented to the stop work order, allowing Raeder to have <i>Graf Zeppelin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 15 cm guns removed and transferred to Norway. The carrier's heavy <a href="/wiki/Flak_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Flak gun">flak armament</a> of twelve 10.5 cm guns had already been diverted elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley30_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley30-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1940, <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> was towed from Kiel to Gotenhafen (<a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a>) and remained there for nearly a year. While there, she was used as a storage depot for Germany's hardwood supply.<sup id="cite_ref-G72_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G72-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just before Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the carrier was again moved, this time to <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a>, to safeguard her from Soviet air attacks. By November, the German army had pushed deep enough into Russian territory to remove any further threat of air attack and <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> was returned to Gotenhafen. There, she was used as a store ship for timber.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-B0676,_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-B0676%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-B0676%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-B0676%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-B0676%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-B0676%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-B0676%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption><i>Graf Zeppelin</i> moored at <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin</a> in mid-1941</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin_at_Gdynia_on_6_February_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin_at_Gdynia_on_6_February_1942.jpg/220px-German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin_at_Gdynia_on_6_February_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin_at_Gdynia_on_6_February_1942.jpg/330px-German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin_at_Gdynia_on_6_February_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin_at_Gdynia_on_6_February_1942.jpg/440px-German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin_at_Gdynia_on_6_February_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5207" data-file-height="4151" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> in <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gotenhafen</a>, February 6, 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>By the time Raeder met with Hitler for a detailed discussion of naval strategy in April 1942, the usefulness of aircraft carriers in modern naval warfare had been amply demonstrated. British carriers had crippled the Italian fleet at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">Taranto in November 1940</a>, critically damaged the <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck">German battleship <i>Bismarck</i></a> in May 1941 and prevented the battleship <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz" title="German battleship Tirpitz"><i>Tirpitz</i></a> from attacking two convoys bound for Russia in March 1942. In addition, a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">carrier raid on Pearl Harbor</a> had devastated the American battle fleet in December 1941. Raeder, anxious to secure air protection for the <i>Kriegsmarine</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s heavier surface units, informed Hitler that <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> could be finished in about a year, with another six months required for sea trials and flight training. On 13 May 1942, with Hitler's authorization, the German Naval Supreme Command ordered work resumed on the carrier.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds47_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds47-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But daunting technical problems remained. Raeder wanted newer planes, specifically designed for carrier use. <i>Reichsmarshall</i> Hermann Göring, head of the <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i>, replied that the already overburdened German aircraft industry could not possibly complete the design, testing and mass production of such aircraft before 1946. Instead, he proposed converting existing aircraft (again the Junkers Ju 87 and Messerschmitt Bf 109) as a temporary solution until newer types could be developed. Training of carrier pilots at Travemünde would also resume.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds47_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds47-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The converted carrier aircraft were heavier versions of their land-based predecessors and this required a host of changes to <i>Graf Zeppelin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s original design: the existing catapults needed modernization; stronger winches were necessary for the arresting gear; the flight deck, elevators and hangar floors also required reinforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker283_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker283-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes in naval technology dictated other alterations as well: installation of air search radar sets and antennas; upgraded radio equipment; an armored fighter-director cabin mounted on the main mast (which in turn meant a heavier, sturdier mast to accommodate the cabin's added weight); extra armoring for the bridge and fire control center; a new curved funnel cap to shield the fighter-director cabin from smoke; replacing the single-mount 20mm AA guns with quadruple <i>Flakvierling</i> 38 guns (with a corresponding increase in ammunition supply) to improve overall AA defense; and additional bulges on either side of the hull to preserve the ship's stability under all this added weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley31_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley31-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German naval staff hoped all these changes could be accomplished by April 1943, with the carrier's first sea trials taking place in August that year. Towards that end, Chief Engineer Wilhelm Hadeler was reassigned to oversee <i>Graf Zeppelin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s completion. Hadeler planned on getting the two inner shafts and their respective propulsion systems operational first, giving the ship an initial speed of 25–26 knots, fast enough for sea trials to commence and for conducting air training exercises. By the winter of 1943–1944 she was expected to be combat-ready.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds47_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds47-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of 27–28 August 1942, while still moored at Gotenhafen, <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> was the target of the only Allied air attack aimed at her during the war. Three <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a> heavy bombers from <a href="/wiki/No._106_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 106 Squadron RAF">106 Squadron</a> were dispatched against the German aircraft carrier, each one carrying a single "Capital Ship" bomb, a 5,600 lb (2,540 kg) device with a <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charge</a> <a href="/wiki/Warhead" title="Warhead">warhead</a> intended for armored targets.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One pilot, who was unable to see the carrier due to haze, dropped his bomb instead on the estimated position of the <i>Gneisenau</i>. Another believed he had scored a direct hit on <i>Graf Zeppelin</i>, but there is no known record of the ship suffering any damage from a bomb strike that night.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall21_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall21-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_RM_25_Bild-64,_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22,_Bau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bundesarchiv_RM_25_Bild-64%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22%2C_Bau.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_RM_25_Bild-64%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22%2C_Bau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bundesarchiv_RM_25_Bild-64%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22%2C_Bau.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_RM_25_Bild-64%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22%2C_Bau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bundesarchiv_RM_25_Bild-64%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22%2C_Bau.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_RM_25_Bild-64%2C_Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger_%22Graf_Zeppelin%22%2C_Bau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption><i>Graf Zeppelin</i> in drydock in March 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>On 5 December 1942, <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> was towed back to Kiel and placed in a floating drydock. It seemed she might well see completion after all, but by late January 1943 Hitler had become so disenchanted with the <i>Kriegsmarine</i>, especially with what he perceived as the poor performance of its surface fleet, that he ordered all of its larger ships taken out of service and scrapped. Raeder was relieved of command shortly thereafter and replaced with the Commander of Submarines <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a>. Though Dönitz eventually persuaded Hitler to void most of the order, work on all new surface ships and even those nearing completion, including <i>Graf Zeppelin</i>, was halted.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whitley32_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley32-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 January 1943, all major work on the ship ceased, though some limited, temporary work continued until March.<sup id="cite_ref-G72_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G72-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1943 <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> was again towed eastward, first to Gotenhafen, then to the <a href="/wiki/Roadstead" title="Roadstead">roadstead</a> at <a href="/wiki/Swinem%C3%BCnde" class="mw-redirect" title="Swinemünde">Swinemünde</a> and finally berthed at a back-water wharf in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parnitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parnitz (page does not exist)">Parnitz</a> River, two miles (3 km) from Stettin, where she had been briefly docked in 1941. There she languished for the next two years with only a 40-man <a href="/wiki/Skeleton_crew" title="Skeleton crew">custodial crew</a> in attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds48_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds48-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> forces neared the city in April 1945, the ship's <a href="/wiki/Kingston_valve" title="Kingston valve">Kingston valves</a> were opened, flooding her lower spaces and settling her firmly into the mud in shallow water. A ten-man engineering squad then rigged the vessel's interior with demolition and depth charges in order to hole the hull and destroy vital machinery. At 6pm on 25 April 1945, just as the Soviets entered Stettin, commander Wolfgang Kähler radioed the squad to detonate the explosives. Smoke billowing from the carrier's funnel confirmed the charges had gone off, rendering the ship useless to her new owners for many months to come.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fate_after_the_war">Fate after the war</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin_at_Swinem%C3%BCnde_on_5_April_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin_at_Swinem%C3%BCnde_on_5_April_1947.jpg/220px-German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin_at_Swinem%C3%BCnde_on_5_April_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin_at_Swinem%C3%BCnde_on_5_April_1947.jpg/330px-German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin_at_Swinem%C3%BCnde_on_5_April_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin_at_Swinem%C3%BCnde_on_5_April_1947.jpg/440px-German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin_at_Swinem%C3%BCnde_on_5_April_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5217" data-file-height="3856" /></a><figcaption><i>Graf Zeppelin</i> in Soviet custody at <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie" title="Świnoujście">Świnoujście</a>, April 5, 1947.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graf_zeppelin_flugzeugtraeger_modell_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Graf_zeppelin_flugzeugtraeger_modell_01.jpg/170px-Graf_zeppelin_flugzeugtraeger_modell_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Graf_zeppelin_flugzeugtraeger_modell_01.jpg/255px-Graf_zeppelin_flugzeugtraeger_modell_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Graf_zeppelin_flugzeugtraeger_modell_01.jpg/340px-Graf_zeppelin_flugzeugtraeger_modell_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>Bow view of a model of <i>Graf Zeppelin</i>, at the <a href="/wiki/Aeronauticum" title="Aeronauticum">Aeronauticum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The carrier's history and fate after Germany's surrender was unknown outside the Soviet Union for decades after the war. The Soviets could not repair the ship in the length of time specified by the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Naval_Commission" title="Tripartite Naval Commission">Allied Tripartite Commission</a>, so she was designated a "Category C" ship. This classification required that she would be destroyed or sunk in deep water by 15 August 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the Soviets decided to salvage the damaged ship and it was refloated in March 1946. A number of speculations from Western historians about the ship's fate arose in the decades after the end of the war. According to German historian <a href="/wiki/Erich_Gr%C3%B6ner" title="Erich Gröner">Erich Gröner</a>, after the Soviets raised the scuttled ship, they towed her to Leningrad. While en route, she reportedly struck a mine off Finland during a storm. Gröner claimed that after <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> arrived in Leningrad, she was broken up for scrap in 1948–1949.<sup id="cite_ref-G72_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G72-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naval historians Robert Gardiner and Roger Chesneau state that the ship was towed out of Stettin in September 1947, but she never arrived in Leningrad; they speculated that a mine sank the ship while she was under tow.<sup id="cite_ref-GC227_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GC227-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Soviet records, on 19 March 1947, the Council of Ministers decreed the destruction of former German ships. The first ship to be sunk, <i><a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Deutschland" title="German cruiser Deutschland">Lützow</a></i>, was sunk off Swinemunde on 22 July 1947. On 14 August <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> was towed into Swinemunde harbor, and two days later to its final position. It was subjected to five series of controlled explosions of 180 mm (7.1 in) shells and <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_bomb#Soviet_and_Russian_GP_bombs" title="General-purpose bomb">FAB series</a> bombs. The first test imitated a FAB-1000 detonation in the exhaust funnel and lesser bombs below the flight deck. The second in the series was a single FAB-1000 explosion above the flight deck. The third, the fourth and the fifth series imitated penetration of FAB-100, FAB-250 and FAB-500 bombs at flight deck, hangar deck and gun battery deck levels. These bombs were placed in cutouts in their target decks to imitate the effects of dive bombing. <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> remained afloat, and Admiral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yury_Rall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yury Rall (page does not exist)">Yury Rall</a> ordered a <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> strike. A torpedo fired from an <a href="/wiki/PT_boat#Elco" title="PT boat">Elco PT boat</a> exploded in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-torpedo_bulge" title="Anti-torpedo bulge">anti-torpedo bulge</a> but did not penetrate the <a href="/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">belt armor</a>. A torpedo fired by the destroyer <i><a href="/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Slavny_(1939)" title="Soviet destroyer Slavny (1939)">Slavny</a></i> penetrated the unprotected hull section below the bow <a href="/wiki/Elevator#Aircraft_elevators" title="Elevator">elevator</a>; <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> sank 25 minutes later.<sup id="cite_ref-S2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_in_2006">Discovery in 2006</h3></div> <p>The exact position of the wreck was unknown for decades. On 12 July 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">research vessel</a> <a href="/wiki/RV_St._Barbara" title="RV St. Barbara">RV <i>St. Barbara</i></a>, a ship belonging to the Polish oil company <a href="/wiki/Petrobaltic" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrobaltic">Petrobaltic</a>, found a 265-meter-long (869 ft) wreck 55 km (34 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82awowo" title="Władysławowo">Władysławowo</a>, which they thought was most likely <i>Graf Zeppelin</i>. The wreck rests at a depth of more than 80 m (260 ft) below the surface. After the wreck was located, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Navy" title="Polish Navy">Polish Navy</a> began a two-day survey of the wreckage to confirm its identity. Using remote-controlled underwater robots, they concluded that they were "99% certain" it was <i>Graf Zeppelin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin" class="extiw" title="commons:German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Wotan Weich</i>"—"<a href="/wiki/W%C5%8Dden" class="mw-redirect" title="Wōden">Wotan</a> soft"—was a type of steel armor developed by the German navy. It had a breaking strength of 65–75 kilograms/square millimeters and expanded up to 25 percent. "<i>Wotan Hart</i>"—"Wotan Hard"—was more rigid and had a breaking strength of 85–96 kg/mm<sup>2</sup> and expanded up to 20 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chesneau-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chesneau_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chesneau_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chesneau_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chesneau, pp. 76–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G71-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G71_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G71_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gröner, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gröner, p. x</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breyer, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GC226-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GC226_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardiner & Chesneau, p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel, pp. 67–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GC227-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GC227_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GC227_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardiner & Chesneau, p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley (1984), p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schenk, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitley30-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitley30_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley (1985), p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G72-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G72_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G72_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G72_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gröner, p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schenk, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds47-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds47_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds47_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds47_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker283-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barker283_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barker, p. 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitley31-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitley31_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley (1985), p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lake, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall21-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall21_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann & Jörgensen, pp. 139–141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitley32-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitley32_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley (1985), p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds48-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds48_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuzin & Litinskii, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rohwer & Monakov, p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-S2_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shirokorad, pp. 108–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5223514.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Nazi aircraft carrier' located"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 28 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Nazi+aircraft+carrier%27+located&rft.date=2006-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F5223514.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyes2006" class="citation news cs1">Boyes, Roger (27 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150517173001/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2601404.ece">"Divers find Hitler's aircraft carrier"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2601404.ece">the original</a> on 17 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Divers+find+Hitler%27s+aircraft+carrier&rft.date=2006-07-27&rft.aulast=Boyes&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Farticle2601404.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker,_Lt._Cmdr_Edward_L.1954" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, Lt. Cmdr Edward L. (March 1954). "War Without Aircraft Carriers". <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_(magazine)" title="Proceedings (magazine)">Proceedings</a></i>. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute Proceedings. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61522996">61522996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings&rft.atitle=War+Without+Aircraft+Carriers&rft.date=1954-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61522996&rft.au=Barker%2C+Lt.+Cmdr+Edward+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2007" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Stephen (Sep 2007). <i>Without Wings: The Story of Hitler's Aircraft Carrier</i>. Victoria: Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4251-2216-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4251-2216-4"><bdi>978-1-4251-2216-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Without+Wings%3A+The+Story+of+Hitler%27s+Aircraft+Carrier&rft.place=Victoria&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2007-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4251-2216-4&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer1989" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Siegfried (1989). <i>Graf Zeppelin: The German Aircraft Carrier</i>. Atglen: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0887402429" title="Special:BookSources/0887402429"><bdi>0887402429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graf+Zeppelin%3A+The+German+Aircraft+Carrier&rft.place=Atglen&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0887402429&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Siegfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesneau1998" class="citation book cs1">Chesneau, Roger (1998). <i>Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present An Illustrated Encyclopedia</i>. London: Brockhampton Press. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86019-875-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-86019-875-9"><bdi>1-86019-875-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Carriers+of+the+World%2C+1914+to+the+Present+An+Illustrated+Encyclopedia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Brockhampton+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-86019-875-9&rft.aulast=Chesneau&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGröner" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Gr%C3%B6ner" title="Erich Gröner">Gröner, Erich</a> (1990). <i>German Warships: 1815–1945</i>. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-790-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-790-6"><bdi>978-0-87021-790-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Warships%3A+1815%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-790-6&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B6ner&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1994" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Ulrich H.-J. (1994). <i>Graf Zeppelin: Einziger Deutscher Flugzeugträger</i>. Hamburg: Verlag Koehler/Mittler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3782206029" title="Special:BookSources/3782206029"><bdi>3782206029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graf+Zeppelin%3A+Einziger+Deutscher+Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Verlag+Koehler%2FMittler&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=3782206029&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Ulrich+H.-J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzinLitinskii2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kuzin, V. P.; Litinskii, D. Iu. (2008). "Avianosets "Graf Zeppelin"—boevoi trofei Krasnoi Armii [Aircraft Carrier Graf Zeppelin—Battle Trophy of the Red Army]". <i>Warship International</i>. <b>45</b> (2). Toledo: International Naval Research Organization: 161–165. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1647131">1647131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=Avianosets+%22Graf+Zeppelin%22%26mdash%3Bboevoi+trofei+Krasnoi+Armii+%5BAircraft+Carrier+Graf+Zeppelin%26mdash%3BBattle+Trophy+of+the+Red+Army%5D&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-165&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1647131&rft.issn=0043-0374&rft.aulast=Kuzin&rft.aufirst=V.+P.&rft.au=Litinskii%2C+D.+Iu.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLake2002" class="citation book cs1">Lake, Jon (2002). <i>Lancaster Squadrons 1942-43</i>. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-313-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-313-6"><bdi>1-84176-313-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancaster+Squadrons+1942-43&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-84176-313-6&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannJörgensen2003" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Chris & Jörgensen, Christer (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlersarcticwar00mann"><i>Hitler's Arctic War: the German campaigns in Norway, Finland, and the USSR, 1940–1945</i></a></span>. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-31100-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-31100-1"><bdi>978-0-312-31100-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Arctic+War%3A+the+German+campaigns+in+Norway%2C+Finland%2C+and+the+USSR%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-312-31100-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=J%C3%B6rgensen%2C+Christer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlersarcticwar00mann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1994" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Francis L. (1994). <i>Sea Eagles: The Operational History of the Messerschmitt Bf 109T</i>. Walton on Thames: Air Research Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1871187230" title="Special:BookSources/1871187230"><bdi>1871187230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Eagles%3A+The+Operational+History+of+the+Messerschmitt+Bf+109T&rft.place=Walton+on+Thames&rft.pub=Air+Research+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1871187230&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Francis+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds,_Clark_G.1967" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, Clark G. (January 1967). "Hitler's Flattop: The End of the Beginning". <i>Proceedings</i>. United States Naval Institute Proceedings. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61522996">61522996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings&rft.atitle=Hitler%27s+Flattop%3A+The+End+of+the+Beginning&rft.date=1967-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61522996&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Clark+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohwerMonakov2001" class="citation book cs1">Rohwer, Jürgen & Monakov, Mikhail S. (2001). <i>Stalin's Ocean-going Fleet</i>. London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714648957" title="Special:BookSources/0714648957"><bdi>0714648957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Ocean-going+Fleet&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0714648957&rft.aulast=Rohwer&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Monakov%2C+Mikhail+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenk2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schenk, Peter (2008). "German Aircraft Carrier Developments". <i>Warship International</i>. <b>45</b> (2). Toledo: International Naval Research Organization: 129–158. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1647131">1647131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=German+Aircraft+Carrier+Developments&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-158&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1647131&rft.issn=0043-0374&rft.aulast=Schenk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirokorad2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shirokorad, Alexander (2004). <i>Флот, который уничтожил Хрущёв (Flot, kotoryi unichtozhil Khruschev</i> (in Russian). Moscow: AST publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-9602-0027-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-9602-0027-9"><bdi>5-9602-0027-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%2C+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D1%91%D0%B2+%28Flot%2C+kotoryi+unichtozhil+Khruschev&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=AST+publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=5-9602-0027-9&rft.aulast=Shirokorad&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitley,_M.J.1984" class="citation book cs1">Whitley, M.J. (July 1984). <i>Warship 31: Graf Zeppelin, Part 1</i>. Vol. VIII. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-354-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-354-0"><bdi>0-85177-354-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warship+31%3A+Graf+Zeppelin%2C+Part+1&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1984-07&rft.isbn=0-85177-354-0&rft.au=Whitley%2C+M.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitley,_M.J.1985" class="citation book cs1">Whitley, M.J. (1985). <i>Warship 33: Graf Zeppelin, Part 2</i>. Vol. IX. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-984-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-984-7"><bdi>0-87021-984-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warship+33%3A+Graf+Zeppelin%2C+Part+2&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-87021-984-7&rft.au=Whitley%2C+M.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilligenburg2001" class="citation journal cs1">Willigenburg, Henk van (March–April 2001). "Graft Zeppelin Afloat". <i>Air Enthusiast</i> (92): 59–65. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=Graft+Zeppelin+Afloat&rft.issue=92&rft.pages=59-65&rft.date=2001-03%2F2001-04&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Willigenburg&rft.aufirst=Henk+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+aircraft+carrier+Graf+Zeppelin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bglqEXoeBes">Launching Ceremony of the <i>Graf Zeppelin</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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id="Graf_Zeppelin-class_aircraft_carriers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carrier"><i>Graf Zeppelin</i>-class aircraft carriers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Graf Zeppelin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graf_Zeppelin-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carrier">B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kriegsmarine_ships" title="List of Kriegsmarine ships">List of Kriegsmarine ships</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_April_1945" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:April_1945_shipwrecks" title="Template:April 1945 shipwrecks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:April_1945_shipwrecks" title="Template talk:April 1945 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:April_1945_shipwrecks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:April 1945 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_April_1945" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in April 1945</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_April_1945" title="List of shipwrecks in April 1945">Shipwrecks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1 Apr: <a href="/wiki/MV_Awa_Maru" title="MV Awa Maru"><i>Awa Maru</i></a></li> <li>2 Apr: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_escort_ship_CD-186" title="Japanese escort ship CD-186"><i>CD-186</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Dickerson" title="USS Dickerson">USS <i>Dickerson</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-321" title="German submarine U-321"><i>U-321</i></a></li> <li>3 Apr: <i><a href="/wiki/HNoMS_Olav_Tryggvason" title="HNoMS Olav Tryggvason">Brummer</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/USS_S-16" title="USS S-16">USS <i>S-16</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1221" title="German submarine U-1221"><i>U-1221</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-2542" title="German submarine U-2542"><i>U-2542</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-3505" title="German submarine U-3505"><i>U-3505</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/SMS_G11" title="SMS G11">T111</a></i></li> <li>4 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Dickerson" title="USS Dickerson">USS <i>Dickerson</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-237" title="German submarine U-237"><i>U-237</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-749" title="German submarine U-749"><i>U-749</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-3003" title="German submarine U-3003"><i>U-3003</i></a></li> <li>5 Apr: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-242" title="German submarine U-242"><i>U-242</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_S-17" title="USS S-17">USS <i>S-17</i></a></li> <li>6 Apr: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Amatsukaze_(1939)" title="Japanese destroyer Amatsukaze (1939)"><i>Amatsukaze</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Bush_(DD-529)" title="USS Bush (DD-529)">USS <i>Bush</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Colhoun_(DD-801)" title="USS Colhoun (DD-801)">USS <i>Colhoun</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Leutze" title="USS Leutze">USS <i>Leutze</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Morris_(DD-417)" title="USS Morris (DD-417)">USS <i>Morris</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Newcomb" title="USS Newcomb">USS <i>Newcomb</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Witter" title="USS Witter">USS <i>Witter</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Hobbs_Victory" title="SS Hobbs Victory">SS Hobbs Victory</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Logan_Victory" title="SS Logan Victory">SS Logan Victory</a></i></li> <li>7 Apr: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Asashimo" title="Japanese destroyer Asashimo"><i>Asashimo</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hamakaze_(1940)" title="Japanese destroyer Hamakaze (1940)"><i>Hamakaze</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Isokaze_(1939)" title="Japanese destroyer Isokaze (1939)"><i>Isokaze</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Isuzu" title="Japanese cruiser Isuzu"><i>Isuzu</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kasumi_(1937)" title="Japanese destroyer Kasumi (1937)"><i>Kasumi</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_LST-447" title="USS LST-447">USS <i>LST-447</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/SMS_M%C3%B6we_(1914)" title="SMS Möwe (1914)">Oldenburg</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/USS_PGM-18" title="USS PGM-18">USS <i>PGM-18</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1195" title="German submarine U-1195"><i>U-1195</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Yahagi_(1942)" title="Japanese cruiser Yahagi (1942)"><i>Yahagi</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato"><i>Yamato</i></a></li> <li>8 Apr: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-774" title="German submarine U-774"><i>U-774</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1001" title="German submarine U-1001"><i>U-1001</i></a></li> <li>9 Apr: <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Scheer" title="German cruiser Admiral Scheer"><i>Admiral Scheer</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_Ro-56_(1944)" title="Japanese submarine Ro-56 (1944)"><i>Ro-56</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-677" title="German submarine U-677"><i>U-677</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-747" title="German submarine U-747"><i>U-747</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-804" title="German submarine U-804"><i>U-804</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-843" title="German submarine U-843"><i>U-843</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-982" title="German submarine U-982"><i>U-982</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1065" title="German submarine U-1065"><i>U-1065</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-2509" title="German submarine U-2509"><i>U-2509</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-2514" title="German submarine U-2514"><i>U-2514</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-3512" title="German submarine U-3512"><i>U-3512</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-2516" title="German submarine U-2516"><i>U-2516</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Vale" title="SS Vale"><i>Vale</i></a></li> <li>10 Apr: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-878" title="German submarine U-878"><i>U-878</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Seydlitz" title="German cruiser Seydlitz">Weser</a></i></li> <li>12 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Mannert_L._Abele" title="USS Mannert L. Abele">USS <i>Mannert L. Abele</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_Ro-64" title="Japanese submarine Ro-64"><i>Ro-64</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-486" title="German submarine U-486"><i>U-486</i></a></li> <li>13 Apr: <a href="/wiki/SS_Karlsruhe_(1905)" title="SS Karlsruhe (1905)"><i>Karlsruhe</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1024" title="German submarine U-1024"><i>U-1024</i></a></li> <li>14 Apr: <a href="/wiki/MV_Belgian_Airman" title="MV Belgian Airman"><i>Belgian Airman</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-235" title="German submarine U-235">German submarine <i>U-235</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1206" title="German submarine U-1206"><i>U-1206</i></a></li> <li>15 Apr: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-103_(1940)" title="German submarine U-103 (1940)"><i>U-103</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-285" title="German submarine U-285"><i>U-285</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1063" title="German submarine U-1063"><i>U-1063</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1235" title="German submarine U-1235"><i>U-1235</i></a></li> <li>16 Apr: <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Esquimalt" title="HMCS Esquimalt">HMCS <i>Esquimalt</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Deutschland" title="German cruiser Deutschland">Lützow</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Pringle" title="USS Pringle">USS <i>Pringle</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-78_(1940)" title="German submarine U-78 (1940)"><i>U-78</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-880" title="German submarine U-880"><i>U-880</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1274" title="German submarine U-1274"><i>U-1274</i></a></li> <li>17 Apr: <a href="/wiki/MV_Goya" title="MV Goya"><i>Goya</i></a></li> <li>19 Apr: <a href="/wiki/Italian_aircraft_carrier_Aquila" title="Italian aircraft carrier Aquila"><i>Aquila</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-251" title="German submarine U-251"><i>U-251</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-548" title="German submarine U-548"><i>U-548</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-879" title="German submarine U-879"><i>U-879</i></a></li> <li>21 Apr: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-636" title="German submarine U-636"><i>U-636</i></a></li> <li>22 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Swallow_(AM-65)" title="USS Swallow (AM-65)">USS <i>Swallow</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-518" title="German submarine U-518"><i>U-518</i></a></li> <li>23 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Eagle_56" title="USS Eagle 56">USS <i>Eagle Boat 56</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-183" title="German submarine U-183"><i>U-183</i></a></li> <li>24 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Frederick_C._Davis" title="USS Frederick C. Davis">USS <i>Frederick C. Davis</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-108_(1940)" title="German submarine U-108 (1940)"><i>U-108</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-546" title="German submarine U-546"><i>U-546</i></a></li> <li>25 Apr: <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Graf Zeppelin</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_Ro-109" title="Japanese submarine Ro-109"><i>Ro-109</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_destroyer_Dubrovnik" title="Yugoslav destroyer Dubrovnik">TA 32</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-326" title="German submarine U-326"><i>U-326</i></a></li> <li>27 Apr: <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Canada_Victory" title="SS Canada Victory">Canada Victory</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/French_destroyer_Lansquenet_(1939)" title="French destroyer Lansquenet (1939)"><i>TA 34</i></a></li> <li>28 Apr: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_chaser_CH-17" title="Japanese submarine chaser CH-17"><i>CH-17</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-56_(1938)" title="German submarine U-56 (1938)"><i>U-56</i></a></li> <li>29 Apr: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-44" title="Japanese submarine I-44"><i>I-44</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-56_(1938)" title="German submarine U-56 (1938)"><i>U-56</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-286" title="German submarine U-286"><i>U-286</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-307" title="German submarine U-307"><i>U-307</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1017" title="German submarine U-1017"><i>U-1017</i></a></li> <li>30 Apr: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Goodall" title="HMS Goodall">HMS <i>Goodall</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_destroyer_Beograd" title="Yugoslav destroyer Beograd">TA 43</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-879" title="German submarine U-879"><i>U-879</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1107" title="German submarine U-1107"><i>U-1107</i></a></li> <li>Unknown date: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-56_(1943)" title="Japanese submarine I-56 (1943)"><i>I-56</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_Ro-46" title="Japanese submarine Ro-46"><i>Ro-46</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_Ro-49" title="Japanese submarine Ro-49"><i>Ro-49</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Snook_(SS-279)" title="USS Snook (SS-279)">USS <i>Snook</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-246" title="German submarine U-246"><i>U-246</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-325" title="German submarine U-325"><i>U-325</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-396" title="German submarine U-396"><i>U-396</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-398" title="German submarine U-398"><i>U-398</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-548" title="German submarine U-548"><i>U-548</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-857" title="German submarine U-857"><i>U-857</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1055" title="German submarine U-1055"><i>U-1055</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Dickerson" title="USS Dickerson">USS <i>Dickerson</i></a></li> <li>5 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Thornton_(DD-270)" title="USS Thornton (DD-270)">USS <i>Thornton</i></a></li> <li>6 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Defense" title="USS Defense">USS <i>Defense</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Emmons" title="USS Emmons">USS <i>Emmons</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Mullany_(DD-528)" title="USS Mullany (DD-528)">USS <i>Mullany</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Rodman" title="USS Rodman">USS <i>Rodman</i></a></li> <li>8 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Bullhead" title="USS Bullhead">USS <i>Bullhead</i></a></li> <li>9 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Sea_Devil_(SS-400)" title="USS Sea Devil (SS-400)">USS <i>Sea Devil</i></a></li> <li>11 Apr: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-401" title="Japanese submarine I-401"><i>I-401</i></a></li> <li>12 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Lindsey" title="USS Lindsey">USS <i>Lindsey</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1024" title="German submarine U-1024"><i>U-1024</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Zellars" title="USS Zellars">USS <i>Zellars</i></a></li> <li>14 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Sigsbee" title="USS Sigsbee">USS <i>Sigsbee</i></a></li> <li>15 Apr: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ekins" title="HMS Ekins">HMS <i>Ekins</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Laffey_(DD-724)" title="USS Laffey (DD-724)">USS <i>Laffey</i></a></li> <li>16 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Bryant" title="USS Bryant">USS <i>Bryant</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/MV_Goya" title="MV Goya"><i>Goya</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Harding_(DD-625)" title="USS Harding (DD-625)">USS <i>Harding</i></a></li> <li>19 Apr:  <a href="/wiki/USS_Bullhead" title="USS Bullhead">USS <i>Bullhead</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Pogy_(SS-266)" title="USS Pogy (SS-266)">USS <i>Pogy</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Tolman" title="USS Tolman">USS <i>Tolman</i></a></li> <li>27 Apr: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Redmill_(K554)" title="HMS Redmill (K554)">HMS <i>Redmill</i></a></li> <li>28 Apr: <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Argo" title="French submarine Argo"><i>Argo</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Huron_(PF-19)" title="USS Huron (PF-19)">USS <i>Huron</i></a></li> <li>29 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Baya" title="USS Baya">USS <i>Baya</i></a></li> <li>30 Apr: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-3525" title="German submarine U-3525"><i>U-3525</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1944" title="List of shipwrecks in 1944">1944</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1944" title="List of shipwrecks in 1944"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1945" title="List of shipwrecks in 1945">1945</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1946" title="List of shipwrecks in 1946"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1946" title="List of shipwrecks in 1946">1946</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_March_1945" title="List of shipwrecks in March 1945">March 1945</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_March_1945" title="List of shipwrecks in March 1945"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1945" title="List of shipwrecks in May 1945"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1945" title="List of shipwrecks in May 1945">May 1945</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_1947" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1947_shipwrecks" title="Template:1947 shipwrecks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1947_shipwrecks" title="Template talk:1947 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1947_shipwrecks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1947 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_1947" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1947</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1947" title="List of shipwrecks in 1947">Shipwrecks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">5 Jan: <a href="/wiki/SS_Varvassi" title="SS Varvassi"><i>Varvassi</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">20 Jan: <a href="/wiki/SS_Drexel_Victory" title="SS Drexel Victory"><i>Drexel Victory</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">24 Jan: <a href="/wiki/SS_Middlebury_Victory" title="SS Middlebury Victory"><i>Middlebury Victory</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">13 Mar: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Empire_ships_-_I_-_J#Empire_Jonquil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Empire ships - I - J"><i>Empire Jonquil</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">19 Mar: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Petunia_(K79)" title="HMS Petunia (K79)">ROCS <i>Fu Bo</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">22 Mar: <a href="/wiki/MV_Tyrronall" title="MV Tyrronall"><i>Empire Contamar</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">3 Apr: <a href="/wiki/SS_Gripfast" title="SS Gripfast"><i>Stancliffe</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">13 Apr <a href="/wiki/MS_Belpamela" title="MS Belpamela"><i>Belpamela</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">16 Apr: <a href="/wiki/Texas_City_disaster" title="Texas City disaster"><i>Grandcamp</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_City_disaster" title="Texas City disaster"><i>High Flyer</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_City_disaster" title="Texas City disaster"><i>Wilson B. Keene</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">18 Apr: <a href="/wiki/SS_Sir_Harvey_Adamson" title="SS Sir Harvey Adamson"><i>Sir Harvey Adamson</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">23 Apr: <a href="/wiki/SS_Samtampa" title="SS Samtampa"><i>Samtampa</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Warspite_(03)" title="HMS Warspite (03)">HMS <i>Warspite</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">29 Apr: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Witherington_(D76)" title="HMS Witherington (D76)">HMS <i>Witherington</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">8 May: <a href="/wiki/Irish_patrol_vessel_Muirch%C3%BA" title="Irish patrol vessel Muirchú"><i>Muirchú</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">13 May: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Thames_(1885)" title="HMS Thames (1885)"><i>General Botha</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">17 May: <a href="/wiki/USS_Oklahoma_(BB-37)" title="USS Oklahoma (BB-37)">USS <i>Oklahoma</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">22 May: <a href="/wiki/USS_Mallard_(AM-44)" title="USS Mallard (AM-44)">USS <i>Mallard</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">31 May: <a href="/wiki/SMS_Berlin" title="SMS Berlin"><i>Berlin</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">4 Jun: <a href="/wiki/SS_Emperor" title="SS Emperor"><i>Emperor</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">17 Jul: <a href="/wiki/1947_Ramdas_ship_disaster" title="1947 Ramdas ship disaster"><i>Ramdas</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">21 Jul: <a href="/wiki/SS_Nascopie" title="SS Nascopie"><i>Nascopie</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">22 Jul: <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Deutschland" title="German cruiser Deutschland"><i>Lützow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">31 Jul: <a href="/wiki/USS_Chewink_(AM-39)" title="USS Chewink (AM-39)">USS <i>Chewink</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">16 Aug: <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Graf Zeppelin</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">18 Aug: <a href="/wiki/HNoMS_Heimdal_(1892)" title="HNoMS Heimdal (1892)"><i>Rovena</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">25 Aug: <a href="/wiki/USS_S-24" title="USS S-24">USS <i>S-24</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">6 Sep: <a href="/wiki/USS_Osborne_(DD-295)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Osborne (DD-295)"><i>Matagalpa</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">13 Sep: <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Warrnambool_(J202)" title="HMAS Warrnambool (J202)">HMAS <i>Warrnambool</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">6 Oct: <a href="/wiki/USS_Crittenden" title="USS Crittenden">USS <i>Crittenden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">11 Oct: <i><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Wolf" title="HMCS Wolf">Gulfstream</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">21 Oct: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-190" title="German submarine U-190"><i>U-190</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">11 Nov: <a href="/wiki/MV_Aqueity_(1945)" title="MV Aqueity (1945)"><i>Aqueity</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">20 Nov: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-234" title="German submarine U-234"><i>U-234</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">27 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SS_Clarksdale_Victory" title="SS Clarksdale Victory"><i>Clarksdale Victory</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">28 Nov: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-530" title="German submarine U-530"><i>U-530</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">25 Dec: <a href="/wiki/SS_Park_Victory" title="SS Park Victory"><i>Park Victory</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Unknown date: <a href="/wiki/USS_Ponaganset" title="USS Ponaganset"><i>Ponaganset</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-858" title="German submarine U-858"><i>U-858</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-889" title="German submarine U-889"><i>U-889</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1 Jan: <a href="/wiki/SS_Ocean_Victory" title="SS Ocean Victory"><i>Jan Steen</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">19 Jan: <a href="/wiki/MS_Wanganella" title="MS Wanganella"><i>Wanganella</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">21 Jan: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bonaventure_(F139)" title="HMS Bonaventure (F139)">HMS <i>Bonaventure</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">17 Mar: <a href="/wiki/RFA_Wave_Laird" title="RFA Wave Laird">RFA <i>Wave Laird</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">28 Mar: <a href="/wiki/MV_Clio" title="MV Clio"><i>Clio</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">4 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USS_Ernest_G._Small" title="USS Ernest G. Small">USS <i>Ernest G. Small</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">5 Apr: <a href="/wiki/SS_Empire_Chamois" title="SS Empire Chamois"><i>Empire Chamois</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">14 Apr: <a href="/wiki/RMS_Queen_Elizabeth" title="RMS Queen Elizabeth"><i>Queen Elizabeth</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">16 Apr: <a href="/wiki/Texas_City_disaster" title="Texas City disaster">Texas City disaster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">18 Jul: <a href="/wiki/SS_Exodus" title="SS Exodus"><i>Exodus</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">8 Sep: <a href="/wiki/SS_Ocean_Vigour" title="SS Ocean Vigour"><i>Ocean Vigour</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">29 Sep: <a href="/wiki/USS_Douglas_H._Fox" title="USS Douglas H. Fox">USS <i>Douglas H. Fox</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">14 Nov: <a href="/wiki/USS_Bugara" title="USS Bugara">USS <i>Bugara</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Orleck" title="USS Orleck">USS <i>Orleck</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1946" title="List of shipwrecks in 1946">1946</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1946" title="List of shipwrecks in 1946"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1948" title="List of shipwrecks in 1948"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1948" title="List of shipwrecks in 1948">1948</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156962#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/57149912339506210341">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4198900-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Graf Zeppelin (letadlová loď)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osa2017955533&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output 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