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id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Tunisia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Betar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بيتار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيتار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бэйтар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэйтар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betar" title="Betar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Betar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejtar_(ml%C3%A1de%C5%BEnick%C3%A9_hnut%C3%AD)" title="Bejtar (mládežnické hnutí) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bejtar (mládežnické hnutí)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betar" title="Betar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Betar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betar" title="Betar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Betar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betar" title="Betar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Betar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betar" title="Betar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Betar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%22%D7%A8" title="בית"ר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית"ר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betar_(zionisme)" title="Betar (zionisme) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Betar (zionisme)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betar" title="Betar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Betar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_Betar" title="Movimento Betar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Movimento Betar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitar" title="Beitar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Beitar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бейтар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бейтар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betar" title="Betar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бейтар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бейтар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Revisionist Zionist paramilitary organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Zionist youth movement. For the city, see <a href="/wiki/Beitar_Illit" title="Beitar Illit">Beitar Illit</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Betar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Betar (disambiguation)">Betar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Betar / Beitar</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בית"ר</span>‎</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Betar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/Betar.svg/150px-Betar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/Betar.svg/225px-Betar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/Betar.svg/300px-Betar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="174" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Named after</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Trumpeldor" title="Joseph Trumpeldor">Joseph Trumpeldor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betar_(fortress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Betar (fortress)">Betar fortress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1923<span class="noprint">; 101 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1923</span>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Latvia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Jewish Youth <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitary organization">paramilitary organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Activism and advocacy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">General Director</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Nerya Meir</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Betar Movement</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">תנועת בית"ר</span>), also spelled <b>Beitar</b> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בית"ר</span></span>), is a <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist Zionist</a> youth movement founded in 1923 in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Vladimir (Ze'ev) Jabotinsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of several right-wing youth movements that arose at that time and adopted special salutes and uniforms influenced by <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II, Betar was a source of recruits for both Jewish regiments that fought alongside the British and Jewish groups fighting against the British in Mandatory Palestine. Betar was traditionally linked to the original <a href="/wiki/Herut" title="Herut">Herut</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> political parties of <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> pioneers, and was closely affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism"> Revisionist</a> Zionist militant group <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2004_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most prominent politicians of Israel were Betarim in their youth, most notably prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The name <b>Betar</b> בית"ר refers both to <a href="/wiki/Betar_(fortress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Betar (fortress)">Betar (fortress)</a>, the last Jewish fort to fall in the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> and to the altered abbreviation of the Hebrew name of the organisation, "<b>B</b>erit <b>Tr</b>umpeldor" or "<b>B</b>rit <b>Y</b>osef <b>Tr</b>umpeldor" ( ברית יוסף תרומפלדור, <i>Joseph Trumpeldor Alliance</i>), named after <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Trumpeldor" title="Joseph Trumpeldor">Joseph Trumpeldor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shavit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shavit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MfA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MfA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Trumpeldor's name is properly spelt with <i>tet</i> (ט), it was written with <i>taf</i> (ת) so as to produce the acronym.<sup id="cite_ref-Shavit_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shavit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeev_Jabotinsky_uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Zeev_Jabotinsky_uniform.jpg/150px-Zeev_Jabotinsky_uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Zeev_Jabotinsky_uniform.jpg/225px-Zeev_Jabotinsky_uniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Zeev_Jabotinsky_uniform.jpg/300px-Zeev_Jabotinsky_uniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a>, the founder and first leader of Betar, shown here in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Legion" title="Jewish Legion">Jewish Legion</a> uniform.</figcaption></figure> <p>Betar was founded by <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a> at a meeting of Jewish youth in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, arranged by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aron_Propes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aron Propes (page does not exist)">Aron Propes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1" class="extiw" title="he:אהרן צבי פרופס">he</a>]</span> in 1923. Jabotinsky spoke of the Arab attacks on the settlement of Tel Hai and other Jewish settlements in the Galilee. He believed that these incidents, indicative of serious threats to the Jewish Palestinians, could only be addressed by the recreation of the ancient Jewish state of Israel, extending across the entirety of both Palestine and Jordan. This is the defining philosophy of Revisionist Zionism.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jabotinsky proposed creating Betar to foster a new generation of Jews thoroughly indoctrinated in these nationalist ideals and trained for military action against all enemies of Judaism. In 1931, Jabotinsky was elected <i>rosh Betar</i> ("head of Betar") at the first world conference in <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Trumpeldor" title="Joseph Trumpeldor">Joseph Trumpeldor</a>, the leader of the Jewish settlers who were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_Hai" title="Battle of Tel Hai">killed at Tel Hai</a> in 1920, served as the primary role model of the Betar. A disabled man with only one arm, he led his people in the futile defense of the settlement and reportedly died with the words, "Never mind, it is good to die for our country" (Hebrew: "אין דבר ,טוב למות בעד ארצנו"). This was particularly significant given that the Jews did not yet have a country: Trumpeldor was referring to sacrificing one's life in order to further the establishment of an independent Jewish state. The words of <i><a href="/wiki/Shir_Betar" title="Shir Betar">Shir Betar</a></i> ("The Betar Song"), written by Jabotinsky, include a line that quotes Trumpeldor's last words of "never mind". As the song expresses, Betar youth were to be as "proud, generous, and fierce [alternately translated as 'cruel'<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>]" as Trumpeldor, and as ready to sacrifice themselves for Israel. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_787_Education_in_Israel_%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PikiWiki_Israel_787_Education_in_Israel_%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_787_Education_in_Israel_%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PikiWiki_Israel_787_Education_in_Israel_%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_787_Education_in_Israel_%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PikiWiki_Israel_787_Education_in_Israel_%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_787_Education_in_Israel_%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Vladimir Jabotinsky in the company of Betar commanders, Palestine</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite resistance from both Zionist and non-Zionist Jews, Betar quickly gained a large following in Poland, Palestine, Latvia, Lithuania, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, and elsewhere. It was particularly successful in Poland, which had the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">largest Jewish population in Europe</a> at the time. </p><p>In 1934, Poland was home to 40,000 of Betar's 70,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Routine Betar activities in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> included military drilling, instruction in Hebrew, and encouragement to learn English. Militia groups organized by Betar Poland helped to defend against attacks by the anti-Semitic <a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Radical Camp (1934)">ONR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interwar Polish government helped Betar with military training.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some members admired the Polish nationalist camp and imitated some of its aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%22%D7%A8,_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C-%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%22%D7%A8%2C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C-%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F.jpg/220px-%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%22%D7%A8%2C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C-%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%22%D7%A8%2C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C-%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F.jpg/330px-%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%22%D7%A8%2C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C-%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%22%D7%A8%2C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C-%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F.jpg/440px-%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%22%D7%A8%2C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C-%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1869" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Members of Betar in Europe, circa 1934</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betar_youth_camp_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Betar_youth_camp_1.jpg/220px-Betar_youth_camp_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Betar_youth_camp_1.jpg/330px-Betar_youth_camp_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Betar_youth_camp_1.jpg/440px-Betar_youth_camp_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Members of Betar movement at a summer camp in the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> resort town <a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a> in 1935</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Jewish_members_from_German_Chapter_of_Betar_in_Berlin,_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Young_Jewish_members_from_German_Chapter_of_Betar_in_Berlin%2C_1936.jpg/220px-Young_Jewish_members_from_German_Chapter_of_Betar_in_Berlin%2C_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Young_Jewish_members_from_German_Chapter_of_Betar_in_Berlin%2C_1936.jpg/330px-Young_Jewish_members_from_German_Chapter_of_Betar_in_Berlin%2C_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Young_Jewish_members_from_German_Chapter_of_Betar_in_Berlin%2C_1936.jpg/440px-Young_Jewish_members_from_German_Chapter_of_Betar_in_Berlin%2C_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Betar formation in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in 1936</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C_2.jpg/220px-%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C_2.jpg/330px-%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C_2.jpg/440px-%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Zeev Jabotinsky (bottom right) meeting with Betar leaders in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>. Bottom left <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a> (probably 1939).</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1937 to 1944, Betar aided the widespread immigration of Jews to Palestine in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate's</a> immigration quotas, which had not been increased despite the surge of refugees from the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Nazi persecution and murder of Jews</a>. In total, as part of Operation Action, Betar was, according to one of its organisers, <a href="/wiki/William_R._Perl" title="William R. Perl">William R. Perl</a>, partly responsible for smuggling an estimated 40,000 Jews into Palestine under such restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Betar members, including former Polish Army officers, founded <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union"><i>Żydowski Związek Wojskowy</i></a> (ŻZW; "Jewish Military Union"), which fought in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz" title="Mordechai Anielewicz">Mordechai Anielewicz</a>, the head of the other major uprising group, <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa</a></i> (ZOB; "Jewish Combat Organization"), also gained his military training in Betar. He was the secretary of the prominent Betar Warsaw organization in 1938. He left it to join and quickly take leadership of the left-wing Zionist <a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a> group in Warsaw. </p><p>In the summer of 1941, Julek (Joel/Jakób) Brandt, a Betar leader from <a href="/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w" title="Chorzów">Chorzów</a> who was a relative of Samuel Brandt, the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Hrubiesz%C3%B3w" title="Hrubieszów">Hrubieszów</a> <a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a> (Jewish Council), arranged for several hundred Betar members from the Warsaw Ghetto to work on local farms and estates, including one in Dłużniów and Werbkowice. Most of the Betar youth were killed in the spring of 1942 and in subsequent months, together with the local Jewish population. A small number, however, returned to the ghetto and later took part in the Warsaw Ghetto uprising in the ranks of the ŻZW. Brandt escaped from a transport heading for the death camp at Sobibor. He was denounced by local peasants who turned him over to the Gestapo in Hrubieszów. There, he was put to work by Gestapo Obersturmbannführer Ebner, who named him chief of a small work camp. At the end of 1942 or the beginning of 1943, Ebner shot and killed him.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish fighters under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Josef_Glazman" title="Josef Glazman">Josef Glazman</a>, head of Betar Lithuania, battled the Nazis alongside the Lithuanian partisans in the forests outside Vilnius; anti-Nazi partisans in most other nations, however, were unwilling to fight alongside Betar. <i>The Song Of The Partisans</i>, an anthem traditionally sung by Holocaust survivors on <a href="/wiki/Yom_HaShoah" title="Yom HaShoah">Yom HaShoah</a>, was written in memory of and dedication to Glazman. </p><p>In 1938, <a href="/wiki/David_Raziel" title="David Raziel">David Raziel</a> became the head of both Betar and the <i>Irgun Zvai Leumi</i> ("National Military Organisation", known as "Etzel"). The Irgun's anthem was the third and final verse of the Betar song. Raziel died shortly into World War II, while taking part in Iraq in the Habbaniyeh area of Anbar Province in a failed British sabotage mission against German interests. </p><p>The tactics of the Irgun-Betar coalition were at odds with the mainstream Zionist establishment's policy of restraint in response to Arab attacks. Throughout most of the 1930s and '40s, the two organizations typically bombed collections of Arab civilians in response to any attack of any kind on any Palestinian Jews. The Irgun worked closely with Betar in Palestine and worldwide, particularly with respect to illegal immigration into Palestine, but they remained organizationally and structurally separate. As British policy and Jewish needs/demands grew more opposed, Betar and the Irgun stepped up their military campaign against the British, based primarily on guerrilla tactics of sabotage and assassination. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AJI_view_20121204_141128.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AJI_view_20121204_141128.jpg/220px-AJI_view_20121204_141128.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AJI_view_20121204_141128.jpg/330px-AJI_view_20121204_141128.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AJI_view_20121204_141128.jpg/440px-AJI_view_20121204_141128.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2385" data-file-height="1804" /></a><figcaption>Flags of the Betar youth movement permanently displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Jabotinsky_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabotinsky Institute">Jabotinsky Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Raziel and Jabotinsky declared an unconditional ceasefire against the British, as Britain and the Zionists had a common enemy in Germany. Raziel's second-in-command, <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Stern" title="Avraham Stern">Avraham "Yair" Stern</a>, broke away and formed the Stern Group, later renamed <a href="/wiki/LEHI" class="mw-redirect" title="LEHI">LEHI</a> (<i>Lohamei Herut Yisrael</i>, "Freedom Fighters For Israel"), which continued to attack British targets. Radical elements of Betar joined LEHI but most stayed with the Irgun.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Future Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a>, who had headed Betar Poland prior to World War II, reached Palestine at the war's end and took immediate control of both Betar Palestine and the Irgun. He led the two organizations in their contribution to the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948–49 war</a> that established the initial borders of the newly proclaimed state of Israel. Betar and the Irgun remained functionally intermingled, consistently sharing leadership and manpower. By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, the official defense organization of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a>, and its military wing, the Palmach, had practically no Betar members. </p><p>Members of Betar were also instrumental in setting up Israel's navy, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sea_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Sea Corps">Israeli Sea Corps</a>. The first Israeli plane was flown into Palestine by Jabotinsky's son, Eri, at the time a member of the Betar World Executive. </p><p>Many of Israel's most prominent conservatives have been "graduates" of Betar, including former prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a>, and former Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Arens" title="Moshe Arens">Moshe Arens</a>. Former Likud/<a href="/wiki/Kadima" title="Kadima">Kadima</a> minister (in several offices) <a href="/wiki/Tzipi_Livni" title="Tzipi Livni">Tzipi Livni</a> MK was a youth Betarist. <a href="/wiki/Yoel_Hasson" title="Yoel Hasson">Yoel Hasson</a> MK was formerly national head of Betar in Israel. Livni and Hasson later formed <a href="/wiki/Hatnuah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatnuah">Hatnuah</a>, which in 2015 allied with <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party" title="Israeli Labor Party">Labor</a> in the center-left <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Union" title="Zionist Union">Zionist Union</a>. Israel's current Ambassador to the UN, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Danon" title="Danny Danon">Danny Danon</a>, is a Betarist and a former leader of the World Betar Organization. </p><p>Since the 1970s, Betar has suffered a decline in membership and activities. It remains much involved in Zionist activism, however. Tagar, Betar's young adult movement, was active on many university campuses throughout North America during the 1980s, as part of the Revisionist Zionist Association, and Betar played a major part in raising the awareness of Soviet oppression of Jews, and fighting for the right of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel. It remains relatively prominent in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. </p><p>In the early 21st century, Betar had around 21,000 members globally.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most recently, in 2014, Betar organized marches and demonstrations in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, to protest the rise in anti-semitic incidents there, including attacks against synagogues and individual Jews. At those marches, some Betar members displayed the emblem formerly used by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_activities">Regional activities</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_413_Tel_Hai_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%22%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PikiWiki_Israel_413_Tel_Hai_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%22%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%99.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_413_Tel_Hai_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%22%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PikiWiki_Israel_413_Tel_Hai_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%22%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%99.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_413_Tel_Hai_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%22%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/PikiWiki_Israel_413_Tel_Hai_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%22%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Betar members in front of the monument to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Trumpeldor" title="Joseph Trumpeldor">Joseph Trumpeldor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hai" title="Tel Hai">Tel Hai</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Once a vibrant movement tied to the opposition <a href="/wiki/Herut_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Herut Party">Herut Party</a>, Betar's following in Israel has declined since the 1970s due to a generally transformed political landscape. An important change has been the rise of religious conservatives in Israel. Though Betar had many of the same political goals as the rapidly growing <a href="/wiki/Gush_Emunim" title="Gush Emunim">Gush Emunim</a> ("Bloc of the Faithful") and <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a> youth movements (tied to the <a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Party" title="National Religious Party">National Religious Party</a>), they remained a secular movement. They did not join the latter organizations in seeking annexation of the contested <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>. During the 1980s, as a result of the Camp David Accords negotiated by <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a> (the leader of Herut and its successor movement Likud), a similar effect occurred due to the rise of the "Secular Right". The more extreme movements drew youth away from Betar. </p><p>As the Likud party under <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> moved away from the traditional values of <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist Zionism</a>, Betar drew criticism from Israeli conservatives who identified as ideological purists. While Betar had consistently been a source of powerful political figures in Israel, its leaders were criticized for placing partisan political expediency above greater ideological priorities. In the late 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Begin" title="Benny Begin">Benny Begin</a> broke away from Likud to form <a href="/wiki/Herut_%E2%80%93_The_National_Movement" title="Herut – The National Movement">Herut – The National Movement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <p>Betar Toronto currently focuses on opposing the <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israeli apartheid analogy</a>. In February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, Tagar organized a "Know <a href="/wiki/Radical_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Islam">Radical Islam</a> Week" featuring activist <a href="/wiki/Nonie_Darwish" title="Nonie Darwish">Nonie Darwish</a>, former Sudanese slave <a href="/wiki/Simon_Deng" title="Simon Deng">Simon Deng</a>, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Salim_Mansur" title="Salim Mansur">Salim Mansur</a> (a Muslim activist speaking on gay rights in the Middle East), and presentations by <a href="/wiki/Honest_Reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Honest Reporting">Honest Reporting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Media_Watch" title="Palestinian Media Watch">Palestinian Media Watch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event was also co-sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Secular_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto Secular Alliance">Toronto Secular Alliance</a> and other allied groups. Betar has also worked in Toronto and Montreal with off-campus organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coalition_for_Democracies" title="Canadian Coalition for Democracies">Canadian Coalition for Democracies</a>, to promote the importance of secular and participatory politics in Canada. In March 2007, Betar-Tagar at the University of Toronto changed its name to 'Zionists at U of T'. </p><p>Betar-Tagar was active in Montreal and Toronto during the 1980s Lebanon-Israel conflict. A revival of Betar occurred in Montreal on November 9, 2006, as an event entitled "Taking Liberties: Terrorism in the West". It featured keynote speaker Dr. <a href="/wiki/Salim_Mansur" title="Salim Mansur">Salim Mansur</a> and was the first film screening of <i><a href="/wiki/Obsession:_Radical_Islam%27s_War_Against_the_West" title="Obsession: Radical Islam's War Against the West">Obsession: Radical Islam's War Against the West</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>. It was co-organized with Conservative McGill students.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At McGill University in March 2007, Betar Montreal held a "Radical Islam Awareness Week" similar to the one at the University of Toronto the year before. Speakers included <a href="/wiki/David_B._Harris" title="David B. Harris">David B. Harris</a>, a Canadian lawyer and security specialist, and John Thompson of the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Institute" title="Mackenzie Institute">Mackenzie Institute</a>. Concurrent with the 2007 Montreal program, Betar in Toronto held "Freedom and Democracy Week" at the University of Toronto. Speakers included <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Levant" title="Ezra Levant">Ezra Levant</a>, co-founder of the <i><a href="/wiki/Western_Standard" title="Western Standard">Western Standard</a></i> newspaper, and <a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Jonah Goldberg</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1977_Betar_Not_One_Inch_Pinabck_Button.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1977_Betar_Not_One_Inch_Pinabck_Button.jpg/220px-1977_Betar_Not_One_Inch_Pinabck_Button.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1977_Betar_Not_One_Inch_Pinabck_Button.jpg/330px-1977_Betar_Not_One_Inch_Pinabck_Button.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1977_Betar_Not_One_Inch_Pinabck_Button.jpg/440px-1977_Betar_Not_One_Inch_Pinabck_Button.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1965" /></a><figcaption>1977 Betar "<a href="/wiki/Not_one_inch" title="Not one inch">Not One Inch</a>" pinback button</figcaption></figure> <p>The first branch of Betar in the United States was founded in October 1929, led principally by Joseph Beder, William Katz, Haim Messer, and Israel Posnansky. Beder had visited Palestine under the Mandate in the spring of 1929 and come in contact with Betar members there. The first activity of Betar USA was a <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> party alongside local branches which existed already in eastern New York and the Lower East Side. </p><p>When the USSR imprisoned the ailing Dr. <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stern" title="Mikhail Stern">Mikhail Stern</a> because his sons were openly Zionist, seven Betarim from New York City went to the USSR and offered to and serve his sentence in his stead. The Soviet government refused their proposal and deported them. The group was led by Fred Pierce and included <a href="/wiki/Elie_Yossef" title="Elie Yossef">Elie Yossef</a> and Gilad Freund. </p><p>Betar maintains a Shaliach in New York City and Cleveland, Ohio. The Cleveland chapter offers a fall and spring camp that is open to all cities. Betar offers summer and winter tours of Israel. It is one of the few movements that offer students a chance to visit the West Bank. Both programs allow students to spend time at Kedumin, Itamar, Alon Moreh East Jerusalem, and Hebron. They have officially adopted Kedumin as a sister city and spend an extensive time volunteering there. The winter tour is for college-age students and runs in late December. </p><p>During the period of the early to mid 90s, <a href="/wiki/Ronn_Torossian" title="Ronn Torossian">Ronn Torossian</a> served as National President and increased Betar USA membership into the hundreds. Previous leadership in the U.S. included; Roey Urman, Glenn Mones, Barry Liben, Fred Pierce (early to mid 70s), and Benny Rosen (60s). In addition to its programs for younger students, Betar USA also has an affiliated program for college-age students called Tagar. Betar strongly promotes the emigration of American Jews to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previous Shaliachs in the U.S. have included <a href="/wiki/Sallai_Meridor" title="Sallai Meridor">Sallai Meridor</a>, former Israel Ambassador to the U.S. (late 1980s); Eli Cohen, former Israel Ambassador to Japan (early 1990s); Tova Vagimi; Sharon Tzur; Yitzhak Kerstein; Shlomo Ariav; and Shlomi Levy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <p>Betar UK existed in the late 1930s but had ceased functioning when the state of Israel was established. The movement's revitalization began in 1974 with Eli Joseph with the assistance of Eric Graus and George Evnine. Yisrael Medad of the World Betar Movement arrived in the UK in 1975 and built a winter camp at <a href="/wiki/Sherborne_School" title="Sherborne School">Sherborne School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, England, a summer camp in north-west France, and a two-week summer camp in Israel. Branches were opened in various locations in Greater London and elsewhere. Educational and cultural activities were organized and demonstrations were held on the themes of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Jewry_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Jewry Movement">Soviet Jewry</a> and Jews in Arab lands as well as on local British issues. Betar shared offices with the Herut Movement at 73, Compayne Gardens, London, at the "Tel Chai House". When that property was sold, Betar held its meetings at various locations in <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Hill" title="Stamford Hill">Stamford Hill</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> areas. </p><p>Anti-Zionist demonstrations and BDS picketing occurred weekly outside the flagship <a href="/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer">Marks & Spencer</a> store on <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a> in London from 2004 until 2010. Betar and Tagar UK organised and led a weekly pro-Israel <a href="/wiki/Counter-demonstration" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-demonstration">counter-demonstration</a> during that period. </p><p>Betar lost its <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization#United_Kingdom" title="Charitable organization">registered charity</a> status in 2004 when the <a href="/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales" title="Charity Commission for England and Wales">Charity Commission for England and Wales</a> stated that Betar "appeared to be in furtherance of a political purpose rather than a charitable purpose".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of Betar’s members have emigrated to Israel over the years. Betar UK currently has a small active group of around 150 members, mainly in London. It is involved in Zionist activism, self-defence and martial arts training, government lobbying, criticism of what its members regard as biased, anti-Israel articles in media, and organises and supports pro-Israel demonstrations. Its website has not been updated for a number of years but Betar members are still known to be active and are considering permanent headquarters in London.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <p>Betar Australia is an active movement with branches in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>. Each of these branches organizes many activities, functions, and Jewish youth camps in each state. Betar Australia is a member of the Australasian Zionist Youth Council. </p><p>Betar Australia was initially established in Melbourne and branched out to New South Wales (Sydney) and Queensland (Brisbane). In 1948, Betar members from <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and elsewhere reestablished Betar in Melbourne to help provide refuge for the many Jewish survivors of the Holocaust who remained without assistance. Later, in 1953, Betar expanded to Sydney where Betar NSW was established by Jewish immigrants from China such as their first mefaked (director) Hans Dreyer and Bob Shteinman. Further, Betar expanded to Canberra and Brisbane, although the Canberra branch did not continue to stay active. The Queensland branch celebrated its 50th reunion in 2006. </p><p>The Sydney movement has experienced various periods of expansion and contraction, reaching its zenith in the early 1990s. During that time, winter camps regularly attracted over 220 <i>chanichim</i> (campers). Summer camps were also large, often held in conjunction with the rest of Betar Australia. Several federal camps were held during that time, including Jamboree in <a href="/wiki/Toowoomba" title="Toowoomba">Toowoomba</a>, Queensland. Betar Australia also holds annual seminars for senior members as well as educational and training conventions for its senior leaders. </p><p>Betar has been at the forefront of Jewish activism in Australia. Betar Australia began protesting Nazi supporters and sympathizers in 1952, when it released pigeons and stink bombs during a concert by allegedly pro-Nazi German pianist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gieseking" title="Walter Gieseking">Walter Gieseking</a> in Melbourne. The group battled neo-Nazi groups in the 1960s, and in the 1970s and 1980s, it spearheaded the protests of the Sydney Jewish community on behalf of Soviet Jewry. The group was instrumental in supporting the annual protest outside the Soviet Consulate in Trelawney Street, <a href="/wiki/Woollahra" title="Woollahra">Woollahra</a>, which occurred each Pesach, and has supported mass protests outside the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Ballet" title="Bolshoi Ballet">Bolshoi Ballet</a> and the Moscow Circus on Ice at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. It also protested Soviet Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a>'s visit to <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> and Sydney. In the 1970s, the group demonstrated against a visit of the General Union of Palestine Students to the Australian Union of Students after the latter had moved to the political left. In later years, Betar Australia took the initiative to organize community protests outside the <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> Embassy in Canberra during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and outside the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> Embassy to protest Iranian state sponsorship of terrorism. The group also marched in front of the German Consulate in Sydney to protest what it perceived to be a resurgence of anti-Semitism in postwar Germany. In 2004, Betar Sydney was active in protesting Dr. Hanan Ashrawi's receiving of the Sydney Premier's peace prize. </p><p>Australia Betarim leaders very often emigrate to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and maintain close relations between the two nations. Betar Australia sends several members to Israel's <i><a href="/wiki/Hasbarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasbarah">hasbarah</a></i> programs each year. This pilgrimage is generally made after the completion of year 12 and the program spans the course of a year. After completing the program, the leaders are considered to be, "Bogrim" a more senior title for a youth leader. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3></div> <p>Once one of the largest youth movements in South Africa, Betar South Africa has since dwindled greatly. Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, the group used to host a 3-week summer camp each December and annual programs to send youth to Israel. Like Betar Australia, Betar South Africa saw many of its members permanently emigrate to Israel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3></div> <p>Betar Brasil is an active movement with branches in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>. Each of these branches organize consistent activities, events, both summer and winter camps (Machanot) as well as a lot of other community initiatives. There are also frequent National Seminars and some activities are carried out by all three maozim together. Betar has gained significant strength in Brazil by the end of the 2010s decade and seems to continue growing considerably. In 2018, the Betar branch in Rio de Janeiro was officially inaugurated, under the leadership of Theodor Fuchs, Nicholas Beznos, Gabriel Uram, Guilherme Jaffé, Felipe Lazkani, Gabriela Sznajderman, Eduardo Oliven, Bernardo Press, Bruno Sznajderman, Gabriel Kac Nigri, Paulo Orenbuch, Davi Beznos, Caio Cohen, and Victor Cohen. By 2019 São Paulo's branch was established too, with the leadership of Marcos Zlotnik, Raphael Harari, David Breslauer and Ilan Charchat. The revival of Betar Brasil was only possible with the help of Juliana Katz, Mono Sommer (World Betar's Rosh Chinuch), and Nerya Meir (CEO of World Betar). In 2020, the first Hanagah Artzit was formed after decades. <a href="/wiki/Jabotinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a>'s ideas were finally reborn in the two largest Jewish communities of the country. Today, each maoz counts with more than 50 betarím, including <i>madrichim</i> and <i>chanichim</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h3></div> <p>One of the largest youth movements in Uruguay, Betar Uruguay has expanded greatly. Its <i>maoz</i> is located in Montevideo and there are weekly activities carried out as well as Jewish summer camps (Machanot) and Continental Seminars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3></div> <p>Recently created, the new maoz in Rome was founded by an Italian teen group, together with betarím from all over the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h3></div> <p>The group was active in Tunisia and published several periodicals, including <i><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_du_B%C3%A9tar" title="Cahiers du Bétar">Cahiers du Bétar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <p>There are a number of Betar (or "Beitar") sports teams. Included among them are <a href="/wiki/Beitar_Jerusalem_F.C." title="Beitar Jerusalem F.C.">Beitar Jerusalem F.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beitar_Tel_Aviv" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitar Tel Aviv">Beitar Tel Aviv</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beitar_Jerusalem_B.C." title="Beitar Jerusalem B.C.">Beitar Jerusalem B.C.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beitar_Ramat_Gan_F.C." title="Beitar Ramat Gan F.C.">Beitar Ramat Gan F.C.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betar_Naval_Academy" title="Betar Naval Academy">Betar Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadima" title="Kadima">Kadima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir_Betar" title="Shir Betar">Shir Betar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_youth_movement" title="Zionist youth movement">Zionist youth movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitar_Jerusalem_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitar Jerusalem FC">Beitar Jerusalem FC</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_East_Bank_of_the_Jordan_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="The East Bank of the Jordan (poem)">The East Bank of the Jordan</a>" (also known as "Two Banks has the Jordan"), a poem by <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a> that became the slogan and one of the most famous songs of Betar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Meir Kahane</a>, former member of Betar and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)"> Kach</a> party.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPuchalski2018" class="citation journal cs1">Puchalski, P. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/polishreview.63.3.0088">"Review: Jabotinsky's Children: Polish Jews and the Rise of Right-Wing Zionism"</a>. <i>The Polish Review</i>. <b>63</b> (3). University of Illinois Press: 88–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fpolishreview.63.3.0088">10.5406/polishreview.63.3.0088</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/polishreview.63.3.0088">10.5406/polishreview.63.3.0088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Polish+Review&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Jabotinsky%27s+Children%3A+Polish+Jews+and+the+Rise+of+Right-Wing+Zionism&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=88-91&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fpolishreview.63.3.0088&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fpolishreview.63.3.0088%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Puchalski&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fpolishreview.63.3.0088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2004_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2004_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Charles D. (2004). <i>Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict</i> (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-40408-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-40408-5"><bdi>0-312-40408-5</bdi></a>. <q>[Jabotinsky] formed youth groups (Betar) whose practices, patterned after the tactics and symbols of fascism, included wearing brown shirts and using special salutes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+and+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=115&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-312-40408-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Charles D. (2004). <i>Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict</i> (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-40408-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-40408-5"><bdi>0-312-40408-5</bdi></a>. <q>Begin... adhered to his Revisionist ideology throughout his life... He idolized Jabotinsky and served as an officer in the Betar militia in Poland during the 1930s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+and+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=138&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-312-40408-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shavit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shavit_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shavit_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaakov_Shavit1988" class="citation book cs1">Yaakov Shavit (1988). <i>Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement, 1925–1948</i>. Frank Cass. pp. 51–52, 383 n.4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jabotinsky+and+the+Revisionist+Movement%2C+1925%E2%80%931948&rft.pages=51-52%2C+383+n.4&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Yaakov+Shavit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MfA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MfA_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/History/Zionism/Pages/Youth%20Movements.aspx">"Youth Movements: Betar"</a>. <i>Centenary of Zionism: 1897-1997</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centenary+of+Zionism%3A+1897-1997&rft.atitle=Youth+Movements%3A+Betar&rft.date=1998-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FAboutIsrael%2FHistory%2FZionism%2FPages%2FYouth%2520Movements.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Charles D. (2004). <i>Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict</i> (2nd ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Betar+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.betaramerica.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.betar.org.uk/">"Betar and Tagar UK - Zionist Youth, Students and Young Professional Movement"</a>. <i>www.betar.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305215722/https://www.betar.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.betar.org.uk&rft.atitle=Betar+and+Tagar+UK+-+Zionist+Youth%2C+Students+and+Young+Professional+Movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.betar.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.4778247">"U.K. charity commission strikes off Jewish youth group"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121200259/https://www.haaretz.com/1.4778247">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=U.K.+charity+commission+strikes+off+Jewish+youth+group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F1.4778247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3541746.stm">"UK Jewish charity political row"</a>. 2004-08-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609045510/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3541746.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Routledge. p. 468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-72104-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-72104-5"><bdi>978-0-429-72104-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220827152711/https://books.google.com/books?id=M9CwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA468">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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state">Jewish state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_and_Stockade" title="Tower and Stockade">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">Negation of the Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Hebraization of surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zionism-template.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence"><img alt="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/45px-Zionism-template.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/68px-Zionism-template.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Zionism-template.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Zionism" title="Types of Zionism">Ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Zionism" title="Reform Zionism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Zionism" title="Federal Zionism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Zionism" title="Proto-Zionism">Proto-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Zionism" title="Non-Zionism">Non-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanism" title="Canaanism">Canaanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddishist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Golus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Zionist_organizations" title="Category:Zionist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hovevei Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilu_(movement)" title="Bilu (movement)">Bilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_General_Council" title="Zionist General Council">Zionist General Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Germany" title="Zionist Federation of Germany">Zionist Federation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Zionist Organization of America">Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_Canada" title="Zionist Organization of Canada">Zionist Organization of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionists_of_America" title="Religious Zionists of America">Religious Zionists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(political_party)" title="Mizrachi (political party)">Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habonim_Dror" title="Habonim Dror">Habonim Dror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HaNoar_HaTzioni" title="HaNoar HaTzioni">HaNoar HaTzioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Betar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)">Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Romania)" title="Jewish Party (Romania)">Jewish Party (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Resistance_Movement" title="Jewish Resistance Movement">Jewish Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Zionist_Organization" title="Women's International Zionist Organization">Women's International Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America">Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aytzim" title="Aytzim">Aytzim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Zionist_Movement" title="American Zionist Movement">American Zionist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am_Yisrael_Foundation" title="Am Yisrael Foundation">Am Yisrael Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland">Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Zionist_Strategies" title="Institute for Zionist Strategies">Institute for Zionist Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fellowship_of_Christians_and_Jews" title="International Fellowship of Christians and Jews">International Fellowship of Christians and Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthright_Israel" title="Birthright Israel">Birthright Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">History and<br />timelines</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Aliyah_in_modern_times" title="Chronology of Aliyah in modern times">Chronology of Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">History of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379">UN General Assembly Resolution 3379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_46/86" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86">UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">Timeline of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaZikaron" title="Yom HaZikaron">Yom HaZikaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Jerusalem Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzl_Day" title="Herzl Day">Herzl Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabotinsky_Day" title="Jabotinsky Day">Jabotinsky Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_Day" title="Ben-Gurion Day">Ben-Gurion Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabin_Day" title="Rabin Day">Rabin Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zionists" title="List of Zionists">List of Zionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_one_inch" title="Not one inch">Not one inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_Judaism" title="Muscular Judaism">Muscular Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Muslim supporters of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_except_Palestine" title="Progressive except Palestine">Progressive except Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zio_(pejorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zio (pejorative)">Zio (pejorative)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Conservatism in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Liberalism in Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713120#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713120#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713120#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122176689">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130050682">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/167326533">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/553682/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/10348394-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81012060">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810617056705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007302992705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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