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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique_of_ringing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique_of_ringing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technique of ringing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technique_of_ringing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_ringing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_ringing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types of ringing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_ringing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of ringing subsection</span> </button> <ul 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Category:Eastern Orthodoxy">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/140px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/210px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/280px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2900" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of theology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Church history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Sacrament">Holy Mysteries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">View of salvation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">View of Mary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#Eastern_Orthodox_teaching" title="Icon">View of icons</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension<br />of Jesus</a></div></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clergy#Orthodoxy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Eastern Orthodox Church)">Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Orthodox Church)">Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Eastern_Catholicism" title="Deacon">Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian_monasticism#Byzantine_monasticism" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism" title="Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism">Degrees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_brotherhood" title="Orthodox brotherhood">Bratstvo</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Lands and Slovakia</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches <i>de jure</i>: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Archdiocese_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid">North Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukraine (OCU)</a></li></ul> <p>Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukraine (UOC)</a></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonia (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Japan (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Americas (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabia (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldova (MP)</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Semi-Autonomous: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Crete" title="Church of Crete">Crete (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">ROCOR (MP)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Episcopal assemblies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_Oceania" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania">Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Austria" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Belgium,_Holland,_and_Luxembourg" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg">Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_France" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Germany" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Italy_and_Malta" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Italy and Malta">Italy and Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Scandinavia" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Spain and Portugal">Spain and Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">United States of America</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Noncanonical jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="True Orthodoxy">True Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Orthodox_Catholic_Church" title="American Orthodox Catholic Church">American Orthodox Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_World_Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="American World Patriarchs">American World Patriarchs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Churches_that_are_unrecognized" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">National</a> churches:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church" title="Abkhazian Orthodox Church">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Italy" title="Orthodox Church in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Orthodox_Churches_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Orthodox Churches in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Orthodox Church">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kyiv_Patriarchate" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate">UOC–KP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Orthodox_Church" title="Evangelical Orthodox Church">Evangelical Orthodox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First Seven Ecumenical Councils</a>:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Seventh</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other possible ecumenical councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">Ninth</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other important councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jassy" title="Synod of Jassy">Jassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moscow_Synod" title="Great Moscow Synod">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(1872)" title="Council of Constantinople (1872)">Constantinople (1872)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of Eastern Orthodox theology</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology_in_the_20th_century" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology in the 20th century">20th century (Neo-Palamism)</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Contemplative prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence vs. Energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepsis" title="Nepsis">Nepsis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Oikonomia</a></i> vs <i><a href="/wiki/Akribeia" title="Akribeia">Akribeia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_view_of_sin" title="Eastern Orthodox view of sin">Sin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Differences from the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_regarding_the_Filioque" title="Eastern Orthodox teaching regarding the Filioque">Opposition to the Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Opposition to papal supremacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy and worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Divine Services</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist" title="Akathist">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolytikion" title="Apolytikion">Apolytikion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artos" title="Artos">Artos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectenia" title="Ectenia">Ectenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">Holy Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">Iconostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontakion" title="Kontakion">Kontakion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrance_(liturgical)" title="Entrance (liturgical)">Liturgical entrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_fan_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical fan in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Liturgical fans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lity_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lity in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Lity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_service_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Memorial service in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Memorial service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Eternal" title="Memory Eternal">Memory Eternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowing_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Bowing in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox bowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraklesis" title="Paraklesis">Paraklesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_greeting" title="Paschal greeting">Paschal greeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Homily" title="Paschal Homily">Paschal Homily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_troparion" title="Paschal troparion">Paschal troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rope" title="Prayer rope">Prayer rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphora" title="Prosphora">Prosphora</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian bell ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantron" title="Semantron">Semantron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticheron" title="Sticheron">Sticheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparion" title="Troparion">Troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment#Byzantine_Rite" title="Vestment">Vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurible#Byzantine_Rite" title="Thurible">Use of incense</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Liturgical calendar</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_cycle" title="Paschal cycle">Paschal cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_feasts_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church">12 Great Feasts</a></li> <li>Other feasts:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Orthodoxy" title="Feast of Orthodoxy">Feast of Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_the_Theotokos" title="Intercession of the Theotokos">Intercession of the Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>The four fasting periods:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Apostles' Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a> Fast</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">Theodore the Studite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassia" title="Kassia">Kassiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture" title="Eastern Orthodox church architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Orthodoxy" title="Folk Orthodoxy">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical_of_the_Eastern_Patriarchs" title="Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs">Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_cross" title="Russian Orthodox cross">Eastern Orthodox cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles">Saint titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Statistics by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Russian Orthodox bell ringing</b> has a history starting from the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Rus">baptism of Rus</a> in 988 and plays an important role in the traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ringing of bells is one of the most essential elements of an Orthodox church.<sup id="cite_ref-ZB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">Church bells</a> are rung to: </p> <ul><li>Summon the faithful to services</li> <li>Express the triumphal joy of the Christian Church</li> <li>Announce important moments during the services both to those in church and to those who are not able to be physically present in the church, so that all may be united in prayer</li> <li>Strengthen Christians in piety and faith by its sound, which Orthodox Christians believe is "alloyed with divine grace to disperse and destroy the forces of cruelty and of demonic suggestion"<sup id="cite_ref-RB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Proclaim important events, such as the death of a member of the church; the arrival of an important person, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> or civil ruler; an emergency such as <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a>; or victory in battle (as dramatically recreated in the triumphant conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/1812_Overture" title="1812 Overture">1812 Overture</a>).</li></ul> <p>The use of bells is not only practical, but is also considered to be spiritual. Bells are sometimes referred to as "singing icons", because they establish the <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustic</a> space of an Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> just as painted <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hymnology" title="Hymnology">hymnography</a> define its visual and <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">noetic</a> space, respectively. Icons are considered "scripture in image" as bells are "scripture in sound". </p><p>There are several liturgical services which point out the importance of bells in the Russian Orthodox Church: <i><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundation</a> of a New <a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">Bell Tower</a></i>, <i>Blessing a New Bell Tower</i> (after construction is completed), <i>Blessing, Naming, and <a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismating</a> a Bell</i>. There is also a service for the blessing of a bell ringer. </p><p>Bells are blessed with a ritual containing many of the elements of the <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Rite of Baptism</a>. The new bell is blessed with <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Censed" class="mw-redirect" title="Censed">censed</a>, both outside and inside, and the priest <a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">lays hands</a> on the bell to bless it. During the rite, the bell is "named" (that is, <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecrated</a> in honour of a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> has often been molded into the side of the bell when it was <a href="/wiki/Bellfounding" title="Bellfounding">cast</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundry</a>—but though a bell may be called the "Gabriel" bell, it would never be called the "St. Gabriel" bell, because a bell is not a saint). </p><p>The bell is also <a href="/wiki/Anointed" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointed">anointed</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">chrism</a>, just as an Orthodox Christian is at <a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">chrismation</a>. The theological understanding of bells as "weapons" in <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_warfare" title="Spiritual warfare">spiritual warfare</a>, and their role in the Christian life is emphasized during the rite by the <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scripture</a> <a href="/wiki/Lection" title="Lection">lesson</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0410.htm#1">Numbers 10:1–10</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>"And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying: Make for yourself two silver trumpets … And they shall be for you for the calling of the assembly … When you sound an alarm … And if you shall go forth to war … And in the days of your rejoicing …"</p></blockquote> <p>The use of bells is symbolic of the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>. Sometimes Orthodox churches and monasteries will combine the use of bells with the striking of a wooden or metal <a href="/wiki/Semantron" title="Semantron">semantron</a>, with the semantron being sounded first, then the bells being rung later. The quieter and simpler sound of the semantron is understood to symbolize the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a>, for it is the symbol only of a coming event, whereas the ringing of the bells is spread far into the air symbolizing the annunciation of the Gospel throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-RB_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Tsar_Bell_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Tsar_Bell_Moscow.jpg/220px-The_Tsar_Bell_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Tsar_Bell_Moscow.jpg/330px-The_Tsar_Bell_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Tsar_Bell_Moscow.jpg/440px-The_Tsar_Bell_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Bell" title="Tsar Bell">Tsar Bell</a> standing beside the <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Great_Bell_Tower" title="Ivan the Great Bell Tower">Ivan the Great Bell Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>; the sculpting of the wall of the bell can be seen in the broken section.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a> to Christianity in the 10th century, bells came gradually into use everywhere. Originally, a flat piece of wood or metal called a <a href="/wiki/Semantron" title="Semantron">semantron</a> would be beaten rhythmically with a mallet to summon the faithful to services. This was especially true in <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>, some of which still to this day use both semantrons and bells. </p><p>While the semantron was inherited from Greece, the use of church bells was imported into Russia from Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-ZB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> word for bell is <i>kolokol</i>, which comes from the German word <i>glocke</i>, derived from the Latin <i>clocca</i>, which in turn appears to come from the Irish <i>clog</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CatEn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatEn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word for bell in <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> is <i>kampan</i>, which is derived from Latin <i>campana</i>. During the fifteenth century the semantron began to be gradually replaced by bells.<sup id="cite_ref-RB_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, several <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundries</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bellfounding" title="Bellfounding">bell making</a> were established in Russia. Russian church bells are commonly cast using a mixture of bronze and tin, often with silver added to the <a href="/wiki/Bell_metal" title="Bell metal">bell metal</a>, to produce their unique sonority and resonance. Russian bells also tend to differ from Western bells in the proportion of their height to width, and the method of varying the thickness of the walls of the bell. The clapper ("tongue") of the bell also follows a different design than that used in the West. </p><p>The art of bellfounding reached its pinnacle in the 18th century, with the production of unimaginably huge bells. The largest bell in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Bell" title="Tsar Bell">Tsar Bell</a> (218 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">tons</a>) was cast in 1733 for the <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Great_Bell_Tower" title="Ivan the Great Bell Tower">Ivan the Great Bell Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. Unfortunately, the Tsar Bell was damaged in a fire in 1737 before it could be successfully hung, and stands today at the base of the tower. The largest working bell in the world is the <a href="/wiki/Dormition" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition">Dormition</a> Bell (144,000 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lb</a>) which hangs in the same Ivan the Great Bell Tower. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> severely <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecuted Christianity</a>. Numerous bells were destroyed and during certain periods the production of church bells all but stopped. After <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">the fall of the Iron Curtain</a> the production of bells resumed, and has experienced a surge of activity as many of the churches that were destroyed are being rebuilt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique_of_ringing">Technique of ringing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technique of ringing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipatios_monastery_Kostroma_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ipatios_monastery_Kostroma_19.jpg/220px-Ipatios_monastery_Kostroma_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ipatios_monastery_Kostroma_19.jpg/330px-Ipatios_monastery_Kostroma_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ipatios_monastery_Kostroma_19.jpg/440px-Ipatios_monastery_Kostroma_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3468" data-file-height="2308" /></a><figcaption>Ringing the bells at <a href="/wiki/Ipatiev_Monastery" title="Ipatiev Monastery">Ipatiev Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a>, Russia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bell-ringer_yaroslavl_2012.ogv/220px--Bell-ringer_yaroslavl_2012.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="53" data-mwtitle="Bell-ringer_yaroslavl_2012.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bell-ringer_yaroslavl_2012.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Bell-ringer_yaroslavl_2012.ogv/Bell-ringer_yaroslavl_2012.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Bell-ringer_yaroslavl_2012.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Bell-ringer_yaroslavl_2012.ogv/Bell-ringer_yaroslavl_2012.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Bell-ringer_yaroslavl_2012.ogv/Bell-ringer_yaroslavl_2012.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Bell-ringer_yaroslavl_2012.ogv/Bell-ringer_yaroslavl_2012.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Bell-ringer_yaroslavl_2012.ogv/Bell-ringer_yaroslavl_2012.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Bell-ringer demonstrating Russian ringing on a portable belfry</figcaption></figure> <p>Technically, bells rung in the Russian tradition are sounded exclusively by <a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">chiming</a> (i.e., moving only the clapper so that it strikes the side of a stationary bell) and never by swinging the bell. For the Russian tradition a special complex system of ropes is used, designed individually for each belltower. All the ropes are gathered at approximately one point, where the bell-ringer (<i>zvonar</i>) stands. Some ropes (the smaller ones) are played by hand. The bigger ropes are played by foot. The major part of the ropes (usually – all ropes) are not actually pulled, but rather pressed. Since one end of every rope is fixed, and the ropes are kept in tension, a press or even a punch on a rope makes a clapper strike the side of its bell. </p><p>The secrets of this technique have passed from generation to generation, but by the 20th century this art was almost lost. Training took place only at workshops until 2008, then the first permanent traditional bell-ringing school opened in Moscow, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Drozdihin_Ilya" class="mw-redirect" title="Drozdihin Ilya">Drozdihin Ilya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No melody is employed, as in the Western <a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a>, but rather a complicated polyrhythmical sequence of sounds is produced. "The foundation of Orthodox bell ringing lies not in melody but in rhythm, with its intrinsic dynamic, and in the interaction of the <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbres</a> of [various] bells."<sup id="cite_ref-RB_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sequences have a very special <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>, since Russian bells (unlike Western European ones) are not tuned to a single note. Western bells usually have an <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> between the loudest upper tone ("ring") and the loudest lower tone ("hum"). Russian bells have a <a href="/wiki/Leading-tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading-tone">seventh</a> between these sounds. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Generally, a good Russian bell is tuned to produce a whole scale of sounds (up to several dozen of them).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This effect is accomplished both by the composition of the <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> from which the bell is cast and the sculpting of the sides of the bell in the mold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_ringing">Types of ringing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of ringing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C0230-Old-Kstovo-church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/C0230-Old-Kstovo-church.jpg/220px-C0230-Old-Kstovo-church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/C0230-Old-Kstovo-church.jpg/330px-C0230-Old-Kstovo-church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/C0230-Old-Kstovo-church.jpg/440px-C0230-Old-Kstovo-church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A bell-ringer works the ropes on top of a small church in Old <a href="/wiki/Kstovo" title="Kstovo">Kstovo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Russian Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Typicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Typicon">typicon</a> provides for different types of <a href="/wiki/Campanology" title="Campanology">bell ringing</a>. Different ringing is used on different days (on working days, on Sunday, on holy days, during <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> etc.) Different ringing is required for different services (for morning service, service for the dead, <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a>, etc.). These differences are accomplished by ringing particular bells in particular ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To understand the Russian Orthodox method of bell ringing, it is necessary to recognize a few items of terminology. The bells in an Orthodox bell tower (<i>zvonnitsa</i>) are organized into three groups: </p> <ul><li><i>Zazvonny</i>— the smallest, or <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> bells.</li> <li><i>Podzvonny</i>— the middle, or <a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">alto</a> bells.</li> <li><i>Blagovestnik</i>— the largest, or <a href="/wiki/Bass_(vocal_range)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass (vocal range)">bass</a> bells.</li></ul> <p>Within each of these three groups there may be several bells of varying size, all within the general range of the group. The larger the bell, the deeper its voice. </p><p>A <i>zvon</i> is a toll on any bell or bells. </p><p>A <i>zvonar</i> is a bell ringer. In the Orthodox church, this is a <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsured</a> (clerical) position, and there is a distinct service of the "Setting Apart of a Bell Ringer". The use of electric bells is forbidden in the Orthodox Church, because it is a sacred function, and may only be performed by a member of the church. Before he goes into the belltower, the zvonar will go to the priest (or the <a href="/wiki/Igumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Igumen">igumen</a> if it is a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>) for a <a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">blessing</a> to ring the bells. </p><p>Different ringing is used at different moments of the service (before the service, during the most essential parts of the <a href="/wiki/All-Night_Vigil" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Night Vigil">All-Night Vigil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>, while the departed is being carried to the <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemetery</a>, etc.). Four kinds of canonical tolls are distinguished, which, rung separately or in combination, comprise all the diversity of Orthodox bell-ringing: <i>Blagovest</i>, <i>Perebor</i>, <i>Perezvon</i>, and <i>Trezvon</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blagovest">Blagovest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Blagovest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle_-_St._Nicholas_Cathedral_bells_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Seattle_-_St._Nicholas_Cathedral_bells_02.jpg/220px-Seattle_-_St._Nicholas_Cathedral_bells_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Seattle_-_St._Nicholas_Cathedral_bells_02.jpg/330px-Seattle_-_St._Nicholas_Cathedral_bells_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Seattle_-_St._Nicholas_Cathedral_bells_02.jpg/440px-Seattle_-_St._Nicholas_Cathedral_bells_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Bells at St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Memorial Cathedral, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (U.S. state)">Washington</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Blagovest" title="Blagovest">blagovest</a> is the measured striking of a single large bell (called the <i>blagovestnik</i>). Blagovest means "<a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">annunciation</a>", or "<a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">good news</a>" because with this ringing the believers are notified that the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)">divine service</a> is about to begin in the church. </p><p>As a separate toll before the beginning of a divine service, the blagovest commences with three slow strokes (i.e., with rather long pauses between), and thereafter continues with more frequent, measured strokes, sometimes ending with three more slow strokes. According to the Typikon, the blagovest should last for as long as it takes to read through <a href="/wiki/Psalm_119" title="Psalm 119">Psalm 118</a> (<a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>; KJV: Psalm 119) once, or <a href="/wiki/Psalm_51" title="Psalm 51">Psalm 50</a> (KJV: Psalm 51) twelve times. </p><p>Depending on the type of the divine service, the blagovest is classified as "regular" (<i>obyknovenny</i>, i.e., fast and often accomplished by swinging the clapper to both sides of the bell), or "Lenten" (<i>postny</i>, i.e., slow, and on only one side of the bell). On <a href="/wiki/Great_Feasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Feasts">Great Feasts</a> the blagovest is tolled on the largest blagovestnik in the tower and the toll as a rule is faster, louder, and longer. </p><p>Besides the normal blagovest, in Orthodox ringing there is another, named “tidal” (<i>valovoy</i>) or "great" (<i>bolshoi</i>), when strokes on the largest blagovestnik are mixed with tolls on another blagovestnik. </p><p>The Blagovest can be sounded on different bells, depending on the day. Large bell towers typically have five <i>Blagovestniki</i> (ranged from larger to smaller): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Feast">Festal</a> or Triumphal (<i>Prazdnichny</i> or <i>Torzhestvenny</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyeleos" title="Polyeleos">Polyeleos</a> (<i>Polyeleyny</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Sunday</a> (<i>Voskresny</i>)</li> <li>Daily or <a href="/wiki/Feria" title="Feria">Ferial</a> (<i>Budnichny</i> or <i>Prostodnevny</i>)</li> <li>Small or <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Lenten</a> (<i>Maly</i> or <i>Postny</i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perebor">Perebor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Perebor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Perebor</i> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" class="extiw" title="ru:Перебор">Перебор</a></span> is the funeral zvon. Each individual bell is struck once, from the smallest to the largest, in a slow, steady peal. After that, all of the bells are struck together at the same time. Striking the bells from the smallest to the largest symbolizes the stages of a person's life from birth to death; the final striking of all the bells together symbolizes the end of earthly life. During the perebor, each stroke of a bell should not be made until the sound of the previous bell has died away. The perebor may be repeated as many times as necessary, and is tolled as the body of the deceased is carried from the temple (church building) to the grave. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perezvon">Perezvon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Perezvon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Perezvon</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="ru:Перезвон">Перезвон</a></span>) is the striking of each of the bells, once or several times, from largest to the smallest, with a final stroke on all at once. The pattern may be repeated many times, but the final stroke on all bells is made only at the very end. </p><p>This peal symbolizes what the Orthodox Church holds to be the <i><a href="/wiki/Kenosis" title="Kenosis">kenosis</a></i> (self-emptying) of <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> when he became <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnate</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Philippians#2:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Philippians">Philippians 2:7–8</a>), and is sounded only twice a year, on <a href="/wiki/Great_Friday" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Friday">Great Friday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Saturday" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Saturday">Great Saturday</a> during those moments which recount Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Death_and_Resurrection_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and Resurrection of Jesus">death on the cross</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Sepulchre">burial</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trezvon">Trezvon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trezvon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Ross_Festival_2018-6075.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fort_Ross_Festival_2018-6075.jpg/220px-Fort_Ross_Festival_2018-6075.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fort_Ross_Festival_2018-6075.jpg/330px-Fort_Ross_Festival_2018-6075.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fort_Ross_Festival_2018-6075.jpg/440px-Fort_Ross_Festival_2018-6075.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5477" data-file-height="4232" /></a><figcaption>Victor Avdienko, Bell Ringer & Percussionist, San Francisco Symphony, ringing bells in front of the orthodox chapel at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ross">Fort Ross</a> Festival 2018, Sonoma County, California</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Trezvon</i> (triple-peal) is the rhythmical ringing of multiple bells, using all the major groups of the bell scale. The trezvon is the most joyous of the various types of rings. The order of ringing the different bells is not fixed, but may be composed by the bell-ringer himself and prompted by his creativity and self-expression. For the trezvon, the elaborate pattern is repeated three times, with a short pause between each repetition. All three groups of bells participate in the trezvon (soprano, alto, bass), and each group has its own part in the peal. Traditionally, the <a href="/wiki/Meter_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (music)">meter</a> for a trezvon is <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>3</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> or <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span>. The largest bell which can participate in it is the blagovestnik which was used to ring the blagovest for the given service, or a smaller bell, but not a larger one. </p><p>The trezvon is usually rung in three stages: the <i>beginning</i>, the <i>zvon</i> itself, and the <i>finale</i>. The beginning usually consists of three slow tolls on the blagovestnik for that day, symbolizing the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>. The main part of the trezvon, the zvon, is often performed in several movements— one, two, or three, often called “verses”— each of which is finished with one, two, or three chords (formed by striking several select bells at once), corresponding to the number of verses. Each movement might have its own particular rhythm, dynamic, and composition. The trezvon is usually finished with three chords. The length of the trezvon is normally the length of the time it takes to read of Psalm 50; but on more festive occasions it should be longer. </p><p>The <i>Dvuzvon</i> (double-peal) is the same as a Trezvon, except the pattern is repeated only twice instead of three times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occasions">Occasions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Occasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The above types of zvons may be combined and rung at particular times during the same service, or used exclusively on certain occasions. The following are general guidelines, and cannot accommodate the full richness and diversity of the Russian Orthodox Church. There are also variations in local tradition. </p> <ul><li>All-Night Vigil</li> <li>Divine Liturgy</li> <li>Holy Week and Pascha</li> <li>Feast days</li> <li>Funerals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day (9 May)</a> within Russia, during the playing of <a href="/wiki/Slavsya" title="Slavsya">Slavsya</a> and occasionally the final bars of the <a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Russia">National Anthem of Russia</a></li> <li>Performances of the <a href="/wiki/1812_Overture" title="1812 Overture">1812 Overture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arundel_bells">Arundel bells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arundel bells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These bells are not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Sebastopol_Bell,_Windsor" title="Sebastopol Bell, Windsor">Sebastopol Bell at Windsor</a>, although both were captured during the end of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 978px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arundel_Russian_Bell_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Three 17th Century Russian Orthodox Church Bells in Arundel Castle, West Sussex United Kingdom. These bells were taken as trophies from Sevastopol at the conclusion of the Crimean War in 1856."><img alt="Three 17th Century Russian Orthodox Church Bells in Arundel Castle, West Sussex United Kingdom. These bells were taken as trophies from Sevastopol at the conclusion of the Crimean War in 1856." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arundel_Russian_Bell_1.JPG/120px-Arundel_Russian_Bell_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arundel_Russian_Bell_1.JPG/180px-Arundel_Russian_Bell_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arundel_Russian_Bell_1.JPG/240px-Arundel_Russian_Bell_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three 17th Century Russian Orthodox Church Bells in <a href="/wiki/Arundel_Castle" title="Arundel Castle">Arundel Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a> United Kingdom. These bells were taken as trophies from <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> in 1856.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arundel_Russian_Bell_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Three 17th Century Russian Orthodox Church Bells in Arundel Castle"><img alt="Three 17th Century Russian Orthodox Church Bells in Arundel Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Arundel_Russian_Bell_3.JPG/120px-Arundel_Russian_Bell_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Arundel_Russian_Bell_3.JPG/180px-Arundel_Russian_Bell_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Arundel_Russian_Bell_3.JPG/240px-Arundel_Russian_Bell_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three 17th Century Russian Orthodox Church Bells in <a href="/wiki/Arundel_Castle" title="Arundel Castle">Arundel Castle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arundel_Russian_Bell_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Three 17th Century Russian Orthodox Church Bells in Arundel Castle"><img alt="Three 17th Century Russian Orthodox Church Bells in Arundel Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arundel_Russian_Bell_5.JPG/120px-Arundel_Russian_Bell_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arundel_Russian_Bell_5.JPG/180px-Arundel_Russian_Bell_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arundel_Russian_Bell_5.JPG/240px-Arundel_Russian_Bell_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three 17th Century Russian Orthodox Church Bells in <a href="/wiki/Arundel_Castle" title="Arundel Castle">Arundel Castle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arundel_Russian_Bell_6.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Three 17th Century Russian Orthodox Church Bells in Arundel Castle"><img alt="Three 17th Century Russian Orthodox Church Bells in Arundel Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Arundel_Russian_Bell_6.JPG/120px-Arundel_Russian_Bell_6.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Arundel_Russian_Bell_6.JPG/180px-Arundel_Russian_Bell_6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Arundel_Russian_Bell_6.JPG/240px-Arundel_Russian_Bell_6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three 17th Century Russian Orthodox Church Bells in <a href="/wiki/Arundel_Castle" title="Arundel Castle">Arundel Castle</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Index_of_campanology_articles" title="Index of campanology articles">Index of campanology articles</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime (bell instrument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_circle_ringing" title="Full circle ringing">Full circle ringing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ZB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSlobodskoy1996" class="citation cs2">Slobodskoy, <a href="/wiki/Archpriest" title="Archpriest">Archpriest</a> Seraphim (1996), "Bells and Russian Orthodox Peals", <i>The Law of God</i>, Jordanville, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_monastery_(Jordanville)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity monastery (Jordanville)">Holy Trinity Monastery</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">623–</span>635, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88465-044-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88465-044-8"><bdi>0-88465-044-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bells+and+Russian+Orthodox+Peals&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+God&rft.place=Jordanville%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E623-%3C%2Fspan%3E635&rft.pub=Holy+Trinity+Monastery&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-88465-044-8&rft.aulast=Slobodskoy&rft.aufirst=Archpriest+Seraphim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+bell+ringing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RB_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RB_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RB_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RB_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianbells.com/ringing/typikon-bellringing.pdf"><i>Typikon for Church Bell Ringing</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Moscow: Editorial Board of the Russian Orthodox Church, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-29</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Typikon+for+Church+Bell+Ringing&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Editorial+Board+of+the+Russian+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianbells.com%2Fringing%2Ftypikon-bellringing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+bell+ringing" class="Z3988"></span> (English translation 2003 by Blagovest Bells, San Anselmo, Cal.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CatEn-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CatEn_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurston1907" class="citation cs2">Thurston, Herbert (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02418b.htm">"Bells"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>, vol. II, New York: Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-29</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bells&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F02418b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+bell+ringing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130417213145/http://www.tvkultura.ru/news.html?id=267190&cid=178">"Russia. The TV channel "Culture". The school bell ringers opens in Moscow"</a>. Tvkultura.ru. 2008-10-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvkultura.ru/news.html?id=267190&cid=178">the original</a> on April 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia.+The+TV+channel+%22Culture%22.+The+school+bell+ringers+opens+in+Moscow&rft.pub=Tvkultura.ru&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvkultura.ru%2Fnews.html%3Fid%3D267190%26cid%3D178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+bell+ringing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpzvon.narod.ru/index1.htm">"Orthodox Bells"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Bells&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpzvon.narod.ru%2Findex1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+bell+ringing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zvonarhome.orthodoxy.ru/mp3.php">Recordings of Russian bells</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://predanie.ru/rubric-page/kolokolnye-zvony/">Examples of Russian Orthodox bell ringing at Predanie.ru media archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zvon.ru/">Russian Society of bell ringers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728130042/http://www.zvon.ru/">Archived</a> 2019-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.liturgy.ru/photo/x5.htm">A picture of the consecration of a bell by a bishop</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206012920/http://en.liturgy.ru/photo/x5.htm">Archived</a> 2012-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianbells.com/bless/bless3.html">The Order for the Blessing, Naming, and Chrismation of a Bell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianbells.com/ringing/typikon-bellringing.pdf">Typikon for Church Bell Ringing</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bells111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bells" title="Template:Bells"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bells" title="Template talk:Bells"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bells" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bells"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bells111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">Bells</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background and <br />terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-cot" title="Bell-cot">Bell-cot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellfounding" title="Bellfounding">Bellfounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-gable" title="Bell-gable">Bell-gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_pattern" title="Bell pattern">Bell pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">Bell tower / Campanile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-ringer" title="Bell-ringer">Bell-ringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfry_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfry (architecture)">Belfry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourdon_(bell)" title="Bourdon (bell)">Bourdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanology" title="Campanology">Campanology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Index_of_campanology_articles" title="Index of campanology articles">index</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peal" title="Peal">Peal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_bells" title="Ring of bells">Ring of bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_tone" title="Strike tone">Strike tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_clock" title="Striking clock">Striking clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvonnitsa" title="Zvonnitsa">Zvonnitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agog%C3%B4" title="Agogô">Agogô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">Altar bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluphone" title="Aluphone">Aluphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babendil" title="Babendil">Babendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_tree" title="Bell tree">Bell tree</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bianzhong" title="Bianzhong">Bianzhong</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_bell" title="Bicycle bell">Bicycle bell</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bonsh%C5%8D" title="Bonshō">Bonshō</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_bell" title="Call bell">Call bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_bell" title="Cat bell">Cat bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">Church bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowbell_(instrument)" title="Cowbell (instrument)">Cowbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotal_bell" title="Crotal bell">Crotal bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_bell" title="Dead bell">Dead bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorbell" title="Doorbell">Doorbell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku">Dōtaku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_bell" title="Jingle bell">Jingle bell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kane_(instrument)" title="Kane (instrument)">Kane</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-ring" title="Mini-ring">Mini-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_bell" title="Ship's bell">Ship's bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_bell" title="Servant bell">Servant bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_bell" title="Standing bell">Standing bell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Suzu_(bell)" title="Suzu (bell)">Suzu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintinnabulum" title="Tintinnabulum">Tintinnabulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ringing styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chiming <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Canpan%C3%B2" title="Canpanò">Canpanò</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellacombe_apparatus" title="Ellacombe apparatus">Ellacombe apparatus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian Orthodox bell ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blagovest" title="Blagovest">Blagovest</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_circle_ringing" title="Full circle ringing">Full circle ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">Change ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_changes" title="Call changes">Call changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_ringing" title="Method ringing">Method ringing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_bell_ringing" title="Bolognese bell ringing">Bolognese bell ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_bell_ringing" title="Veronese bell ringing">Veronese bell ringing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable bells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heaviest_bells" title="List of heaviest bells">List of heaviest bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangiga_bells" title="Balangiga bells">Balangiga bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_of_Good_Luck" title="Bell of Good Luck">Bell of Good Luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_of_King_Seongdeok" title="Bell of King Seongdeok">Bell of King Seongdeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell" title="Freedom Bell">Freedom Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bell_of_Dhammazedi" title="Great Bell of Dhammazedi">Great Bell of Dhammazedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tom_(bell)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tom (bell)">Great Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Great_Bell_Tower" title="Ivan the Great Bell Tower">Ivan the Great Bell Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gloriosa" title="Maria Gloriosa">Maria Gloriosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingun_Bell" title="Mingun Bell">Mingun Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bells_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris">Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Bell" title="Olympic Bell">Olympic Bell</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Petersglocke" title="Petersglocke">Petersglocke</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund Bell">Sigismund Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Bells" title="Swan Bells">Swan Bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Bell_(Boston)" title="Temple Bell (Boston)"><i>Temple Bell</i> (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar_Bell" title="Tsar Bell">Tsar Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_(Newport,_Kentucky)" title="World Peace Bell (Newport, Kentucky)">Kentucky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bell_Temple" title="Big Bell Temple">Yongle Big Bell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bell founders <br />and foundries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bergholtz_Bellfoundry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergholtz Bellfoundry (page does not exist)">Bergholtz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergholtz_klockgjuteri" class="extiw" title="sv:Bergholtz klockgjuteri">sv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbie_family" title="Bilbie family">Bilbie family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Chokhov" title="Andrey Chokhov">Andrey Chokhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cockey#Origins_of_the_family" title="Edward Cockey">Cockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Eijsbouts_bell_foundry" title="Royal Eijsbouts bell foundry">Royal Eijsbouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashpir_Ganusov" title="Kashpir Ganusov">Kashpir Ganusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanden_Gheyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanden Gheyn">Vanden Gheyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillett_%26_Johnston" title="Gillett & Johnston">Gillett & Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassmayr_Bell_Foundry" title="Grassmayr Bell Foundry">Grassmayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Graye" title="Miles Graye">Miles Graye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatch_bell_foundry" title="Hatch bell foundry">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_and_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hemony" title="Pieter and François Hemony">Pieter and François Hemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hodson_(bell-founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Hodson (bell-founder)">Christopher Hodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Illenfeld" title="Franciscus Illenfeld">Franciscus Illenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juutila_Foundry" title="Juutila Foundry">Juutila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Fonderia_Marinelli" title="Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli">Marinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McShane_Bell_Foundry" title="McShane Bell Foundry">McShane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meneely_Bell_Foundry" class="mw-redirect" title="Meneely Bell Foundry">Meneely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murphy_(bellfounder)" title="John Murphy (bellfounder)">John Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olsen_Nauen_Bell_Foundry" title="Olsen Nauen Bell Foundry">Olsen Nauen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glockengie%C3%9Ferei_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glockengießerei Otto (page does not exist)">Glockengießerei Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonderie_Paccard" title="Fonderie Paccard">Paccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_%26_Fritsen" title="Petit & Fritsen">Petit & Fritsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Phelps_(bell-founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Phelps (bell-founder)">Richard Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudhall_of_Gloucester" title="Rudhall of Gloucester">Rudhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_and_William_Rufford" title="John and William Rufford">John and William Rufford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarlouiser_Glockengie%C3%9Ferei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saarlouiser Glockengießerei (page does not exist)">Saarlouiser Glockengießerei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schilling_(bellfounder_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schilling (bellfounder family) (page does not exist)">Schilling</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schilling_(Glockengie%C3%9Ferfamilie)" class="extiw" title="de:Schilling (Glockengießerfamilie)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_%26_Co" title="John Taylor & Co">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Watts_(bellfounder)" title="Hugh Watts (bellfounder)">Hugh Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner_%26_Sons" title="John Warner & Sons">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry" title="Whitechapel Bell Foundry">Whitechapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_van_Wou" title="Geert van Wou">Geert van Wou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dove%27s_Guide_for_Church_Bell_Ringers" title="Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers">Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenmuseum_Stiftskirche_Herrenberg" title="Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg">Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Memorial_Museum" title="Liberty Bell Memorial Museum">Liberty Bell Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Museum" title="Liberty Bell Museum">Liberty Bell Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bell_Festival" title="National Bell Festival">National Bell Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bell_ringing_organizations" title="List of bell ringing organizations">Ringing organizations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell,_American_Legion" title="Freedom Bell, American Legion">Freedom Bell, American Legion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Bells" title="All the Bells">All the Bells</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&oldid=1275878254">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing&oldid=1275878254</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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