Fully flexible implantable neural probes for electrophysiology recording and controlled neurochemical modulation

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usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="O7VMIcxSKMNnL9GlLddBkSJJJvtogRq1nzaNkjWisLrWrNi4qlDuAU8kvKfMzAhr"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="O7VMIcxSKMNnL9GlLddBkSJJJvtogRq1nzaNkjWisLrWrNi4qlDuAU8kvKfMzAhr"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="O7VMIcxSKMNnL9GlLddBkSJJJvtogRq1nzaNkjWisLrWrNi4qlDuAU8kvKfMzAhr"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="O7VMIcxSKMNnL9GlLddBkSJJJvtogRq1nzaNkjWisLrWrNi4qlDuAU8kvKfMzAhr"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="38947533"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item pmc dialog-focus" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/38947533/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=38947533&db=pubmed&nlmid=101695458" title="Free full text at PubMed Central" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMC" data-ga-label="38947533" ><span class="text"> Free PMC article </span></a> </div> </div> <div class="short-view"> <a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger"> Full text links </a> </div> </div> <div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/38947533/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/38947533/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="38947533" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections." data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_button" data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false" data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F38947533%2F%23open-collections-dialog" data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog" class="dialog collections-dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/" data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100" data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="O7VMIcxSKMNnL9GlLddBkSJJJvtogRq1nzaNkjWisLrWrNi4qlDuAU8kvKfMzAhr"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="sidebar-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="social-sharing"> <h3 class="title"> Share </h3> <ul class="social-sharing-links usa-unstyled-list"> <li> <a 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class="article-source"> <div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button id="full-view-journal-trigger" class="journal-actions-trigger trigger" ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn" title="Microsystems & nanoengineering" tabindex="0" aria-controls="full-view-journal" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal Microsystems & nanoengineering" data-pinger-ignore> Microsyst Nanoeng </button><div id="full-view-journal" class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal Microsystems & nanoengineering"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Microsyst+Nanoeng%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Microsyst+Nanoeng%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=Microsyst Nanoeng" data-ga-category="search" 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probes for electrophysiology recording and controlled neurochemical modulation </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Malekoshoaraie+MH&cauthor_id=38947533" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Mohammad Hassan Malekoshoaraie">Mohammad Hassan Malekoshoaraie</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Wu+B&cauthor_id=38947533" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Bingchen Wu">Bingchen Wu</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittburgh, 15213 USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15219 USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Krahe+DD&cauthor_id=38947533" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Daniela D Krahe">Daniela D Krahe</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ahmed+Z&cauthor_id=38947533" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Zabir Ahmed">Zabir Ahmed</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Pupa+S&cauthor_id=38947533" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Stephen Pupa">Stephen Pupa</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Jain+V&cauthor_id=38947533" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Vishal Jain">Vishal Jain</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cui+XT&cauthor_id=38947533" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Xinyan Tracy Cui">Xinyan Tracy Cui</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittburgh, 15213 USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15219 USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chamanzar+M&cauthor_id=38947533" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Maysamreza Chamanzar">Maysamreza Chamanzar</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213 USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 5 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" aria-controls="expanded-authors" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore data-fetch-url="/38947533/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title"> Expand </span> </button> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="expanded-authors" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expanded-authors" id="full-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-1" id="full-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-2" id="full-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-3" id="full-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittburgh, 15213 USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-4" id="full-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15219 USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-5" id="full-view-affiliation-5" ><sup class="key">5</sup> Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213 USA.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="equal-contrib-block"> <div class="equal-contrib-explanation" id="full-view-equal-contrib-explanation"><sup class="key">#</sup> Contributed equally.</div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">38947533</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC11211464&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11211464/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC11211464 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1038/s41378-024-00685-6&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-024-00685-6" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1038/s41378-024-00685-6 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> <div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading"> <h1 class="heading-title"> Fully flexible implantable neural probes for electrophysiology recording and controlled neurochemical modulation </h1> <div class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Mohammad Hassan Malekoshoaraie</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> Microsyst Nanoeng<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <time class="citation-year" datetime="2024">2024</time><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/38947533/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" 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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Microsyst+Nanoeng%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D" data-ga-category="search_catalog" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Microsyst Nanoeng"> Search in NLM Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Microsyst Nanoeng"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Microsyst Nanoeng"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2024 Jun 27:10:91.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1038/s41378-024-00685-6. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> eCollection 2024. </span> </div> <div class="expanded-authors" id="short-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="authors"> <h3 class="title"> Authors </h3> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Malekoshoaraie+MH&cauthor_id=38947533" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Mohammad Hassan Malekoshoaraie">Mohammad Hassan Malekoshoaraie</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Wu+B&cauthor_id=38947533" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Bingchen Wu">Bingchen Wu</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittburgh, 15213 USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15219 USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Krahe+DD&cauthor_id=38947533" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Daniela D Krahe">Daniela D Krahe</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ahmed+Z&cauthor_id=38947533" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Zabir Ahmed">Zabir Ahmed</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Pupa+S&cauthor_id=38947533" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Stephen Pupa">Stephen Pupa</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Jain+V&cauthor_id=38947533" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Vishal Jain">Vishal Jain</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cui+XT&cauthor_id=38947533" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Xinyan Tracy Cui">Xinyan Tracy Cui</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittburgh, 15213 USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15219 USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chamanzar+M&cauthor_id=38947533" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Maysamreza Chamanzar">Maysamreza Chamanzar</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213 USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 5 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2" id="short-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3" id="short-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittburgh, 15213 USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4" id="short-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15219 USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5" id="short-view-affiliation-5" ><sup class="key">5</sup> Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213 USA.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="equal-contrib-block"> <div class="equal-contrib-explanation" id="short-view-equal-contrib-explanation"><sup class="key">#</sup> Contributed equally.</div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">38947533</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC11211464&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11211464/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC11211464 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1038/s41378-024-00685-6&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-024-00685-6" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1038/s41378-024-00685-6 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/38947533/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/38947533/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> Targeted delivery of neurochemicals and biomolecules for neuromodulation of brain activity is a powerful technique that, in addition to electrical recording and stimulation, enables a more thorough investigation of neural circuit dynamics. We have designed a novel, flexible, implantable neural probe capable of controlled, localized chemical stimulation and electrophysiology recording. The neural probe was implemented using planar micromachining processes on Parylene C, a mechanically flexible, biocompatible substrate. The probe shank features two large microelectrodes (chemical sites) for drug loading and sixteen small microelectrodes for electrophysiology recording to monitor neuronal response to drug release. To reduce the impedance while keeping the size of the microelectrodes small, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was electrochemically coated on recording microelectrodes. In addition, PEDOT doped with mesoporous sulfonated silica nanoparticles (SNPs) was used on chemical sites to achieve controlled, electrically-actuated drug loading and releasing. Different neurotransmitters, including glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were incorporated into the SNPs and electrically triggered to release repeatedly. An in vitro experiment was conducted to quantify the stimulated release profile by applying a sinusoidal voltage (0.5 V, 2 Hz). The flexible neural probe was implanted in the barrel cortex of the wild-type Sprague Dawley rats. As expected, due to their excitatory and inhibitory effects, Glu and GABA release caused a significant increase and decrease in neural activity, respectively, which was recorded by the recording microelectrodes. This novel flexible neural probe technology, combining on-demand chemical release and high-resolution electrophysiology recording, is an important addition to the neuroscience toolset used to dissect neural circuitry and investigate neural network connectivity. </p> </div> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Keywords: </strong> Electronic devices; Nanoparticles. </p> </div> <p class="copyright" id="copyright"> © The Author(s) 2024. </p> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" data-ga-label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest"> <h2 class="title"> Conflict of interest statement </h2> <div class="statement"> <p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.</p> </div> </div> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="fig-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a906/11211464/cc6219f3d75f/41378_2024_685_Fig1_HTML.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="770" data-image-height="361" data-image-alt="Fig. 1" data-pmc-id="PMC11211464" data-figure-id="Fig1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a906/11211464/18cc916d1cdb/41378_2024_685_Fig1_HTML.gif" alt="Fig. 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="770"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="361"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 1. Neural probe design and architecture. </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 1. Neural probe design and architecture. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> a </b> The schematic of the designed fully flexible…</div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 1. Neural probe design and architecture. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>a</b> The schematic of the designed fully flexible neural probe. The inset figure indicates that the neural probe tip consists of an array of recording microelectrodes and 2 chemical sites. <b>b</b> Packaged neural probe with adaptor PCB. It has a ZIF connector at one end and a flat cable at the other end, both with 0.3 mm pitch size. <b>c</b> The in vitro PCB has the same ZIF connector in addition to 2.54 mm pitch size pin headers to connect the adaptor PCB to the modular potentiostat/galvanostat and waveform generator. <b>d</b> In vivo PCB equipped with the same ZIF connector and also a 16-channel Omnetics Connector to connect the adaptor PCB to the head stage of the electrophysiological recording system</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="fig-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a906/11211464/bd0760b1f036/41378_2024_685_Fig2_HTML.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="708" data-image-height="770" data-image-alt="Fig. 2" data-pmc-id="PMC11211464" data-figure-id="Fig2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a906/11211464/4b873f6081aa/41378_2024_685_Fig2_HTML.gif" alt="Fig. 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="708"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="770"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 2. Characterization and post-fabrication modification of… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 2. Characterization and post-fabrication modification of microelectrodes. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> a </b> Released neural probe next to a…</div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 2. Characterization and post-fabrication modification of microelectrodes. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>a</b> Released neural probe next to a penny for size comparison. <b>b</b> Tip of the neural probes, which includes 2 chemical sites and 16 recording microelectrodes, after the fabrication process and ready for post-processing. <b>c</b> Tip of the neural probes with PEDOT:PSS-coated recording microelectrodes. <b>d</b> SEM image of the probe shank with microelectrodes. The inset provides a higher magnification view of two electrodes, showcasing the difference before and after PEDOT coating. The rough morphology of the PEDOT coating is evident. <b>e</b> Bode plot, the impedance magnitude (mean ± SE, <i>n</i> <i>=</i> 128 microelectrodes) versus frequency before and after PEDOT:PSS coating. The impedance decreases significantly after PEDOT:PSS deposition. <b>f</b> Bode plot, the phase (mean ± SE, <i>n</i> <i>=</i> 128 microelectrodes) versus frequency before and after PEDOT:PSS coating. The microelectrodes after PEDOT:PSS deposition are capacitive in the low-frequency range and more resistive at higher frequencies. <b>g</b> CV plot for microelectrodes both before and after PEDOT coating</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="fig-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a906/11211464/54c714288ad8/41378_2024_685_Fig3_HTML.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="732" data-image-height="566" data-image-alt="Fig. 3" data-pmc-id="PMC11211464" data-figure-id="Fig3"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a906/11211464/bd097b0a19d6/41378_2024_685_Fig3_HTML.gif" alt="Fig. 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="732"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="566"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 3. In vitro electrochemical characterization of… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 3. In vitro electrochemical characterization of PEDOT-SNP film doped with Glu and GABA on… </p> </strong> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 3. In vitro electrochemical characterization of PEDOT-SNP film doped with Glu and GABA on Pt pad chemical sites with a geometric area of 16,000 µm<sup>2</sup>. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>a</b> CV characterization of PEDOT-SNP(Glu) film and PEDOT-SNP(GABA) film. <b>b</b> EIS characterizations of PEDOT-SNP(Glu) film and PEDOT-SNP(GABA) film. <b>c</b> In vitro drug release profile determination of Glu and GABA from chemical electrodes. Release profile of Glu released from PEDOT-SNP(Glu) film and GABA released from PEDOT-SNP(GABA) film. Three neural probes were used for each of GABA and Glu groups</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="fig-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a906/11211464/9028819b9876/41378_2024_685_Fig4_HTML.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="701" data-image-height="487" data-image-alt="Fig. 4" data-pmc-id="PMC11211464" data-figure-id="Fig4"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a906/11211464/918df62fa1cb/41378_2024_685_Fig4_HTML.gif" alt="Fig. 4" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="701"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="487"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 4. Electrophysiology data analysis. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> a </b> Representative…</div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 4. Electrophysiology data analysis. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> a </b> Representative stream trace data and sorted single unit waveforms…</div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 4. Electrophysiology data analysis. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>a</b> Representative stream trace data and sorted single unit waveforms for all three neural probes loading conditions. The grey box indicates when sinusoidal pulses were applied to trigger the drug release. The red boxes indicate time windows where the number of spikes was counted for analysis. <b>b</b> Summary results from all conditions. As expected, compared to baseline (blue), Glu release caused a significant increase in spike rates (green), GABA release caused a significant decrease in spike rates (grey), and non-loaded PEDOT/SNP coating showed no changes in spike rates (red). Mean ± SE, <i>n</i> <i>=</i> 36, 3 neural probes in 3 individual animals for PEDOT/SNP. <i>n</i> <i>=</i> 62, 3 neural probes in 3 individual animals for PEDOT/SNP/GABA, <i>n</i> <i>=</i> 92, 3 neural probes in 3 individual animals for PEDOT/SNP/Glu. One-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s test, **<i>p</i> <i><</i> 0.005, ****<i>p</i> <i><</i> 0.0001. individual animals for PEDOT/SNP/Glu. One-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s test, **<i>p</i> <i><</i> 0.005, ****<i>p</i> <i><</i> 0.0001</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="4" data-label-slug="fig-5"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a906/11211464/3ff1036ee005/41378_2024_685_Fig5_HTML.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-4" role="button" data-image-width="697" data-image-height="429" data-image-alt="Fig. 5" data-pmc-id="PMC11211464" data-figure-id="Fig5"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-4" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a906/11211464/3fc2e892fe1b/41378_2024_685_Fig5_HTML.gif" alt="Fig. 5" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="697"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="429"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 5. Temporal effects of the locally… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 5. Temporal effects of the locally released neurotransmitters. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Top schematic shows how data is… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 5. Temporal effects of the locally released neurotransmitters. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Top schematic shows how data is grouped and analyzed. A 1 s time bin before and consecutive 1 s time bins after the release event were used to count the number of spikes. <b>a</b> Temporal effects of releasing GABA show inhibitory effects only sustained for 2 s, <i>n</i> <i>=</i> 92. <b>b</b> Temporal effects of releasing Glu show excitatory effects only sustained for 1 s, <i>n</i> <i>=</i> 92. One-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s test, *<i>p</i> <i><</i> 0.05, ****<i>p</i> <i><</i> 0.0001</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="5" data-label-slug="fig-6"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a906/11211464/f1e2c7fcb5b6/41378_2024_685_Fig6_HTML.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-5" role="button" data-image-width="728" data-image-height="457" data-image-alt="Fig. 6" data-pmc-id="PMC11211464" data-figure-id="Fig6"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-5" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a906/11211464/24124d2bb474/41378_2024_685_Fig6_HTML.gif" alt="Fig. 6" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="728"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="457"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 6. Scalable microfabrication process of the… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 6. Scalable microfabrication process of the neural probe. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> a </b> After the cleaning process, 10…</div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 6. Scalable microfabrication process of the neural probe. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>a</b> After the cleaning process, 10 µm Parylene C is deposited on a 4-in. Si wafer as the lower insulation layer. <b>b</b> A metal stack, including Au sandwiched between two Pt layers, is deposited on the lower insulation layer using metal evaporation following the liftoff process. <b>c</b> For upper insulation, 10 µm Parylene C is deposited again. <b>d</b> Microelectrodes, bond pads, and outlines are patterned on 15 μm spin-coated photoresist as an etch mask. <b>e</b> The upper insulation layer is etched by oxygen plasma. Then the photoresist mask is removed using Acetone, IPA, and DI water. <b>f</b> Outlines are patterned on 20 μm spin-coated photoresist as an etch mask. <b>g</b> The lower insulation layer is etched by oxygen plasma to etch the remaining outlines. Then the photoresist mask is removed using Acetone, IPA, and DI water. <b>h</b> Finally, while the wafer is soaking in the DI water, neural probes are released by gentle poking with a sharp tweezer</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="6" data-label-slug="fig-7"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a906/11211464/c74fd2c92f1a/41378_2024_685_Fig7_HTML.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-6" role="button" data-image-width="704" data-image-height="493" data-image-alt="Fig. 7" data-pmc-id="PMC11211464" data-figure-id="Fig7"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-6" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a906/11211464/3fc2065ec542/41378_2024_685_Fig7_HTML.gif" alt="Fig. 7" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="704"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="493"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 7. Characterization, post-fabrication modification, and in… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 7. Characterization, post-fabrication modification, and in vitro setups. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> a </b> Schematic representation electrochemical setup with…</div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 7. Characterization, post-fabrication modification, and in vitro setups. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>a</b> Schematic representation electrochemical setup with three electrode configurations for CV and EIS characterization and PEDOT-(PSS, SNP) coating, which is conducted at room temperature. <b>b</b> Steps involved in the coating of Pt chemical sites with drug-loaded SNPs encased in PEDOT film. <b>c</b> Schematic representation of in vitro drug release experiment setup</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="7" data-label-slug="fig-8"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a906/11211464/2034738c85da/41378_2024_685_Fig8_HTML.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-7" role="button" data-image-width="693" data-image-height="377" data-image-alt="Fig. 8" data-pmc-id="PMC11211464" data-figure-id="Fig8"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-7" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a906/11211464/6c81ba0b18ba/41378_2024_685_Fig8_HTML.gif" alt="Fig. 8" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="693"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="377"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 8. Implantation of neural probe in… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 8. Implantation of neural probe in In vivo experiment. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> a </b> Schematic of the setup…</div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-7" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 8. Implantation of neural probe in In vivo experiment. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>a</b> Schematic of the setup for in vivo experiments on Sprague Dawley rats. <b>b</b> Location of craniotomy and counter screws. The recording microelectrodes array is implanted at a 15° angle. The neural probe shank is temporarily glued to a tungsten wire shuttle with PEG. 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Fully flexible implantable neural probes for electrophysiology recording and controlled neurochemical modulation - PubMed