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</li> <li id="toc-Pervez_Musharraf's_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pervez_Musharraf's_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Pervez Musharraf's regime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pervez_Musharraf's_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_Asif_Zardari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_Asif_Zardari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 President Asif Zardari </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_Asif_Zardari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Appointment of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation_for_protection_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation_for_protection_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Legislation for protection of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation_for_protection_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_Law_(Amendment)_(Offense_of_Rape)_Act_2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_Law_(Amendment)_(Offense_of_Rape)_Act_2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.3 Criminal Law (Amendment) (Offense of Rape) Act 2016 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_Law_(Amendment)_(Offense_of_Rape)_Act_2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_Courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.4 Special Courts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_female_empowerment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_female_empowerment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Timeline of female empowerment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_female_empowerment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Practices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purdah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purdah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Purdah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purdah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Vani </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watta_satta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watta_satta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Watta satta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watta_satta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dowry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dowry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Dowry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dowry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_against_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_against_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Violence against women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_against_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Rape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honor_killings_(Karo-Kari)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honor_killings_(Karo-Kari)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Honor killings (Karo-Kari) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honor_killings_(Karo-Kari)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acid_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acid_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 Acid attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acid_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_infanticide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_infanticide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Female infanticide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_infanticide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_to_the_Quran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_to_the_Quran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Marriage to the Quran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_the_Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cousin_marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cousin_marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Cousin marriages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cousin_marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Dress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Education and economic development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_economic_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education and economic development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural/urban_divide_and_government_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural/urban_divide_and_government_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Rural/urban divide and government policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural/urban_divide_and_government_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Employment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Workforce_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workforce_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Workforce participation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workforce_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_and_property_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_and_property_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Land and property rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_and_property_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Other concerns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other concerns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Gender roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_divorce_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_divorce_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Marriage and divorce issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_divorce_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notable women </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_women-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable women subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics_and_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Politics and activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pakistani_Women's_rights_activism_and_NGOs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistani_Women's_rights_activism_and_NGOs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Pakistani Women's rights activism and NGOs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistani_Women's_rights_activism_and_NGOs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science,_technology,_engineering_and_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science,_technology,_engineering_and_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Science, technology, engineering and mathematics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science,_technology,_engineering_and_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Arts and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Actresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Actresses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Singers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Pakistan Air Force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Other fields </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Women in Pakistan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" > 12 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="المرأة في باكستان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المرأة في باكستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80" title="পাকিস্তানে নারী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাকিস্তানে নারী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dones_al_Pakistan" title="Dones al Pakistan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dones al Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زنان در پاکستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنان در پاکستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition_des_femmes_au_Pakistan" title="Condition des femmes au Pakistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Condition des femmes au Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condizione_della_donna_in_Pakistan" title="Condizione della donna in Pakistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Condizione della donna in Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokiston_ayollari" title="Pokiston ayollari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pokiston ayollari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="پاکستان وچ عورتاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاکستان وچ عورتاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%9A%DA%81%DB%90_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%90" title="ښځې په پاکستان کې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ښځې په پاکستان کې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Women in Pakistan</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Benazir_Bhutto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Benazir_Bhutto.jpg/220px-Benazir_Bhutto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Benazir_Bhutto.jpg/330px-Benazir_Bhutto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Benazir_Bhutto.jpg/440px-Benazir_Bhutto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>, the first female prime minister of Pakistan</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gender_Inequality_Index" title="Gender Inequality Index">Gender Inequality Index</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Value</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">0.534(2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">135th out of 191</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report" title="Global Gender Gap Report"> Global Gender Gap Index</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Value</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">0.575 (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">142th out of 146 (2023)</td></tr></tbody></table> Women in Pakistan make up 48.76% of the population according to the <a href="/wiki/2017_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Census of Pakistan">2017 census of Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Women in Pakistan have played an important role in Pakistani history<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and have had the right to vote since 1956.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In Pakistan, women have held high office including <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">Speaker of the National Assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Pakistan)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)">Leader of the Opposition</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">federal ministers</a>, judges,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces">serving commissioned posts in the armed forces</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(Pakistan)" title="Lieutenant general (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigar_Johar" title="Nigar Johar">Nigar Johar</a> attaining the highest military post for a woman.<a href="#cite_note-O'Connor2010-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sjoberg2014-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> was sworn in as the first woman <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a> on 2 December 1988. The status of women in Pakistan varies across classes, regions and the rural/urban divide due to socioeconomic differences and the impact of tribal and feudal social traditions. Gender Concerns International reports that women's rights in Pakistan have improved overall, with the increasing number of educated and literate women.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-adb_wom_pak-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-whistory-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> However, Pakistani women have been kept behind in the field of education due to low government funding,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> fewer schools and colleges for women, and a low enrollment rate of women in certain areas.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Cases of <a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Pakistan" title="Rape in Pakistan">rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honour_killing_in_Pakistan" title="Honour killing in Pakistan">honor killing</a>, murder, and forced marriages in backward areas are also reported.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> All these issues are related to lack of education, poverty, a skewed <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">judicial system</a>, the negligence of government authorities to implement laws<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and widespread underperformance of law enforcement agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/Police_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Pakistan">Police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatima_jinnah1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Fatima_jinnah1.jpg/170px-Fatima_jinnah1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/da/Fatima_jinnah1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a> (1893–1967) was a Pakistani dental surgeon, biographer, stateswoman and one of the leading founders of Pakistan</figcaption></figure> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Muslim reformers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a> tried to bring education to women, limit <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>, and empower women in other ways through education.<a href="#cite_note-whistory-11">[11]</a> The founder of Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, was known to have a positive attitude towards women.<a href="#cite_note-whistory-11">[11]</a> After the independence of Pakistan, women's groups and <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">feminist organizations</a> initiated by prominent leaders like <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a> started to emerge in order to eliminate socio-economic injustices against women in the country. Jinnah pointed out that <a href="/wiki/Muslim_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim women">Muslim women</a> leaders from all classes actively supported the Pakistan movement in the mid-1940s. Their movement was led by wives and other relatives of leading politicians. Women were sometimes organized into large-scale public demonstrations. Before 1947, there was a tendency for Muslim women in Punjab to vote for the Muslim League while their menfolk supported the <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Punjab)" title="Unionist Party (Punjab)">Unionist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Many Muslim women supported the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a>. Some like Syeda Safia Begum of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Town,_Lahore" title="Muslim Town, Lahore">Muslim Town</a> <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> started the first English School for Muslim Children in Muslim Town in 1935. Pakistani women were granted the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">suffrage</a> in 1947,<a href="#cite_note-woman_suffrage_timeline-24">[24]</a> and they were reaffirmed the right to vote in national elections in 1956 under the interim Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The provision of reservation of seats for women in the Parliament existed throughout the constitutional history of Pakistan from 1956 to 1973. Had <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)">General Ayub Khan</a> run fair elections, Ms. <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a> of Pakistan would have become the first Muslim President of the largest Muslim country in the world. However, despite that setback, during 1950–60, several pro-women initiatives were taken. Also, the first woman <a href="/wiki/Lambardar" title="Lambardar">Lambardar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Numberdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Numberdar">Numberdar</a> (Village Head Person) in <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> Begum Sarwat Imtiaz took oath in Village 43/12-L in <a href="/wiki/Chichawatni" title="Chichawatni">Chichawatni</a>, District Montgomery (now <a href="/wiki/Sahiwal" title="Sahiwal">Sahiwal</a>) in 1959. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/777a.html">1961 Muslim Family Law Ordinance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> which regulated marriage, divorce, and polygamy<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> continues to have a significant legal impact on the women of Pakistan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto_Government">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Government">edit</a>]</div> The regime of <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> (1970–1977) was a period of liberal attitudes towards women. All government services were opened to women including the district management group and the foreign service (in the civil service), which had been denied to them earlier. About 10% of the seats in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a> and 5% in the provincial assemblies were reserved for women, with no restriction on contesting general seats. However, the implementation of these policies was poor as the Government faced a financial crisis due to <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">war with India</a> and consequent division of the country.<a href="#cite_note-adb_wom_pak-10">[10]</a> Gender equality was specifically guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan#The_Constitution_of_1973" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a> adopted in 1973. The constitution stipulated that "there shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex alone." The Constitution additionally affords the protection of marriage, family, the mother and the child as well as ensuring "full participation of women in all spheres of national life."<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> However, many judges upheld the "laws of Islam", often misinterpreted, over the Constitution's guarantee of non-discrimination and equality under the law.<a href="#cite_note-alice_violence-29">[29]</a> In 1975, an official delegation from Pakistan participated in the <a href="/wiki/World_Conference_on_Women,_1975" title="World Conference on Women, 1975">First World Conference on Women</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, which led to the constitution of the first Pakistani Women's Rights Committee. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zia-ul-Haq's_Military_Regime">Zia-ul-Haq's Military Regime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Zia-ul-Haq's Military Regime">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></div> General <a href="/wiki/Zia_ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia ul-Haq">Zia ul-Haq</a>, then Army Chief of Staff, overthrew the democratically elected Zulfikar Ali Bhutto government in a military coup on 5 July 1977. The Sixth Plan during the <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> régime of General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> (1977–1986) was full of policy contradictions. The régime took many steps toward institutional building for women's development, such as the establishment of the Women's Division in the Cabinet Secretariat, and the appointment of another commission on the Status of Women. A chapter on <a href="/wiki/Women_in_development" title="Women in development">women in development</a> was included for the first time in the Sixth Plan. The chapter was prepared by a working group of 28 professional women headed by <a href="/wiki/Syeda_Abida_Hussain" class="mw-redirect" title="Syeda Abida Hussain">Syeda Abida Hussain</a>, chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang District</a> council at that time. The main objective as stated in the Sixth Plan was "to adopt an integrated approach to improve women's status".<a href="#cite_note-adb_wom_pak-10">[10]</a> In 1981, General Zia-ul-Haq nominated the <a href="/wiki/Majlis-e-Shoora" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-e-Shoora">Majlis-e-Shoora</a> (Federal Advisory Council) and inducted 20 women as members, however Majlis-e-Shoora had no power over the executive branch.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 1985, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a> elected through non-party elections doubled women's reserved quota (20 percent). However, Zia-ul-Haq initiated <a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization">a process of Islamization</a> by introducing discriminatory legislation against women such as the set of <a href="/wiki/Hudood_Ordinance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudood Ordinance">Hudood Ordinances</a> and the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order (Law of Evidence Order). He banned women from participating and from being spectators of sports and promoted <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">purdah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adb_wom_pak-10">[10]</a> He suspended all <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights" title="Fundamental rights">fundamental rights</a> guaranteed in the 1973 Constitution. He also proposed laws regarding <a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas">Qisas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyat">Diyat</a>, Islamic penal laws governing retribution (qisas) and compensation (diyat) in crimes involving bodily injury.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The Offence of <a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a> (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance, 1979 was a subcategory of the <a href="/wiki/Hudood_Ordinance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudood Ordinance">Hudood Ordinance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zina_(Arabic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zina (Arabic)">Zina</a> is the crime of non-marital sexual relations and adultery. A woman alleging rape was initially required to provide eyewitnesses of good standing and moral character (tazkiyah-al-shuhood) and the witnesses would have to witness "the act of penetration" for the death penalty to apply to the Rapist or if there was no witnesses then <a href="/wiki/Ta%27zir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'zir">Ta'zir</a> would apply.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> However failure to find such proof of the rape could place her at risk of prosecution for another hudood ordinance, qazf for accusing an innocent man of adultery. Qazf does not require such strong evidence.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In principle, the failure to find such proof of rape does not place the woman herself at risk of prosecution. According to Mufti <a href="/wiki/Taqi_Usmani" title="Taqi Usmani">Taqi Usmani</a>, who was instrumental in the creation of the ordinances:<blockquote>If anyone says that she was punished because of Qazaf (false accusation of rape) then Qazaf Ordinance, Clause no. 3, Exemption no. 2 clearly states that if someone approaches the legal authorities with a rape complaint, she cannot be punished in case she is unable to present four witnesses. No court of law can be in its right mind to award such a punishment.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></blockquote>However, in practice, these safeguards have not always worked.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In September 1981, the first conviction and sentence under the Zina Ordinance, of <a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm">stoning to death</a> for Fehmida and Allah Bakhsh were set aside under national and international pressure. In September 1981, women came together in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> in an emergency meeting to oppose the adverse effects on women of martial law and the <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> campaign. They launched what later became the first full-fledged national women's movement in Pakistan, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Action_Forum" title="Women's Action Forum">Women's Action Forum</a> (WAF). WAF staged public protests and campaigns against the Hudood Ordinances, the Law of Evidence, and the Qisas and Diyat laws (temporarily shelved as a result).<a href="#cite_note-crime_or_custom-37">[37]</a> In 1983, an orphaned, thirteen-year-old girl, Jehan Mina was allegedly raped by her uncle and his sons, and became pregnant. She was unable to provide enough evidence that she was raped. She was charged with <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> and the court considered her pregnancy as the proof of adultery. She was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Tazir" title="Tazir">Tazir</a> punishment of one hundred <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">lashes</a> and three years of rigorous imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-shahnaz_mediating-38">[38]</a> In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Safia_Bibi_rape_case" title="Safia Bibi rape case">Safia Bibi</a>, a nearly blind teenage domestic servant was allegedly raped by her employer and his son. Due to lack of evidence, she was convicted for adultery under the Zina ordinance, while the rapists were acquitted. She was sentenced to fifteen lashes, five years imprisonment, and a fine of 1,000 rupees. The decision attracted so much publicity and condemnation from the public and the press that the Federal <a href="/wiki/Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">Shariah</a> Court of its own motion, called for the records of the case and ordered that she should be released from prison on her own bond. Subsequently, on appeal, the finding of the trial court was reversed and the conviction was set aside.<a href="#cite_note-asifa_her_honor-39">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists" title="International Commission of Jurists">International Commission of Jurists</a>' December 1986 mission to Pakistan called for the repeal of the sections of the Hudood Ordinances relating to crimes and of Islamic punishments that discriminate against women and non-Muslims. There is considerable evidence that legislation during this period has negatively impacted Pakistani women's lives and made them more vulnerable to extreme violence. The majority of women in prison had been charged under the Hudood Ordinance. Similarly, a national study found that 21% of those residing in shelters for women (Darul Aman) had Hudood cases against them.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> According to a 1998 report by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, more than one-third of all Pakistani women in prison were being held due to having been accused or found guilty of zina.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty_noprogress-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benazir_Bhutto_Government">Benazir Bhutto Government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Benazir Bhutto Government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benazir_bhutto_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Benazir_bhutto_1989.jpg/220px-Benazir_bhutto_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Benazir_bhutto_1989.jpg/330px-Benazir_bhutto_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Benazir_bhutto_1989.jpg/440px-Benazir_bhutto_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state. <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto" title="Assassination of Benazir Bhutto">She was assassinated</a> while campaigning for the <a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election" title="2008 Pakistani general election">Pakistani general election of 2008</a>.</figcaption></figure> After Zia-ul-Haq's regime, there was a visible change in the policy context in favor of women. The Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth plans formulated under various democratically elected governments have clearly made efforts to include women's concerns in the planning process. However, planned development failed to address gender inequalities due to the gap between policy intent and implementation.<a href="#cite_note-adb_wom_pak-10">[10]</a> In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> (Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's daughter) became the first female <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a>, and the first woman elected to head a Muslim country.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> During her election campaigns, she voiced concerns over social issues of women, health and discrimination against women. She also announced plans to set up <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_police_station" title="Women's police station">women's police stations</a>, courts and women's development banks. She also promised to repeal controversial Hudood laws that curtailed the rights of women. However, during her two incomplete terms in office (1988–90 and 1993–96), Benazir Bhutto did not propose any legislation to improve welfare services for women. She was not able to repeal a single one of Zia-ul-Haq's Islamisation laws. By virtue of the eighth constitutional amendment imposed by Zia-ul-Haq, these laws were protected both from ordinary legislative modification and from <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-crime_or_custom-37">[37]</a> In early 1988, the case of Shahida Parveen and Muhammad Sarwar sparked bitter public criticism. Shahida's first husband, Khushi Muhammad, had divorced her and the papers had been signed in front of a magistrate. The husband however, had not registered the divorce documents in the local council as required by law, rendering the divorce not legally binding. Unaware of this, Shahida, after her mandatory 96-day period of waiting (iddat), remarried. Her first husband, rebounding from a failed attempt at a second marriage, decided he wanted his first wife Shahida back. Shahida's second marriage was ruled invalid. She and her second husband, Sarwar were charged with adultery. They were sentenced to death by stoning.<a href="#cite_note-shahnaz_mediating-38">[38]</a> The public criticism led to their retrial and acquittal by the Federal Shariah Court. The Ministry of Women's Development (MWD) established Women's Studies centers at five universities in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> in 1989. However, four of these centers became almost non-functional due to lack of financial and administrative support.<a href="#cite_note-adb_wom_pak-10">[10]</a> Only the center at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">University of Karachi</a> (funded by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_International_Development_Agency" title="Canadian International Development Agency">Canadian International Development Agency</a>) was able to run a master of arts program. The <a href="/wiki/First_Women_Bank" title="First Women Bank">First Women Bank</a> Ltd. (FWBL) was established in 1989 to address women's financial needs. FWBL, a nationalized commercial bank, was given the role of a development finance institution, as well as of a social welfare organization. It operates 38 real-time online branches across the country, managed and run by women. MWD provided a credit line of Rs 48 millions to FWBL to finance small-scale credit schemes for disadvantaged women. The Social Action Program launched in 1992/93 aimed at reducing gender disparities by improving women's access to social services. Pakistan acceded to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a> (CEDAW) on 29 February 1996.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The Ministry of Women Development (MWD) was the designated national focal machinery for its implementation. However MWD faced a lack of resources initially.<a href="#cite_note-adb_wom_pak-10">[10]</a> Pakistan failed to submit its initial report that was due in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Pakistan neither signed nor ratified the Optional Protocol of the Women's Convention, which has led to non-availability of avenues for filing grievances by individuals or groups against Pakistan under CEDAW.<a href="#cite_note-alice_violence-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nawaz_Sharif_Government">Nawaz Sharif Government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nawaz Sharif Government">edit</a>]</div> In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> was elected as Prime Minister. He had also held office for a truncated term (1990–1993), during which he had promised to adopt Islamic law as the supreme law of Pakistan. In 1997, the Nawaz Sharif government formally enacted the Qisas and Diyat Ordinance, which institutes <a href="/wiki/Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">shariah</a>-based changes in Pakistan's criminal law. The ordinance had earlier been kept in force by invoking the president's power to re-issue it every four months.<a href="#cite_note-crime_or_custom-37">[37]</a> Sharif then proposed a fifteenth amendment to the Constitution that would entirely replace the existing legal system with a comprehensive Islamic one and would override the "constitution and any law or judgment of any court."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The proposal was approved in the National Assembly (lower house), where Sharif's party has a commanding majority, but, it remained stalled in the Senate after facing strong opposition from women's groups, human rights activists, and opposition political parties.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> A 1997 ruling by the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_High_Court" title="Lahore High Court">Lahore High Court</a>, in the highly publicized Saima Waheed case, upheld a woman's right to marry freely but called for amendments to the 1965 Family Laws, on the basis of Islamic norms, to enforce parental authority to discourage "love marriages".<a href="#cite_note-crime_or_custom-37">[37]</a> The report of the Inquiry of the Commission for Women (1997) clearly stated that the Hudood legislation must be repealed as it discriminates against women and is in conflict with their fundamental rights. A similar commission during Benazir Bhutto's administration had also recommended amending certain aspects of Hudood Ordinance. However, neither Benazir Bhutto nor Nawaz Sharif implemented these recommendations. The enhancement of women's status was stated as one of the 16 goals listed in the Pakistan 2010 Program (1997), a critical policy document. However, the document omits women while listing 21 major areas of interests. Similarly, another major policy document, the "Human Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy" (1999), mentioned women as a target group for poverty reduction but lacks gender framework. The country's first all-women university, named after <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a>, was inaugurated on 6 August 1998. It suffered from delays in the release of development funds from the Federal Government.<a href="#cite_note-adb_wom_pak-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pervez_Musharraf's_regime">Pervez Musharraf's regime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pervez Musharraf's regime">edit</a>]</div> In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Pakistan" title="Church of Pakistan">Church of Pakistan</a> ordained its first women <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-women_as_clergy-47">[47]</a> In 2002 (and later during court trials in 2005), the case of <a href="/wiki/Mukhtaran_Mai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhtaran Mai">Mukhtaran Mai</a> brought the plight of rape victims in Pakistan under an international spotlight. On 2 September 2004, the Ministry of Women Development was made an independent ministry, separating from the Social Welfare and Education Ministry. In July 2006, General <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> asked his Government to begin work on amendments to the controversial 1979 Hudood Ordinance introduced under Zia-ul-Haq's régime.<a href="#cite_note-hindu_Musharraf_wants-48">[48]</a> He asked the Law Ministry and the Council of Islamic Ideology (under the Ministry of Religious Affairs) to build a consensus for the amendments to the laws. On 7 July 2006, General Musharraf signed an ordinance for the immediate release on bail of around 1,300 women who were currently languishing in jails on charges other than terrorism and murder.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In late 2006, the Pakistani parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Bill" title="Women's Protection Bill">Women's Protection Bill</a>, repealing some of the Hudood Ordinances. The bill allowed for DNA and other scientific evidence to be used in prosecuting rape cases.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_rape_bill-50">[50]</a> The passing of the Bill and the consequent signing of it into law by President General Pervez Musharraf invoked protests from hardline Islamist leaders and organizations.<a href="#cite_note-gulfnews_towards_more-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-hudoodordinance_reality-52">[52]</a> Some experts also stated that the reforms would be impossible to enforce.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The Cabinet approved reservation of 10% quota for women in Central Superior Services in its meeting held on 12 July 2006.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Earlier, there was a 5% quota for women across the board in all Government departments. In December 2006, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Aziz" title="Shaukat Aziz">Shaukat Aziz</a> approved the proposal by the Ministry of Women Development to extend this quota to 10%.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 2006, The Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act was also passed.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In December 2006, for the first time, women cadets from the Military Academy Kakul assumed guard duty at the mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The Women's Protection Bill, however, has been criticized by many including human rights and women's rights activists for only paying <a href="/wiki/Lipservice" title="Lipservice">lipservice</a> and failing to repeal the <a href="/wiki/Hudood_Ordinance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudood Ordinance">Hudood Ordinances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_Asif_Zardari">President Asif Zardari</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: President Asif Zardari">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a> was the 11th President of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> He is the widower of <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>, who twice served as Prime Minister of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> When his wife was assassinated in December 2007, he became the leader of the Pakistan People's Party. On 30 December 2007 he became co-chairman of the PPP,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> along with his son <a href="/wiki/Bilawal_Bhutto_Zardari" title="Bilawal Bhutto Zardari">Bilawal Bhutto Zardari</a>. On 8 September 2013, Asif Ali Zardari became the country's first president to complete his constitutional term.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appointment_of_women">Appointment of women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Appointment of women">edit</a>]</div> Female member of parliament and party loyalist Dr. <a href="/wiki/Fehmida_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Fehmida Mirza">Fehmida Mirza</a> was appointed as the first female speaker<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. During her tenure, Pakistan saw its first female foreign minister, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.na.gov.pk/en/mna_list_w2.php?list=women">Hina Rabbani Khar</a>, its first secretary of defense, <a href="/wiki/Nargis_Sethi" title="Nargis Sethi">Nargis Sethi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> deputy speaker of a province <a href="/wiki/Shehla_Raza" title="Shehla Raza">Shehla Raza</a> and numerous female ministers, ambassadors, secretaries including <a href="/wiki/Farahnaz_Ispahani" title="Farahnaz Ispahani">Farahnaz Ispahani</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Media Advisor to former President of Pakistan and co-chairman PPP, <a href="/wiki/Sherry_Rehman" title="Sherry Rehman">Sherry Rehman</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> former ambassador of Pakistan to US, <a href="/wiki/Fauzia_Wahab" title="Fauzia Wahab">Fauzia Wahab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firdous_Ashiq_Awan" title="Firdous Ashiq Awan">Firdous Ashiq Awan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farzana_Raja" title="Farzana Raja">Farzana Raja</a>, Shazia <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.na.gov.pk/en/mna_list_w2.php?list=women">Marri</a>, Sharmila <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/2189508/4-sharmila-farooqis-cooking-video-social-media-fits">Faruqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musarat_Rafique_Mahesar" title="Musarat Rafique Mahesar">Musarat Rafique Mahesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahida_Rehmani" title="Shahida Rehmani">Shahida Rehmani</a> and others held prestigious positions within the administration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislation_for_protection_of_women">Legislation for protection of women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legislation for protection of women">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_related_laws_in_Pakistan" title="Women related laws in Pakistan">Women related laws in Pakistan</a></div> On 29 January 2010, the President signed the 'Protection against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Bill 2009' which the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">parliament</a> adopted on 21 January 2010.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Two additional bills were signed into law by the President in December 2012 criminalizing the primitive practices of Vani, watta-satta, swara and marriage to the Quran, which used women as tradable commodities for the settlement of disputes, as well as punishing acid-throwing by life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The government further established a special task force in the interior <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> region in action against the practice of <a href="/wiki/Karo-Kari" class="mw-redirect" title="Karo-Kari">Karo-Kari</a>, establishing helplines and offices in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Sukkur" title="Sukkur">Sukkur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobabad" title="Jacobabad">Jacobabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khairpur_District" title="Khairpur District">Khairpur</a>. In 2012, the government revived the National Commission on the Status of Women established by General Musharraf for three years in 2000, later revived for three years at a time. The bill moved by government established the commission as a permanent body with the task to ensure the implementation of women protection legislation for abuses against women. In February 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Qaumi_Movement_%E2%80%93_Pakistan" title="Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan">Muttahida Qaumi Movement</a> held the world's largest women's political rally in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, with an estimated 100,000 women in attendance.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criminal_Law_(Amendment)_(Offense_of_Rape)_Act_2016">Criminal Law (Amendment) (Offense of Rape) Act 2016</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criminal Law (Amendment) (Offense of Rape) Act 2016">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Pakistan" title="Rape in Pakistan">Rape in Pakistan</a></div> On 7 October 2016, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Pakistan's parliament</a> unanimously passed new anti-rape and anti-honor-killing bills. The new laws introduced harsher punishments for the perpetrators of such crimes.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> According to the new anti-rape bill, DNA testing was made mandatory in rape cases.<a href="#cite_note-unwomen-72">[72]</a> Sabotaging or disrupting the work of a police officer or Government official could result in imprisonment of 1 year under the new law. Government officials who are found to take advantage of their official position to commit acts of rape (e.g. custodial rape) are liable to imprisonment for life and a fine.<a href="#cite_note-2016law-73">[73]</a> According to the new law, anyone who rapes a minor or a mentally or physically disabled person will be liable for the death penalty or life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-dawn2016-74">[74]</a> The recording of statement of the female survivor of rape or sexual harassment shall be done by an Investigating Officer, in the presence of a female police officer, or a female family member of the survivor. Survivors of rape shall be provided legal aid (if needed) by the Provincial Bar Council.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The new law also declares that trials for offences such as rape and related crimes shall be conducted in-camera and also allows for the use of technology such as video links to record statements of the victim and witnesses, to spare them the humiliation or risk entailed by court appearances.<a href="#cite_note-dawn2016-74">[74]</a> The media will also be restricted from publishing or publicizing the names or any information that would reveal the identity of a victim, except when publishing court judgements.<a href="#cite_note-dawn2016-74">[74]</a> The trial for rape shall conclude within three months. However, if the trial is not completed within three months, the case shall be brought to the notice of the Chief Justice of the High Court for appropriate directions.<a href="#cite_note-2016law-73">[73]</a> The new bill also ensures that sex workers are also included in the law's protection.<a href="#cite_note-dawn2016-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a> Executive Director, <a href="/wiki/Phumzile_Mlambo-Ngcuka" title="Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka">Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka</a>, hailed the Government of Pakistan's decision to pass the anti-rape and anti-honor killing bills.<a href="#cite_note-unwomen-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_Courts">Special Courts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Special Courts">edit</a>]</div> On 20 June 2019, Chief justice of Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Asif_Saeed_Khosa" title="Asif Saeed Khosa">Asif Saeed Khosa</a>, announced that more than 1,000 special courts will be established in the country which will focus on tackling violence against women. Each district in Pakistan will have once such court according to the chief justice.<a href="#cite_note-TheGuardian2019-75">[75]</a> Romana Bashir, who heads a <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGO</a> called the Peace and Development Foundation which is focused on women's rights in Pakistan, said that the establishment of such courts was "a wonderful safeguarding measure". She also said "Certainly women will be encouraged and feel strengthened to speak up against gender based violence. Consequently, women will be able to get justice".<a href="#cite_note-TheGuardian2019-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Fauzia Viqar, a women's rights campaigner who advised the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Government of Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab government</a> until last month, said studies had shown the performance of such dedicated courts to be "many times better than other courts".<a href="#cite_note-TheGuardian2019-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_female_empowerment">Timeline of female empowerment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Timeline of female empowerment">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1956: Right to <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">vote</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">National elections</a>.</li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/1973_Constitution_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> abolished discrimination on women.</li> <li>1985: Reserved quota for women increased.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>1988: First female <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> of Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>.</li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Bill" title="Women's Protection Bill">Women's protection bill</a> was passed.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Practices">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purdah">Purdah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Purdah">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_India_Muslim_League_Working_Committee_Lahore_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/All_India_Muslim_League_Working_Committee_Lahore_1940.jpg/330px-All_India_Muslim_League_Working_Committee_Lahore_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/All_India_Muslim_League_Working_Committee_Lahore_1940.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>A meeting of the All-India Muslim League in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> in 1940 shows Amjadi Begum in a body length <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a> norms are followed in few communities of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-ESCAP-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-sd_dim_pak-80">[80]</a> It is practiced in various ways, depending on family tradition, region, class, and rural or urban residence.<a href="#cite_note-about_jone_men-81">[81]</a> Purdah is most likely to be practiced among the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Now, many women in Pakistan don't practice Purdah, which is opposed by many religious scholars. Generally, women living in more developed areas like Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad are more liberal in terms of dressing than women living in less developed areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vani">Vani</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vani">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Vani_(custom)" title="Vani (custom)">Vani</a> is a marriage custom followed in tribal areas and the Punjab province. The young girls are forcibly married off in order to resolve the feuds between different clans;<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> the Vani can be avoided if the clan of the girl agrees to pay money, called Deet, to other clans.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_forced_child-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swara_(custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swara (custom)">Swara</a>, Pait likkhi and Addo Baddo are similar tribal and rural customs that often promote marriage of girls in their early teenage years. In one extreme case in 2012, a local <a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a> in Aari village, <a href="/wiki/Swat_District" title="Swat District">Swat</a> ordered that Roza Bibi, a girl of six, must be married off to settle a dispute between her family and the rival family.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> As of 2018, the trend of Vani is decreased very much, allowing more young girls to live their childhood freely. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Watta_satta">Watta satta</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Watta satta">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Watta_satta" title="Watta satta">Watta satta</a> is a tribal custom in which brides are traded between two clans. In order to marry off a son, one must also have a daughter to marry off in return. If there is no sister to exchange in return for a son's spouse, a cousin, or a distant relative can also do. Even though Islamic law requires that both partners explicitly consent to marriage, women are often forced into marriages arranged by their fathers or tribal leaders.<a href="#cite_note-alice_violence-29">[29]</a> Watta satta is most common in rural parts of northwest and west Pakistan, and its tribal regions.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-irinnews.org-88">[88]</a> Watta-Satta marriage in Pakistan provoke low, domestic violence and often exceed the cause and end up in Karo-Kari cases, especially in Sindh. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dowry">Dowry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dowry">edit</a>]</div> Like in other parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, the custom of <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> is practiced in Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and conflicts related to it often result in violence, even <a href="/wiki/Dowry_death" title="Dowry death">dowry deaths</a>. At over 2000 dowry-related deaths per year, and annual rates exceeding 2.45 deaths per 100,000 women from dowry-related violence, Pakistan has the highest reported number of dowry death rates per 100,000 women in the world.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_against_women">Violence against women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Violence against women">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women_in_Pakistan" title="Violence against women in Pakistan">Violence against women in Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Pakistan" title="Domestic violence in Pakistan">Domestic violence in Pakistan</a></div> A 2020 Report by <a href="/wiki/Aurat_Foundation" title="Aurat Foundation">Aurat foundation</a> on "Violence against women and girls in the time of Covid 19 pandemic" from identified 25 districts of Pakistan reported 2297 cases of domestic violence against women which included crimes like honor killings, murder, rape, suicide, acid burning, kidnapping; out of which 57% cases were reported from Punjab, 27% from Sindh.<a href="#cite_note-:12-92">[92]</a> In 1999, at least 1000 women were murdered in Pakistan and 90% of women reported being subject to <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>. Law enforcement authorities routinely dismiss domestic violence as private disputes.<a href="#cite_note-:02-93">[93]</a> With domestic violence cases, it is important to acknowledge that marital rape is not considered a crime. Most women do not report the abuse they experience because they want to avoid ruining their family's reputation, they are scared the abuse will worsen, and they are afraid they would be separated from their husband and kids.<a href="#cite_note-:02-93">[93]</a> For the women that do report abuse, they are often harassed by the police and their families; about 33% of women were a victim of physical abuse and did not make any reports.<a href="#cite_note-:02-93">[93]</a> When it comes to marital abuse, pregnant women are even victims. In order to cope, some women enter religious communities or religious events to avoid being home and further altercations. Some ask for help from their friends and family, but most are reluctant to make formal complaints because they feel as if they would not be understood<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Pakistan Policemen stop activists during a rally to mark International Women's Day in Islamabad on 8 March. Women's demand equal rights for women in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Pakistani law is even more inadequate in protecting women victims of domestic violence and penalizing batterers.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> According to a survey conducted by Pulse Consultant, a staggering 35% of Pakistanis hold the belief that no woman is safe in the country. Additionally, 43% of respondents expressed the view that women are safe to some extent, while a mere 20% believe that women are truly safe in Pakistan. These findings shed light on the perceptions and concerns surrounding women's safety in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rape">Rape</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rape">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Pakistan" title="Rape in Pakistan">Rape in Pakistan</a></div> Some Police officers in Pakistan have in certain cases refused to record the complaint of women when an officer may have been involved.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In 2006, President Pervez Musharraf passed the Protection of Women Act. The purpose of it was for women to be provided with relief and to be able to have protection under the Hudood Ordinance and back into the prosecution under the Pakistani Criminal code. The act recognized rape under five circumstances, against [a woman's] will, without [a women's] consent, with [a woman's] consent, when the consent has been obtained by putting a woman in fear or of hurt, with her consent, when the man knows that he is not married to her and that the consent is given because she believes that the man is another person to whom she is or believes herself to be married; or with or without her consent when she is under sixteen years of age. Because of the act, a person in Pakistan was punishable by either death or imprisoned up to 10 to 25 years. Although the act was passed, there were no significant effects in which investigations were done on rape victims.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> On 17 April 2002, a woman by the name Zafran Bibi, who was 26 at the time, was sentenced to death by stoning in Pakistan. Zafran Bibi stepped forward as a rape victim in Pakistan. Bibi was recast as guilty for having sexual intercourse outside of valid marriage and was sentenced to death because of this incident. Bibi stated that she was tortured and raped by her brother-in-law, Jamal Khan. Her husband was in jail when the incident occurred.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Human rights groups saw that Zafran Bibi sentence was bizarre and the actions that were taken towards her case were not taken in the matter that it should have been. The pressure of the Human Rights group ultimately led the court to overturn her sentence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honor_killings_(Karo-Kari)">Honor killings (Karo-Kari)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Honor killings (Karo-Kari)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Honour_killing_in_Pakistan" title="Honour killing in Pakistan">Honour killing in Pakistan</a></div> A majority of the victims of <a href="/wiki/Honour_killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour killing">honour killings</a> are women and the punishments meted out to the murderers are very lenient.<a href="#cite_note-crime_or_custom2-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-amnesty_honor2-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-amnesty_honour_killings2-103">[103]</a> In 2010, it was reported that more than 1,000 honour killing occur every year in Pakistan and India.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The practice of summary killing of a person suspected of an illicit liaison is known as <a href="/wiki/Karo_kari" class="mw-redirect" title="Karo kari">karo kari</a> in Sindh and Balochistan. In December 2004, the Government passed a bill that made karo kari punishable under the same penal provisions as murder.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In 2016, Pakistan repealed the loophole which allowed the perpetrators of honour killings to avoid punishment by seeking forgiveness for the crime from another family member, and thus be legally pardoned.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Many cases of honour killings have been reported against women who marry against their family's wishes, who seek divorce or who have been raped. In addition, women of lower classes are more prone to being victims of honour killings or rape.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acid_attacks">Acid attacks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Acid attacks">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Acid_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid attacks">Acid attacks</a> occur within the public sphere. Acid and kerosene are thrown at women, mostly in the direction of their faces, as a form of permanent punishment.<a href="#cite_note-:1-108">[108]</a> Many women do not report these attacks out of fear of getting attacked again or to protect the groups of people committing the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-:1-108">[108]</a> Hundreds of women are victims of these attacks and some die from their injuries.<a href="#cite_note-:1-108">[108]</a> When these attacks are reported they are written off as mistakes or suicides at times.<a href="#cite_note-:1-108">[108]</a> In order to help with these attacks, the Depilex Smileagain Foundation provides victims of acid attacks with the opportunity to undergo surgery to heal their faces with the help of experienced doctors, while receiving the medical services they need to recover.<a href="#cite_note-:1-108">[108]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas">Qisas</a> (eye-for-an-eye) law of Pakistan, the perpetrator could suffer the same fate as the victim, if the victim or the victim's guardian chooses. The perpetrator may be punished by having drops of acid placed in their eyes.<a href="#cite_note-womensenews.org-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-110">[110]</a> Section 336B of Pakistan Penal Code states: "Whoever causes hurt by corrosive substance shall be punished with imprisonment for life or imprisonment of either description which shall not be less than fourteen years and a minimum fine of one million rupees."<a href="#cite_note-:0-110">[110]</a> Additionally, section 299 defines Qisas and states: "Qisas means punishment by causing similar hurt at the same part of the body of the convict as he has caused to the victim or by causing his death if he has committed qatl-iamd (intentional manslaughter) in exercise of the right of the victim or a <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a> (the guardian of the victim)."<a href="#cite_note-:0-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_infanticide">Female infanticide</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Female infanticide">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Female_infanticide_in_Pakistan" title="Female infanticide in Pakistan">Female infanticide in Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion#Pakistan" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion § Pakistan</a></div> In Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a> is illegal and so is adultery. Premarital relations are strictly prohibited in the country and are frowned upon by society. According to media reports, the ratio of female infanticides is higher than male. People give more value to a baby boy than a baby girl. People are worried and scared about the finances required for her marriage because of the dowry practice. This whole scenario leads them to commit the hideous crime of infanticide.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Three different research studies, according to Klausen and Wink, note that Pakistan had the world's highest percentage of missing girls, relative to its total pre-adult female population.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_to_the_Quran">Marriage to the Quran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Marriage to the Quran">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion with: better explanation. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table>Being married to the Quran, traditionally called 'Haq Bakshish', is a practice in which a girl or young woman is either persuaded or compelled to forfeit her right to marry and instead devote her life to studying and memorizing the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-:6-113">[113]</a> The practice is controversial throughout Pakistan, and the Council of Islamic Ideology has declared it to be "un-Islamic".<a href="#cite_note-:7-114">[114]</a> In some parts of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:7-114">[114]</a> the practice of marrying a woman to the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> is prevalent among landlords; it requires that the woman live without a husband throughout her life. Although it is without roots in Islamic tradition, the practice is often used by men to claim the land that would otherwise be inherited by their sisters and daughters upon marriage.<a href="#cite_note-sadaf_women-115">[115]</a> The cultural logic of "Quran marriage" is not unique to the limited world of Muslims in South Asia. Similar arrangements, such as the "wedding" celebrated between a Catholic novice and Jesus Christ, are known from other regions and religions.<a href="#cite_note-:8-116">[116]</a> Whereas marriage to the Quran is disapproved by "textual Islam," the regionally "practiced Islam" may even add a religious coverage.<a href="#cite_note-:8-116">[116]</a> The Council of Islamic Ideology (CII)<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> has unanimously approved a draft bill aimed at eliminating the inhuman customs of marrying a woman to the Quran and "Haq Bakhshwan" The council in its 157th meeting recommended to the government to award life imprisonment to those who married their sisters and daughters to the Quran. The draft bill, to be called Pakistan Penal Code (Amendment Act) 2005,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> seeks to abolish the un-Islamic custom of such marriages. Marriage to the holy book is a common custom in Sindh, especially among the feudal lords to avoid transfer of property out of family hands at the time of marriage of their daughter or sister. The council has declared that this practice amounts to defiling the Quran, desecrating the Islamic institution of marriage and denying a woman of inheritance as well as her right to choose a life partner.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cousin_marriages">Cousin marriages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cousin marriages">edit</a>]</div> According to Prof Huma Arshad Cheema (HOD Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology of the Children's Hospital, Lahore), 50 per cent of <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> in Pakistan is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">Inherited Metabolic Disorders</a> besides inherited or <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic diseases</a> affecting liver, heart, kidney and brain in children.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> As per Dr Areeba Farrukh, a Pediatric Resident at National Institute of Child Health (NICH), Karachi, cousin marriages are also an important reason for diseases like <a href="/wiki/Thalassemia" title="Thalassemia">thalassemia</a> and faulty <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">haemoglobin</a> build-up, which can eventually lead to <a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency" title="Iron deficiency">iron deficiency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> According to joint research study conducted in 2016–2017 by scholars of Department of Biological Science Gomal University, and Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering University of Agriculture Peshawar; high rate of consanguinity in Pakistan does contribute to hereditary <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a> and to minimize such risks genetic counseling is required.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Many girls groomed and pressured to accept cousin marriages to keep familial feudal properties and relations intact,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> in process kids do suffer various kind of genetic disabilities on account of traditions of <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">cousin marriages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> According to Sadia Saeed deformed 'A DCY3' <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> lead to slow learning and from mild to moderate <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disabilities</a>, loss of sense of smell to gaining obesity with more likelihood of diabetes in here in life.<a href="#cite_note-:5-126">[126]</a> 'MARK3' mutation may leads to progressive <a href="/wiki/Phthisis_bulbi" title="Phthisis bulbi">Phthisis bulbi</a> (shrinkage of the eyeball).<a href="#cite_note-:5-126">[126]</a> Mutation IQSEC1 can be a cause of intellectual disability, developmental delays, short stature, speech loss, low muscle tone and, in some cases, seizures and aggressive behavior.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture of Pakistan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress">Dress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dress">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholistan_Hindus_celebrating_Holi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cholistan_Hindus_celebrating_Holi.jpg/220px-Cholistan_Hindus_celebrating_Holi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cholistan_Hindus_celebrating_Holi.jpg/330px-Cholistan_Hindus_celebrating_Holi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cholistan_Hindus_celebrating_Holi.jpg/440px-Cholistan_Hindus_celebrating_Holi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Cholistani Hindu women</a> celebrating <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_and_girls_in_Qamber,_Shadadkot,_north-west_Sindh,_Pakistan_(8406155976).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Women_and_girls_in_Qamber%2C_Shadadkot%2C_north-west_Sindh%2C_Pakistan_%288406155976%29.jpg/220px-Women_and_girls_in_Qamber%2C_Shadadkot%2C_north-west_Sindh%2C_Pakistan_%288406155976%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Women_and_girls_in_Qamber%2C_Shadadkot%2C_north-west_Sindh%2C_Pakistan_%288406155976%29.jpg/330px-Women_and_girls_in_Qamber%2C_Shadadkot%2C_north-west_Sindh%2C_Pakistan_%288406155976%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Women_and_girls_in_Qamber%2C_Shadadkot%2C_north-west_Sindh%2C_Pakistan_%288406155976%29.jpg/440px-Women_and_girls_in_Qamber%2C_Shadadkot%2C_north-west_Sindh%2C_Pakistan_%288406155976%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Women and girls in Shadadkot, north-west Sindh, Pakistan.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_womens_T20_cricket_team.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pakistan_womens_T20_cricket_team.jpg/220px-Pakistan_womens_T20_cricket_team.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pakistan_womens_T20_cricket_team.jpg/330px-Pakistan_womens_T20_cricket_team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pakistan_womens_T20_cricket_team.jpg/440px-Pakistan_womens_T20_cricket_team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>Pakistan Women's Cricket Team</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">purdah</a> for Muslim upper- and middle-class women in India and later Pakistan, both in the form of gender segregation as well as the veil, fell out of fashion due to women's active mobilisation in the anticolonial struggle for independence. The anti colonial independence movement in the Muslim world was dominated by secular modernists, who considered women's liberation as a natural part of a modernized and revitalized Muslim world, and by the 1930s, Muslim upper-class women had started to appear unveiled.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-128">[128]</a> During the Islamization policy of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a> in 1977–1988, women were encouraged to veil, and although no law of general compulsory veiling was introduced, women who appeared on state Television as well as women employed by the Federal Government were forced to veil.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-128">[128]</a> These regulations were repealed after the fall of Zia-ul-Haq. The most common female dress is the shalwar kameez with a shawl called dupatta. The shawl is draped over the shoulders and sometimes over the head, usually for prayer. Most women wear very baggy trousers however more westernised girls have made it less baggy and tight.<a href="#cite_note-Area_Handbook_for_Pakistan-129">[129]</a> Upper and middle-class women in towns wear burqas over their normal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fizaminahil.com/">clothes</a> in public.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The burqa is the most visible dress in Pakistan. It is typically a tent-like garment worn over the ordinary clothes and is made of white cotton. Many upper-class women wear a two-piece burqa which is usually black in colour but sometimes navy blue or dark red. It consists of a long cloak and a separate headpiece with a drop-down face veil. Some educated urban women no longer wear the burqa. The burqa is also not worn by rural peasant women who work in the fields.<a href="#cite_note-Area_Handbook_for_Pakistan-129">[129]</a> In rural areas only elite women wear burqas.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_economic_development">Education and economic development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Education and economic development">edit</a>]</div> In Pakistan, the women's access to property, education, employment etc. remains considerably lower compared to men's.<a href="#cite_note-sd_dim_pak-80">[80]</a> The social and cultural context of Pakistani society has historically been predominantly patriarchal.<a href="#cite_note-adb_wom_pak-10">[10]</a> Women have a low percentage of participation in society outside of the family.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> As per research study of Khurshid, Gillani, Hashmi; Pakistani school textbooks are discriminatory towards female representation in quantity and status. History taught in Pakistani school text books is mostly male oriented, in Urdu school books women religious role too is less depicted, women get depicted in inferior position compared to men.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_education_in_Pakistan" title="Women's education in Pakistan">Women's education in Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schoolgirls_in_Shalwar_Kameez,_Abbotabad_Pakistan_-_UK_International_Development.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Schoolgirls_in_Shalwar_Kameez%2C_Abbotabad_Pakistan_-_UK_International_Development.jpg/220px-Schoolgirls_in_Shalwar_Kameez%2C_Abbotabad_Pakistan_-_UK_International_Development.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Schoolgirls_in_Shalwar_Kameez%2C_Abbotabad_Pakistan_-_UK_International_Development.jpg/330px-Schoolgirls_in_Shalwar_Kameez%2C_Abbotabad_Pakistan_-_UK_International_Development.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Schoolgirls_in_Shalwar_Kameez%2C_Abbotabad_Pakistan_-_UK_International_Development.jpg/440px-Schoolgirls_in_Shalwar_Kameez%2C_Abbotabad_Pakistan_-_UK_International_Development.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>School girls wearing <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_Kameez" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalwar Kameez">Shalwar Kameez</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girls_in_school_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa,_Pakistan_(7295675962).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Girls_in_school_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa%2C_Pakistan_%287295675962%29.jpg/220px-Girls_in_school_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa%2C_Pakistan_%287295675962%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Girls_in_school_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa%2C_Pakistan_%287295675962%29.jpg/330px-Girls_in_school_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa%2C_Pakistan_%287295675962%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Girls_in_school_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa%2C_Pakistan_%287295675962%29.jpg/440px-Girls_in_school_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa%2C_Pakistan_%287295675962%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>Pakistani school girls in <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></figcaption></figure> Despite the improvement in Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> since its independence, the educational status of Pakistani women is among the lowest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-sd_dim_pak-80">[80]</a> The literacy rate for urban women is more than five times the rate for rural women.<a href="#cite_note-ESCAP-79">[79]</a> The literacy rate is still lower for women compared to men: the literacy rate is 45.8% for females, while for males it is 69.5% (aged 15 or older, data from 2015).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-135">[135]</a> At the end of the 20th century, the school drop-out rate among girls was very high (almost 50 percent), even though the educational achievements of female students were higher than male students at different levels of education.<a href="#cite_note-adb_wom_pak-10">[10]</a> Since then, education for women has improved rapidly. In <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> there are 46 public colleges out of which 26 are female colleges and some of the others are co-educational. Similarly the public universities of Pakistan have female enrollment than male.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> UNESCO and the Orascom subsidiary of Pakistan telco, <a href="/wiki/Mobilink" title="Mobilink">Mobilink</a> have been using mobile phones to educate women and improve their literacy skills since 4 July 2010. The local BUNYAD Foundation of Lahore and the UN's work via the Dakar Framework of Action for EFA are also helping with this issue.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> As of 2010, the literacy rate of females in Pakistan was at 39.6 percent compared to that of males at 67.7 percent.<a href="#cite_note-lloyd105-138">[138]</a> More recent statistics provided by the UNICEF – shows that female education amongst 15- to 24-year-olds has increased substantially to 61.5% – an increase of 45%. Male education is at a steady rate of 71.2%.<a href="#cite_note-unicef1-139">[139]</a> Many policies in Pakistan aim to achieve equality in education between girls and boys and to reduce the gender gap in the educational system.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> However, the policy also encourages girls, mainly in rural areas of Pakistan, to acquire basic home management skills, which are preferred over full-scale primary education. The attitudes towards women in Pakistani culture make the fight for educational equality more difficult. The lack of democracy and feudal practices of Pakistan also contribute to the gender gap in the educational system.<a href="#cite_note-lloyd105-138">[138]</a> In rural areas, girls' schools are far away from their homes; many families cannot afford travel expenses for their children. Girls live in fear due to extremist policies. In <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>, militant groups have bombed girls' schools and pressured several governments to make women's education less attainable through threats.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In some regions, women are severely bound by cultural constraints and prejudices, as they are often involved in domestic work for over 14 hours per day. In Balochistan, for example, female literacy rate stands between 15 and 25%.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">system</a> leaves the underpowered, women in particular, in a very vulnerable position. The long-lived socio-cultural belief that women play a reproductive role within the confines of the home leads to the belief that educating women holds no value. Although the government declared that all children of ages 5–16 can go to school, there are 7.261 million children out of school at the primary level in Pakistan, and 58% are female (UNESCO, Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011).<a href="#cite_note-nargis1-143">[143]</a> Although girls have the right to get an education legally, in many rural regions of Pakistan girls are strongly discouraged from going to school and discriminated against, as there are violent acts such as <a href="/wiki/Acid_throwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid throwing">acid throwing</a> which many girls fall victim to for attending school. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural/urban_divide_and_government_policy">Rural/urban divide and government policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Rural/urban divide and government policy">edit</a>]</div> Females are educated equally like Males in urban areas such as Lahore, Islamabad and Karachi. However, in rural areas, the education rate is substantially lower. This has begun to change with the issuance of government policy, in which 70% of new schools are built for girls,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> and also plans to increase the size of women's school so that the infrastructure matches those of men's schools<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> and more female colleges have also been established in order to provide women with higher education.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Women in elite urban districts of Pakistan enjoy a far more privileged lifestyle than those living in rural tribal areas. Women in urbanized districts typically lead more elite lifestyles and have more opportunities for education. Rural and tribal areas of Pakistan have an increasingly high rate of poverty and alarmingly low literacy rates. In 2002 it was recorded that 81.5% of 15- to 19-year-old girls from high-income families had attended school while 22.3% of girls from low-income families had ever attended school.<a href="#cite_note-lloyd105-138">[138]</a> In comparison, it was recorded that 96.6 percent of Pakistani boys ages 15–19 coming from high-income families had attended schooling while 66.1 percent of 15- to 19-year-old boys from low-income families had attended school.<a href="#cite_note-lloyd105-138">[138]</a> Girls living in rural areas are encouraged not to go to school because they are needed in the home to do work at a young age. In most rural villages, secondary schooling simply does not exist for girls, leaving them no choice but to prepare for marriage and do household tasks. These rural areas often have inadequate funding and schooling for girls is at the bottom of their priorities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Employment">edit</a>]</div> Pakistan is a largely rural society (almost two-thirds of the population lives in rural areas<a href="#cite_note-CIA-135">[135]</a>) and women are rarely formally employed. This does not mean that women do not participate in the economy: quite on the contrary, women usually work on the farm of the household, practise <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a>, or otherwise work within the household economic unit.<a href="#cite_note-Sathar-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> However, women are often prevented from advancing economically, due to social restrictions on women's movement and gender mixing, as well as due to low education.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Workforce_participation">Workforce participation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Workforce participation">edit</a>]</div> Although women play an active role in Pakistan's economy, their contribution has been grossly underreported in some censuses and surveys.<a href="#cite_note-sd_dim_pak-80">[80]</a> Part of the underestimation of women's economic role is that Pakistan, like many other countries, has a very large <a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">informal sector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The 1991–92 <a href="/wiki/Labour_Force_Survey" title="Labour Force Survey">Labour Force Survey</a> revealed that only about 16% of women aged 10 years and over were in the labor force. According to <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, in 2014, women made up 22.3% of the labor force in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> According to the 1999 report by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, only two percent of Pakistani women participate in the formal sector of employment.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> However, the 1980 agricultural census stated that the women's participation rate in agriculture was 73%. The 1990–1991 Pakistan Integrated Household Survey indicated that the female labor force participation rate was 45% in rural areas and 17% the urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-sd_dim_pak-80">[80]</a> Pakistani women play a major role in agricultural production, livestock raising and cottage industries.<a href="#cite_note-sd_dim_pak-80">[80]</a> In 2008, it was recorded that 21.8 percent of females were participating in the labor force in Pakistan while 82.7 percent of men were involved in labor.<a href="#cite_note-hayat13-153">[153]</a> The rate of women in the labor force has an annual growth rate of 6.5 percent. Out of the 47 million employed peoples in Pakistan in 2008, only 9 million were women and of those 9 million, 70 percent worked in the agricultural sector. The income of Pakistani women in the labor force is generally lower than that of men, due in part to a lack of formal education.<a href="#cite_note-hayat13-153">[153]</a> In Pakistan, women are not accepted if they earn more than their husbands - development organization CARE found 76% of respondents felt that people, particularly family members, will disapprove if female entrepreneurs' earnings usurp their partners'.<a href="#cite_note-care-international.org-154">[154]</a> The low female literacy rate is a large obstacle in women taking part in the workforce. Due to the religious and cultural values in Pakistan, women who do try to enter the workforce are often pushed into the lower of the three employment structures. This structure level, unorganized services sector, has low pay, low job security and low productivity. In order to improve this situation, governmental organizations and political parties need to push for the entrance of women into the organized services sector.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Conservative interpretations of Islam have not promoted women's rights in the workforce, since they value women as keepers of the <a href="/wiki/Family_honor" title="Family honor">family honor</a>, support <a href="/wiki/Gender_segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender segregation">gender segregation</a>, and institutionalization of gender disparities.<a href="#cite_note-coleman7217-156">[156]</a> Furthermore, women who do work are often paid less than minimum wage, because they are seen as lesser beings in comparison to men, and "their working conditions vis-à-vis females are often hazardous; having long working hours, no medical benefits, no job security, subjected to job discrimination, verbal abuse and sexual harassment and no support from male-oriented labor unions" (An In-Depth Analysis of Women's Labor Force Participation in Pakistan). Although these religious and cultural barriers exist keeping women away from the workforce, studies have shown that women-only entrepreneurial training that allows participants to develop capital and competences, can break these down. Programs such as this can go a long way in an Islamic socio-cultural context to develop tolerance and understanding.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military">Military</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Pakistan Armed Forces">Women in Pakistan Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MONUSCO%27s_Pakistani_Female_Engagement_Team_in_Uvira_and_Sange,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(49595204591).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MONUSCO%27s_Pakistani_Female_Engagement_Team_in_Uvira_and_Sange%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%2849595204591%29.jpg/250px-MONUSCO%27s_Pakistani_Female_Engagement_Team_in_Uvira_and_Sange%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%2849595204591%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MONUSCO%27s_Pakistani_Female_Engagement_Team_in_Uvira_and_Sange%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%2849595204591%29.jpg/375px-MONUSCO%27s_Pakistani_Female_Engagement_Team_in_Uvira_and_Sange%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%2849595204591%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MONUSCO%27s_Pakistani_Female_Engagement_Team_in_Uvira_and_Sange%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%2849595204591%29.jpg/500px-MONUSCO%27s_Pakistani_Female_Engagement_Team_in_Uvira_and_Sange%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%2849595204591%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Female officers of the Pakistan Army during their deployment in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</a>.</figcaption></figure> Women can serve in the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In 2006, the first women fighter pilot batch joined the combat aerial mission command of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">PAF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Pakistan Navy</a> prohibits women from serving in the combat branch. Rather they are appointed and serve in operations involving <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">military logistics</a>, staff and senior administrative offices, particularly in the regional and central headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> About 4,000 women have served the armed forces till 2017.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_and_property_rights">Land and property rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Land and property rights">edit</a>]</div> Around 90% of the Pakistani households are headed by men and most female-headed households belong to the poor strata of the society.<a href="#cite_note-ESCAP-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-sd_dim_pak-80">[80]</a> Women lack ownership of productive resources. Despite women's legal rights to own and inherit property from their families, in 2000 there were very few women who had access and control over these resources.<a href="#cite_note-adb_wom_pak-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_concerns">Other concerns</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Other concerns">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protest_against_forced_conversion_of_Hindu_girls_in_Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Protest_against_forced_conversion_of_Hindu_girls_in_Pakistan.jpg/220px-Protest_against_forced_conversion_of_Hindu_girls_in_Pakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Protest_against_forced_conversion_of_Hindu_girls_in_Pakistan.jpg/330px-Protest_against_forced_conversion_of_Hindu_girls_in_Pakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Protest_against_forced_conversion_of_Hindu_girls_in_Pakistan.jpg/440px-Protest_against_forced_conversion_of_Hindu_girls_in_Pakistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Protest against <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion_of_minority_girls_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced conversion of minority girls in Pakistan">forced conversion of Hindu girls</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Hindu_Council" title="Pakistan Hindu Council">Pakistan Hindu Council</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_roles">Gender roles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Gender roles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmiri_girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kashmiri_girl.jpg/220px-Kashmiri_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kashmiri_girl.jpg/330px-Kashmiri_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kashmiri_girl.jpg/440px-Kashmiri_girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3302" data-file-height="3964" /></a><figcaption>A girl in <a href="/wiki/North_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="North Pakistan">North Pakistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> Pakistan is a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a> society where men are the primary authority figures and women are subordinate.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Gender is one of the organizing principles of Pakistani society. Patriarchal values embedded in local traditions, religion and culture predetermine the social value of gender. Islam heavily influences gender roles in particular. An artificial divide between production and reproduction, made by the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour" title="Sexual division of labour">sexual division of labor</a>, has placed women in reproductive roles as mothers and wives in the private arena of home and men in a productive role as breadwinners in the public arena.<a href="#cite_note-Mariam-165">[165]</a> Pakistani women lack social value and status because of negation of their roles as producers and providers in all social roles. The preference for sons due to their productive role often dictates the allocation of household resources in their favor. Traditionally, male members of the family are given better education and are equipped with skills to compete for resources in the public arena, while female members are imparted domestic skills to be good mothers and wives. Lack of skills, limited opportunities in the job market, and social, religious and cultural restrictions limit women's chances to compete for resources in the public arena.<a href="#cite_note-Mariam-165">[165]</a> This situation has led to the social and economic dependency of women that becomes the basis for male power over women in all social relationships. However, the spread of <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a> is not even. The nature and degree of women's subordination vary across classes, regions, and the rural/urban divide. Patriarchal structures are relatively stronger in the rural and tribal setting where local customs establish male authority and power over women's lives. On the other hand, women belonging to the upper and middle classes have increasingly greater access to education and employment opportunities and can assume greater control over their lives.<a href="#cite_note-Mariam-165">[165]</a> According to Pakistani standards, 'good women' could be either educated or uneducated and are expected to be unselfish, calm, tolerant, empathetic, reliable, able to organize, compromise, coordinate and maintain hospitality within the house and in keeping good relationships.<a href="#cite_note-TazGenderKar-166">[166]</a> They are also expected to do household chores, care for her children, husband and in-laws and, when needed, provide the home with external income.<a href="#cite_note-TazGenderKar-166">[166]</a> Women are also expected to marry a man of their <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">parent's choice</a>, follow Islam's code of dress<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> and sacrifice their own dreams.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In a study carried out by <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Pakistan" title="Gallup Pakistan">Gallup Pakistan</a>, the Pakistani affiliate of Gallup International, majority of the Pakistanis believe that both males and females have different roles to play in the society. In Pakistan, for married women it is predominantly the husband's mother and his sisters who load pressure onto women to be at home taking care of the children and the household, and for the man to be the main breadwinner.<a href="#cite_note-care-international.org-154">[154]</a> Although women's role has broadened beyond being a housewife over time, many people still give priority to men in politics, education, employment, and related walks of life. When the respondents were asked to give their opinion on a number of statements about gender roles 63% of the respondents agreed with the statement that "Boys' education is more important than girls'"; 37% disagreed with it. The percentage of people agreeing with this statement was higher among rurallites (67%) as compared to the urbanites (53%). However, more than 90% believe that <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_education_in_Pakistan" title="Women's education in Pakistan">female children should be educated</a>, nearly half of them believing that, should opportunity be available, they should rise to college education and beyond. Fifty five percent (55%) of the respondents believe that "Both husband and wife should work"; while 45% said it is wrong for both husband and the wife to work. More than 50% of men including those from rural areas agree that both husband and wife should work for a better living. When the respondents were asked whether "Men are better politicians as compared to women or not"; 67% agree men are better politicians while 33% think otherwise. More women agree with this statement as compared to men. In response to the following statement "If jobs are in shortage should men be given priority for employment"; 72% of the respondents believe they should be given priority while 28% disagree. Eighty three percent (83%) of the respondents think that "To live a happy life women need children"; while only 17% think they do not. A vast majority of all respondents including 82% of women respondents believe that "prosperous women should raise their voice to support the rights of poor women."<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_Pakistan" title="Family planning in Pakistan">Family planning in Pakistan</a></div> According to 1998 figures, the female infant mortality rate was higher than that of male children. The maternal mortality rate was also high, as only 20 percent of women were assisted by a trained provider during delivery.<a href="#cite_note-adb_wom_pak-10">[10]</a> Only 9 percent of women used contraceptives in 1985, but by 2000 this figure had increased substantially,<a href="#cite_note-adb_wom_pak-10">[10]</a> and as of 2012/13, the contraceptive prevalence rate was 35.4%.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-135">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> is 2.75 children born/woman (2015 est.).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-135">[135]</a> Pakistan has taken certain initiatives in the health sector to redress gender imbalances. The SAP was launched in 1992–1993 to accelerate improvement in the social indicators. Closing the gender gap is the foremost objective of the SAP. The other major initiative is the Prime Minister's program of lady health workers (LHWs). Under this community-based program, 26,584 LHWs in rural areas and 11,967 LHWs in urban areas have been recruited to provide basic health care including family planning to women at the grassroots level. Other initiatives include the village-based family planning workers and extended immunisation programs, nutritional and child survival, cancer treatment, and increased involvement of media in health education. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_divorce_issues">Marriage and divorce issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Marriage and divorce issues">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Marriage in Pakistan">Marriage in Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_marriage_laws_in_Pakistan" title="Hindu marriage laws in Pakistan">Hindu marriage laws in Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Pakistan" title="Divorce in Pakistan">Divorce in Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Pakistan" title="Polygamy in Pakistan">Polygamy in Pakistan</a></div> The average age of women for marriage increased from 16.9 years in 1951 to 22.5 years in 2005. A majority of women are married to their close relatives, i.e., first and second cousins. Only 37 percent of married women are not related to their spouses before marriage.<a href="#cite_note-adb_wom_pak-10">[10]</a> A study published in 2000 recorded that the divorce rate in Pakistan was extremely low due to the social stigma attached to it.<a href="#cite_note-adb_wom_pak-10">[10]</a> Many girls are still married off into a child marriage, and many complications with this can occur as childbirth from a child can cause complications with the baby and mother.<a href="#cite_note-ghosh1-170">[170]</a> A common system in place with marriage is the <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a> system in which a low or no status is assigned to a girl right from the prenatal stage. There are issues around the dowry system such as dowry related violence, in which the wife is abused by her husband. Before the marriage, the groom will make heavy financial demands on the bride's family as a condition of marrying their daughter.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In order for many parents' daughters to get married, they start "obtaining loans from people, getting interest based loans from banks, utilizing their life savings and even sell their homes" (JAHEZ (Dowry Conditions Set by the Groom for Marriage)). Within the dowry system, abuse is likely to occur after the marriage has taken place. Prior to the marriage, if certain conditions that the groom and his family have put in place are not met, they will threaten to break off the marriage, which would be devastating for the bride and her family because of the lengths the bride's family already had to go through to pay her dowry and because traditionally it is a great dishonor to the family.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_women">Notable women</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notable women">edit</a>]</div> Pakistan has many immensely talented women who have played a vital role in changing the social standards and norms of the country. These women come from all walks of life and have played their role in all sorts of sectors. Women in Pakistan have progressed in various fields of life such as politics, education, economy, services, health and many more. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_activism">Politics and activism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Politics and activism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_first_female_holders_of_political_offices#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the first female holders of political offices">List of the first female holders of political offices § Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Female_political_leaders_in_Islam_and_in_Muslim-majority_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Female political leaders in Islam and in Muslim-majority countries">Female political leaders in Islam and in Muslim-majority countries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_in_Pakistan_wait_to_vote_(8735821208).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Women_in_Pakistan_wait_to_vote_%288735821208%29.jpg/220px-Women_in_Pakistan_wait_to_vote_%288735821208%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Women_in_Pakistan_wait_to_vote_%288735821208%29.jpg/330px-Women_in_Pakistan_wait_to_vote_%288735821208%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Women_in_Pakistan_wait_to_vote_%288735821208%29.jpg/440px-Women_in_Pakistan_wait_to_vote_%288735821208%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3080" /></a><figcaption>Women from Rawalpindi queued for their chance to vote in Pakistan's elections.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mukhtaran_Mai2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mukhtaran_Mai2005.jpg/180px-Mukhtaran_Mai2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mukhtaran_Mai2005.jpg/270px-Mukhtaran_Mai2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Mukhtaran_Mai2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mukht%C4%81r_M%C4%81%27%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhtār Mā'ī">Mukhtār Mā'ī</a>, a survivor of a <a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">gang rape</a> as a form of <a href="/wiki/Honour_killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour killing">honour revenge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> She is one of Pakistan's most prominent women's rights activists.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup-list plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">unverified</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">indiscriminate</a> information in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Embedded_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists">embedded lists</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit">clean up the lists</a> by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article. (December 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Women in Pakistan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Malala_Yousafzai_(1)_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Malala_Yousafzai_%281%29_Cropped.jpg/180px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Malala_Yousafzai_%281%29_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Malala_Yousafzai_%281%29_Cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a>, an activist, working for rights to education for children in Pakistan. She is the youngest Nobel Prize recipient ever.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2000, women's presence in political parties as well as in the political structure at the local, provincial, and national levels was insignificant due to cultural and structural barriers.<a href="#cite_note-adb_wom_pak-10">[10]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] The situation gradually improved, and by 2014, 20.7% of elected representatives were female, a statistic well ahead of the United States and less than 2% behind the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> According to Foqia Sadiq Khan while Pakistan is in one of seventy countries where at least one woman President or Prime Minister had been there; lately Pakistan also provides for certain electoral reservations for women at local and parliamentary level like five percent of candidates need to be women, but still Pakistan lags behind in gender equality, and satisfactory political inclusion.<a href="#cite_note-:11-177">[177]</a> Foqia says while the highest number of women contested the 2018 general elections, still fewer, i.e. just eight, got elected compared to previous years. Foqia says that while electoral reservations provide for minimum level assurance, Pakistani familial, societal and institutional structure do little to give women a fair chance to thrive in competitive political environments. According to Foqia, though local level elections give more opportunities at entry level, being non-political in character means that political exposure remains limited; political parties do allot five percent of their parliamentary seats, but mostly where chances of winning are bleak; and the parliamentary reserved seats for women are awarded based on clientelism. This results in no benefit of exposure in a competitive political environment and the patriarchal hegemony continues to stifle meaningful political inclusion of women in Pakistan's political power structures.<a href="#cite_note-:11-177">[177]</a> Prominent actress <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Khan" title="Sarah Khan">Sarah Khan</a> states that Allah provides for equal gender rank for women and that instead of women's day's <a href="/wiki/Aurat_March" title="Aurat March">Aurat March</a> activism, women need to focus on their children's education.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Miss <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a>, sister of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Ali Jinnah">Mohammed Ali Jinnah</a>, was an instrumental figure in the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan movement">Pakistan movement</a>. In 1947, she formed the Women's Relief Committee, which later formed the nucleus for the <a href="/wiki/All_Pakistan_Women%27s_Association" title="All Pakistan Women's Association">All Pakistan Women's Association</a> (APWA). She was the first Muslim woman to contest the presidency in 1965, as a candidate of the Combined Opposition Party. <a href="/wiki/Begum_Shaista_Ikramullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Begum Shaista Ikramullah">Begum Shaista Ikramullah</a> was the first woman elected member of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Constituent Assembly of Pakistan">Constituent Assembly of Pakistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Begum_Mahmooda_Salim_Khan" title="Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan">Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan</a> was Pakistan's first woman minister and member of the Cabinet of President General <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)">Ayub Khan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Begum_Ra%27ana_Liaquat_Ali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan">Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan</a> (1905–1990) was a women's rights activists. She was the founder of the All Pakistan Women's Association. <a href="/wiki/Begum_Nusrat_Bhutto" class="mw-redirect" title="Begum Nusrat Bhutto">Begum Nusrat Bhutto</a> wife of Prime Minister Zulfikhar Ali Bhutto, led the Pakistani delegation to the United Nations' first women's conference in 1975. <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> was the first female <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a> (1988)(1991) and the first woman elected to head a Muslim country. She was elected twice to the office of Prime Minister. <a href="/wiki/Fehmida_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Fehmida Mirza">Fehmida Mirza</a> is the first female speaker of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly of Pakistan</a>. Other prominent female Pakistani politicians include <a href="/wiki/Begum" title="Begum">Begum</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasim_Wali_Khan" title="Nasim Wali Khan">Nasim Wali Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syeda_Abida_Hussain" class="mw-redirect" title="Syeda Abida Hussain">Syeda Abida Hussain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherry_Rehman" title="Sherry Rehman">Sherry Rehman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tehmina_Daultana" title="Tehmina Daultana">Tehmina Daultana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hina_Rabbani_Khar" title="Hina Rabbani Khar">Hina Rabbani Khar</a> became the first Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan in 2011. <a href="/wiki/Mukhtaran_Mai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhtaran Mai">Mukhtaran Mai</a> a victim of gang rape has become a prominent activist for women's rights in Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/Asma_Jahangir" title="Asma Jahangir">Asma Jahangir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hina_Jilani" title="Hina Jilani">Hina Jilani</a>, prominent human rights lawyers and founders of the first all woman law firm in Pakistan, AGHS. <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a>, as a teenage education activist, was shot in the face in her hometown <a href="/wiki/Mingora" title="Mingora">Mingora</a> at the age of 15. After her hospitalisation and recovery she went on to win the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> for their work for children's rights. At 17, Yousafzai became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize and the first Nobel Peace Prize winner from Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/Sania_Nishtar" title="Sania Nishtar">Sania Nishtar</a>, the first female cardiologist and the only woman Interim Cabinet Member 2013, is globally recognized for her work and accomplishments in health policy advocacy. Nigar Ahmad, women's rights activist, co-founder of Aurat (women's) Foundation, one of the oldest women's organisation in the country. <a href="/wiki/Kanwal_Ahmed" title="Kanwal Ahmed">Kanwal Ahmed</a> is the founder of Soul Sisters Pakistan (SSP), a forum for those who identify as women and have roots in Pakistan. SSP, founded in 2013, was one of the few forums exclusively created for women to speak freely about issues particular to their identities. Ahmed also launched a flagship YouTube show called "Conversations with Kanwal. The show has brought different guests and it covers subjects like dwarfism, diabetes, postpartum depression, single fatherhood, bereavement, women in sports, chai trolley culture or colourism. Ahmed has garnered international recognition through her work on SSP and has become a figure in advocating for the need of women only spaces. <a href="/wiki/Naela_Chohan" title="Naela Chohan">Naela Chohan</a> is a Pakistani diplomat and feminist artist. She is currently serving as the Ambassador of Pakistan to <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>. She has been a vocal proponent of stronger ties between Pakistan and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Farida_Shaheed" title="Farida Shaheed">Farida Shaheed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khawar_Mumtaz" title="Khawar Mumtaz">Khawar Mumtaz</a>, human rights activists and authors, associated with Shirkat Gah, a woman's organisation. <a href="/wiki/Shahla_Zia" title="Shahla Zia">Shahla Zia</a>, human rights activist and lawyer, co-founder of AGHS with Asma Jahngir and Hina Jilani, and also co-founder of Aurat Foundation with Nigar Ahmad. Also the plaintiff in Shahla Zia v. WAPDA, the leading case on environmental law in Pakistan. Tahira Abdullah, prominent human rights activist, associated with <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Action_Forum" title="Women's Action Forum">Women's Action Forum</a> (WAF) and the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) and was a prominent member of the Lawyers Movement. <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Lodhi" title="Fatima Lodhi">Fatima Lodhi</a> is an activist, who is Pakistan's first anti-colourism and diversity advocate.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Riffat_Arif" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffat Arif">Riffat Arif</a>, also known as Sister Zeph, is a teacher, women's activist and philanthropist from <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romana_Bashir" title="Romana Bashir">Romana Bashir</a>, Catholic woman activist since 1997 in interfaith harmony and women's education.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tahira_Safdar" title="Tahira Safdar">Syeda Tahira Safdar</a>, is the first woman chief justice of any high court in Pakistan. In 2018, she was sworn in as the 18th chief justice of the <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_High_Court" title="Balochistan High Court">Balochistan High Court</a> (BHC). Previously in 1982, she was also first woman to be appointed as civil judge in Quetta, Balochistan.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Ayesha Malik, is the senior judge from <a href="/wiki/Lahore_High_Court" title="Lahore High Court">Lahore High Court</a> (LHC). In 2021, she was also nominated for the post of <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice of Pakistan</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marchers_holding_placards_during_Aurat_March_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Marchers_holding_placards_during_Aurat_March_2020.jpg/220px-Marchers_holding_placards_during_Aurat_March_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Marchers_holding_placards_during_Aurat_March_2020.jpg/330px-Marchers_holding_placards_during_Aurat_March_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Marchers_holding_placards_during_Aurat_March_2020.jpg/440px-Marchers_holding_placards_during_Aurat_March_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>2020 <a href="/wiki/Aurat_March" title="Aurat March">Aurat March</a> (Women's March) in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> on <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Aurat_March" title="Aurat March">Aurat March</a> is International Women's Day women's <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">procession</a> walk organized in various cities of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> including Lahore, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, Karachi and Islamabad. The first <a href="/wiki/Aurat_March" title="Aurat March">Aurat March</a> was held in Pakistan on 8 March 2018 (in the city of <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>). In 2019, it was organised in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> by a women's collective called Hum Auratein (We the Women), and in other parts of the country, including <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, Hyderabad, <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mardan" title="Mardan">Mardan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Women_democratic_front" class="mw-redirect" title="Women democratic front">Women democratic front</a> (WDF), Women Action Forum (WAF), and others.<a href="#cite_note-:4-184">[184]</a> The march was endorsed by the Lady Health Workers Association, and included representatives from multiple women's-rights organizations.<a href="#cite_note-:10-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-dawn-186">[186]</a> The march called for more accountability for violence against women, and to support for women who experience violence and harassment at the hands of security forces, in public spaces, at home, and at the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-:0b-187">[187]</a> Reports suggest that more and more women rushed to join the march until the crowd was scattered. Women (as well as men) carried posters bearing phrases such as 'Ghar ka Kaam, Sab ka Kaam', and 'Women are humans, not honour' became a rallying cry. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistani_Women's_rights_activism_and_NGOs">Pakistani Women's rights activism and NGOs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Pakistani Women's rights activism and NGOs">edit</a>]</div> Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistani feminists</a> have produced a significant number of big and small, courageous <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> and proactive activism including that of <a href="/wiki/Me_Too_movement_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement (Pakistan)">Me Too Movement</a> and annual <a href="/wiki/Aurat_March" title="Aurat March">Aurat March</a> which work towards improve Pakistani women's global situation and particularly to prevent violence against women, for instance: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/All_Pakistan_Women%27s_Association" title="All Pakistan Women's Association">All Pakistan Women's Association</a>, founded in 1949,</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Aurat_Foundation" title="Aurat Foundation">Aurat Foundation</a>, registered in 1986,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Veins_(Pakistan)" title="Blue Veins (Pakistan)">Blue Veins</a>, which works primarily on health issues in rural areas,</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Appraisal_and_Women_Empowerment_in_Rural_Areas" title="Society for Appraisal and Women Empowerment in Rural Areas">Society for Appraisal and Women Empowerment in Rural Areas</a> (SAWERA), founded in 2004 in <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Khyber Agency">Khyber Agency</a>, famous for the assassination of its founder <a href="/wiki/Fareeda_Afridi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fareeda Afridi">Fareeda Afridi</a> who was gunned down in June 2012.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li> <li>In a landmark legal challenge against state airline, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Pakistan International Airlines">Pakistan International Airline</a> (PIA), in March 2018, plaintiff Komal Zafar argued that failure to select her as cadet pilot was unconstitutional. Justice Muhammad Farrukh Irfan Khan of <a href="/wiki/Lahore_High_Court" title="Lahore High Court">Lahore High Court</a> passed the orders on a petition, filed by Komal Zafar for the implementation of women quota in the pilots' recruitment process of the PIA. During the hearing, the petitioner's counsel submitted that women were ignored in the recruitment process for filling pilots' vacancies despite 10 per cent quota specified in the policy. He contended that the step was a violation of the policy, and pleaded to issue directions for completing the recruitment process on the pilots' posts reserved for women.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Against_Rape" title="War Against Rape">War Against Rape</a> an NGO with the stated mission to work towards creating a rape free society.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science,_technology,_engineering_and_mathematics">Science, technology, engineering and mathematics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Science, technology, engineering and mathematics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_women_in_STEM" title="Pakistani women in STEM">Pakistani women in STEM</a></div> Number of Pakistani women in 'STEM' is low due to one of the highest gender gaps in STEM fields.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-thenews-192">[192]</a> However, over the time, some Pakistani women have emerged as scientists in fields like <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer sciences</a>. Some notable Pakistani women contributing to STEM are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nergis_Mavalvala" title="Nergis Mavalvala">Nergis Mavalvala</a> :Pakistani-American <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasneem_Zehra_Husain" title="Tasneem Zehra Husain">Tasneem Zehra Husain</a> : a theoretical physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azra_Quraishi" title="Azra Quraishi">Azra Quraishi</a> : a botanist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfa_Karim" title="Arfa Karim">Arfa Karim</a> : a computer prodigy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariam_Sultana" title="Mariam Sultana">Mariam Sultana</a> : an <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talat_Shahnaz_Rahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Talat Shahnaz Rahman">Talat Shahnaz Rahman</a>:a <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">condensed matter physicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aban_Marker_Kabraji" title="Aban Marker Kabraji">Aban Markar Kabraji</a>: a biologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asifa_Akhtar" title="Asifa Akhtar">Asifa Akhtar</a>: a biologist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_entertainment">Arts and entertainment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Arts and entertainment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Actresses">Actresses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Actresses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehwish_Hayat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mehwish_Hayat.png/220px-Mehwish_Hayat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mehwish_Hayat.png/330px-Mehwish_Hayat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mehwish_Hayat.png/440px-Mehwish_Hayat.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mehwish_Hayat" title="Mehwish Hayat">Mehwish Hayat</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angeline_Malik" title="Angeline Malik">Angeline Malik</a> with her campaign #inkaarkaro #mujhayjeenaydo and #meriawaazsuno created a platform to bring many celebrities together like <a href="/wiki/Bushra_Ansari" title="Bushra Ansari">Bushra Ansari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeba_Bakhtiar" title="Zeba Bakhtiar">Zeba Bakhtiar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samina_Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Samina Ahmed">Samina Ahmed</a> to raise their voice against child abuse and in support of women's rights.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeba_Bakhtiar" title="Zeba Bakhtiar">Zeba Bakhtiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samina_Pirzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Samina Pirzada">Samina Pirzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahira_Khan" title="Mahira Khan">Mahira Khan</a> made her name with <a href="/wiki/Humsafar" title="Humsafar">Humsafar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sadqay_Tumhare" title="Sadqay Tumhare">Sadqay Tumhary</a>. She also appeared in <a href="/wiki/Bol_(film)" title="Bol (film)">Bol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bin_Roye" title="Bin Roye">Bin Roye</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Khan" title="Marina Khan">Marina Khan</a> starred in <a href="/wiki/Dhoop_Kinaray" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhoop Kinaray">Dhoop Kinaray</a> and Tanhaiyaan. Portraying sometimes headstrong or idiosyncratically tough female characters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Omar" title="Ayesha Omar">Ayesha Omar</a> more than often depicts the young and rich youth of Pakistan. The young actress delved into the realm of music, even winning an award for <a href="/wiki/Lux_Style_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Lux Style Award">Lux Style Award</a> for Best Album. She also starred in Pakistani movie <a href="/wiki/Karachi_se_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi se Lahore">Karachi se Lahore</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanam_Saeed" title="Sanam Saeed">Sanam Saeed</a> appeared in <a href="/wiki/Zindagi_Gulzar_Hai" title="Zindagi Gulzar Hai">Zindagi Gulzar Hai</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehwish_Hayat" title="Mehwish Hayat">Mehwish Hayat</a> is an actress who has starred in <a href="/wiki/Jawani_Phir_Nahi_Ani" title="Jawani Phir Nahi Ani">Jawani Phir Nahi Ani</a>, the highest grossing Pakistani film, she also appeared in various television ads in dramas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahnoor_Baloch" title="Mahnoor Baloch">Mahnoor Baloch</a> has worked in many serials and film <a href="/wiki/Main_Hoon_Shahid_Afridi" title="Main Hoon Shahid Afridi">Main Hoon Shahid Afridi</a>.</li> <li>Hina <a href="/wiki/Hina_Dilpazeer" title="Hina Dilpazeer">Dilpazeer</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Bulbulay" title="Bulbulay">Momo</a>, appeared in <a href="/wiki/Bulbulay" title="Bulbulay">Bulbulay</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultana_Siddiqui" title="Sultana Siddiqui">Sultana Siddiqui</a> is the President and Founder of <a href="/wiki/Hum_Network" title="Hum Network">Hum Network</a> in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hum_TV" title="Hum TV">Hum TV</a> has received the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Lux_Style_Awards" title="Lux Style Awards">Lux Style Award</a>,<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> four years in a row. Born in Karachi, Sultana was the first woman to start her own TV channel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singers">Singers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Singers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abida_Parveen" title="Abida Parveen">Abida Parveen</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abida_Parveen_concert_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Abida_Parveen_concert_1.jpg/220px-Abida_Parveen_concert_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Abida_Parveen_concert_1.jpg/330px-Abida_Parveen_concert_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Abida_Parveen_concert_1.jpg/440px-Abida_Parveen_concert_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1994" data-file-height="1306" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abida_Parveen" title="Abida Parveen">Abida Parveen</a> at her concert in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Jehan" title="Noor Jehan">Noor Jehan</a> was the melodious lady singer of the sub continent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Omer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayesha Omer">Ayesha Omer</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayesha_Omar_at_Uth_Records_Press_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ayesha_Omar_at_Uth_Records_Press_Conference.jpg/170px-Ayesha_Omar_at_Uth_Records_Press_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ayesha_Omar_at_Uth_Records_Press_Conference.jpg/255px-Ayesha_Omar_at_Uth_Records_Press_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ayesha_Omar_at_Uth_Records_Press_Conference.jpg/340px-Ayesha_Omar_at_Uth_Records_Press_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2184" /></a><figcaption>Ayesha Omer</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reshma" title="Reshma">Reshma</a> (1947–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farida_Khanum" title="Farida Khanum">Farida Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayyara_Noor" title="Nayyara Noor">Nayyara Noor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Bano" title="Iqbal Bano">Iqbal Bano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahira_Syed" title="Tahira Syed">Tahira Syed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazia_Hassan" title="Nazia Hassan">Nazia Hassan</a> was an iconic female Pakistani pop singer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadiqa_Kiani" title="Hadiqa Kiani">Hadiqa Kiani</a> is a recipient of the country's highest civilian honour and is considered the "Most Popular Female Singer of Pakistan" for the past two decades. She has sung in over a dozen languages and has represented Pakistan internationally through music.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momina_Mustehsan" title="Momina Mustehsan">Momina Mustehsan</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> is a Pakistani musician and social activist. Shot to fame after her debut performance on Pakistani music show Coke Studio.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> She has used her fame to speak candidly about issues like cyber bullying and depression.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meesha_Shafi" title="Meesha Shafi">Meesha Shafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gul_Panra" title="Gul Panra">Gul Panra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quratulain_Balouch" title="Quratulain Balouch">Quratulain Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Khalid" title="Annie Khalid">Annie Khalid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazia_Manzoor" title="Shazia Manzoor">Shazia Manzoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabi_Pirzada" title="Rabi Pirzada">Rabi Peerzada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan_Air_Force">Pakistan Air Force</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Pakistan Air Force">edit</a>]</div> Since 2006, Pakistan Air Force allowed women to take part in combat roles. Previously, women only took part in non-combat roles in Pakistan Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <ul><li>Saira Batool, is the first Pakistani female pilot from Hazara community in Pakistan. She along with three other women were the first to join Pakistan Air Force in 2006. The three other women were Saba Khan, Nadia Gul and Mariam Khalil.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marium_Mukhtiar" title="Marium Mukhtiar">Marium Mukhtiar</a>, was a female Air Force pilot and a recipient of Tamgha-e-Basalat. She was the first women to be killed in line of duty after her aircraft crashed on 24 November 2015.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li> <li>Kainat Junaid, is the first women fighter pilot from <a href="/wiki/Lower_Dir_District" title="Lower Dir District">Lower Dir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Womens_Cricket_Team.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pakistan_Womens_Cricket_Team.jpg/220px-Pakistan_Womens_Cricket_Team.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pakistan_Womens_Cricket_Team.jpg/330px-Pakistan_Womens_Cricket_Team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pakistan_Womens_Cricket_Team.jpg/440px-Pakistan_Womens_Cricket_Team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_women%27s_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani women's cricket team">Pakistani women's cricket team</a></figcaption></figure> Sportswomen of Pakistan have always been plagued by the patriarchal society and many have come forward to claim that coaches, selectors and others who are in position of power demand sexual favours. Sexual abuse of this kind has led some athletes to commit suicide due to inaction of authorities in pursuing the suspects. In some cases the female athletes who register the cases of sexual abuse and harassment are banned or put on probation.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In 1996, when sisters Shaiza and Sharmeen Khan first tried to introduce women's cricket in Pakistan, they were met with court cases and even death threats. The government refused them permission to play India in 1997, and ruled that women were forbidden from playing sports in public. However, later they were granted permission, and the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_women%27s_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani women's cricket team">Pakistani women's cricket team</a> played its first recorded match on 28 January 1997 against <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shazia_Hidayat" title="Shazia Hidayat">Shazia Hidayat</a> was the sole woman Olympian on the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Pakistan at the 2000 Summer Olympics">Pakistan team at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games</a> and the second woman to represent Pakistan in an Olympic event.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sidra_Sadaf" title="Sidra Sadaf">Sidra Sadaf</a>, a woman cyclist won a silver medal at the 11th South Asian Games in Dhaka, Bangladesh in January 2010. <a href="/wiki/Naseem_Hameed" title="Naseem Hameed">Naseem Hameed</a> achieved the fastest woman sprinter record in South Asia following the 2010 South Asian games; she gained widespread popularity for the remarkable feat.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Rukhsana_Parveen" title="Rukhsana Parveen">Rukhsana Parveen</a> and Sofia Jawed became first Pakistani women to bag international medals in boxing.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sana_Mir" title="Sana Mir">Sana Mir</a> is captain of the Pakistan women's cricket team.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Won two gold medals<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> at Asian Games in 2010 and 2014. Started playing street cricket at the age of five. Studying engineering before becoming a cricketer by profession. <a href="/wiki/Hajra_Khan_(footballer)" title="Hajra Khan (footballer)">Hajra Khan</a> is the captain of Pakistan's women's football team.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> She is the only player to have scored more than 100 goals in her club career. 21-year-old made history when she was invited to play in Germany for top clubs SGS Essen, FSV Gütersloh and VfL Sindelfingen. Hajra has chosen a very tough path for herself. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ismat_Chughtai" title="Ismat Chughtai">Ismat Chughtai</a>, who was part of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Writers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Writers Association">Progressive Writers Association</a>, is regarded as an important feminist writer of Urdu. <a href="/wiki/Parveen_Shakir" title="Parveen Shakir">Parveen Shakir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kishwar_Naheed" title="Kishwar Naheed">Kishwar Naheed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fehmida_Riaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Fehmida Riaz">Fehmida Riaz</a> are also renowned for their <a href="/wiki/Feminist_poetry" title="Feminist poetry">feminist poetry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>. Modern fiction writers such as <a href="/wiki/Rizwana_Syed_Ali" title="Rizwana Syed Ali">Rizwana Syed Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bano_Qudsia" title="Bano Qudsia">Bano Qudisa</a> have also highlighted gender issues. <a href="/wiki/Bapsi_Sidhwa" title="Bapsi Sidhwa">Bapsi Sidhwa</a> is one of Pakistan's most prominent English fiction writers. In 1991, she received <a href="/wiki/Sitara-i-Imtiaz" title="Sitara-i-Imtiaz">Sitara-i-Imtiaz</a>, Pakistan's highest honour in arts.<a href="#cite_note-:9-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Sana Munir is another well known writer. Munir's early schooling was done in Nigeria and she then studied English Literature, Psychology and Mass Communication. Her love for books is influenced by her father, who ensured that they were surrounded by quality books. Her writing style is very gripping, creating a very clear visual image of the characters and their physical settings.<a href="#cite_note-:9-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_fields">Other fields</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Other fields">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Women in Pakistan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Some of the notable Pakistani women in other fields including computing,<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> education and business are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marvi_Memon" title="Marvi Memon">Marvi Memon</a>, ex-CEO Trakker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_Sequeira" title="Bridget Sequeira">Bridget Sequeira</a> F.M.C.K., was a Franciscan Religious Sister who founded the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missionaries_of_Christ_the_King" title="Franciscan Missionaries of Christ the King">Franciscan Missionaries of Christ the King</a>, the only religious congregation for women founded in Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Louise_Dean" title="Bernadette Louise Dean">Bernadette Louise Dean</a>, former Principal of Kinnaird College, Lahore<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Emily" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Emily">Mary Emily</a>, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Sitara-e-Imtiaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitara-e-Imtiaz">Sitara-e-Imtiaz</a> for services to education<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></li> <li>Waheeda Baig started operating a driving school for women in the fifties. After the war of 1965, she became a full-time cab driver.<a href="#cite_note-wluml_dresscodes-215">[215]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aban_Marker_Kabraji" title="Aban Marker Kabraji">Aban Marker Kabraji</a>, environmentalist and Asia Regional Director of IUCN nominated for Sitara-e-Imtiaz for her social services,<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norma_Fernandes" title="Norma Fernandes">Norma Fernandes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamgha-i-Imtiaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamgha-i-Imtiaz">Tamgha-i-Imtiaz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Former Head Mistress of <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Grammar_School" title="Karachi Grammar School">Karachi Grammar School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinia_Pinto" title="Zinia Pinto">Zinia Pinto</a>, teacher, principal and administrator of <a href="/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_Convent_School_(Karachi)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Joseph's Convent School (Karachi)">St Joseph's Convent School (Karachi)</a> 1956 – 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Tribune-218">[218]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolande_Henderson" title="Yolande Henderson">Yolande Henderson</a>, former headmistress of the St Patrick's High School O' Levels section<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Maria_Dias" title="Jacqueline Maria Dias">Jacqueline Maria Dias</a>, nurse and professor of nursing at the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_University" title="Aga Khan University">Aga Khan University</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubina_Gillani" title="Rubina Gillani">Rubina Gillani</a> is a Pakistani medical doctor and The <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hollows_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Hollows Foundation">Fred Hollows Foundation</a>'s Country Manager<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffat_Arif" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffat Arif">Riffat Arif</a>, also known as Sister Zeph is a teacher, women's activist and philanthropist from <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dawn1-222">[222]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Lewis" title="Ruth Lewis">Ruth Lewis</a> awarded Sitara-i-Imtiaz for her work<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> at <a href="/wiki/Darul_Sukun" class="mw-redirect" title="Darul Sukun">Darul Sukun</a>, a home for the disabled.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Ara" title="Jehan Ara">Jehan Ara</a> is the President of one of the largest tech associations in Pakistan. She is also a prominent advocate for cyber freedom and net neutrality.</li> <li>Shaheen Sardar Ali, PhD; FRSA, First Pakistani woman Law Professor, first woman cabinet minister in the north west frontier province (now Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province) 1999–2001; first chairperson, National Commission on the Status of Women (NCSW) 2000–2001. First women law professor of Pakistani origin in a UK university. She has written extensively in the field of Islamic law, women's human rights in Islam and international law, children's rights</li> <li>Fauzia Minallah is the first and youngest woman political cartoonist to win the All Pakistan Newspaper Society award. She is also the winner of Ron Kovic Peace prize.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muniba_Mazari" title="Muniba Mazari">Muniba Mazari</a> is Pakistan's only wheel chair-bound TV anchor. She was part of Forbes Magazine's 30 Under 30 list for 2017. In December 2016, she was named Pakistan's first female Goodwill Ambassador to the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiza_Farhan" title="Fiza Farhan">Fiza Farhan</a> is the co-founder of the Buksh Foundation, a microfinance institution in Pakistan. Her organisation has brought solar powered lights to around 6750 household all across the country.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadia_Bashir" title="Sadia Bashir">Sadia Bashir</a> is a Pakistani entrepreneur who has dedicated her life to video games. She has co-founded Pixel Art Games Academy.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Bashir has been awarded by the US Embassy at the Women Entrepreneurs Summit in 2017.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musarrat_Misbah" title="Musarrat Misbah">Masarrat Misbah</a> is a distinguished entrepreneur, cosmetologist and philanthropist. She set up the Depilex Smile again Foundation<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> in 2005. The foundation helps those who had suffered due to atrocities of deliberate burning.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharmeen_Obaid-Chinoy" title="Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy">Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy</a> is the first Pakistani to win two <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar Awards">Oscar awards</a>. She won Best Documentary Short Subject for <a href="/wiki/A_Girl_in_the_River:_The_Price_of_Forgiveness" title="A Girl in the River: The Price of Forgiveness">A Girl In The River</a>:<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> The Price of Forgiveness. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif vowed to end honour killings following her win.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfa_Karim" title="Arfa Karim">Arfa Karim</a> became the world's youngest <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Certified_Professional" title="Microsoft Certified Professional">Microsoft Certified Professional</a> at the age of 9 years. She represented Pakistan in various prestigious technology related events. The computer prodigy died in 2012 at the age 16 years.</li> <li>Shamim Akhtar is Pakistan's first female truck driver. She is challenging stereotypes in the transport sector.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Despite financial crisis, she continues to drive trucks despite the challenges.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahira_Qazi" title="Tahira Qazi">Ms. Tahira Qazi's</a> name will continue to be a source of strength for all those standing for peace and principles. In a bid to protect her students from the militants, Ms. Qazi had jumped in front of the children and said to the terrorists, "I am their mother" She embraced martydom after a taking a bullet to her head.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainab_Abbas" title="Zainab Abbas">Zainab Abbas</a> is the first female Pakistani presenter at the ICC Cricket World Cup. Zainab has worked for Ten Sports, her sports features have been acknowledged by well-known cricket forums such as ESPN. She was also recently awarded the 'Best Female Sports Journalist' at a Pakistani sports awards. She has also been called the 'National Lucky Charm' of Pakistani Cricket. The makeup artist turned news host turned Cricket analyst is turning heads in the Cricketing World.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Survivors_Trust_International" title="Acid Survivors Trust International">Acid Survivors Trust International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_throwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid throwing">Acid throwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurat_March" title="Aurat March">Aurat March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Pakistan" title="Divorce in Pakistan">Divorce in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Feminism in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour_killing_in_Pakistan" title="Honour killing in Pakistan">Honour killing in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_Too_movement_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement (Pakistan)">Me Too movement (Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty_patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Modesty patrol">Modesty patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Pakistan" title="Polygamy in Pakistan">Polygamy in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_marriage_laws_in_Pakistan" title="Hindu marriage laws in Pakistan">Hindu marriage laws in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Pakistan" title="Rape in Pakistan">Rape in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swara_(custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swara (custom)">Swara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vani_(custom)" title="Vani (custom)">Vani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_organisations_based_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Women's organisations based in Pakistan">Women's organisations based in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Women's rights in Pakistan">Women's rights in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_related_laws_in_Pakistan" title="Women related laws in Pakistan">Women related laws in Pakistan</a></li></ul> General: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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Shirkat Gah, Pakistan. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Asma Jahangir, "A Pound of Flesh," Newsline (Karachi), December 1990, pp. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonlii.org/pk/other/PKLJC/reports/47.html">Punishment for the Offence of Gang Rape – PKLJC 47</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Times">Washington Times</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washtimes.com/op-ed/20060802-095409-1513r.htm">"A victory for Pakistani women"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060808214224/http://www.washtimes.com/op-ed/20060802-095409-1513r.htm">Archived</a> 8 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deeneislam.com/ur/main.php?iPage=/ur/horiz/halate_hazra/HUDOOD_ENG/Hudood+Amendment+Bill-1+Mufti_Mohammad_Taqi_Usmani.htm&Title=Hudood+Ammendment+Bill&checksum=myb8qd2/fgmkk">"Deeneislam.com – Hudood Amendment Bill"</a>. www.deeneislam.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170608134814/http://www.deeneislam.com/ur/main.php?iPage=%2Fur%2Fhoriz%2Fhalate_hazra%2FHUDOOD_ENG%2FHudood+Amendment+Bill-1+Mufti_Mohammad_Taqi_Usmani.htm&Title=Hudood+Ammendment+Bill&checksum=myb8qd2%2Ffgmkk">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.deeneislam.com&rft.atitle=Deeneislam.com+%E2%80%93+Hudood+Amendment+Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deeneislam.com%2Fur%2Fmain.php%3FiPage%3D%2Fur%2Fhoriz%2Fhalate_hazra%2FHUDOOD_ENG%2FHudood%2BAmendment%2BBill-1%2BMufti_Mohammad_Taqi_Usmani.htm%26Title%3DHudood%2BAmmendment%2BBill%26checksum%3Dmyb8qd2%2Ffgmkk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> See Safia Bibi v. State in PLD 1985 FSC 120; Zafran Bibi v. 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_topics" title="Template talk:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Indo-Hephthalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Solanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Qasim" title="Muhammad ibn al-Qasim">Muhammad ibn al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-nation theory (Pakistan)">Two nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Jinnah's 14 Points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dominion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Monarchy of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan" title="Princely states of Pakistan">Princely states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Pakistan (1947–present)">1947–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">1971 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">1971 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project-706" title="Project-706">Project-706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamisation</a></li> <li>Insurgencies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Balochistan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">KPK insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">Liberalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Pakistan" title="List of beaches in Pakistan">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_of_Pakistan" title="List of deserts of Pakistan">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of Pakistan">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Pakistan" title="List of islands of Pakistan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Pakistan" title="List of lakes of Pakistan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Pakistan" title="List of mountain ranges of Pakistan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes#Pakistan" title="List of mountain passes">Passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Pakistan" title="List of rivers of Pakistan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Pakistan" title="Topography of Pakistan">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_Pakistan" title="List of valleys in Pakistan">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Pakistan">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_wetland_sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of Ramsar wetland sites in Pakistan">Wetlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwatar_Bay" title="Gwatar Bay">Gwatar Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indus Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_Basin" title="Sistan Basin">Sistan Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pakistan" title="Geology of Pakistan">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Coal mines in Pakistan">Coal fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Natural gas fields in Pakistan">Gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals_of_Pakistan" title="List of minerals of Pakistan">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Oil fields of Pakistan">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Pakistan" title="List of volcanoes in Pakistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods_in_Pakistan" title="List of floods in Pakistan">Floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Pakistan" title="List of ecoregions in Pakistan">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pakistan" title="Climate change in Pakistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Environmental issues in Pakistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Pakistan" title="Protected areas of Pakistan">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Pakistan" title="List of national parks of Pakistan">national parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_game_reserves_of_Pakistan" title="List of game reserves of Pakistan">game reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_in_Pakistan" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries in Pakistan">sanctuaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan" title="Wildlife of Pakistan">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Pakistan" title="Flora of Pakistan">flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Pakistan" title="Fauna of Pakistan">fauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_sites_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological sites in Pakistan">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan" title="Climate of Pakistan">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_weather_records_in_Pakistan" title="List of extreme weather records in Pakistan">weather records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_Pakistan" title="List of natural disasters in Pakistan">Natural disasters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Pakistan" title="List of earthquakes in Pakistan">earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods#Pakistan" title="List of floods">floods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Subdivisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pakistan">cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Governance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)">National Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">C2NS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">NCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">National government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_governments_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of provincial governments of Pakistan">Provincial governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_chief_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani chief ministers">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pakistan" title="Local government in Pakistan">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan" title="Union councils of Pakistan">Union councils</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate (upper house)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly (lower house)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">Speaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Provincial_Assemblies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan">Supreme Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court" title="Federal Shariat Court">Federal Shariat Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Pakistan">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts of Pakistan">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Pakistan" title="List of political parties in Pakistan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Martial law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Pakistan" title="Law of Pakistan">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_2002" title="Legal Framework Order, 2002">LFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Penal_Code" title="Pakistan Penal Code">PPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Bill" title="Women's Protection Bill">WPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">PCO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Pakistan" title="Enforced disappearances in Pakistan">Enforced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Department_(Pakistan)" title="Counter Terrorism Department (Pakistan)">Counter Terrorism Department (CTD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistani Intelligence community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan" title="Capital punishment in Pakistan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan" title="Electricity sector in Pakistan">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Thermal" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Hydroelectricity" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan" title="Solar power in Pakistan">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan" title="Wind power in Pakistan">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Pakistan" title="Foreign aid to Pakistan">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Petroleum industry in Pakistan">Fuel extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Pakistan" title="Housing in Pakistan">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Planning Commission (Pakistan)">Planning Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Post" title="Pakistan Post">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pakistan" title="List of tallest buildings in Pakistan">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Pakistan" title="List of bridges in Pakistan">Bridges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Pakistan" title="Water resources management in Pakistan">Water management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Pakistan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex" title="Pakistan Aeronautical Complex">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Pakistan">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Pakistan" title="Animal husbandry in Pakistan">Husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Pakistan" title="Labour in Pakistan">Labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan" title="Child labour in Pakistan">Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan" title="Mining in Pakistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Textile industry in Pakistan">Textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Pakistan" title="Tourism in Pakistan">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan" title="Banking in Pakistan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Pakistan" title="List of banks in Pakistan">Banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Pakistan" title="List of companies of Pakistan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Investment_(Pakistan)" title="Board of Investment (Pakistan)">Investment board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Rupee (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_%26_Exchange_Commission_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan">Securities & Exchange Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">Stock markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_Corporation_of_Pakistan" title="Trading Corporation of Pakistan">Trading Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Corporatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Directive investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan#Economy" title="Pakistan">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Military economisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Nationalisation in Pakistan">Nationalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan" title="Privatisation in Pakistan">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani#Financial_and_economic_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Public-private partnering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_the_world#Contemporary_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economics in the world">Redundant Islamic economisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Pakistan">Society and Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Society of Pakistan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurat_March" title="Aurat March">Aurat March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Pakistan" title="Crime in Pakistan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Pakistan" title="Divorce in Pakistan">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_educational_institutions_in_Pakistan" title="Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan">Institutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Feminism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gender discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Pakistan" title="Healthcare in Pakistan">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pakistan" title="List of hospitals in Pakistan">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Marriage in Pakistan">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_Too_movement_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement (Pakistan)">Me Too</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistanis" title="List of Pakistanis">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Pakistan" title="Prostitution in Pakistan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Pakistan" title="Time in Pakistan">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan" title="Urbanisation in Pakistan">Urbanisation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Pakistani">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Immigration to Pakistan">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Pakistan" title="Youth in Pakistan">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_architecture" title="Pakistani architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Pakistani_films" title="Lists of Pakistani films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Dance in Pakistan">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Pakistan" title="List of festivals in Pakistan">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_folklore" title="Pakistani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mushaira" title="Mushaira">Mushaira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles of Pakistan">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pakistan" title="Theatre of Pakistan">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifestyle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_clothing" title="Pakistani clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Shalwar kameez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">Mehndi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Pakistan" title="Etiquette in Pakistan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_Pakistan" title="Gun law in Pakistan">Gun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_flags" title="List of Pakistani flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Pakistan" title="List of songs about Pakistan">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">Symbols</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan" title="Sport in Pakistan">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Athletics_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Athletics in Pakistan">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baseball_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Baseball in Pakistan">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boxing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Boxing in Pakistan">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Pakistan" title="Cricket in Pakistan">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cycle_racing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Cycle racing in Pakistan">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Hockey_Federation" title="Pakistan Hockey Federation">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Pakistan" title="Football in Pakistan">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillidanda" title="Gillidanda">Gillidanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Golf_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Golf in Pakistan">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motorsport_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Motorsport in Pakistan">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Marathon" title="Lahore Marathon">Marathon (Lahore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Pakistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Pakistan at the Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polo_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Polo in Pakistan">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Rugby union in Pakistan">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_in_Pakistan" title="Squash in Pakistan">Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swimming_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Swimming in Pakistan">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tennis_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Tennis in Pakistan">Tennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Pakistan" title="List of cemeteries in Pakistan">Cemeteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Pakistan" title="List of churches in Pakistan">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts_in_Pakistan" title="List of forts in Pakistan">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gurdwaras#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gurdwaras">Gurdwaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Pakistan" title="List of Hindu temples in Pakistan">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Pakistan" title="List of libraries in Pakistan">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mausolea_and_shrines_in_Pakistan" title="List of mausolea and shrines in Pakistan">Mausolea and shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Pakistan" title="List of mosques in Pakistan">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pakistan" title="List of museums in Pakistan">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of parks and gardens in Pakistan">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stadiums">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Pakistan" title="Outline of Pakistan">Basic topics</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan" title="Category:Pakistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism" title="Template:Feminism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism" title="Template talk:Feminism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_feminism" title="Timeline of feminism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism" title="Timeline of second-wave feminism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Majority-Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">States of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Eco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_post-structuralist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French post-structuralist feminism">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Trans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Kurdish (Jineology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_feminism" title="Sámi feminism">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy_in_feminist_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchy in feminist thought">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">Post-structuralist discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriality_(gender_studies)" title="Seriality (gender studies)">Seriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/16px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/24px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/32px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminism_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Asia">Feminism in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women&#039;s_liberation_movement_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women&#039;s_liberation_movement_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Asia" title="Women's liberation movement in Asia">Women's liberation movement in Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's liberation movement in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's liberation movement in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Iran (page does not exist)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's liberation movement in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's liberation movement in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Malaysia (page does not exist)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Pakistan (page does not exist)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's liberation movement in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's liberation movement in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's liberation movement in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gender_inequality_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gender_inequality_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Asia">Gender inequality in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Bangladesh" title="Gender inequality in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_China" title="Gender inequality in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Egypt" title="Gender inequality in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_India" title="Gender inequality in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Japan" title="Gender inequality in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_North_Korea" title="Gender inequality in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_South_Korea" title="Gender inequality in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Nepal" title="Gender inequality in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Gender inequality in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Thailand" title="Gender inequality in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFCBDB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Asia" title="Women in Asia">Women in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bahrain" title="Women in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan" title="Women in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brunei" title="Women in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cyprus" title="Women in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_East_Timor" title="Women in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Jordan" title="Women in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Korea" title="Women in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Korea" title="Women in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Women in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Laos" title="Women in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Maldives" title="Women in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Myanmar" title="Women in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nepal" title="Women in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Oman" title="Women in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Qatar" title="Women in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tajikistan" title="Women in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkmenistan" title="Women in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Women in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uzbekistan" title="Women in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Yemen" title="Women in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Abkhazia" title="Women in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Women in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Ossetia" title="Women in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/21px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/42px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">human sexuality</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/Alt%3Dicon" title="Alt=icon"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bombilla_roja_-_red_Edison_lamp.svg/19px-Bombilla_roja_-_red_Edison_lamp.svg.png" 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