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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Press_Council_and_newspaper_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press_Council_and_newspaper_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Press Council and newspaper regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press_Council_and_newspaper_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>News agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Pakistan" title="Censorship in Pakistan">Censorship in Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Pakistan" title="Internet censorship in Pakistan">Internet censorship in Pakistan</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan" title="Category:Pakistan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture of Pakistan</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg/80px-Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg/120px-Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg/160px-Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistanis" title="List of Pakistanis">List of Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani name</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Traditions</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Pakistan">folklore</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <dl><dt>Eastern</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajir_cuisine" title="Muhajir cuisine">Muhajir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_cuisine" title="Saraiki cuisine">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahori_cuisine" title="Lahori cuisine">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Western</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Baloch cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_cuisine" title="Hazara cuisine">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Northern</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitrali_cuisine" title="Chitrali cuisine">Chitrali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza_diet" title="Hunza diet">Hunza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_cuisine" title="Kalash cuisine">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Overseas and fusion</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balti_(food)" title="Balti (food)">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Festivals_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals of Pakistan">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">Public holidays</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Pakistan" title="List of mosques in Pakistan">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Pakistan">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism_in_Pakistan" title="Sufism in Pakistan">Sufism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith in Pakistan">Bahá'í</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Pakistan" title="Ahmadiyya in Pakistan">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Pakistan">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Pakistan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpture in Pakistan">Sculpture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Pakistan">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_poetry" title="Pakistani poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Pakistan">Theater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_dramas" title="Pakistani dramas">TV Dramas & serials</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Pakistan">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Pakistan">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Pakistan" title="Television in Pakistan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan" title="Sport in Pakistan">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Pakistan">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Pakistan" title="Flag of Pakistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Pakistan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Pakistan">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Culture of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Culture of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mass media in Pakistan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ذرائع ابلاغِ عوامی ، پاکستان</span></span>) provides information on <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Pakistan has a vibrant media landscape; among the most dynamic in South Asia and world. Majority of media in Pakistan is privately owned. Pakistan has around 300 privately owned daily newspapers. According to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (formerly the Federal Bureau of Statistics), they had a combined daily sale of 6.1 million copies in 2009. Television is the main source of news and information for people in Pakistan's towns, cities and large areas of the countryside. Marketing research company Gallup Pakistan, estimated there were 86 million TV viewers in Pakistan in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To a large extent the media enjoys freedom of expression in spite of political pressure and direct bans sometimes administered by political stake holders.<sup id="cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i-m-s.dk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political pressure on media is mostly done indirectly. One tool widely used by the government is to cut off 'unfriendly' media from governmental advertising. Using draconian laws the government has also banned or officially silenced popular television channels. The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority" title="Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority">Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority</a> (PEMRA) has been used to silence the broadcast media by either suspending licenses or by simply threatening to do so. In addition, media is also threatened by non-state actors involved in the current conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i-m-s.dk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Security situation of the journalist has improved and the number of journalist killed in Pakistan has also declined considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-decline_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decline-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the press freedom in Pakistan continues to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reporters_without_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters without borders">Reporters without borders</a> in its 2020 <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> ranked Pakistan number 145 out of 180 countries based on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>. Recent report from <a href="/wiki/Reporters_without_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters without borders">Reporters without borders</a> implies considerable improvement in the freedom of press compared to the preceding years.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media coverage of abuses by both the Pakistan government security forces and militant groups is hindered by an ongoing climate of fear. Journalists, who encounter threats and attacks, are resorting to self-censorship more frequently to protect themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pakistani government intensified its grip on the media, leading to media professionals experiencing heightened coercion, censorship, and a surge in journalist arrests.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Mass media in Pakistan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since 2002, the Pakistani media has become powerful and independent and the number of private television channels have grown from just three state-run channels in 2000 to 89 in 2012, according to the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority" title="Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority">Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority</a>. Most of the private media in Pakistan flourished under the <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Musharraf</a> regime. </p><p>Pakistan has a vibrant media landscape and enjoys independence to a large extent. After having been liberalised in 2002, the television sector experienced a media boom. In the fierce competitive environment that followed commercial interests became paramount and quality journalism gave way to <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a>. Although the radio sector has not seen similar growth, independent radio channels are numerous and considered very important sources of information - especially in the rural areas. </p><p>The Pakistani media landscape reflects a multi-linguistic, multi-ethnic and class-divided society. There is a clear divide between Urdu and English media. The Urdu media, particularly the newspapers, are widely read by the masses - mostly in rural areas. The English media is urban and elite-centric, is more liberal and professional compared to the Urdu media. English print, television and radio channels have far smaller audiences than their Urdu counterparts, but have greater leverage among opinion makers, politicians, the business community and the upper strata of society. </p><p>Pakistan has a vibrant media landscape; among the most dynamic and outspoken in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. To a large extent the media enjoys <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of expression</a>. More than 89 television channels beam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatres_of_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatres of Pakistan (page does not exist)">soaps</a>, satire, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">music programmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">religious speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">political talk shows</a>, and news of the hour. Although sometimes criticise for being unprofessional and politically biased, the television channels have made a great contribution to the media landscape and to Pakistani society. </p><p>Radio channels are numerous and considered a very important source of information - especially in the rural areas. Besides the state channel <a href="/wiki/Radio_Pakistan" title="Radio Pakistan">Radio Pakistan</a>, a number of private radios carry independent journalistic content and news. But most radio content is music and entertainment. There are hundreds of Pakistani newspapers from the large national Urdu newspapers to the small local vernacular papers. </p><p>Pakistan's media sector is highly influenced by the ownership structure. There are three dominating media moguls, or large media groups, which to some extent also have political affiliations. Due to their dominance in both print and broadcast industries all three media groups are very influential in politics and society.<sup id="cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i-m-s.dk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The media in Pakistan dates back to pre-partition years of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, where a number of newspapers were established to promote a communalistic or partition agenda. The newspaper <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> and first published in 1941, was dedicated to promoting for an independent Pakistan. The conservative newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Nawa-i-Waqt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawa-i-Waqt">Nawa-i-Waqt</a>, established in 1940 was the mouthpiece of the Muslim elites who were among the strongest supporters for an independent Pakistan. </p><p>In a sense, Pakistani print media came into existence with a mission to promulgate the idea of Pakistan, which was seen as the best national option for the Muslim minority in British India and as a form of self-defense against suppression from the Hindu majority.<sup id="cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i-m-s.dk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_exposing_corruption">Role in exposing corruption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role in exposing corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the introduction of these vibrant TV channels, many major <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Pakistan" title="Corruption in Pakistan">corruption cases</a> and scams have been unveiled by journalists. Notable among them are: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Steel_Mills" title="Pakistan Steel Mills">Pakistan Steel Mills</a> Rs. 26 billion scam;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Company_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="National Insurance Company Limited">National Insurance Company Limited</a> scandal;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bribery and corruption in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Pakistan International Airlines">Pakistan International Airlines</a> which caused losses of $500 million;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Embezzlement in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Railways" title="Pakistan Railways">Pakistan Railways</a> causing massive financial losses;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> corruption case;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_logistics_in_the_Afghan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO logistics in the Afghan War">NATO containers' case</a> where 40 containers heading for <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF in Afghanistan</a> went missing;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Pakistan">Rental power projects</a> corruption<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ephedrine quota case, a scandal involving the son of former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Yousaf Raza Gillani</a> to pressure officials of the Health Ministry to allocate a quota of controlled chemical ephedrine to two different pharmaceutical companies.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Riaz_Hussain" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Riaz Hussain">Malik Riaz's</a> '<a href="/wiki/Mediagate_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediagate (Pakistan)">Media Gate</a>' in which the son of <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Muhammad_Chaudhry" title="Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry">Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry</a> is said to have taken money from Malik Riaz to give favourable decisions from the Supreme Court.</li></ul> <p>“<a href="/wiki/Malik_Riaz_Hussain" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Riaz Hussain">Malik Riaz's</a> case proved that the media can hold the judiciary and even itself accountable", says Javed Chaudhry, columnist and anchorperson working with <a href="/wiki/Express_News_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Express News (Pakistan)">Express News</a>. "This case, along with the <a href="/wiki/Missing_persons_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing persons (Pakistan)">missing persons'</a> case has established impartiality and credibility of the media in its fight against corruption". Chaudhry feels, like many others in country, that the media in Pakistan has become free and fair during the last decade. "The Pakistani media has covered the journey of 100 years in just 10 years, but their curiosity and thrust for revelation does not end and that is what drives the media".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TENSIONS: </p><p>According to a report by the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">UK Foreign Office</a>, Pakistan's media environment continued to develop and, in many cases, flourish. Since opening up in 2002, the number and range of media outlets has proliferated, so that Pakistanis now have greater access than ever before to a range of broadcasting through print, television and online media. The increased media penetration into most aspects of Pakistani life has created challenges as well as opportunities, as both the journalistic community and politicians and officials build their understanding of effective freedom of expression and responsible reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 2011, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> listed Pakistan as one of the ten most deadly places to be a journalist. As the <a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">War in North-West Pakistan</a> continued, there have been frequent threats against journalists. The proliferation of the media in Pakistan since 2002 has brought a massive increase in the number of domestic and foreign journalists operating in Pakistan. The <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">UK Foreign Office</a> states that it is vital that the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> continues to be upheld by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Pakistani Government</a>. This was highlighted by an event supporting freedom of expression run by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in Pakistan, which the United Kingdom supported.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matiullah Jan, a prominent journalist in Pakistan, who highlights the Pakistani Armies atrocities, was picked up from streets in Islamabad. While the media fraternity kept quiet.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>How journalist in Pakistan are openly shot, who speak against the Pakistani Army.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_co-operation">International co-operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International co-operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_creation_of_new_media">Support for creation of new media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Support for creation of new media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012–14, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505003459/http://next.upi.com/content/featured-stories/">UPI Next</a> with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nearmediallc.com/">NearMedia LLC</a> helped Pakistani journalists to create <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pakelex.org/main.php">PakPolWiki</a>, an online resource for coverage of the national elections, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://truthtracker.pk/">Truth Tracker</a>, a fact-checking website. In this project, the team held learning sessions across the country and conducted individual mentoring for journalists to produce stories that meet national and international standards. </p><p>NearMedia continued the effort with a project for 2014-15 that, in partnership with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediafoundation360.org/">Media Foundation 360</a>, launched <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newslens.pk/">News Lens Pakistan</a>, an independent online news cooperative which publishes stories in English, Urdu and Pashto for a national audience, and distributes these stories to national and local news outlets. Learning sessions, in which editors work with reporters newsroom-style to improve their skills, are held in districts of all provinces, and international journalists work with the Pakistan team to mentor them individually. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan_-_US_Journalists_Exchange_Program">Pakistan - US Journalists Exchange Program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pakistan - US Journalists Exchange Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2011, the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Center" title="East–West Center">East-West Center (EWC)</a>, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, have been organising the annual Pakistan - United States Journalists Exchange program. It was launched and designed to increase and deepen public understanding of the two countries and their important relationship, one that is crucial to regional stability and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">global war on terrorism</a>. While there have been many areas of agreement and cooperation, deep mistrust remains between the two, who rarely get opportunities to engage with each other and thus rely on media for their information and viewpoints. Unresolved issues continue to pose challenges for both countries. </p><p>This exchange offers U.S. and Pakistani journalists an opportunity to gain on-the-ground insights and firsthand information about the countries they visit through meetings with policymakers, government and military officials, business and civil society leaders, and a diverse group of other community members. All participants meet at the East-West Center in Hawaii before and after their study tours for dialogues focused on sensitive issues between the two countries; preconceived attitudes among the public and media in the United States and Pakistan; new perspectives gained through their study tours; and how media coverage between the two countries can be improved. Ten Pakistani journalists will travel to the United States and ten U.S. journalists will travel to Pakistan. This East-West Center program is funded by a grant from the U.S. Embassy Islamabad Public Affairs Section. </p><p>The program provides journalists with valuable new perspectives and insights on this critically important relationship, a wealth of contacts and resources for future reporting, and friendships with professional colleagues in the other country upon whom to draw throughout their careers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Center_for_Journalists">International Center for Journalists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International Center for Journalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Journalists" title="International Center for Journalists">International Center for Journalists (ICFJ)</a>, a non-profit, professional organisation located in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> launched the U.S. - Pakistan Professional Partnership in Journalism program, a multi-year program which will bring 230 Pakistani media professionals to the United States and send 70 U.S. journalists to Pakistan. Journalists will study each other's cultures as they are immersed in newsrooms in each country. </p><p>The program will include events and opportunities to experience <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">U.S. life</a>, showcasing its diversity. Representatives from the U.S. media hosts will go to Pakistan for two-week programs during which they will learn the realities of Pakistani journalism and national life through site visits, interviews and opportunities to interact with journalists, officials and ordinary Pakistanis. </p><p>Pakistanis will receive four-week internships at U.S. media organizations. </p><p>Participants on both sides will have opportunities to report on their experiences in each country, which will help to educate their audiences and dispel myths and misconceptions that people carry in each country about residents of the other. </p><p>ICFJ has also established the Center for Excellence in Journalism (CEJ) in Karachi, Pakistan. The CEJ serves as a hub for the professional development, training and networking of Pakistani journalists and media professionals from all parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through targeted, practical trainings and the exchange component of the program, the CEJ aims to foster long-lasting connections between the participating universities, media outlets, and professional journalists. </p><p>A partnership with Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism and the Institute of Business Administration (IBA) aims to provide targeted, practical trainings for Pakistani journalists in print, broadcast, and digital media. Courses will be co-instructed by faculty from the Medill School, accomplished newsroom managers, editors and reporters from the United States, and prominent media professionals from Pakistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first step in introducing media laws in the country was done by the then military ruler and President <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)">Ayub Khan</a> who promulgated the Press and Publication Ordinance (PPO) in 1962. The law empowered the authorities to confiscate newspapers, close down news providers, and arrest journalists. Using these laws, Ayub Khan nationalised large parts of the press and took over one of the two largest news agencies. The other agencies was pushed into severe crisis and had to seek financial support from the government. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Pakistan" title="Radio Pakistan">Pakistani Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation" title="Pakistan Television Corporation">Television</a>, which was established in 1964 was also brought under the strict control of the government. </p><p>More draconian additions were made to the PPO during the reign of General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-Ul-Haq</a> in the 1980s. According to these new amendments, the publisher would be liable and prosecuted if a story was not to the liking of the administration even if it was factual and of national interest. These amendments were used to promote Haq's Islamist leanings and demonstrated the alliance between the military and religions leaders. Censorship during the Zia years was direct, concrete and dictatorial. Newspapers were scrutinised; critical or undesired sections of an article censored. In the wake of Zia-ul-Haq's sudden death and the return of democracy, the way was paved to abate the draconian media laws through a revision of media legislation called the Revised PPO (RPPO). </p><p>From 2002, under General <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a>, the Pakistani media faced a decisive development that would lead to a boom in Pakistani electronic media and paved the way to it gaining political clout. New liberal media laws broke the state's monopoly on the electronic media. TV broadcasting and FM radio licenses were issued to private media outlets. </p><p>The military's motivation for liberalising media licensing was based on an assumption that the Pakistani media could be used to strengthen national security and counter any perceived threats from India. What prompted this shift was the military's experience during the two past confrontations with India. One was the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a> and the other was the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_814" title="Indian Airlines Flight 814">hijacking of the India Airliner</a> by militants. In both these instances, the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Pakistan">Pakistani military</a> was left with no options to reciprocate because its electronic media were inferior to that of the <a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Indian media</a>. Better electronic media capacity was needed in the future and thus the market for electronic media was liberalised. </p><p>The justification was just as much a desire to counter the <a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Indian media power</a>, as it was a wish to set the media "free" with the rights that electronic media had in liberal, open societies. The military thought it could still control the media and harness it if it strayed from what the regime believed was in the national interest - and in accordance with its own political agenda. </p><p>This assessment however proved to be wrong as the media and in particular the new many new TV channels became a powerful force in civil society. The media became an important actor in the process that led to <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">fall of Musharraf</a> and his regime. By providing extensive coverage of the <a href="/wiki/Lawyers%27_Movement" title="Lawyers' Movement">2007 Lawyer's Movement's struggle</a> to get the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">chief justice</a> reinstated, the media played a significant role in mobilising civil society. This protest movement, with millions of Pakistanis taking to the streets in the name of having an independent judiciary and democratic rule, left Musharraf with little backing from civil society and the army. Ultimately, he had to call for <a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election" title="2008 Pakistani general election">elections</a>. Recently, due to a renewed interplay between civil society organisations, the Lawyers' Movement and the electronic media, Pakistan's new president, <a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a> had to give in to public and political pressure and reinstate the chief justice. The emergence of powerful civil society actors was unprecedented in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistani history</a>. These could not have gained in strength without the media, which will need to continue and play a pivotal role if Pakistan has to develop a stronger democracy, greater stability and take on socio-political reforms. </p><p>Whether Pakistan's media, with its powerful TV channels, is able to take on such a huge responsibility and make changes from within depends on improving general working conditions; on the military and the state bureaucracy; the security situation of journalists; media laws revision; better journalism training; and lastly on the will of the media and the media owners themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i-m-s.dk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_framework">Legal framework</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legal framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Pakistani media enjoy relative freedom compared to some of its South Asian neighbours, the industry was subjected to many undemocratic and regressive laws and regulations. The country was subjected to alternating military and democratic rule - but has managed to thrive on basic democratic norms. Though the Pakistani media had to work under military dictatorships and repressive regimes, which instituted many restrictive laws and regulations for media in order to 'control' it, the media was not largely affected. The laws are, however, detrimental to democracy reform, and represent a potential threat to the future of Pakistan and democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i-m-s.dk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitution">Constitution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The root for the article 19 freedom of expression traced from <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> when any body was directly sentenced to death if they uttered a single word against the government. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Pakistani Constitution</a> guarantees <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> and the basic premise for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">media freedom</a>. While emphasizing the state's allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the constitution underlines the key civil rights inherent in a democracy and states that citizens: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Shall be guaranteed fundamental rights, including equality of status, of opportunity and before law, social, economic and political justice, and freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, worship and association, subject to law and public morality.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Media_laws">Media laws</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Media laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of legislative and regulatory mechanisms that directly and indirectly affect the media. Besides the Press and Publication Ordinance (PPO) mentioned, these laws include the Printing Presses and Publications Ordinance 1988, the Freedom of Information Ordinance of 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority" title="Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority">Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority</a> (PEMRA) of 2002, the Defamation Ordinance of 2002, the Contempt of Court Ordinance of 2003, the Press, Newspapers, News Agencies and Books Registration Ordinance 2003, the Press Council Ordinance 2002, the Intellectual Property Organisation of Pakistan Ordinance 2005 and lastly the Access to Information Ordinance of 2006. Also there were attempts in 2006 for further legislation ostensibly "to streamline registration of newspapers, periodicals, news and advertising agencies and authentication of circulation figures of newspapers and periodicals (PAPRA)." </p><p>The liberalisation of the electronic media in 2002 was coupled to a bulk of regulations. The opening of the media market led to the mushrooming of satellite channels in Pakistan. Many operators started satellite and/or cable TV outlets without any supervision by the authorities. The government felt that it was losing millions of rupees by not 'regulating' the mushrooming cable TV business. </p><p>Another consequence of the 2002 regulations was that most of these were hurriedly enacted by President <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Musharraf</a> before the new government took office. Most of the new laws that were anti-democratic and were not intended to promote public activism but to increase his control of the public. Many media activists felt that the new regulations were opaque and had been subject to interpretation by the courts which would have provided media practitioners with clearer guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i-m-s.dk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority">Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority" title="Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority">Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority</a></div> <p>The Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA, formerly RAMBO - Regulatory Authority for Media and Broadcast Organizations) was formed in 2002 to "facilitate and promote a free, fair and independent electronic media", including opening the broadcasting market in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2009 PEMRA had:<sup id="cite_ref-PEMRA-AR-2009_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEMRA-AR-2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>issued 78 <a href="/wiki/Satellite_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite TV">satellite TV</a> licenses;</li> <li>issued "landing rights" to 28 TV channels operating from abroad, with more under consideration;</li> <li>issued licenses for 129 <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a> stations, including 18 non-commercial licenses to leading universities offering courses mass communication and six licenses in <a href="/wiki/Azad_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Azad Jammu and Kashmir">Azad Jammu and Kashmir</a>;</li> <li>registered 2,346 <a href="/wiki/Cable_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable TV">cable TV</a> systems serving an estimated 8 million households; and</li> <li>issued six <a href="/wiki/MMDS" class="mw-redirect" title="MMDS">MMDS</a> (Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service), two <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Protocol TV (page does not exist)">Internet Protocol TV</a> (IPTV), and two <a href="/wiki/Mobile_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile TV">mobile TV</a> licenses, with more under consideration.</li></ul> <p>PEMRA is also involved in media censorship and occasionally halts broadcasts and closes media outlets. Publication or broadcast of "anything which defames or brings into ridicule the head of state, or members of the armed forces, or executive, legislative or judicial organs of the state", as well as any broadcasts deemed to be "false or baseless" can bring jail terms of up to three years, fines of up to 10 million rupees (US$165,000), and license cancellation. In practice, these rules and regulations are not enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-FH-FOTP-2010_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH-FOTP-2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2011, Pakistani cable television operators blocked the BBC World News TV channel after it broadcast a documentary, entitled Secret Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Pakistanis with a dish receiver can still watch it and can continue to access its website and web stream. Dr. Moeed Pirzada of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation" title="Pakistan Television Corporation">PTV</a> stated that it was hypocritical of the foreign media to label it as 'suppression of the media' when the United States continues to ban <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a> and no cable operator in the US would carry the channel. He also stated that even 'democratic' and 'liberal' Indians refuse to carry a single Pakistani news channel on their cable or any Pakistani op-ed writers in their newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television">Television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Pakistan" title="Television in Pakistan">Television in Pakistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Urdu_language_television_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Urdu language television channels">List of Urdu language television channels</a></div> <p>The first television station began broadcasting from Lahore on 26 November 1964. Television in Pakistan remained the government's exclusive control until 1990 when Shalimar Television Network (STN) and Network Television Marketing (NTM) launched Pakistan's first private TV channel. Mr. Yasin Joyia was the first General Manager of (NTM), Which was shut down very soon by PTV bureaucratic conspiracies. But it was of no use as till then cable TV network was already introduced in urbanized cities, like Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi. Foreign satellite TV channels were added during the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-PEMRA-AR-2009_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEMRA-AR-2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the government-owned <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation" title="Pakistan Television Corporation">Pakistan Television Corporation</a> (PTV) has been the dominant media player in Pakistan. The PTV channels are controlled by the government and opposition views are not given much time. The past decade has seen the emergence of several private TV channels showing news and entertainment, such as <a href="/wiki/GEO_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="GEO TV">GEO TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/AAJ_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="AAJ TV">AAJ TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARY_Digital" title="ARY Digital">ARY Digital</a>, <a href="/wiki/BOL_Network" title="BOL Network">BOL Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hum_TV" title="Hum TV">HUM</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTV_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Pakistan">MTV Pakistan</a> and others such as <a href="/wiki/Kawish_Television_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawish Television Network">KTN</a>, <a href="/wiki/VSH_News" title="VSH News">VSH News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh_TV" title="Sindh TV">Sindh TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awaz_Television_Network" title="Awaz Television Network">Awaz TV</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashish_Television_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashish Television Network (page does not exist)">Kashish TV</a>. Traditionally the bulk of TV shows have been plays or soap operas, some of them critically acclaimed. Various American, European, Asian TV channels, and movies are available to a majority of the population via <a href="/wiki/Cable_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable TV">Cable TV</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> first look of the Legend of Maula Jutt .<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using oppressive laws the government has also banned or officially silenced popular television channels. The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority" title="Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority">Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority</a> (PEMRA) has been used to silence the broadcast media by either suspending licenses or by simply threatening to do so. In many cases these channels were shifted to obscure numbers in channel line-up. In addition, media is also exposed to propaganda from state agencies, pressured by powerful political elements and non-state actors involved in the current conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i-m-s.dk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of channels have been shut down in the past with the latest such incident involving <a href="/wiki/Geo_TV" title="Geo TV">Geo TV</a> and other channels in the <a href="/wiki/Geo_TV#Geo_Television_Network" title="Geo TV">Geo TV network</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">Fatwa</a> was issued against it.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shutdown came after the network attempted to air allegations on the involvement of <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> in the attempted assassination of its leading anchor <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Mir" title="Hamid Mir">Hamid Mir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio">Radio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation">Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_radio_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pakistani radio channels">List of Pakistani radio channels</a></div> <p>The government-owned Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) was formed on 14 August 1947, the day of Pakistani independence. It was a direct descendant of the Indian Broadcasting Company, which later became <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a>. At independence, Pakistan had radio stations in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. A major programme of expansion saw new stations open at <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a> in 1948, and a new broadcasting house at Karachi in 1950. This was followed by new radio stations at <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Pakistan" title="Hyderabad, Pakistan">Hyderabad</a> (1951), <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a> (1956), a second station at Rawalpindi (1960), and a receiving centre at Peshawar (1960). During the 1980s and 1990s the corporation expanded its network to many cities and towns of Pakistan to provide greater service to the local people. In October 1998, Radio Pakistan started its first FM transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-PEMRA-AR-2009_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEMRA-AR-2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, there are over a hundred public and private radio stations due to more liberal media regulations. FM broadcast licenses are awarded to parties that commit to open FM broadcasting stations in at least one rural city along with the major city of their choice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinema">Cinema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema of Pakistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pakistani films">List of Pakistani films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood">Lollywood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto_cinema" title="Pashto cinema">Pashto cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kariwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Kariwood">Kariwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kara_Film_Festival" title="Kara Film Festival">Kara Film Festival</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinepax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinepax (page does not exist)">Cinepax</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the 'golden days' of Pakistani cinema, the film industry churned out more than 200 films annually, today it's one-fifth of what it used to be. The Federal Bureau of Statistics shows that once the country boasted at least 700 cinemas, this number has dwindled to less than 170 by 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The indigenous movie industry, based in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and known as "Lollywood", produces roughly forty feature-length films a year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2008 the Pakistani government partially lifted its 42-year ban on screening Indian movies in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 April 2016 <a href="/wiki/Maalik_(2016_film)" title="Maalik (2016 film)">Maalik</a> became the first Pakistani film to be banned by the Federal Government after being cleared with Universal rating by all three Censor Boards and running in Cinemas for 18 days. The film has been banned under section 9 of the Motion Pictures Ordinance of 1979, a legislation which is redundant after the 18th Constitutional Amendment, where Censorship of films is no longer a Federal subject. Maalik (Urdu مالک) is a 2016 Pakistani Political, thriller film made by Ashir Azeem. The film was released on 8 April 2016 in cinemas across Pakistan. میں پاکستان کا شہری پاکستان کا مالک ھوں, the film extols the principle of Government of the people, by the people and for the people. Maalik is the desire of a common Pakistani for freedom, democracy and justice in a country that has been hijacked by the feudal elites after the departure of the British from the subcontinent and who continues to rule and mismanage an impoverished nation, while amassing huge personal fortunes for themselves. The film was banned in Pakistan by the Federal Government on 27 April 2016 for endangering democracy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newspapers,_news_channels,_and_magazines"><span id="Newspapers.2C_news_channels.2C_and_magazines"></span>Newspapers, news channels, and magazines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Newspapers, news channels, and magazines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Pakistan" title="List of newspapers in Pakistan">List of newspapers in Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/News_channels_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="News channels in Pakistan">News channels in Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Pakistan" title="List of magazines in Pakistan">List of magazines in Pakistan</a></div> <p>In 1947, only four major Muslim-owned newspapers existed in the area now called Pakistan: <i><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Times">Pakistan Times</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Zamindar_(newspaper)" title="Zamindar (newspaper)"><i>Zamindar</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nawa-i-Waqt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawa-i-Waqt">Nawa-i-Waqt</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_Military_Gazette" title="Civil and Military Gazette"><i>Civil-Military Gazette</i></a>. A number of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> papers and their publishers moved to Pakistan, including <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)"><i>Dawn</i></a>, which began publishing daily in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> in 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Morning_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning newspaper"><i>Morning News</i></a>, and the Urdu-language dailies <a href="/wiki/Daily_Jang" title="Daily Jang"><i>Jang</i></a> and <i>Anjam</i>. By the early 2000s, 1,500 newspapers and journals existed in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-PakPressRef_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PakPressRef-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 21st century, as in the rest of the world, the number of print outlets in Pakistan declined precipitously, but total circulation numbers increased.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> From 1994 to 1997, the total number of daily, monthly, and other publications increased from 3,242 to 4,455, but had dropped to just 945 by 2003 with most of the decline occurring in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab Province</a>. However, from 1994 to 2003 total print circulation increased substantially, particularly for dailies (3 million to 6.2 million). And after the low point in 2003 the number of publications grew to 1279 in 2004, to 1997 in 2005, 1467 in 2006, 1820 in 2007, and 1199 in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> there has also been a presence of <a href="/wiki/Jihadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadi">jihadi</a> material in the print media : Muhammad Amir Rana estimates that "until 1989, the number of jihad publications in Pakistan had reached 150", while in 1990 "around 100 jihad monthlies and 12 weeklies were being published in Peshawar, Quetta and Islamabad", in many languages, as "25 were in Urdu, 50 in Pashtu and Persian, 12 in Arabic and 10 in English", with Kashmiri militant groups alone publishing some 22 periodicals in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newspapers and magazines are published in 11 languages; most in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, but <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>-language publications are numerous.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most print media are privately owned, but the government controls the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_of_Pakistan" title="Associated Press of Pakistan">Associated Press of Pakistan</a>, one of the major news agencies. From 1964 into the early 1990s, the National Press Trust acted as the government's front to control the press. The state, however, no longer publishes daily newspapers; the former Press Trust sold or liquidated its newspapers and magazines in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-PakPressRef_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PakPressRef-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Web News Channels also appeared from mostly after 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Press_Council_and_newspaper_regulation">Press Council and newspaper regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Press Council and newspaper regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 2002, News Agencies in Pakistan were completely unregulated. Established under the Press Council of Pakistan Ordinance in October 2002, the body operates on a semi-autonomous nature along with an Ethical Code of Practice signed by President Musharraf. It is mandated with multi-faceted tasks that range from protection of press freedom to regulatory mechanisms and review of complaints from the public. </p><p>However, the Press Council never came into operation due to the reservations of the media organisations. In protest over its establishment, the professional journalists organisations refrained from nominating their four members to the council. Nevertheless, the chairman was appointed, offices now exist and general administration work continues. This has led the government to review the entire Press Council mechanism. </p><p>The Press Council Ordinance has a direct link to the Press, Newspapers, News Agencies and Books Registration Ordinance (PNNABRO) of 2002. This legislation deals with procedures for registration of publications of criteria of media ownerships. </p><p>Among the documents required for the permit or 'Declaration' for publishing a newspaper is a guarantee from the editor to abide by the Ethical Code of Practice contained in the Schedule to the Press Council of Pakistan Ordinance. Though the Press Council procedure has made silenced or paralysed, these forms of interlinking laws could provide the government with additional means for imposing restrictions and take draconian actions against newspapers. The PNNABRO, among many other requirements demands that a publisher provides his bank details. It also has strict controls and regulations for the registering procedure. It not only demands logistical details, but also requires detailed information on editors and content providers. </p><p>Ownership of publications (mainly newspapers and news agencies) is restricted to Pakistani nationals if special government permission is not given. In partnerships, foreign involvement cannot exceed 25 percent. The law does not permit foreigners to obtain a 'Declaration' to run a news agency or any media station.<sup id="cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i-m-s.dk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="News_agencies">News agencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: News agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pakistan's major news agencies include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_News_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asian News Network (page does not exist)">Asian News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Asian_Wire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Asian Wire (page does not exist)">The Asian Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_of_Pakistan" title="Associated Press of Pakistan">Associated Press of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associated_Press_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Associated Press Service (page does not exist)">Associated Press Service</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dispatch_News_Desk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dispatch News Desk (page does not exist)">Dispatch News Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_News_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent News Pakistan (page does not exist)">Independent News Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=News_Network_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="News Network International (page does not exist)">News Network International</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online News (page does not exist)">Online News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Press_International" title="Pakistan Press International">Pakistan Press International</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Asian_Broadcasting_Agency_(SABAH)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Asian Broadcasting Agency (SABAH) (page does not exist)">South Asian Broadcasting Agency (SABAH)</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Press_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Press Pakistan (page does not exist)">International Press Pakistan</a> (IPP)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_News_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pakistan News Agency (page does not exist)">Pakistan News Agency</a> (PNA)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Press_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Press Agency (page does not exist)">International Press Agency</a> (IPA)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Target_News_Network_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Target News Network International (page does not exist)">Target News Network International</a> (TNNI)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_Community_Media_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pakistan Community Media Network (page does not exist)">Pakistan Community Media Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Federal_Union_of_Journalists" title="Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists">Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Pakistan_Newspaper_Editors" title="Council of Pakistan Newspaper Editors">Council of Pakistan Newspaper Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Press_Foundation" title="Pakistan Press Foundation">Pakistan Press Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Post" title="Pakistan Post">Pakistan Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Telecommunications in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Pakistan" title="Internet in Pakistan">Internet in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Pakistan" title="Censorship in Pakistan">Censorship in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Pakistan" title="Internet censorship in Pakistan">Internet censorship in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_Union_of_Journalists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pakistan Union of Journalists (page does not exist)">Pakistan Union of Journalists</a> post box #01 G P O abbottabad -22010 pakistan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_of_Youth" title="The Voice of Youth">The Voice of Youth</a>, Pakistani youth network</li> <li>Women Journalists Association of Pakistan- WJAP March 2021</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>From Terrorism to Television: Dynamics of Media, State, and Society in Pakistan. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2020.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Mass media in Pakistan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mass+media+in+Pakistan%22">"Mass media in Pakistan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mass+media+in+Pakistan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mass+media+in+Pakistan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mass+media+in+Pakistan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mass+media+in+Pakistan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mass+media+in+Pakistan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internews.org/resource/pakistan-media-and-telecoms-landscape-guide">"Pakistan Media and Telecoms Landscape Guide"</a>. Internews.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Media+and+Telecoms+Landscape+Guide&rft.pub=Internews.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internews.org%2Fresource%2Fpakistan-media-and-telecoms-landscape-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i-m-s.dk-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-i-m-s.dk_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-m-s.dk/files/publications/1491%20Pakistan.final.web.pdf">"Media in Pakistan: Between radicalisation and democratisation in an unfolding conflict"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091229205633/http://www.i-m-s.dk/files/publications/1491%20Pakistan.final.web.pdf">Archived</a> 29 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International Media Support, July 2009, 56 pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nation.com.pk/01-Nov-2018/26-journalists-killed-in-last-5-years-in-pakistan">"26 journalists killed in last 5 years in Pakistan"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Matiullah+Jan%3A+Pakistan+anger+as+video+shows+reporter%27s+abduction&rft.date=2020-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-53495426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashim" class="citation web cs1">Hashim, Asad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/20/prominent-pakistani-journalist-shot-currently-out-of-danger">"Prominent Pakistani journalist shot and wounded"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Prominent+Pakistani+journalist+shot+and+wounded&rft.aulast=Hashim&rft.aufirst=Asad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F4%2F20%2Fprominent-pakistani-journalist-shot-currently-out-of-danger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastwestcenter.org/seminars-and-journalism-fellowships/journalism-fellowships/pakistan-us-journalists-exchange">"Pakistan-United States Journalists Exchange"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023120132/http://www.eastwestcenter.org/seminars-and-journalism-fellowships/journalism-fellowships/pakistan-us-journalists-exchange">Archived</a> 23 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, East-West Center (Honolulu).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icfj.org/our-work/center-excellence-journalism-cej">"The Center for Excellence in Journalism (CEJ)"</a>. <i>International Center for Journalists</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Center+for+Journalists&rft.atitle=The+Center+for+Excellence+in+Journalism+%28CEJ%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icfj.org%2Four-work%2Fcenter-excellence-journalism-cej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pemra.gov.pk/images/docs/legislation/Ordinance_2002.pdf"><i>Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority Ordinance 2002 as Amended in 2007</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122172849/http://www.pemra.gov.pk/images/docs/legislation/Ordinance_2002.pdf">Archived</a> 22 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 19 July 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEMRA-AR-2009-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PEMRA-AR-2009_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEMRA-AR-2009_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEMRA-AR-2009_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pemra.gov.pk/images/docs/pub-rep/annaul_report.pdf"><i>PERMA Annual Report 2009</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority, 22 December 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FH-FOTP-2010-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FH-FOTP-2010_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2010">"Country report: Pakistan (2010)"</a>, <i>Freedom of the Press 2010</i>, Freedom House, 27 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15936881">"Pakistan blocks BBC World News TV channel"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pakistan+blocks+BBC+World+News+TV+channel&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-15936881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/ahmed-quraishi/who-says-bbc-is-banned-in-pakistan/10150388914501316">"Who Says BBC Is Banned In Pakistan?"</a>, Facebook, 1 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006112718/http://www.warc.com/LandingPages/Data/NewspaperTrends/PDF/Pakistan.pdf">"ADVERTISING EXPENDITURE & ECONOMIC DATA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>WARC</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warc.com/LandingPages/Data/NewspaperTrends/PDF/Pakistan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WARC&rft.atitle=ADVERTISING+EXPENDITURE+%26+ECONOMIC+DATA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warc.com%2FLandingPages%2FData%2FNewspaperTrends%2FPDF%2FPakistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/709514/cable-operators-urge-pemra-to-shut-down-geo">"Cable operators urge PEMRA to shut down Geo"</a>, <i>The Express Tribune</i>, 17 May 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/22/pakistan-geo-news-blasphemy-pakistan-sufi-song-wedding">"Pakistan's Geo News becomes latest target in blasphemy accusation trend"</a>, Jon Boone, <i>The Guardian</i>, 22 May 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/23/world/asia/attack-on-journalist-spurs-new-dispute-in-pakistan.html">"Pakistan Is Asked to Shut Down News Channel"</a>, Declan Walsh and Salman Masoodapril, <i>The New York Times</i>, 22 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-30465-Pakistans-most-popu.ar-Geo-channels-shut-down">"Pakistan's most popular Geo channels shut down"</a>, Ahmad Noorani, <i>The News International</i>, 22 May 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/2010/12/15/in-depth-pakistans-film-industry-and-cinema-culture.html">"In-depth: Pakistan's film industry and cinema culture"</a>, Sara Faruqi, <i>Dawn</i>, 15 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314180451/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1720814,00.html">"The India-Pakistan Thaw Continues"</a>, Simon Robinson, <i>Time</i>, 10 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PakPressRef-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PakPressRef_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PakPressRef_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressreference.com/No-Sa/Pakistan.html">Press Reference: Pakistan</a>, Advamag, Inc. Retrieved 19 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statpak.gov.pk/fbs/sites/default/files/social_statistics/media_and_recreation_statistics/newspapers.pdf"><i>Newspapers and periodicals by language and province 1999 to 2008</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113155608/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/fbs/sites/default/files/social_statistics/media_and_recreation_statistics/newspapers.pdf">Archived</a> 13 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Provincial Public Relation Departments, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan, 27 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad Amir Rana, "Jihadi Print Media in Pakistan: An Overview" in <i>Conflict and Peace Studies</i>, vol. 1, no. 1 (Oct-Dec 2008), p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sabahnews.net/english/about-us/">"About Us -"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us+-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsabahnews.net%2Fenglish%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Pakistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mass media in Pakistan">Mass media in Pakistan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pemra.gov.pk">Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA)</a>, website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128084357/http://infoasaid.org/sites/infoasaid.org/files/pakistan_media_and_telecoms_landcape_guide_19.04.11_0.pdf">Media and Telecommunications Landscape Guide in Pakistan</a>, an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infoasaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infoasaid (page does not exist)">infoasaid</a> guide, April 2011, 108 pp.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Indo-Hephthalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Solanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Qasim" title="Muhammad ibn al-Qasim">Muhammad ibn al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-nation theory (Pakistan)">Two nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Jinnah's 14 Points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dominion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Monarchy of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan" title="Princely states of Pakistan">Princely states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Pakistan (1947–present)">1947–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">1971 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">1971 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project-706" title="Project-706">Project-706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamisation</a></li> <li>Insurgencies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Balochistan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">KPK insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">Liberalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Pakistan" title="List of beaches in Pakistan">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_of_Pakistan" title="List of deserts of Pakistan">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of Pakistan">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Pakistan" title="List of islands of Pakistan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Pakistan" title="List of lakes of Pakistan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Pakistan" title="List of mountain ranges of Pakistan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes#Pakistan" title="List of mountain passes">Passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Pakistan" title="List of rivers of Pakistan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Pakistan" title="Topography of Pakistan">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_Pakistan" title="List of valleys in Pakistan">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Pakistan">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_wetland_sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of Ramsar wetland sites in Pakistan">Wetlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwatar_Bay" title="Gwatar Bay">Gwatar Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indus Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_Basin" title="Sistan Basin">Sistan Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pakistan" title="Geology of Pakistan">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Coal mines in Pakistan">Coal fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Natural gas fields in Pakistan">Gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals_of_Pakistan" title="List of minerals of Pakistan">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Oil fields of Pakistan">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Pakistan" title="List of volcanoes in Pakistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods_in_Pakistan" title="List of floods in Pakistan">Floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Pakistan" title="List of ecoregions in Pakistan">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pakistan" title="Climate change in Pakistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Environmental issues in Pakistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Pakistan" title="Protected areas of Pakistan">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Pakistan" title="List of national parks of Pakistan">national parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_game_reserves_of_Pakistan" title="List of game reserves of Pakistan">game reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_in_Pakistan" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries in Pakistan">sanctuaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan" title="Wildlife of Pakistan">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Pakistan" title="Flora of Pakistan">flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Pakistan" title="Fauna of Pakistan">fauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_sites_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological sites in Pakistan">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan" title="Climate of Pakistan">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_weather_records_in_Pakistan" title="List of extreme weather records in Pakistan">weather records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_Pakistan" title="List of natural disasters in Pakistan">Natural disasters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Pakistan" title="List of earthquakes in Pakistan">earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods#Pakistan" title="List of floods">floods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Subdivisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pakistan">cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Governance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)">National Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">C<sup>2</sup>NS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">NCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">National government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_governments_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of provincial governments of Pakistan">Provincial governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_chief_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani chief ministers">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pakistan" title="Local government in Pakistan">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan" title="Union councils of Pakistan">Union councils</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Majlis-e-Shoora</i>)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">Speaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Provincial_Assemblies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan">Supreme Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court" title="Federal Shariat Court">Federal Shariat Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Pakistan">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts of Pakistan">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Pakistan" title="List of political parties in Pakistan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Martial law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Pakistan" title="Law of Pakistan">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_2002" title="Legal Framework Order, 2002">LFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Penal_Code" title="Pakistan Penal Code">PPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Bill" title="Women's Protection Bill">WPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">PCO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Pakistan" title="Enforced disappearances in Pakistan">Enforced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Department_(Pakistan)" title="Counter Terrorism Department (Pakistan)">Counter Terrorism Department (CTD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistani Intelligence community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan" title="Capital punishment in Pakistan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan" title="Electricity sector in Pakistan">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Thermal" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Hydroelectricity" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan" title="Solar power in Pakistan">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan" title="Wind power in Pakistan">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Pakistan" title="Foreign aid to Pakistan">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Petroleum industry in Pakistan">Fuel extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Pakistan" title="Housing in Pakistan">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Planning Commission (Pakistan)">Planning Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Post" title="Pakistan Post">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pakistan" title="List of tallest buildings in Pakistan">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Pakistan" title="List of bridges in Pakistan">Bridges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Pakistan" title="Water resources management in Pakistan">Water management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Pakistan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex" title="Pakistan Aeronautical Complex">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Pakistan">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Pakistan" title="Animal husbandry in Pakistan">Husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Pakistan" title="Labour in Pakistan">Labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan" title="Child labour in Pakistan">Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan" title="Mining in Pakistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Textile industry in Pakistan">Textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Pakistan" title="Tourism in Pakistan">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan" title="Banking in Pakistan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Pakistan" title="List of banks in Pakistan">Banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Pakistan" title="List of companies of Pakistan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Investment_(Pakistan)" title="Board of Investment (Pakistan)">Investment board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Rupee <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_%26_Exchange_Commission_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan">Securities & Exchange Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">Stock markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_Corporation_of_Pakistan" title="Trading Corporation of Pakistan">Trading Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Corporatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Directive investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan#Economy" title="Pakistan">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Military economisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Nationalisation in Pakistan">Nationalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan" title="Privatisation in Pakistan">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani#Financial_and_economic_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Public-private partnering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_the_world#Contemporary_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economics in the world">Redundant Islamic economisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Pakistan">Society and Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Society of Pakistan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurat_March" title="Aurat March">Aurat March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Pakistan" title="Crime in Pakistan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Pakistan" title="Divorce in Pakistan">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_educational_institutions_in_Pakistan" title="Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan">Institutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Gender discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Pakistan" title="Healthcare in Pakistan">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pakistan" title="List of hospitals in Pakistan">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Marriage in Pakistan">Marriage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_Too_movement_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement (Pakistan)">Me Too</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistanis" title="List of Pakistanis">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Pakistan" title="Prostitution in Pakistan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Pakistan" title="Time in Pakistan">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan" title="Urbanisation in Pakistan">Urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Pakistani">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Immigration to Pakistan">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Pakistan" title="Youth in Pakistan">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_architecture" title="Pakistani architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Pakistani_films" title="Lists of Pakistani films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Dance in Pakistan">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Pakistan" title="List of festivals in Pakistan">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_folklore" title="Pakistani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mushaira" title="Mushaira">Mushaira</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles of Pakistan">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pakistan" title="Theatre of Pakistan">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifestyle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_clothing" title="Pakistani clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Shalwar kameez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">Mehndi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Pakistan" title="Etiquette in Pakistan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_Pakistan" title="Gun law in Pakistan">Gun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_flags" title="List of Pakistani flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Pakistan" title="List of songs about Pakistan">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">Symbols</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan" title="Sport in Pakistan">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Athletics_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Athletics in Pakistan">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baseball_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Baseball in Pakistan">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boxing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Boxing in Pakistan">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Pakistan" title="Cricket in Pakistan">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cycle_racing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Cycle racing in Pakistan">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Hockey_Federation" title="Pakistan Hockey Federation">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Pakistan" title="Football in Pakistan">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillidanda" title="Gillidanda">Gillidanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Golf_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Golf in Pakistan">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motorsport_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Motorsport in Pakistan">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Marathon" title="Lahore Marathon">Marathon (Lahore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Pakistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Pakistan at the Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polo_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Polo in Pakistan">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Rugby union in Pakistan">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_in_Pakistan" title="Squash in Pakistan">Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swimming_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Swimming in Pakistan">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tennis_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Tennis in Pakistan">Tennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Pakistan" title="List of cemeteries in Pakistan">Cemeteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Pakistan" title="List of churches in Pakistan">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts_in_Pakistan" title="List of forts in Pakistan">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gurdwaras#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gurdwaras">Gurdwaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Pakistan" title="List of Hindu temples in Pakistan">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Pakistan" title="List of libraries in Pakistan">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mausolea_and_shrines_in_Pakistan" title="List of mausolea and shrines in Pakistan">Mausolea and shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Pakistan" title="List of mosques in Pakistan">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pakistan" title="List of museums in Pakistan">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of parks and gardens in Pakistan">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stadiums">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Pakistan" title="Outline of Pakistan">Basic topics</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan" title="Category:Pakistan">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Economy of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Economy of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Pakistan" class="vcard" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Economy of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Currency,<br />governance,<br />regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="State Bank of Pakistan">State Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_State_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="List of governors of the State Bank of Pakistan">Governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_budgets" title="Category:Pakistani budgets">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister of Pakistan">Finance Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee#Banknotes" title="Pakistani rupee">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee#Coins" title="Pakistani rupee">Coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Pakistan" title="Taxation in Pakistan">Taxes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Board_of_Revenue_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Board of Revenue (Pakistan)">Board of Revenue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Pakistan Bureau of Statistics">Bureau of Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_of_Pakistan" title="Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan">Securities and Exchange Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Pakistan" title="List of companies of Pakistan">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government-owned_companies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Government-owned companies of Pakistan">Government-owned companies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Pakistan" title="Economic history of Pakistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_Pakistan" title="Five-Year Plans of Pakistan">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Nationalisation in Pakistan">Nationalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan" title="Privatisation in Pakistan">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Corporate sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_Pakistan" title="Islamic economics in Pakistan">Islamic economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Economic liberalisation in Pakistan">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Term_Development_Framework" title="Medium Term Development Framework">Medium Term Development Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_of_stagflation_in_Pakistan" title="Periods of stagflation in Pakistan">Stagflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_Pakistan" title="National debt of Pakistan">National debt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_debt" title="Circular debt">Circular debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund">IMF relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Pakistan" title="Foreign aid to Pakistan">Foreign aid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_aid_to_Pakistan" title="United States aid to Pakistan">US aid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_economic_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Pakistani economic crisis (2022–present)">Current economic crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Pakistan" title="List of airlines of Pakistan">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Pakistan" title="List of airports in Pakistan">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges#Pakistan" title="List of bridges">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_of_Pakistan" title="Motorways of Pakistan">Motorways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highways_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highways of Pakistan">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Railways" title="Pakistan Railways">Rail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of railway stations in Pakistan">Stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Pakistan" title="List of ports in Pakistan">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Pakistan" title="Vehicle registration plates of Pakistan">Vehicle plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Resources and<br />production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Pakistan" title="Renewable energy in Pakistan">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan" title="Solar power in Pakistan">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan" title="Wind power in Pakistan">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_extraction_in_Pakistan" title="Fuel extraction in Pakistan">Fuel extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Pakistan" title="Rice production in Pakistan">Rice production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_tea_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani tea culture">Tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Pakistan" title="Animal husbandry in Pakistan">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Pakistan">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan" title="Mining in Pakistan">Mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Financial<br />services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan" title="Banking in Pakistan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Pakistan" title="List of banks in Pakistan">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Pakistan" title="Insurance in Pakistan">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIBOR" title="KIBOR">KIBOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Stock_Exchange" title="Pakistan Stock Exchange">Pakistan Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KMI_30_Index" title="KMI 30 Index">KMI 30 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSE_30_Index" title="KSE 30 Index">KSE 30 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSE_100_Index" title="KSE 100 Index">KSE 100 Index</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Pakistan">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Pakistan" title="List of newspapers in Pakistan">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Pakistan">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Pakistan" title="Television in Pakistan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Pakistan" title="Healthcare in Pakistan">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Pakistan" title="HIV/AIDS in Pakistan">AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pakistan" title="List of hospitals in Pakistan">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan#Manufacturing" title="Industry of Pakistan">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex" title="Pakistan Aeronautical Complex">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan">Pharmaceuticals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Pakistan" title="Real estate in Pakistan">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Science and technology in Pakistan">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Pakistan" title="Internet in Pakistan">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Telecommunications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_and_publishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Books and publishing in Pakistan">Books and publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_and_small_scale_industries_in_Pakistan" title="Cottage and small scale industries in Pakistan">Cottage and small scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Information technology in Pakistan">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Textile industry in Pakistan">Textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Tobacco industry in Pakistan">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Pakistan" title="Tourism in Pakistan">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism_in_Pakistan" title="Medical tourism in Pakistan">Medical tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Mobile phone industry in Pakistan">Mobile phones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">People and labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_billionaires" title="Category:Pakistani billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_businesspeople" title="Category:Pakistani businesspeople">Businesspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Pakistan" title="Labour in Pakistan">Labour force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan" title="Child labour in Pakistan">Child labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Pakistan" title="Pensions in Pakistan">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Pakistan" title="Trade unions in Pakistan">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment in Pakistan">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Domestic economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Azad_Kashmir" title="Economy of Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Economy of Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan#Economy_and_resources" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Islamabad" title="Economy of Islamabad">Islamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Economy of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Faisalabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lahore" title="Economy of Lahore">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rawalpindi" title="Economy of Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sindh" title="Economy of Sindh">Sindh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karachi" title="Economy of Karachi">Karachi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Central_business_districts_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Central business districts in Pakistan">Business districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I._I._Chundrigar_Road" title="I. I. Chundrigar Road">I. I. Chundrigar Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Area" title="Blue Area">Blue Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulberg,_Lahore" title="Gulberg, Lahore">Gulberg, Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddar" title="Saddar">Saddar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serai_Quarter" title="Serai Quarter">Serai Quarter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign trade of Pakistan">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Pakistan#Economy" title="International rankings of Pakistan">International ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_provinces_by_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pakistani provinces by gross domestic product">Provinces by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistanis_by_net_worth" title="List of Pakistanis by net worth">Pakistanis by net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_Pakistan" title="Standard of living in Pakistan">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Economy of Pakistan">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan_Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Template:Science and technology in Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Science and technology in Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science and technology in Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan_Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Science and technology in Pakistan">Science and technology in Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Science_%26_Technology_Park" title="National Aerospace Science & Technology Park">National Aerospace Science & Technology Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex" title="Pakistan Aeronautical Complex">Aeronautical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">Space programme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Antarctic_Programme" title="Pakistan Antarctic Programme">Antarctic program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Pakistan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Pakistan">Defence industry </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan" title="Electricity sector in Pakistan">Electricity </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Pakistan" title="Energy policy of Pakistan">Energy policy</a></li> <li>Non-renewable energy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Coal" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Natural_Gas" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Thermal" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Nuclear energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Pakistan" title="Renewable energy in Pakistan">Renewable energy </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Hydroelectricity" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Hydro-power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan" title="Solar power in Pakistan">Solar energy </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan" title="Wind power in Pakistan">Wind energy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Information technology in Pakistan">Information technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Telecommunications </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputing_in_Pakistan" title="Supercomputing in Pakistan">Supercomputing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries">List of inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_scientists" title="List of Pakistani scientists">List of scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of metallurgy in South Asia">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan" title="Mining in Pakistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Scientific and technological history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Pakistan" title="List of airlines of Pakistan">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highways_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highways of Pakistan">Highways </a> and <a href="/wiki/Motorways_of_Pakistan" title="Motorways of Pakistan">motorways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Railways" title="Pakistan Railways">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bahrain" title="Media of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hong_Kong" title="Media of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Macau" title="Media of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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