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</li> <li id="toc-Soviet_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Soviet occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalinist_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalinist_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Stalinist Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalinist_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_repression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_repression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Political repression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_repression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Economic decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 International events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-De–Stalinization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De–Stalinization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 De–Stalinization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De–Stalinization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warsaw_Pact_established" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warsaw_Pact_established"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Warsaw Pact established </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warsaw_Pact_established-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uprising_and_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uprising_and_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Uprising and Revolution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uprising_and_Revolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uprising and Revolution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uprising_and_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_discontent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_discontent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Political discontent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_discontent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initiating_gunfire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiating_gunfire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Initiating gunfire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiating_gunfire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deposing_the_communist_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deposing_the_communist_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Deposing the communist government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deposing_the_communist_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interlude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interlude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Interlude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interlude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 New government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Soviet perspective </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Polish response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 International perspective </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Soviet invasion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Soviet_invasion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Soviet invasion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Soviet_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_perspective_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_perspective_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Soviet perspective </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_perspective_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 International </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Commemoration and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Historiography and memory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Historical collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_academic_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_academic_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Other academic sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_academic_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feature_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feature_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Feature films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feature_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Commemorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" > 74 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongaarse_Rewolusie_van_1956" title="Hongaarse Rewolusie van 1956 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hongaarse Rewolusie van 1956" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_1956" title="الثورة المجرية 1956 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة المجرية 1956" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_h%C3%BAngara_de_1956" title="Revolución húngara de 1956 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revolución húngara de 1956" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macar_inqilab%C4%B1_(1956)" title="Macar inqilabı (1956) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Macar inqilabı (1956)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_(%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B5%DB%B6)" title="ماجار اینقیلابی (۱۹۵۶) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماجار اینقیلابی (۱۹۵۶)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="1956 йылғы мадьяр ихтилалы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="1956 йылғы мадьяр ихтилалы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_(1956)" title="Венгерскае паўстанне (1956) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Венгерскае паўстанне (1956)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_1956_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Вугорская рэвалюцыя 1956 году – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вугорская рэвалюцыя 1956 году" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(1956)" title="Унгарско въстание (1956) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Унгарско въстание (1956)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%91arska_revolucija_1956." title="Mađarska revolucija 1956. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mađarska revolucija 1956." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispac%27h_Hungaria_1956" title="Dispac'h Hungaria 1956 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dispac'h Hungaria 1956" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_hongaresa_de_1956" title="Revolució hongaresa de 1956 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució hongaresa de 1956" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%8Farsk%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Maďarské povstání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maďarské povstání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwyldro_Hwngari_(1956)" title="Chwyldro Hwngari (1956) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chwyldro Hwngari (1956)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opstanden_i_Ungarn" title="Opstanden i Ungarn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Opstanden i Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarischer_Volksaufstand" title="Ungarischer Volksaufstand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ungarischer Volksaufstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungari_%C3%BClest%C3%B5us_(1956)" title="Ungari ülestõus (1956) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ungari ülestõus (1956)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_1956" title="Ουγγρική Επανάσταση του 1956 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουγγρική Επανάσταση του 1956" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_h%C3%BAngara_de_1956" title="Revolución húngara de 1956 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución húngara de 1956" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungara_revolucio_de_1956" title="Hungara revolucio de 1956 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hungara revolucio de 1956" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956ko_Hungariako_Iraultza" title="1956ko Hungariako Iraultza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1956ko Hungariako Iraultza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B5%DB%B6_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انقلاب ۱۹۵۶ مجارستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب ۱۹۵۶ مجارستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_hongroise_de_1956" title="Révolution hongroise de 1956 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution hongroise de 1956" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongaarske_Opst%C3%A2n_(1956)" title="Hongaarske Opstân (1956) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hongaarske Opstân (1956)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9abhl%C3%B3id_na_hUng%C3%A1ire_1956" title="Réabhlóid na hUngáire 1956 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réabhlóid na hUngáire 1956" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_H%C3%BAngara_de_1956" title="Revolución Húngara de 1956 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Revolución Húngara de 1956" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%EB%85%84_%ED%97%9D%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="1956년 헝가리 혁명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1956년 헝가리 혁명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(1956)" title="Հունգարական հեղափոխություն (1956) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունգարական հեղափոխություն (1956)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="1956 की हंगरी क्रांति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="1956 की हंगरी क्रांति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%91arska_revolucija_1956." title="Mađarska revolucija 1956. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mađarska revolucija 1956." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungara_revolto_di_1956" title="Hungara revolto di 1956 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hungara revolto di 1956" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Hungaria_1956" title="Revolusi Hungaria 1956 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi Hungaria 1956" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppreisnin_%C3%AD_Ungverjalandi" title="Uppreisnin í Ungverjalandi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Uppreisnin í Ungverjalandi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzione_ungherese_del_1956" title="Rivoluzione ungherese del 1956 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivoluzione ungherese del 1956" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99" title="המרד ההונגרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המרד ההונגרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(1956)" title="უნგრეთის რევოლუცია (1956) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უნგრეთის რევოლუცია (1956)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_Novae_Hungaricae_anno_1956" title="Res Novae Hungaricae anno 1956 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res Novae Hungaricae anno 1956" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956._gada_Ung%C4%81rijas_revol%C5%ABcija" title="1956. gada Ungārijas revolūcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1956. gada Ungārijas revolūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungaresche_Volleksopstand" title="Ungaresche Volleksopstand – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ungaresche Volleksopstand" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengrijos_revoliucija_(1956)" title="Vengrijos revoliucija (1956) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vengrijos revoliucija (1956)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956-os_forradalom" title="1956-os forradalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1956-os forradalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(1956)" title="Унгарска револуција (1956) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Унгарска револуција (1956)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="1956 оны Унгарын хувьсгал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="1956 оны Унгарын хувьсгал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongaarse_Opstand" title="Hongaarse Opstand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hongaarse Opstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E5%8B%95%E4%B9%B1" title="ハンガリー動乱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンガリー動乱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppstanden_i_Ungarn" title="Oppstanden i Ungarn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oppstanden i Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insureccion_Ongresa_de_1956" title="Insureccion Ongresa de 1956 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Insureccion Ongresa de 1956" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="1956 ਦਾ ਹੰਗਰੀ ਦਾ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1956 ਦਾ ਹੰਗਰੀ ਦਾ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AF_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B5%DB%B6_%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="د هنګري د ۱۹۵۶ زکال انقلاب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هنګري د ۱۹۵۶ زکال انقلاب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_w%C4%99gierskie_1956" title="Powstanie węgierskie 1956 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie węgierskie 1956" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_H%C3%BAngara_de_1956" title="Revolução Húngara de 1956 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução Húngara de 1956" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_Ungar%C4%83_din_1956" title="Revoluția Ungară din 1956 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revoluția Ungară din 1956" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(1956)" title="Венгерское восстание (1956) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Венгерское восстание (1956)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucioni_hungarez_i_vitit_1956" title="Revolucioni hungarez i vitit 1956 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Revolucioni hungarez i vitit 1956" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A1%D9%8E_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%8F%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هنگريءَ وارو بُحران – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هنگريءَ وارو بُحران" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%8Farsk%C3%A9_povstanie" title="Maďarské povstanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maďarské povstanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%C5%BEarska_revolucija_(1956)" title="Madžarska revolucija (1956) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Madžarska revolucija (1956)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%86%DA%95%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%A1%D9%A9%D9%A5%D9%A6%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شۆڕشی ١٩٥٦ی مەجارستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شۆڕشی ١٩٥٦ی مەجارستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_1956." title="Мађарска револуција 1956. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мађарска револуција 1956." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%91arska_revolucija_1956." title="Mađarska revolucija 1956. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mađarska revolucija 1956." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkarin_kansannousu" title="Unkarin kansannousu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Unkarin kansannousu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungernrevolten" title="Ungernrevolten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ungernrevolten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himagsikang_Hungaro_ng_1956" title="Himagsikang Hungaro ng 1956 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Himagsikang Hungaro ng 1956" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF,_1956" title="அங்கேரியப் புரட்சி, 1956 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அங்கேரியப் புரட்சி, 1956" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1956" title="การปฏิวัติฮังการี ค.ศ. 1956 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปฏิวัติฮังการี ค.ศ. 1956" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Citizen rebellion in Communist Hungary repressed by the Soviet Union</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956_collage.jpg/330px-Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956_collage.jpg/500px-Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956_collage.jpg/960px-Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1452" /></a> From top to bottom, left to right: The rebels flag · Speaker addresses to a crowd from an abandoned Soviet tank · Caricature of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a> with suitcases going to the Soviet border · Search for Stalinist era mass graves and underground party bunkers · Hungarian Patriot, <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Magazine Man of the Year</a> · Severed Stalin's head of a toppled monument · Young Hungarian rebel · Civilians flee from Soviet bombing · Ruins in Budapest after the Soviet bombings</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>23 June – 11 November 1956 (1956-06-23 – 1956-11-11)<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>23 October – 3 November 1956 (1956-10-23 – 1956-11-03) main phase)<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>4–11 November 1956 (1956-11-04 – 1956-11-11) (suppression)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Revolution suppressed</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li>Until 28 October:</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li>From 4 November:</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers%27-Peasants%27_Government_of_Hungary" title="Revolutionary Workers'-Peasants' Government of Hungary">Kádár government</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Hungarian revolutionaries</li> <li>From 28 October:</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governments_of_Imre_Nagy" title="Governments of Imre Nagy">Nagy government</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Ivan Konev</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Serov" title="Ivan Serov">Ivan Serov</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuzma_Grebennik" title="Kuzma Grebennik">Kuzma Grebennik</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Obaturov" title="Gennady Obaturov">Gennady Obaturov</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Sokolovsky" title="Vasily Sokolovsky">Vasily Sokolovsky</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Ger%C5%91" title="Ernő Gerő">Ernő Gerő</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Heged%C3%BCs" title="András Hegedüs">András Hegedüs</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Piros" title="László Piros">László Piros</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bata" title="István Bata">István Bata</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Ferenc Münnich">Ferenc Münnich</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Antal_Apr%C3%B3" title="Antal Apró">Antal Apró</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a>  <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/20px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/40px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Mal%C3%A9ter" title="Pál Maléter">Pál Maléter</a>  <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/20px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/40px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Gimes" title="Miklós Gimes">Miklós Gimes</a>  <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/20px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/40px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Losonczy" title="Géza Losonczy">Géza Losonczy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Tildy" title="Zoltán Tildy">Zoltán Tildy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kov%C3%A1cs_(politician,_1908)" title="Béla Kovács (politician, 1908)">Béla Kovács</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Dud%C3%A1s" title="József Dudás">József Dudás</a>  <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/20px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/40px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Kop%C3%A1csi" title="Sándor Kopácsi">Sándor Kopácsi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kir%C3%A1ly" title="Béla Király">Béla Király</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Gergely_Pongr%C3%A1tz" title="Gergely Pongrátz">Gergely Pongrátz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/40px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/60px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="291" /> <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emblem_of_the_State_Protection_Authority.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_State_Protection_Authority.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emblem_of_the_State_Protection_Authority.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_State_Protection_Authority.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1122" /> <a href="/wiki/State_Protection_Authority" title="State Protection Authority">ÁVH</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Loyalist elements of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Army" title="Hungarian People's Army">MN</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Armed citizens</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrators</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%2C_2-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Pro-Revolution elements of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Army" title="Hungarian People's Army">MN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>31,550 troops</li><li>1,130 tanks<a href="#cite_note-1">[nb 1]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Political support</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Working People's Party</a> (loyalists, to 28 October)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_star.svg/20px-Red_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_star.svg/30px-Red_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_star.svg/40px-Red_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1175" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Socialist Workers' Party</a> (from 4 November)</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Working People's Party</a> (dissidents, to 31 October)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_star.svg/20px-Red_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_star.svg/30px-Red_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_star.svg/40px-Red_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1175" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Socialist Workers' Party</a></li> <li>(to 4 November)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Wheat-icon.svg/15px-Wheat-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Wheat-icon.svg/23px-Wheat-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Wheat-icon.svg/30px-Wheat-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="28" data-file-height="64" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_Smallholders,_Agrarian_Workers_and_Civic_Party" title="Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party">Smallholders' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:MSZDP_logo,_1945.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MSZDP_logo%2C_1945.svg/20px-MSZDP_logo%2C_1945.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MSZDP_logo%2C_1945.svg/40px-MSZDP_logo%2C_1945.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="493" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Hungary" title="Social Democratic Party of Hungary">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_National_Peasant_Party_%28Hungary%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_National_Peasant_Party_%28Hungary%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_National_Peasant_Party_%28Hungary%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_National_Peasant_Party_%28Hungary%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_National_Peasant_Party_%28Hungary%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_National_Peasant_Party_%28Hungary%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="288" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Peasant_Party_(Hungary)" title="National Peasant Party (Hungary)">Petőfi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary,_1947).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Logo_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Party_%28Hungary%2C_1947%29.svg/20px-Logo_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Party_%28Hungary%2C_1947%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Logo_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Party_%28Hungary%2C_1947%29.svg/40px-Logo_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Party_%28Hungary%2C_1947%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="594" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)">Democratic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarian_Independence_Party_logo,_1947.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hungarian_Independence_Party_logo%2C_1947.svg/20px-Hungarian_Independence_Party_logo%2C_1947.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hungarian_Independence_Party_logo%2C_1947.svg/40px-Hungarian_Independence_Party_logo%2C_1947.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="441" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Independence_Party" title="Hungarian Independence Party">Independence Party</a></li> <li>Other reformed parties</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>722 killed</li><li>1,540 wounded<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>2,500–3,000 killed</li><li>13,000 wounded</li><li>200,000 exiled<a href="#cite_note-UNchVnote8-3">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 3,000 civilians killed<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (23 October – 4 November 1956; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: 1956-os forradalom), also known as the Hungarian Uprising, was an attempted countrywide <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> against the government of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a> (1949–1989) and the policies caused by the government's subordination to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR).<a href="#cite_note-5">[nb 2]</a> The uprising lasted 15 days before being crushed by Soviet tanks and troops on 7 November 1956 (outside of Budapest firefights lasted until at least 12 November 1956).<a href="#cite_note-Granville-6">[4]</a> Thousands were killed or wounded, and nearly a quarter of a million Hungarians fled the country.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> The Hungarian Revolution began on 23 October 1956 in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> when <a href="/wiki/Student" title="Student">university students</a> appealed to the civil populace to join them at the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Parliament_Building" title="Hungarian Parliament Building">Hungarian Parliament Building</a> to protest against the USSR's geopolitical domination of Hungary through the <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> government of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a>. A delegation of students entered the building of <a href="/wiki/Magyar_R%C3%A1di%C3%B3" title="Magyar Rádió">Magyar Rádió</a> to broadcast their <a href="/wiki/Demands_of_Hungarian_Revolutionaries_of_1956" title="Demands of Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1956">sixteen demands</a> for political and economic reforms to civil society, but were detained by security guards. When the student protestors outside the radio building demanded the release of their delegation, a group of police from the ÁVH (<a href="/wiki/State_Protection_Authority" title="State Protection Authority">State Protection Authority</a>) fatally shot several of the students.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> Consequently, Hungarians organized into revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a> to fight against the ÁVH; local Hungarian communist leaders and ÁVH policemen were captured and summarily executed; and political prisoners were released and armed. To realize their political, economic, and social demands, local <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> (councils of workers) assumed control of municipal government from the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Hungarian Working People's Party</a> (Magyar Dolgozók Pártja). The new government of <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a> disbanded the ÁVH, declared Hungary's withdrawal from the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, and pledged to re-establish free elections. By the end of October the intense fighting had subsided. Although initially willing to negotiate the withdrawal of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> from Hungary, the USSR repressed the Hungarian Revolution on 4 November 1956, and fought the Hungarian revolutionaries until Soviet victory on 10 November; repression of the Hungarian Uprising killed 2,500 Hungarians and 700 Soviet Army soldiers, and compelled 200,000 Hungarians to seek political refuge abroad, mostly to <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3></div> During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> (1939–1945), the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> (1920–1946) was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> – in alliance with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Kingdom of Bulgaria</a>. In 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Royal Hungarian Army</a> participated in the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invasion of Yugoslavia</a> (6 April 1941) and in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> (22 June 1941), the invasion of the USSR. In the event, by 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> were en route to the Kingdom of Hungary, after first having repelled the Royal Hungarian Army and the armies of the other Axis Powers from the territory of the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-brittannica-12">[10]</a> Fearful of the Red Army's occupation of the Kingdom of Hungary, the royal Hungarian government unsuccessfully sought an armistice with the Allies, which was a betrayal of the Axis powers. The Germans launched <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Hungary_(1944)" title="German invasion of Hungary (1944)">Operation Margarethe</a> (12 March 1944) to establish the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Government of National Unity</a> of Hungary; the short-lived puppet government existed for less than a year and Hungary was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945 after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Siege of Budapest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-brittannica-12">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_occupation">Soviet occupation</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Hungary" title="Category:History of Hungary">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History of Hungary</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabula_hungariae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tabula Hungariae, from 1528"><img alt="Tabula Hungariae, from 1528" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tabula_hungariae.jpg/240px-Tabula_hungariae.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tabula_hungariae.jpg/360px-Tabula_hungariae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tabula_hungariae.jpg/480px-Tabula_hungariae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3236" data-file-height="4609" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary_before_the_Hungarian_conquest" title="History of Hungary before the Hungarian conquest">The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Roman Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Kingdom of the Gepids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">454–567</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">469–553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar Khaganate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">567–822</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">~800–970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">862–895</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">895–1000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1000–1301</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Personal union with Croatia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1102–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1222" title="Golden Bull of 1222">Golden Bull</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1222</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Mongol invasion of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1241–1242</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1301–1526</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Hungarian–Ottoman Wars">Ottoman Wars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1366–1526</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary">Reformation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1520</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman Wars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1570</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)#Royal_Hungary_(1526–1699)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Royal Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1541–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1570–1711</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bocskai_uprising" title="Bocskai uprising">Bocskai uprising</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1604–1606</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Magnate_conspiracy" title="Magnate conspiracy">Wesselényi conspiracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1664–1671</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Upper_Hungary" title="Principality of Upper Hungary">Principality of Upper Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1682–1685</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1699–1867</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Late modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1703–1711</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Principality of Transylvania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1711–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Reform_Era" title="Hungarian Reform Era">Hungarian Reform Era</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1825–1848</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1848–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State" title="Hungarian State">Hungarian State</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1867–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1867–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_between_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary between the World Wars">Interwar period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1919–1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1920–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1938</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Governorate of Subcarpathia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_occupation_of_Yugoslav_territories" title="Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories">Revisions of Délvidék</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1941–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1946–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1949–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Revolution of 1956</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1956–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Hungarian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Hungarian Republic">Third Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1989–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">since 2012</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hungarian_history" title="Timeline of Hungarian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">History of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Hungarian Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Officers_of_State_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Template:Great Officers of State (Kingdom of Hungary)">Great Officers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Transylvania" title="List of princes of Transylvania">Transylvanian Princes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hungary" title="Military history of Hungary">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">List of Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Hungary" title="History of Christianity in Hungary">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Hungary">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Hungary" title="Music history of Hungary">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Budapest" title="History of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Hungary" title="Template:History of Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Hungary" title="Template talk:History of Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> At the end of the Second World War (1939–1945), the Kingdom of Hungary was in the geopolitical <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> of the USSR. In the political aftermath of the War, Hungary was a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/1945_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1945 Hungarian parliamentary election">1945 Hungarian parliamentary election</a> produced a coalition government composed of <a href="/wiki/Independent_Smallholders,_Agrarian_Workers_and_Civic_Party" title="Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party">Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and the Civic Party</a>, headed by President <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Tildy" title="Zoltán Tildy">Zoltán Tildy</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Nagy" title="Ferenc Nagy">Ferenc Nagy</a>. Nonetheless, on behalf of the USSR, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Communist_Party" title="Hungarian Communist Party">Hungarian Communist Party</a> continually used <a href="/wiki/Salami_slicing_tactics" title="Salami slicing tactics">salami slicing tactics</a> to wrest minor political concessions, which continually diminished the political authority of the coalition government – despite the Communist Party only having received 17 percent of the votes in the parliamentary election of 1945.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNPara47-15">[13]</a> After the election in 1945, control of the <a href="/wiki/State_Protection_Authority" title="State Protection Authority">State Protection Authority</a> (Államvédelmi Hatóság, ÁVH) was transferred from the Independent Smallholders Party of the coalition government to the Hungarian Communist party.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> The ÁVH repressed non‑communist political opponents with <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a> and false accusations, imprisonment and <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> The brief, four‑year period of multi-party democracy ended when the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Hungary" title="Social Democratic Party of Hungary">Social Democratic Party of Hungary</a> merged with the Communist Party and became the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Hungarian Working People's Party</a>, whose candidate stood unopposed in the <a href="/wiki/1949_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1949 Hungarian parliamentary election">1949 Hungarian parliamentary election</a>. Afterwards, on 20 August 1949, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a> was proclaimed and established as a socialist state, with whom the USSR then concorded the <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">COMECON</a> treaty of mutual assistance, which allowed stationing troops of Red Army soldiers in Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-UNPara47-15">[13]</a> Based upon the economic model of the USSR, the Hungarian Working People's Party established the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">socialist economy</a> of Hungary with the <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> and of the natural resources of the country. Moreover, by 1955, the relatively free politics of Hungary allowed <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a> and journalists to freely criticise the social and economic policies of the Rákosi government.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> In that vein of relative political freedom, on 22 October 1956, students from the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics" title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">Budapest University of Technology and Economics</a> had reestablished the MEFESZ <a href="/wiki/Students%27_union" title="Students' union">students' union</a>, which the Rákosi government earlier had banned for their politically incorrect politics.<a href="#cite_note-Crampton295-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalinist_Hungary">Stalinist Hungary</h3></div> Initially, the Hungarian People's Republic was a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> state headed by the Communist government of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a> (r. 1947–1956), a <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> who was beholden to the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> To ensure ideological compliance within his Stalinist government, Rákosi used the ÁVH to purge 7,000 politically dissident "<a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoists</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyists</a>" from the Communist Party of Hungary, for being "Western agents" whose participation in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939) interfered with Stalin's long-term plans for <a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">world communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Litván_1996-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tokes317-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-wilson-23">[21]</a> Among the Stalinist governments of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, the Rákosi government of the Hungarian People's Republic was most repressive of political, sexual, and religious minorities.<a href="#cite_note-UNPara47-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-lawsoc-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-hungarianspectrum.org-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-jta.org-26">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A1kosi_M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_fortepan_56324.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/R%C3%A1kosi_M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_fortepan_56324.jpg/250px-R%C3%A1kosi_M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_fortepan_56324.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/R%C3%A1kosi_M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_fortepan_56324.jpg/330px-R%C3%A1kosi_M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_fortepan_56324.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/R%C3%A1kosi_M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_fortepan_56324.jpg/500px-R%C3%A1kosi_M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_fortepan_56324.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2227" data-file-height="3170" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a> addresses an audience in Budapest, 1948.</figcaption></figure> In 1949, the Rákosi government arrested, tortured and convicted Cardinal <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Mindszenty" title="József Mindszenty">József Mindszenty</a> in a show trial<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> against Hungary, for <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaboration</a> with Nazi Germany in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">the Holocaust in Hungary</a> – the religious persecution of Hungarian Jews, and the political persecutions of Hungarian communists and of Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-Nazis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hungarianspectrum.org-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-jta.org-26">[24]</a> Mindszenty had, in fact, been <a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II#Resistance_movement" title="Hungary in World War II">an active opponent of the Nazi government</a>, encouraged <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Hungary" title="Catholic Church in Hungary">Hungarian Catholics</a> not to <a href="/wiki/1939_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1939 Hungarian parliamentary election">vote</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a>, and was imprisoned for this dissent by the Arrow Cross-led Government of National Unity.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_repression">Political repression</h4></div> In the 1950–1952 period, the ÁVH forcibly relocated more than 26,000 non-communist Hungarians and confiscated their housing for members of the Communist Party of Hungary, and so eliminated the political threats posed by the nationalist and anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> and by the local <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>. According to their particular politics, anti-communist Hungarians were either imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> or were <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">deported to the USSR</a> or were killed, either summarily or after a <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a>; the victims included the communist politician <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Rajk" title="László Rajk">László Rajk</a>, the minister of the interior who established the ÁVH secret police.<a href="#cite_note-Tokes317-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-lawsoc-24">[22]</a> The Rákosi government politicised the education system with a toiling intelligentsia who would assist in the Russification of Hungary; thus the study of Russian language and communist political instruction were mandatory at school and at university; religious schools were nationalized and church leaders replaced with communist officials.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_decline">Economic decline</h4></div> In the early 1950s, the Rákosi government's socialist economics increased the per capita income of the Hungarian people, yet their standard of living diminished because of the compulsory financial contributions towards the <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> of Hungary, which reduced the <a href="/wiki/Disposable_income" title="Disposable income">disposable and discretionary income</a> of individual Hungarian workers. That poor economy was further diminished by the bureaucratic mismanagement of resources, which caused shortages of supplies, and the consequent rationing of bread and sugar, flour and meat, et cetera.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> The net result of those economic conditions, was that the Hungarian workers' disposable income in 1952 was two-thirds of the disposable income of Hungarian workers in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-transformation-32">[30]</a> Besides paying for the Red Army occupation of socialist Hungary, the Hungarians also paid <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a> (US$300 million) to the USSR, to the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a>, and to the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> In 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a> reported that the cost of war reparations was "between 19 and 22 per cent of the annual national income" of Hungary,<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> an onerous national expense aggravated by the <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> consequent to the post-war <a href="/wiki/Depreciation" title="Depreciation">depreciation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_peng%C5%91" title="Hungarian pengő">Hungarian pengő</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Moreover, participation in the Soviet-sponsored Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (<a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">COMECON</a>) prevented direct trade with the countries of the West, and also prevented the Hungarian People's Republic from receiving American financial aid through the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> (1948).<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Socially, the imposition of Soviet-style economic policies and the payment of war reparations angered the peoples of Hungary, whilst the cumulative effects of <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">economic austerity</a> fuelled anti-Soviet political discontent as the payment of foreign debt took precedence over the material needs of the Hungarian people.<a href="#cite_note-LibCongressHungaryEconomy-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_events">International events</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagy_Imre_fortepan_74215.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nagy_Imre_fortepan_74215.jpg/220px-Nagy_Imre_fortepan_74215.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nagy_Imre_fortepan_74215.jpg/330px-Nagy_Imre_fortepan_74215.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nagy_Imre_fortepan_74215.jpg/440px-Nagy_Imre_fortepan_74215.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8141" data-file-height="5601" /></a><figcaption>In the Eastern bloc, Hungarian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a> (centre) proved too progressive a Communist in his government's pursuit of the Hungarian road to Socialism, taking it too far out of the Soviet Union's orbit (October 1956).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:0; font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:.5em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/120px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/250px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelia-Finland</a> (1940–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Transcaucasia</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Allied and satellite states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (1978–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> (until 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (until 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> (until 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government">Grenada</a> (1979–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> (until 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a> (until 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> (until 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">PRG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (until 1948)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_partisans" title="Anti-Soviet partisans">Anti-Soviet partisans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(guerrilla)" title="Crusaders (guerrilla)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_resistance_by_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Anti-Soviet resistance by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Protests and uprisings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931989)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989)">Poland 1944–1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">Poznań 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">1980–89</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">Plzeň 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East Germany 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">Georgia 1956</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungary 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk_massacre" title="Novocherkassk massacre">Novocherkassk 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Red_Square_demonstration" title="1968 Red Square demonstration">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Czechoslovakia 1976–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley_miners%27_strike_of_1977" title="Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977">Romania 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Kazakhstan 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_rebellion" title="Brașov rebellion">Brașov 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">Tbilisi 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine 1989–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Baku 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">Lithuania 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Riga 1991</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Dissent</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_movement_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" title="Dissident movement in the People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_attempts_and_victims_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_wave_from_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_to_British_Hong_Kong" title="Refugee wave from the People's Republic of China to British Hong Kong">to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_defectors" title="North Korean defectors">North Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Cold War events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Czechoslovak coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania">De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Moscow Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Fall</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Barricades in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">End of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="De–Stalinization">De–Stalinization</h4></div> On 5 March 1953, the death of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> allowed the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to proceed with the <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a> of the USSR, which was a relative liberalization of politics that afterward allowed most European communist parties and the communist parties of the Warsaw Pact to develop a <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformist wing</a> – within the structures of the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">philosophy of Marxism</a> and orders from Moscow. Hence, the reformist communist <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a> became prime minister (1953–55) of the Hungarian People's Republic, in replacement of the Stalinist Mátyás Rákosi (1946–56), whose heavy-hand style of communist government had proved counter-productive to the interests of the USSR in Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Despite not being prime minister of Hungary, Rákosi remained politically powerful as the General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party, and so undermined many of the Nagy government's political and socio-economic reforms; by 18 April 1955, Rákosi had so discredited Nagy that the USSR deposed Nagy as head-of-state of Socialist Hungary. Three months of plotting and conspiring rid Rákosi and the Hungarian Communist Party of Imre Nagy, who was reduced to a political non-person. On 14 April Prime Minister Imre Nagy was stripped of his Hungarian Communist Party offices and functions and was sacked as prime minister on 18 April. Despite having been out of political favor with the USSR since January 1955, Nagy had refused to perform the requisite communist penance of '<a href="/wiki/Criticism_and_self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" title="Criticism and self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">self-criticism</a>', and refused to resign as PM of Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> In February 1956, as the First Secretary of the CPSU, Nikita Khrushchev initiated the de-Stalinization of the USSR with the speech <a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Personality Cult and its Consequences</a>, which catalogued and denounced the abuses of power committed by Stalin and his inner-circle protégés, in Russia and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Therefore, the de-Stalinization of Hungarian People's Republic featured Rákosi's dismissal as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Hungary, and his replacement by <a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Ger%C5%91" title="Ernő Gerő">Ernő Gerő</a>, on 18 July 1956.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> From the Western perspective, the countries of western Europe co-operated with the CIA's propaganda radio network, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a>, to broadcast the speech On the Personality Cult and its Consequences to the countries of eastern Europe, expecting that, as Secretary of the CPSU, Khrushchev's anti–Stalinist speech would substantively contribute to the <a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">destabilisation</a> of the internal politics of the Warsaw Pact countries.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Warsaw_Pact_established">Warsaw Pact established</h4></div> On 14 May 1955, with the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance</a>, the USSR established the Warsaw Pact with seven countries of the Eastern Bloc, including the Hungarian People's Republic. The geopolitical principles of the Warsaw Pact defence treaty included "respect for the independence and [the] sovereignty of [the member] states" and the practise of "non-interference in their internal affairs".<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Then, on 15 May 1955, a day after the USSR established the Warsaw Pact, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_State_Treaty" title="Austrian State Treaty">Austrian State Treaty</a> established Austria as a neutral country in the geopolitical cold war between the US and the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Austria's declaration of geopolitical neutrality allowed the Communist government of PM Nagy to publicly consider "the possibility of Hungary adopting a neutral status on the Austrian pattern".<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> In June 1956, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Land_Forces" title="Polish Land Forces">Polish Army</a> violently repressed the <a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">workers' uprising at Poznań</a> against the economic policies of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a>. In October, the Polish government appointed the <a href="/wiki/Political_rehabilitation" title="Political rehabilitation">politically rehabilitated</a>, reform communist <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a> as First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> to deal with the USSR, and, by 19 October 1956, Gomułka had successfully negotiated greater trade agreements and fewer Red Army troops stationed in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-satellite-46">[44]</a> The USSR's concessions to Poland – known as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a> – emboldened Hungarians to demand from the USSR like concessions for the Hungarian People's Republic, which much contributed to the Hungarians' greatly idealistic politics in October 1956.<a href="#cite_note-Machcewicz-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uprising_and_Revolution">Uprising and Revolution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_discontent">Political discontent</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutions" title="Category:Revolutions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Political revolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Revolution"><img alt="French Revolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg/200px-La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg/300px-La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg/400px-La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10128" data-file-height="8103" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By class</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_revolution" title="Bourgeois revolution">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_revolution" title="Democratic revolution">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_from_above" title="Revolution from above">From above</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">Wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">Civil disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentious_politics" title="Contentious politics">Contentious politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mobilization" title="Mass mobilization">Mass mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Disobedience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Terror</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Examples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Revolution" title="English Revolution">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1820">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">1830</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_unification" title="Bulgarian unification">Bulgarian unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine</a></li> <li>Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">1917–1923</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_Revolution_of_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese Revolution of 1932">Siamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungarian (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People 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Revolution of 2010">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Arab Spring">Second Arab Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_revolution" title="Sudanese revolution">Sudanese</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> On 13 October 1956, a group of 12 students from the university faculties in <a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a> met to play cards, and snubbed the DISZ, the official communist student union, by re-establishing the MEFESZ (Union of Hungarian University and Academy Students), the democratic student union banned by the Stalinist Rákosi government.<a href="#cite_note-Crampton295-19">[17]</a> The MEFESZ students distributed hand-written notes in classrooms to inform faculty and students of the time and place for the meeting on 16 October 1956. A professor of law was chairman of committee who formally reestablished the MEFESZ student union, with the proclamation and publication of a twenty-demand manifesto, ten demands about the MEFESZ, and ten anti-Soviet demands, e.g. free elections and the departure of Soviet troops from Hungary, etc.; days later, the university students at <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miskolc" title="Miskolc">Miskolc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sopron" title="Sopron">Sopron</a> followed suit. On 22 October, at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, one of the law students from the original group of twelve students, announced that the MEFESZ student union was again politically active, and then proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Demands_of_Hungarian_Revolutionaries_of_1956" title="Demands of Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1956">Sixteen Political, Economic, and Ideological Points</a> against the USSR's geopolitical hegemony upon Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-sixteen-48">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Writers%27_Union" title="Hungarian Writers' Union">Hungarian Writers' Union</a> ceremoniously proclaimed Hungary's anti-Soviet political solidarity with anti-communist reformers in Poland when they laid a commemorative wreath at the statue of the Polish hero <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Bem" title="Józef Bem">Gen. Józef Zachariasz Bem</a> who also was a hero of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a>; likewise, the MEFESZ student union held a parallel demonstration of Hungarians' political solidarity with the Poles.<a href="#cite_note-Machcewicz-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initiating_gunfire">Initiating gunfire</h3></div> In the afternoon of 23 October 1956, approximately 20,000 protestors met beside the statue of General <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Bem" title="Józef Bem">Józef Bem</a>, a national hero of Poland and Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> To the amassed crowd of protestors, the intellectual <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Veres_(politician)" title="Péter Veres (politician)">Péter Veres</a>, the president of the Writers' Union (Írószövetség), read a manifesto demanding Hungarian independence from all foreign powers; a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialist</a> political system based upon <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> and (public) <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>; Hungarian membership to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>; and all <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">freedoms and rights</a> for the citizens of Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> After Veres proclaimed the manifesto demanding Hungarian sovereignty, the crowd chanted the Hungarian patriotic poem <a href="/wiki/Nemzeti_dal" title="Nemzeti dal">National Song (Nemzeti dal)</a>, which the Soviet-controlled Rákosi government of Hungary had banned from public performance; the crowd repeatedly chanted the refrain: "This we swear, this we swear, that we will no longer be slaves."<a href="#cite_note-Heller-52">[50]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page range too broad</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Szt%C3%A1lin_szobor_Budapest_1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Szt%C3%A1lin_szobor_Budapest_1956.jpg/250px-Szt%C3%A1lin_szobor_Budapest_1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Szt%C3%A1lin_szobor_Budapest_1956.jpg/330px-Szt%C3%A1lin_szobor_Budapest_1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Szt%C3%A1lin_szobor_Budapest_1956.jpg/500px-Szt%C3%A1lin_szobor_Budapest_1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5300" data-file-height="3423" /></a><figcaption>In Budapest, anti-communists and nationalists place a Hungarian national flag atop a demolished statue of Josef Stalin.</figcaption></figure> At 20:00, the first secretary of the Hungarian Working People's Party, Ernő Gerő broadcast a hardline speech condemning the political demands of the intelligentsia and of the university students.<a href="#cite_note-UN_report_2C_p55-53">[51]</a> Angered by Gerő's rejection, some protestors realised one of their demands, and demolished the <a href="/wiki/Stalin_Monument_(Budapest)" title="Stalin Monument (Budapest)">Stalin Monument in Budapest</a>, which had been erected in place of a razed church, in 1951;<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> and, by 21:30 hrs – an hour and a half later – the nationalist and anti-communist protestors had destroyed the eight-metre-tall statue of Josef Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-UN_report_2C_p55-53">[51]</a> Also at 20:00, a crowd of nationalist and anti-communist protestors had gathered outside the <a href="/wiki/Magyar_R%C3%A1di%C3%B3" title="Magyar Rádió">Magyar Rádió</a> building, which was guarded by the ÁVH secret police. Violence soon occurred between the sides when the protestors heard rumours of the arrest and detainment of a delegation of students who had entered the radio station in effort to broadcast their political demands to the entire country. The situation escalated after protestors heard rumours that the ÁVH had killed their delegation of comrades sent to broadcast the anti–Soviet message. In response, from the windows of the building, the ÁVH threw tear gas grenades at and fired upon the many anti-communist and nationalist protestors assembled outside the Magyar Rádió building, and soon required resupply and reinforcement.<a href="#cite_note-UN_report_2C_p56-55">[53]</a> In suppressing the Hungarians' anti-government protestations, the ÁVH smuggled weapons and ammunition in an ambulance for delivery to them at the Magyar Rádió building, but the protestors hijacked the ambulance and the weapons for themselves. The Hungarian Army sent soldiers to support the ÁVH policemen defending the Magyar Rádió building, but some of the soldiers tore off the red-star insignia on their caps and joined the side of the anti-government protestors.<a href="#cite_note-Heller-52">[50]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page range too broad</a>]<a href="#cite_note-UN_report_2C_p56-55">[53]</a> ÁVH policemen used guns and tear gas, while the protestors set police cars afire and distributed weapons captured from the military and police forces, and acted on their anti–Soviet politics by destroying the symbols of Russian communism in Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deposing_the_communist_government">Deposing the communist government</h3></div> On 23 October, Gerő asked for the USSR's military intervention in order "to suppress a demonstration that was reaching an ever-greater and unprecedented scale", which threatens the national security of the Hungarian People's Republic.<a href="#cite_note-satellite-46">[44]</a> To that end, the USSR already had planned the invasion and occupation of Hungary, and the political purging of Hungarian society.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> At 02:00 on 24 October 1956, Soviet defence minister <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> ordered the Red Army to occupy Budapest – the capital city of a Warsaw Pact country.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_Lajos_utca_a_Ferenciek_tere_fel%C5%91l_n%C3%A9zve._1956._okt%C3%B3ber_25-e_d%C3%A9lut%C3%A1n,_-_Fortepan_24652.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kossuth_Lajos_utca_a_Ferenciek_tere_fel%C5%91l_n%C3%A9zve._1956._okt%C3%B3ber_25-e_d%C3%A9lut%C3%A1n%2C_-_Fortepan_24652.jpg/250px-Kossuth_Lajos_utca_a_Ferenciek_tere_fel%C5%91l_n%C3%A9zve._1956._okt%C3%B3ber_25-e_d%C3%A9lut%C3%A1n%2C_-_Fortepan_24652.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kossuth_Lajos_utca_a_Ferenciek_tere_fel%C5%91l_n%C3%A9zve._1956._okt%C3%B3ber_25-e_d%C3%A9lut%C3%A1n%2C_-_Fortepan_24652.jpg/330px-Kossuth_Lajos_utca_a_Ferenciek_tere_fel%C5%91l_n%C3%A9zve._1956._okt%C3%B3ber_25-e_d%C3%A9lut%C3%A1n%2C_-_Fortepan_24652.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kossuth_Lajos_utca_a_Ferenciek_tere_fel%C5%91l_n%C3%A9zve._1956._okt%C3%B3ber_25-e_d%C3%A9lut%C3%A1n%2C_-_Fortepan_24652.jpg/500px-Kossuth_Lajos_utca_a_Ferenciek_tere_fel%C5%91l_n%C3%A9zve._1956._okt%C3%B3ber_25-e_d%C3%A9lut%C3%A1n%2C_-_Fortepan_24652.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4840" data-file-height="3103" /></a><figcaption>Kossuth Lajos Street seen from Ferenciek Square: anti-Soviet demonstrators march in protest against the USSR's control of Hungary, 25 October 1956.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_p%C3%A1pa_(K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g)_t%C3%A9r,_a_p%C3%A1rth%C3%A1z_ostromakor_kiv%C3%A9gzett_v%C3%A9d%C5%91_holtteste._Fortepan_24462.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_p%C3%A1pa_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_a_p%C3%A1rth%C3%A1z_ostromakor_kiv%C3%A9gzett_v%C3%A9d%C5%91_holtteste._Fortepan_24462.jpg/250px-II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_p%C3%A1pa_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_a_p%C3%A1rth%C3%A1z_ostromakor_kiv%C3%A9gzett_v%C3%A9d%C5%91_holtteste._Fortepan_24462.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_p%C3%A1pa_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_a_p%C3%A1rth%C3%A1z_ostromakor_kiv%C3%A9gzett_v%C3%A9d%C5%91_holtteste._Fortepan_24462.jpg/330px-II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_p%C3%A1pa_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_a_p%C3%A1rth%C3%A1z_ostromakor_kiv%C3%A9gzett_v%C3%A9d%C5%91_holtteste._Fortepan_24462.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_p%C3%A1pa_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_a_p%C3%A1rth%C3%A1z_ostromakor_kiv%C3%A9gzett_v%C3%A9d%C5%91_holtteste._Fortepan_24462.jpg/500px-II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_p%C3%A1pa_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_a_p%C3%A1rth%C3%A1z_ostromakor_kiv%C3%A9gzett_v%C3%A9d%C5%91_holtteste._Fortepan_24462.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4674" data-file-height="2974" /></a><figcaption>The corpse of a communist officer killed defending the headquarters of the Hungarian Communist Party, Republic Square, Budapest.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Metzger_%E2%80%93_Ungarischer_Freiheitskampf,_1956_(Com_M05-0448-0001).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jack_Metzger_%E2%80%93_Ungarischer_Freiheitskampf%2C_1956_%28Com_M05-0448-0001%29.jpg/250px-Jack_Metzger_%E2%80%93_Ungarischer_Freiheitskampf%2C_1956_%28Com_M05-0448-0001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jack_Metzger_%E2%80%93_Ungarischer_Freiheitskampf%2C_1956_%28Com_M05-0448-0001%29.jpg/330px-Jack_Metzger_%E2%80%93_Ungarischer_Freiheitskampf%2C_1956_%28Com_M05-0448-0001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jack_Metzger_%E2%80%93_Ungarischer_Freiheitskampf%2C_1956_%28Com_M05-0448-0001%29.jpg/500px-Jack_Metzger_%E2%80%93_Ungarischer_Freiheitskampf%2C_1956_%28Com_M05-0448-0001%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4922" data-file-height="4977" /></a><figcaption>Anti-communist Hungarian revolutionaries amid the damaged buildings of Budapest, November 1956.</figcaption></figure> By 12:00 on 24 October, Red Army tanks were stationed outside the parliament building, and Red Army soldiers held the bridges and crossroads that controlled access to Budapest, while Hungarian revolutionaries barricaded streets to defend their city from the Red Army.<a href="#cite_note-Heller-52">[50]</a> Also on that day, Imre Nagy became prime minister in place of <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Heged%C3%BCs" title="András Hegedüs">András Hegedüs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> In a national radio broadcast, Nagy asked a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> between the Red Army and the Hungarian Revolutionaries, and agreed to initiate postponed political reforms decided in 1953. Despite the pleas of Nagy, groups of revolutionaries in Budapest armed themselves and continually fought the Red Army.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_II.C,_para_57_p._20-60">[58]</a> At the offices of the communist newspaper <a href="/wiki/Szabad_N%C3%A9p" title="Szabad Nép">Szabad Nép</a>, the ÁVH guards fired upon unarmed protestors; in turn, anti-communists attacked and drove out the ÁVH policemen from the newspaper building.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_II.C,_para_57_p._20-60">[58]</a> The Hungarian revolutionaries then avenged themselves against the ÁVH policemen.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> On 25 October, a crowd gathered in Kossuth Square in front of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Parliament_Building" title="Hungarian Parliament Building">Hungarian Parliament Building</a>, which was a mixed group of civilian demonstrators including women, children, and elderly. Most of them came from the mass demonstration outside the <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Budapest" title="Astoria, Budapest">Astoria</a>, accompanied by three Soviet tanks, which the demonstrators climbed on, fraternising with the crews. At the same time a column of Soviet tanks carrying two delegates of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) sent to Hungary, Politburo members <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a>, as well as KGB Chairman <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Serov" title="Ivan Serov">Ivan Serov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Malinin" title="Mikhail Malinin">Mikhail Malinin</a>, commander-in-chief of the Soviet forces in Hungary were on their way to the headquarters of the Hungarian Workers' Party (MDP) on Akadémia Street, where they were to attend a meeting of the Central Executive Committee (CEC), which was to begin at 10:00. Under pressure from the Soviet delegates, the CEC relieved Ernő Gerő of his position as party leader and elected <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a> in his place. Meanwhile, the crowd demonstrating at Kossuth Square elected a delegation to deliver their demands in the Parliament, but government guards and a company of the Ministry of Defence's armoured regiment, backed by seven Soviet T-54 tanks lined up in front of the Parliament, kept the demonstrators away from the building. The events at Astoria were repeated, with demonstrators trying to make friends with the Soviet soldiers, handing out bilingual leaflets and some climbing on top of the guard tanks. At a few minutes after 11:00, General Serov decided to inspect the situation on Kossuth Square, accompanied by several Soviet and Hungarian officers and a tank. Seeing several Soviet soldiers fraternising with the demonstrators, Serov ordered the firing of warning shots, which caused a mass panic on the square. In the ensuing confusion, the Soviet tanks lined up in front of the Parliament building responded by targeting the buildings on the other side of the square. Another Soviet tank coming from a nearby street fired aimed shots at the demonstrators trying to take cover. This action claimed the most lives. The number of the dead is still disputed, with estimates ranging from 75 to 1000.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> According to another version of the events, which already appeared during the revolution but still unproven, the ÁVH policemen and/or communist partisans fired into the assembled protestors from the roof of the building of the Agricultural Ministry.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_X.I,_para_482_p._153-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> In the fog of war, some Red Army soldiers mistakenly returned the fire towards the roof, having mistakenly believed themselves the targets.<a href="#cite_note-Heller-52">[50]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page range too broad</a>]<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> The Hungarian revolutionaries armed themselves with weapons captured from ÁVH policemen and with weapons donated by anti-communist soldiers who had <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">deserted</a> the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Army" title="Hungarian People's Army">Hungarian People's Army</a> for the Hungarian Revolution against the USSR; from amongst the crowd outside the parliament, the armed revolutionaries shot at the roof-top ÁVH policemen.<a href="#cite_note-Heller-52">[50]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page range too broad</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_X.I,_para_482_p._153-63">[61]</a> Meanwhile, nationalist and anti-communist loyalties had fractured the chain of command of the Hungarian Army in response to the communist government's order to militarily repress the popular demonstrations against the Soviet control of Hungary. The Hungarian Army units in Budapest and in the countryside remained uninvolved in the Revolution, because local commanders avoided politics in order to avoid repressing the revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-Lendvai_2008-66">[64]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Order was restored in the 24–29 October period after the Hungarian Army had fought 71 firefights with the nationalist and with the anti-communist revolutionaries in 50 communities.<a href="#cite_note-Lendvai_2008-66">[64]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] On 26 October, in the town of Kecskemét, outside the office of State Security and the local jail, Hungarian Army's Third Corps, led by Major General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Gyurk%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lajos Gyurkó (page does not exist)">Lajos Gyurkó</a> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyurk%C3%B3_Lajos_(katonatiszt)" class="extiw" title="hu:Gyurkó Lajos (katonatiszt)">hu</a>], shot seven anti-communist protestors and arrested the organizers of the anti-Soviet protest.<a href="#cite_note-Lendvai_2008-66">[64]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] On Gyurkó's order Hungarian Air Force fighter planes shot up demonstrators with cannon fire in various towns (see <a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiszak%C3%A9cskei_sort%C5%B1z" class="extiw" title="hu:Tiszakécskei sortűz">hu:Tiszakécskei sortűz</a>), earning the praise of János Kádár after the defeat of the "counter-revolution" as "the only division commander who, at the call of the party organisation, swept the Danube-Tisza Interfluve six times, smashing everything". <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protesters_with_body_of_AVH_personnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Protesters_with_body_of_AVH_personnel.jpg/250px-Protesters_with_body_of_AVH_personnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Protesters_with_body_of_AVH_personnel.jpg/330px-Protesters_with_body_of_AVH_personnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Protesters_with_body_of_AVH_personnel.jpg/500px-Protesters_with_body_of_AVH_personnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Protesters kicking the body of a slain ÁVH agent</figcaption></figure> As Hungarian revolutionaries fought the soldiers and tanks of the Red Army with small arms and <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a> in the streets of Budapest, throughout Hungary, revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a> assumed government power and called <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strikes</a> to halt the economy and the functioning of civil society. In ridding Hungary of the influence of and control from the USSR, the revolutionaries destroyed the symbols of Communism, such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">red star</a> and Red Army monuments, and burned communist literature. Moreover, Revolutionary militias, such as the 400-man militia led by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Dud%C3%A1s" title="József Dudás">József Dudás</a> attacked and murdered pro-Soviet Hungarians and ÁVH policemen.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> The Hungarian Army armoured division stationed in Budapest, commanded by <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Mal%C3%A9ter" title="Pál Maléter">Pál Maléter</a> led the Hungarian Revolution against the USSR's control of Hungary, and negotiated ceasefire agreements with the revolutionaries;<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> nonetheless, the Hungarian Revolution took many communist prisoners who were registered to lists that identified the prisoner either for summary execution or as an <a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">enemy of the people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_(K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g)_t%C3%A9r,_a_p%C3%A1rth%C3%A1zhoz_k%C3%B6t%C5%91d%C5%91_felt%C3%A9telezett_kazamat%C3%A1k_keres%C3%A9se._Fortepan_24518.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_a_p%C3%A1rth%C3%A1zhoz_k%C3%B6t%C5%91d%C5%91_felt%C3%A9telezett_kazamat%C3%A1k_keres%C3%A9se._Fortepan_24518.jpg/220px-II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_a_p%C3%A1rth%C3%A1zhoz_k%C3%B6t%C5%91d%C5%91_felt%C3%A9telezett_kazamat%C3%A1k_keres%C3%A9se._Fortepan_24518.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_a_p%C3%A1rth%C3%A1zhoz_k%C3%B6t%C5%91d%C5%91_felt%C3%A9telezett_kazamat%C3%A1k_keres%C3%A9se._Fortepan_24518.jpg/330px-II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_a_p%C3%A1rth%C3%A1zhoz_k%C3%B6t%C5%91d%C5%91_felt%C3%A9telezett_kazamat%C3%A1k_keres%C3%A9se._Fortepan_24518.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_a_p%C3%A1rth%C3%A1zhoz_k%C3%B6t%C5%91d%C5%91_felt%C3%A9telezett_kazamat%C3%A1k_keres%C3%A9se._Fortepan_24518.jpg/440px-II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_a_p%C3%A1rth%C3%A1zhoz_k%C3%B6t%C5%91d%C5%91_felt%C3%A9telezett_kazamat%C3%A1k_keres%C3%A9se._Fortepan_24518.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3520" /></a><figcaption>Suspected ÁVH agents digging at <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Square_(Budapest)" title="Liberty Square (Budapest)">Republic Square</a> in search of mass grave of Stalinist repressions and underground escape tunnels</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Csepel" title="Csepel">Csepel</a> area of Budapest, 250 communists defended the Csepel Iron and Steel Works, and, on 27 October, the Hungarian Army restored order in Csepel; two days later, the Hungarian Revolutionaries recaptured Csepel after the Hungarian Army's withdrawal on 29 October. In the <a href="/wiki/Angyalf%C3%B6ld" title="Angyalföld">Angyalföld</a> area of Budapest, the communists and 350 armed workers and 380 communist soldiers defended the Láng factory. Anti-fascist Hungarian veterans of the Second World War participated in recapturing the offices of the Szabad Nép communist newspaper. At the town of <a href="/wiki/Szarvas" title="Szarvas">Szarvas</a>, armed guards defended the Hungarian Communist Party and the communist government of Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In the event, the Revolutionaries' successful attacks upon the Parliament collapsed the communist government of Hungary;<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> and Gerő and ex-PM András Hegedüs fled Hungary to the USSR; Nagy became prime minister, and János Kádár became the first secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> The Nagy government freed the political prisoner General <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kir%C3%A1ly" title="Béla Király">Béla Király</a> to restore order to Hungary with a National Guard force composed of policemen, soldiers, and Revolutionaries loyal to Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-ng-73">[71]</a> On 30 October 1956, Király's National Guard attacked the building of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Communist Party and killed every pro-Soviet officer of the Hungarian Communist Party, ÁVH policeman, and pro-Soviet Hungarian soldier they encountered;<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> and most Red Army troops withdrew from Budapest to garrisons in the Hungarian countryside.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interlude">Interlude</h3></div> Fighting ceased between 28 October and 4 November, as many Hungarians believed that Soviet military units were withdrawing from Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> According to post-revolution communist sources, there were approximately 213 Hungarian Working People's Party members executed during the period.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_government">New government</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flyer._Imre_Nagy,_Head_of_goverment_-1956.10.27.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flyer._Imre_Nagy%2C_Head_of_goverment_-1956.10.27.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Flyer._Imre_Nagy%2C_Head_of_goverment_-1956.10.27.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flyer._Imre_Nagy%2C_Head_of_goverment_-1956.10.27.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Flyer._Imre_Nagy%2C_Head_of_goverment_-1956.10.27.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flyer._Imre_Nagy%2C_Head_of_goverment_-1956.10.27.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Flyer._Imre_Nagy%2C_Head_of_goverment_-1956.10.27.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4172" data-file-height="5393" /></a><figcaption>The political flyer announces: A New Government Has Been Formed. Prime Minister Imre Nagy is head of the government, 27 October 1956.</figcaption></figure> The new Nagy government was surprised by the rapidity with which the Hungarian Revolution extended from the streets of Budapest to all of Hungary, and the consequent collapse of the old Gerő–Hegedüs communist government. As head of government, Nagy asked every Hungarian to exercise political forbearance in order to restore civil order to Hungary. As the only Communist Hungarian leader with political credibility among Hungarians, the political actions of the Nagy government allowed the USSR to view the Hungarians' anti-Soviet protests as a popular uprising, rather than as an anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> On 28 October 1956, the Nagy government announced the ceasefire among the nationalist, the anti-communist, and the Communist Hungarians, and that, to resolve the national crisis, Nagy would: <ul><li>consider the revolt as a "great, national and democratic event", and not an anti-communist counter-revolution</li> <li>effect an unconditional ceasefire and grant political amnesty for the revolutionaries</li> <li>negotiate with the revolutionaries</li> <li>disband the ÁVH security police</li> <li>establish a national guard for Hungary</li> <li>arrange the immediate withdrawal of the Red Army from Budapest and from Hungary [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> On 1 November, the Nagy government formally declared Hungary's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact and Hungary's international status as a politically non-aligned country.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Because of being in power for only ten days, the National Government did not explain their policies in detail; however, contemporary newspaper editorials stressed that Hungary should be a multiparty <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> uninvolved in the Russo–American Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> About 8,000 political prisoners were released, most notably Cardinal <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Mindszenty" title="József Mindszenty">József Mindszenty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IC-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Banned political parties, such as the Independent Smallholders and the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasant_Party_(Hungary)" title="National Peasant Party (Hungary)">National Peasant Party</a> ("Petőfi Party"),<a href="#cite_note-VM-84">[82]</a> reappeared to join the coalition.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_Lajos_utca_-_K%C3%A1roly_(Tan%C3%A1cs)_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_sarok._Fortepan_23591.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kossuth_Lajos_utca_-_K%C3%A1roly_%28Tan%C3%A1cs%29_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_sarok._Fortepan_23591.jpg/220px-Kossuth_Lajos_utca_-_K%C3%A1roly_%28Tan%C3%A1cs%29_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_sarok._Fortepan_23591.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kossuth_Lajos_utca_-_K%C3%A1roly_%28Tan%C3%A1cs%29_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_sarok._Fortepan_23591.jpg/330px-Kossuth_Lajos_utca_-_K%C3%A1roly_%28Tan%C3%A1cs%29_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_sarok._Fortepan_23591.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kossuth_Lajos_utca_-_K%C3%A1roly_%28Tan%C3%A1cs%29_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_sarok._Fortepan_23591.jpg/440px-Kossuth_Lajos_utca_-_K%C3%A1roly_%28Tan%C3%A1cs%29_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_sarok._Fortepan_23591.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5419" data-file-height="3576" /></a><figcaption>A crowd cheers Hungarian troops in Budapest.</figcaption></figure> In 1,170 communities in Hungary, there were 348 cases of revolutionary councils dismissing the local administrators; 312 cases of revolutionary councils sacking the bosses; and 215 cases of the locals burning the communist administrative records of their communities. In 681 communities, anti-communist and nationalist Hungarians damaged and destroyed symbols of the hegemony of the USSR, such as the Red Star, and statues of Stalin and of Lenin; 393 communities damaged Soviet war memorials; and 122 communities burned the books of Marx, Lenin, and Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-Litván_1996-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lendvai_2008-66">[64]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Local revolutionary councils formed throughout Hungary,<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> generally without involvement from the preoccupied National Government in Budapest, and assumed various responsibilities of local government from the defunct Communist party.<a href="#cite_note-rc-90">[88]</a> By 30 October, the councils had been officially sanctioned by the Hungarian Working People's Party, and the Nagy government asked for their support as "autonomous, democratic local organs formed during the Revolution".<a href="#cite_note-rc-90">[88]</a> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a> were established at industrial plants and mines, and many unpopular regulations such as production norms were eliminated. The workers' councils strove to manage the enterprise while protecting workers' interests, establishing a socialist economy free of rigid party control.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Local control by the councils was not always bloodless; in <a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91r" title="Győr">Győr</a>, Sopron, <a href="/wiki/Mosonmagyar%C3%B3v%C3%A1r" title="Mosonmagyaróvár">Mosonmagyaróvár</a> and other cities, crowds of demonstrators were fired upon by the ÁVH, with many lives lost. The ÁVH were disarmed, often by force, in many cases assisted by the local police.<a href="#cite_note-rc-90">[88]</a> In total, there were approximately 2,100 local revolutionary and workers councils with over 28,000 members. The councils held a combined conference in Budapest that decided to end the nationwide labour strikes and to resume work on 5 November, with the more important councils sending delegates to the Parliament to assure the Nagy government of their support.<a href="#cite_note-Lendvai_2008-66">[64]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_perspective">Soviet perspective</h4></div> On 24 October 1956, the Politburo of the USSR discussed how to resolve the political revolts that had occurred in Warsaw Pact countries, specifically the Polish October and the Hungarian Revolt. Led by <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, the hardline faction of the CPSU voted for military intervention, but were opposed by Khrushchev and Marshal Georgy Zhukov who sought a political resolution to the Hungarian revolt. In Budapest, the Soviet delegation reported to Moscow that the Hungarian political situation was less confrontational than reported during the revolt proper. In pursuit of political resolution, Khrushchev said that Gerő's 23 October request for Soviet intervention indicated that the Hungarian Communist Party retained the confidence of the Hungarian people, because the Hungarians were protesting unresolved socio-economic problems, not ideology.<a href="#cite_note-satellite-46">[44]</a> Meanwhile, in the West, the concurrent <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (29 October – 7 November 1956) of the French and the British empires' seizure of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> from Egypt voided the political possibility of Western military intervention to Hungary. On 28 October, Khrushchev said that Soviet military intervention to Hungary would be a mistaken imitation of the Anglo–French intervention to Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-mastny200203-92">[90]</a> In Russia, on 30 October 1956, the Presidium of the CPSU decided to not depose the new Hungarian government.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> Zhukov said: "We should withdraw troops from Budapest, and, if necessary, withdraw from Hungary, as a whole. This is a lesson for us in the military-political sphere". The Presidium then adopted and published the Declaration of the Government of the USSR on the Principles of Development and Further Strengthening of Friendship and Cooperation between the Soviet Union and other Socialist States, which said that "The Soviet Government is prepared to enter into the appropriate negotiations with the government of the Hungarian People's Republic, and [with] other members of the Warsaw Treaty, on the question of the presence of Soviet troops in the territory of Hungary."<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Szent_Istv%C3%A1n_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_a_Falk_Miksa_(N%C3%A9phadsereg)_utca_fel%C5%91l_a_Honv%C3%A9d_utca_fel%C3%A9_n%C3%A9zve._A_szovjet_csapatok_ideiglenes_kivonul%C3%A1sa_1956._okt%C3%B3ber_31-%C3%A9n._Fortepan_24787.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Szent_Istv%C3%A1n_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_a_Falk_Miksa_%28N%C3%A9phadsereg%29_utca_fel%C5%91l_a_Honv%C3%A9d_utca_fel%C3%A9_n%C3%A9zve._A_szovjet_csapatok_ideiglenes_kivonul%C3%A1sa_1956._okt%C3%B3ber_31-%C3%A9n._Fortepan_24787.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Szent_Istv%C3%A1n_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_a_Falk_Miksa_%28N%C3%A9phadsereg%29_utca_fel%C5%91l_a_Honv%C3%A9d_utca_fel%C3%A9_n%C3%A9zve._A_szovjet_csapatok_ideiglenes_kivonul%C3%A1sa_1956._okt%C3%B3ber_31-%C3%A9n._Fortepan_24787.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Szent_Istv%C3%A1n_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_a_Falk_Miksa_%28N%C3%A9phadsereg%29_utca_fel%C5%91l_a_Honv%C3%A9d_utca_fel%C3%A9_n%C3%A9zve._A_szovjet_csapatok_ideiglenes_kivonul%C3%A1sa_1956._okt%C3%B3ber_31-%C3%A9n._Fortepan_24787.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4570" data-file-height="3146" /></a><figcaption>The Soviet repression of the Hungarian Revolution saw <a href="/wiki/T-54/T-55" title="T-54/T-55">T-54</a> tanks patrolling the streets of Budapest, until the Red Army temporarily withdrew on 31 October 1956.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_p%C3%A1pa_(K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g)_t%C3%A9r,_MDP_Budapesti_P%C3%A1rtbizotts%C3%A1g%C3%A1nak_sz%C3%A9kh%C3%A1za._Fortepan_24495.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_p%C3%A1pa_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_MDP_Budapesti_P%C3%A1rtbizotts%C3%A1g%C3%A1nak_sz%C3%A9kh%C3%A1za._Fortepan_24495.jpg/250px-II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_p%C3%A1pa_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_MDP_Budapesti_P%C3%A1rtbizotts%C3%A1g%C3%A1nak_sz%C3%A9kh%C3%A1za._Fortepan_24495.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_p%C3%A1pa_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_MDP_Budapesti_P%C3%A1rtbizotts%C3%A1g%C3%A1nak_sz%C3%A9kh%C3%A1za._Fortepan_24495.jpg/330px-II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_p%C3%A1pa_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_MDP_Budapesti_P%C3%A1rtbizotts%C3%A1g%C3%A1nak_sz%C3%A9kh%C3%A1za._Fortepan_24495.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_p%C3%A1pa_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_MDP_Budapesti_P%C3%A1rtbizotts%C3%A1g%C3%A1nak_sz%C3%A9kh%C3%A1za._Fortepan_24495.jpg/500px-II._J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A1l_p%C3%A1pa_%28K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g%29_t%C3%A9r%2C_MDP_Budapesti_P%C3%A1rtbizotts%C3%A1g%C3%A1nak_sz%C3%A9kh%C3%A1za._Fortepan_24495.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4768" data-file-height="3027" /></a><figcaption>The damaged headquarters of the Hungarian Communist Party, on Köztársaság tér, in Budapest.</figcaption></figure> In Hungary, on 30 October, consequent to hearing rumours of that the secret police had anti-communist prisoners, and rumours of the ÁVH shooting anti-communist demonstrators in the city of Mosonmagyaróvár armed protestors attacked the ÁVH detachment guarding the headquarters building of the Hungarian Working People's Party in Köztársaság tér (Republic Square), in Budapest.<a href="#cite_note-rc-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kramer1-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-revhu-97">[95]</a> The anti-communists killed more than 20 ÁVH officers and ÁVH conscripts; the head of the Budapest party committee, Imre Mező, also was killed.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-parsons-99">[97]</a> Within hours, news reportage and filmed scenes of the Hungarian anti-communist revolt that occurred in Republic Square were broadcast in the USSR; and the CPSU made propaganda of the images of the communist victims of the Hungarian Revolt.<a href="#cite_note-parsons-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The leaders of the Hungarian Revolution condemned the attack upon the ÁVH headquarters and asked the protestors to cease and desist from mob violence.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> On 30 October, at Budapest, Anastas Mikoyan and Mikhail Suslov spoke with Nagy who told them that Hungarian geopolitical neutrality was a long-term political objective for the Hungarian People's Republic, which he wanted to discuss with the presidium of the CPSU.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Khrushchev considered the geopolitical options for the USSR's resolving the Hungarian anti-communist revolution, but Nagy's declaration of Hungarian neutrality decided his dispatching the Red Army into Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> The USSR invaded the Hungarian People's Republic, because:<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-presidium1nov-106">[104]</a> <ul><li>Simultaneous political movements towards multi-party, parliamentary democracy, and a democratic national council of workers might "lead towards a capitalist state" in Hungary and Poland, each movement challenged the authority of communist parties in eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a></li> <li>The militarists in the CPSU would not understand the USSR's failure to intervene in Hungary. That de-Stalinisation had alienated the hardline members of the CPSU, for whom anti-communist protests threatened Soviet hegemony in eastern Europe. That the <a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">workers' uprising in East Germany</a> (17 June 1953) – the repression of which killed 84 protestors and produced 700 anti-communist prisoners – required a new Communist government for the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> That the <a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">workers' protests at Poznań</a> (June 1956) – the repression of which killed 57–78 anti-communist protestors – created the Polish October movement, which installed a Polish Communist government less dependent on orders from Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-Paczkowski-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jastrząb-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wójtowocz-112">[110]</a></li> <li>Hungarian geopolitical neutrality and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact breached the <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a> by which the USSR protected themselves from invasion.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a></li></ul> In the People's Republic of Hungary, the anti-communist militants concluded that "the [Hungarian Communist] Party is the incarnation of bureaucratic despotism" and that "socialism can develop only on the foundations of direct democracy." For the anti-communists, the struggle of the Hungarian workers was "for the principle of direct democracy" and that "all power should be transferred to the Workers Committees of Hungary."<a href="#cite_note-James2013-114">[112]</a> In response, the Presidium broke the de facto ceasefire and repressed the Hungarian Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> The Soviet Union's plan was to declare a "Provisional Revolutionary Government" led by János Kádár, who would appeal for Soviet assistance to restore order to Hungary. Kádár was in Moscow in early November, and was in communication with the Soviet embassy whilst still a member of the Nagy government.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The USSR sent diplomatic delegations to other communist governments in Eastern Europe and to the People's Republic of China in effort to avoid misunderstandings that might provoke to regional conflicts, and broadcast propaganda explaining their second Soviet intervention to Hungary. The Soviet diplomats disguised their intentions by engaging the Nagy government in talks about withdrawing the Red Army from Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-presidium-118">[116]</a> Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> influenced Khrushchev's decision to repress the Hungarian uprising. The deputy chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>, pressed Khrushchev to militarily repress the Hungarian Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> Although Sino–Soviet relations were unstable, the opinion of Mao carried great weight among the members of the Presidium of the CPSU. Initially, Mao opposed a second intervention, which was communicated to Khrushchev on 30 October, before the Presidium met and decided against a Hungarian intervention;<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> later, Mao changed his mind and supported intervention to Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> In the 1–3 November 1956 period, Khrushchev informed the USSR's Warsaw Pact allies of his decision to repress the Hungarian Revolution. Khrushchev met with the Polish communist politician Władysław Gomułka in Brest, Belarus; and then spoke with the Romanian, Czechoslovak, and Bulgarian leaders in Bucharest, Romania. Finally, Khrushchev went to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and spoke with <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a> who persuaded Khrushchev to install Kádár as the new leader of the People's Republic of Hungary, instead of <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Ferenc Münnich">Ferenc Münnich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Two months after the USSR repressed the Hungarian Revolution, Tito told Nikolai Firiubin, the Soviet ambassador to Yugoslavia, that "[political] reaction raised its head, especially in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> elements openly incited the employees of the Yugoslav security organs to violence."<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polish_response">Polish response</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablica_upami%C4%99tniaj%C4%85ca_solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87_polsko-w%C4%99giersk%C4%85_podczas_rewolucji_w%C4%99gierskiej_na_Krakowskim_Przedmie%C5%9Bciu_w_Warszawie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tablica_upami%C4%99tniaj%C4%85ca_solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87_polsko-w%C4%99giersk%C4%85_podczas_rewolucji_w%C4%99gierskiej_na_Krakowskim_Przedmie%C5%9Bciu_w_Warszawie.JPG/250px-Tablica_upami%C4%99tniaj%C4%85ca_solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87_polsko-w%C4%99giersk%C4%85_podczas_rewolucji_w%C4%99gierskiej_na_Krakowskim_Przedmie%C5%9Bciu_w_Warszawie.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tablica_upami%C4%99tniaj%C4%85ca_solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87_polsko-w%C4%99giersk%C4%85_podczas_rewolucji_w%C4%99gierskiej_na_Krakowskim_Przedmie%C5%9Bciu_w_Warszawie.JPG/330px-Tablica_upami%C4%99tniaj%C4%85ca_solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87_polsko-w%C4%99giersk%C4%85_podczas_rewolucji_w%C4%99gierskiej_na_Krakowskim_Przedmie%C5%9Bciu_w_Warszawie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tablica_upami%C4%99tniaj%C4%85ca_solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87_polsko-w%C4%99giersk%C4%85_podczas_rewolucji_w%C4%99gierskiej_na_Krakowskim_Przedmie%C5%9Bciu_w_Warszawie.JPG/500px-Tablica_upami%C4%99tniaj%C4%85ca_solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87_polsko-w%C4%99giersk%C4%85_podczas_rewolucji_w%C4%99gierskiej_na_Krakowskim_Przedmie%C5%9Bciu_w_Warszawie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Plaque commemorating Polish-Hungarian solidarity during the Hungarian revolution of 1956, at <a href="/wiki/Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie" title="Krakowskie Przedmieście">Krakowskie Przedmieście</a> Street 5, in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>.</figcaption></figure> The events in Hungary were met with a spontaneous reaction in Poland. Hungarian flags were displayed in many Polish towns and villages. After the Soviet invasion, the help given by the ordinary <a href="/wiki/Pole_and_Hungarian_brothers_be" title="Pole and Hungarian brothers be">Poles to Hungarians</a> took on a considerable scale. Citizen organizations and self-acting aid committees were established throughout Poland to distribute aid to the Hungarian population, e.g. the Social Civic Committee of Creative Associations (Bydgoszcz), the Student Committee for Aid to Hungarians (<a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>), the Society of Friends of Hungarians (Tarnów), the Committee to Aid the Hungarians (Lublin), and the Committee for Aid to Hungarians (Człuchów). In addition to the official support coordinated by the Polish Red Cross, one convoy was dispatched – one organized by the Student Aid Committee for Hungarians from Kraków. Other such initiatives were prevented.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> By 12 November, over 11,000 honorary blood donors had registered throughout Poland. <a href="/wiki/Polish_Red_Cross" title="Polish Red Cross">Polish Red Cross</a> statistics show that by air transport alone (15 aircraft), 44 tonnes of medication, blood, and other medical supplies were delivered to Hungary. Assistance sent using road and rail transport was much higher. Polish aid is estimated at a value of approximately US$2 million in 1956 dollars.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_perspective">International perspective</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1956_november_5._Eindhoven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1956_november_5._Eindhoven.jpg/220px-1956_november_5._Eindhoven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1956_november_5._Eindhoven.jpg/330px-1956_november_5._Eindhoven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1956_november_5._Eindhoven.jpg/440px-1956_november_5._Eindhoven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>Dutch anti-communists march in support of the Hungarian Revolution in <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> on 5 November 1956</figcaption></figure> On 24 October 1956, U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (r. 1953–1959) recommended that the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> convene to discuss the USSR's invasion and occupation of the Hungarian People's Republic, without decisive result,<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> because, despite the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Protocol of Sèvres">Protocol of Sèvres</a> (22–24 October 1956), the Suez Crisis prevented the West from criticizing the imperialism of the USSR; the U.S. vice president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> said that: "We couldn't, on one hand, complain about the Soviets intervening in Hungary, and, on the other hand, approve of the British and the French picking that particular time to intervene against [Gamal Abdel] <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a>."<a href="#cite_note-BorhiContRoll-131">[129]</a> Despite earlier demands for the <a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">rollback</a> of communism and of the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a> liberation of eastern Europe, Dulles told the USSR that: "We do not see these states [Hungary and Poland] as potential military allies."<a href="#cite_note-IC-82">[80]</a> On 4 November 1956, the USSR vetoed the Security Council's resolution criticising the USSR's invasion of Hungary. In its stead, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_120" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 120">United Nations Security Council Resolution 120</a> was passed, which charged the General Assembly to meet to discuss the matter. Despite 50 votes for withdrawal, 8 votes against withdrawal, and 15 abstentions from the matter, the communist Kádár government of Hungary rejected the presence of UN observers in the Hungarian People's Republic.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> In the U.S., two facts determined the inaction of the Eisenhower government: (i) the U.S. Army study, Hungary, Resistance Activities and Potentials (January 1956), which recommended against U.S. military intervention to Hungary on the side of the Hungarian revolutionists;<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> and (ii) the secret warfare of the National Security Council that encouraged anti-communist political discontent in the Eastern Bloc only through <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">economic warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BorhiContRoll-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> According to A. Ross Johnson in the <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Intelligence_and_CounterIntelligence" title="International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence">International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence</a>: "Contrary to allegations that continue to this day, RFE Hungarian broadcasts did not foment revolution, urge Hungarians to fight the Soviets, or promise Western assistance. They did criticize would-be reform leader Imre Nagy in personally vituperative terms and contained emotional bombast that Hungarian listeners could easily have interpreted as indicating Western solidarity and support."<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> After the USSR defeated the anti-communist Hungarian Revolution, the revolutionists criticised the CIA and its RFE network for having deceived the Hungarians into believing that the West—NATO and the US—would expel the USSR from the Hungarian People's Republic. Although incitements to violence were officially against RFE policy, an internal analysis by RFE adviser William Griffith found, as summarized by the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>, that "RFE broadcasts in several cases had implied that foreign aid would be forthcoming if the Hungarians succeeded in establishing a 'central military command'" and "appealed to the Hungarians to 'continue to fight vigorously'". Griffith himself wrote that "There were relatively few real policy violations"—specifically four out of more than 300 broadcasts under review—but conceded that "summaries often failed to reflect the content of the program as it was finally written (this is not the case only with programs where policy violation occurred; the summaries during the period under review in many other cases proved to be very inaccurate descriptions of the programs finally produced)."<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> László Borhi, writing in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cold_War_Studies" title="Journal of Cold War Studies">Journal of Cold War Studies</a>, states that the RFE broadcasts sanctioned by CIA official <a href="/wiki/Cord_Meyer" title="Cord Meyer">Cord Meyer</a> were often "incautious, even reckless" and undermined parallel efforts by the Eisenhower administration to negotiate Hungarian independence in a framework similar to <a href="/wiki/Finlandization" title="Finlandization">Finlandization</a>: "These contradictory policies sabotaged the overall approach. The harder the insurgents fought, the less chance there was for a negotiated settlement. But the unwillingness of the United States to counter Soviet military action meant that the Hungarian quest for liberation was suicidal."<a href="#cite_note-BorhiContRoll-131">[129]</a> In 1998, the Hungarian ambassador <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Jeszenszky" title="Géza Jeszenszky">Géza Jeszenszky</a> criticised Western inaction in 1956 as disingenuous, recalling that the political influence of the United Nations readily applied to resolving the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953).<a href="#cite_note-cnn-137">[135]</a> Moreover, the study Hungary, 1956: Reviving the Debate over U.S. (In)action During the Revolution confirms that the Eisenhower government did not intervene to the Hungarian Revolution – which occurred in the Soviet sphere of influence – because the USSR would have responded with a nuclear war.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_invasion">Soviet invasion</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1956-11-01_War_in_Egypt.ogv/220px-seek%3D159-1956-11-01_War_in_Egypt.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="457" data-mwtitle="1956-11-01_War_in_Egypt.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1956-11-01_War_in_Egypt.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/1956-11-01_War_in_Egypt.ogv#t=00:02:39" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/1956-11-01_War_in_Egypt.ogv/1956-11-01_War_in_Egypt.ogv.360p.webm#t=00:02:39" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/1956-11-01_War_in_Egypt.ogv/1956-11-01_War_in_Egypt.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov#t=00:02:39" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/1956-11-01_War_in_Egypt.ogv/1956-11-01_War_in_Egypt.ogv.240p.vp9.webm#t=00:02:39" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1956-11-01_War_in_Egypt.ogv&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1956-11-01_War_in_Egypt.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>1 November newsreel about the situation in Hungary</figcaption></figure> On 1 November, Nagy received reports that Soviet forces had entered Hungary from the east and were moving towards Budapest.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Nagy sought and received assurances, which proved to be false, from Soviet Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> that the Soviet Union would not invade. The Cabinet, with Kádár in agreement, declared Hungary's neutrality, withdrew from the Warsaw Pact and requested assistance from the diplomatic corps in Budapest and <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a>, UN Secretary-General, to defend Hungary's neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Andropov was asked to inform his government that Hungary would begin negotiations on the removal of Soviet forces immediately.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> On 3 November, a Hungarian delegation led by Defence Minister Pál Maléter was invited to attend negotiations on Soviet withdrawal at the Soviet Military Command at <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6k%C3%B6l" title="Tököl">Tököl</a>, near Budapest. At around midnight that evening, General Ivan Serov, Chief of the Soviet Security Police (<a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>) ordered the arrest of the Hungarian delegation,<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> and the next day, the Soviet army again attacked Budapest.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortepan_12830_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_%C3%BAt_-_Ak%C3%A1cfa_utca_sarok._Ki%C3%A9gett_szovjet_BTR-152_p%C3%A1nc%C3%A9lozott_l%C3%B6v%C3%A9szsz%C3%A1ll%C3%ADt%C3%B3_j%C3%A1rm%C5%B1..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fortepan_12830_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_%C3%BAt_-_Ak%C3%A1cfa_utca_sarok._Ki%C3%A9gett_szovjet_BTR-152_p%C3%A1nc%C3%A9lozott_l%C3%B6v%C3%A9szsz%C3%A1ll%C3%ADt%C3%B3_j%C3%A1rm%C5%B1..jpg/250px-Fortepan_12830_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_%C3%BAt_-_Ak%C3%A1cfa_utca_sarok._Ki%C3%A9gett_szovjet_BTR-152_p%C3%A1nc%C3%A9lozott_l%C3%B6v%C3%A9szsz%C3%A1ll%C3%ADt%C3%B3_j%C3%A1rm%C5%B1..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fortepan_12830_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_%C3%BAt_-_Ak%C3%A1cfa_utca_sarok._Ki%C3%A9gett_szovjet_BTR-152_p%C3%A1nc%C3%A9lozott_l%C3%B6v%C3%A9szsz%C3%A1ll%C3%ADt%C3%B3_j%C3%A1rm%C5%B1..jpg/330px-Fortepan_12830_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_%C3%BAt_-_Ak%C3%A1cfa_utca_sarok._Ki%C3%A9gett_szovjet_BTR-152_p%C3%A1nc%C3%A9lozott_l%C3%B6v%C3%A9szsz%C3%A1ll%C3%ADt%C3%B3_j%C3%A1rm%C5%B1..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fortepan_12830_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_%C3%BAt_-_Ak%C3%A1cfa_utca_sarok._Ki%C3%A9gett_szovjet_BTR-152_p%C3%A1nc%C3%A9lozott_l%C3%B6v%C3%A9szsz%C3%A1ll%C3%ADt%C3%B3_j%C3%A1rm%C5%B1..jpg/500px-Fortepan_12830_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_%C3%BAt_-_Ak%C3%A1cfa_utca_sarok._Ki%C3%A9gett_szovjet_BTR-152_p%C3%A1nc%C3%A9lozott_l%C3%B6v%C3%A9szsz%C3%A1ll%C3%ADt%C3%B3_j%C3%A1rm%C5%B1..jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1996" /></a><figcaption>A Soviet-built <a href="/wiki/BTR-152" title="BTR-152">BTR-152</a> armored personnel carrier burns on a Budapest street, November 1956.</figcaption></figure> The second Soviet intervention, codenamed "Operation Whirlwind", was launched by <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Ivan Konev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-presidium1nov-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-troops-145">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Group_of_Forces" title="Southern Group of Forces">five Soviet divisions stationed in Hungary</a> before 23 October were reinforced; Soviet forces soon reached a total strength of 17 divisions.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/8th_Tank_Army" title="8th Tank Army">8th Mechanized Army</a> under command of Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Hamazasp_Babadzhanian" title="Hamazasp Babadzhanian">Hamazasp Babadzhanian</a> and the 38th Army under Lieutenant General Hadzhi-Umar Mamsurov from the nearby <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Military_District" title="Carpathian Military District">Carpathian Military District</a> were deployed to Hungary for the operation.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Some rank-and-file Soviet soldiers reportedly believed they were being sent to <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> to fight German fascists.<a href="#cite_note-Fryer-148">[146]</a> By 21:30 on 3 November, the Soviet Army had completely encircled Budapest.<a href="#cite_note-UN_report_5C_p196-149">[147]</a> At 03:00 on 4 November, Soviet tanks penetrated Budapest along the <a href="/wiki/Pest,_Hungary" title="Pest, Hungary">Pest</a> side of the Danube in two thrusts: one up the Soroksári road from the south and the other down the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1ci_%C3%BAt" title="Váci út">Váci road</a> from the north. Thus, before a single shot was fired, the Soviets had effectively split the city into two, controlled all bridgeheads and were shielded to the rear by the wide Danube River. Armoured units crossed into <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a> and, at 04:25, fired the first shots at the army barracks on Budaörsi Road. Soon, Soviet artillery and tank fire were heard in all of the districts of Budapest.<a href="#cite_note-UN_report_5C_p196-149">[147]</a> Operation Whirlwind combined air strikes, artillery, and the co-ordinated tank–infantry action of 17 divisions.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> The Soviet army deployed <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34-85</a> <a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">medium tanks</a> as well as the new <a href="/wiki/T-54/T-55" title="T-54/T-55">T-54s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">heavy</a> <a href="/wiki/IS-3" title="IS-3">IS-3</a> tanks, 152mm <a href="/wiki/ISU-152" title="ISU-152">ISU-152</a> mobile <a href="/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">assault guns</a> and open-top <a href="/wiki/BTR-152" title="BTR-152">BTR-152</a> armored personnel carriers.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zsef_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_a_Corvin_(Kisfaludy)_k%C3%B6zn%C3%A9l._Harck%C3%A9ptelenn%C3%A9_tett_ISU-152-es_szovjet_rohaml%C3%B6vegek,_a_h%C3%A1tt%C3%A9rben_egy_T-34-85_harckocsi._Fortepan_24854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/J%C3%B3zsef_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_a_Corvin_%28Kisfaludy%29_k%C3%B6zn%C3%A9l._Harck%C3%A9ptelenn%C3%A9_tett_ISU-152-es_szovjet_rohaml%C3%B6vegek%2C_a_h%C3%A1tt%C3%A9rben_egy_T-34-85_harckocsi._Fortepan_24854.jpg/250px-J%C3%B3zsef_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_a_Corvin_%28Kisfaludy%29_k%C3%B6zn%C3%A9l._Harck%C3%A9ptelenn%C3%A9_tett_ISU-152-es_szovjet_rohaml%C3%B6vegek%2C_a_h%C3%A1tt%C3%A9rben_egy_T-34-85_harckocsi._Fortepan_24854.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/J%C3%B3zsef_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_a_Corvin_%28Kisfaludy%29_k%C3%B6zn%C3%A9l._Harck%C3%A9ptelenn%C3%A9_tett_ISU-152-es_szovjet_rohaml%C3%B6vegek%2C_a_h%C3%A1tt%C3%A9rben_egy_T-34-85_harckocsi._Fortepan_24854.jpg/330px-J%C3%B3zsef_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_a_Corvin_%28Kisfaludy%29_k%C3%B6zn%C3%A9l._Harck%C3%A9ptelenn%C3%A9_tett_ISU-152-es_szovjet_rohaml%C3%B6vegek%2C_a_h%C3%A1tt%C3%A9rben_egy_T-34-85_harckocsi._Fortepan_24854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/J%C3%B3zsef_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_a_Corvin_%28Kisfaludy%29_k%C3%B6zn%C3%A9l._Harck%C3%A9ptelenn%C3%A9_tett_ISU-152-es_szovjet_rohaml%C3%B6vegek%2C_a_h%C3%A1tt%C3%A9rben_egy_T-34-85_harckocsi._Fortepan_24854.jpg/500px-J%C3%B3zsef_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_a_Corvin_%28Kisfaludy%29_k%C3%B6zn%C3%A9l._Harck%C3%A9ptelenn%C3%A9_tett_ISU-152-es_szovjet_rohaml%C3%B6vegek%2C_a_h%C3%A1tt%C3%A9rben_egy_T-34-85_harckocsi._Fortepan_24854.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4824" data-file-height="3293" /></a><figcaption>Two disabled Soviet <a href="/wiki/ISU-152" title="ISU-152">ISU-152</a> <a href="/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">assault guns</a> in Budapest's <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsefv%C3%A1ros" title="Józsefváros">8th District</a> with an abandoned <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34/85</a> tank in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corvin_(Kisfaludy)_k%C3%B6z,_Corvin_mozi._Fortepan_24782.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Corvin_%28Kisfaludy%29_k%C3%B6z%2C_Corvin_mozi._Fortepan_24782.jpg/250px-Corvin_%28Kisfaludy%29_k%C3%B6z%2C_Corvin_mozi._Fortepan_24782.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Corvin_%28Kisfaludy%29_k%C3%B6z%2C_Corvin_mozi._Fortepan_24782.jpg/330px-Corvin_%28Kisfaludy%29_k%C3%B6z%2C_Corvin_mozi._Fortepan_24782.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Corvin_%28Kisfaludy%29_k%C3%B6z%2C_Corvin_mozi._Fortepan_24782.jpg/500px-Corvin_%28Kisfaludy%29_k%C3%B6z%2C_Corvin_mozi._Fortepan_24782.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4760" data-file-height="3079" /></a><figcaption>Corvin Cinema after the end of the revolution</figcaption></figure> Between 4 and 9 November, the Hungarian Army put up sporadic and disorganised resistance, with Zhukov reporting the disarming of twelve divisions, two armoured regiments and the entire Hungarian Air Force. Hungarian fighters continued their most formidable resistance in various districts of Budapest (most famously the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Corvin_Passage" title="Battle of the Corvin Passage">Battle of the Corvin Passage</a>), in and around the city of Pécs in the <a href="/wiki/Mecsek" title="Mecsek">Mecsek Mountains</a>, and in the industrial centre of <a href="/wiki/Duna%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ros" title="Dunaújváros">Dunaújváros</a> (then called Sztálinváros). There were ten to fifteen thousand resistance fighters fighting in Budapest, with the heaviest fighting occurring in the working-class stronghold of Csepel on the Danube River.<a href="#cite_note-Lindvai_2008-152">[150]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Although some very senior officers were openly pro-Soviet, rank-and-file soldiers were overwhelmingly loyal to the revolution and either fought the invasion or deserted. The UN reported that there were no recorded incidents of Hungarian Army units fighting for the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> At 05:20 on 4 November, Nagy broadcast his final plea to the nation and the world, announcing that Soviet forces were attacking Budapest and that the government was remaining at its post.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> The radio station, Free <a href="/wiki/Kossuth_R%C3%A1di%C3%B3" title="Kossuth Rádió">Kossuth Rádió</a>, stopped broadcasting at 08:07.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> An emergency Cabinet meeting was held in the Parliament but was attended by only three ministers. As Soviet troops arrived to occupy the building, a negotiated evacuation ensued, leaving Minister of State <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bib%C3%B3" title="István Bibó">István Bibó</a> as the last representative of the National Government remaining at his post.<a href="#cite_note-Bibo-156">[154]</a> He wrote <a href="/wiki/For_Freedom_and_Truth" title="For Freedom and Truth">For Freedom and Truth</a>, a stirring proclamation to the nation and the world.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erzs%C3%A9bet_(Lenin)_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt,_a_Royal_Sz%C3%A1ll%C3%B3val_(ma_Corinthia_Hotel)_szemben._Fortepan_15317.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Erzs%C3%A9bet_%28Lenin%29_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt%2C_a_Royal_Sz%C3%A1ll%C3%B3val_%28ma_Corinthia_Hotel%29_szemben._Fortepan_15317.jpg/250px-Erzs%C3%A9bet_%28Lenin%29_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt%2C_a_Royal_Sz%C3%A1ll%C3%B3val_%28ma_Corinthia_Hotel%29_szemben._Fortepan_15317.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Erzs%C3%A9bet_%28Lenin%29_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt%2C_a_Royal_Sz%C3%A1ll%C3%B3val_%28ma_Corinthia_Hotel%29_szemben._Fortepan_15317.jpg/330px-Erzs%C3%A9bet_%28Lenin%29_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt%2C_a_Royal_Sz%C3%A1ll%C3%B3val_%28ma_Corinthia_Hotel%29_szemben._Fortepan_15317.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Erzs%C3%A9bet_%28Lenin%29_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt%2C_a_Royal_Sz%C3%A1ll%C3%B3val_%28ma_Corinthia_Hotel%29_szemben._Fortepan_15317.jpg/500px-Erzs%C3%A9bet_%28Lenin%29_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAt%2C_a_Royal_Sz%C3%A1ll%C3%B3val_%28ma_Corinthia_Hotel%29_szemben._Fortepan_15317.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>Ruszkik haza! ("Russians go home!") slogan in Budapest</figcaption></figure> At 06:00, 4 November,<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Szolnok" title="Szolnok">Szolnok</a>, Kádár proclaimed the "Hungarian Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government". His statement declared: "We must put an end to the excesses of the counter-revolutionary elements. The hour for action has sounded. We are going to defend the interest of the workers and peasants and the achievements of the people's democracy."<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> Later that evening, Kádár called upon "the faithful fighters of the true cause of socialism" to come out of hiding and take up arms. But Hungarian support did not materialise, and fighting did not take the form of a civil war, but rather, in the words of a United Nations report, that of "a well-equipped foreign army crushing by overwhelming force a national movement and eliminating the Government".<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cll%C5%91i_%C3%BAt_a_Nagyk%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_fel%C5%91l_a_Vajdahunyad_utca_fel%C3%A9_n%C3%A9zve._Fortepan_24768.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%C3%9Cll%C5%91i_%C3%BAt_a_Nagyk%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_fel%C5%91l_a_Vajdahunyad_utca_fel%C3%A9_n%C3%A9zve._Fortepan_24768.jpg/220px-%C3%9Cll%C5%91i_%C3%BAt_a_Nagyk%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_fel%C5%91l_a_Vajdahunyad_utca_fel%C3%A9_n%C3%A9zve._Fortepan_24768.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%C3%9Cll%C5%91i_%C3%BAt_a_Nagyk%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_fel%C5%91l_a_Vajdahunyad_utca_fel%C3%A9_n%C3%A9zve._Fortepan_24768.jpg/330px-%C3%9Cll%C5%91i_%C3%BAt_a_Nagyk%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_fel%C5%91l_a_Vajdahunyad_utca_fel%C3%A9_n%C3%A9zve._Fortepan_24768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%C3%9Cll%C5%91i_%C3%BAt_a_Nagyk%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_fel%C5%91l_a_Vajdahunyad_utca_fel%C3%A9_n%C3%A9zve._Fortepan_24768.jpg/440px-%C3%9Cll%C5%91i_%C3%BAt_a_Nagyk%C3%B6r%C3%BAt_fel%C5%91l_a_Vajdahunyad_utca_fel%C3%A9_n%C3%A9zve._Fortepan_24768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4506" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption>Rubble after the end of fighting in Budapest's 8th District</figcaption></figure> By 08:00, organised defence of the city evaporated after the radio station had been seized, and many defenders fell back to fortified positions.<a href="#cite_note-UN_report_5C_p197-161">[159]</a> Between 08:00 and 09:00, the parliamentary guard laid down its arms, and forces under Major General <a href="/wiki/Kuzma_Grebennik" title="Kuzma Grebennik">Kuzma Grebennik</a> captured Parliament and liberated captured ministers of the Rákosi–Hegedüs government. Among the liberated were <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Dobi" title="István Dobi">István Dobi</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_R%C3%B3nai" title="Sándor Rónai">Sándor Rónai</a>, both of whom became members of the re-established socialist Hungarian government.<a href="#cite_note-Lindvai_2008-152">[150]</a> As Soviet troops also came under attack in civilian quarters, they were unable to differentiate military from civilian targets.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> For that reason, Soviet tanks often crept along main roads and fired indiscriminately into buildings.<a href="#cite_note-UN_report_5C_p197-161">[159]</a> Hungarian resistance was strongest in the industrial areas of Budapest, with Csepel heavily targeted by Soviet artillery and air strikes.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> The last holdouts against the Soviet assault were located in Csepel and in Dunaújváros, where fighting lasted until 11 November, before insurgents finally succumbed to the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-Lendvai_2008-66">[64]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] When the fighting ended, Hungarian casualties totalled approximately 2,500 dead and 20,000 wounded. Budapest bore the brunt of the bloodshed, with 1,569 civilians killed.<a href="#cite_note-Lendvai_2008-66">[64]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Approximately 53% of the dead were workers; half of all Hungarian casualties were people younger than thirty. On the Soviet side, 699 men were killed, 1,450 wounded, and 51 <a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action">missing in action</a>. An estimated 80% of all Soviet casualties occurred in the fighting against insurgents in the eighth and ninth districts of Budapest.<a href="#cite_note-Lendvai_2008-66">[64]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_perspective_2">Soviet perspective</h3></div> Soviet reports of the events surrounding, during and after the disturbance were remarkably consistent in their accounts, more so after the Second Soviet intervention cemented support for the Soviet position among international communist parties. <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> published an account 36 hours after the outbreak of violence that set the tone for all further reports and subsequent Soviet historiography:<a href="#cite_note-Barghoorn_SFP-166">[164]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <ol><li>On the afternoon of Tuesday, October 23, 1956, the "honest," socialist, Hungarian working people staged a demonstration against the anti-party mistakes committed by the Rakosi and Gero governments.</li> <li>Fascist, Hitlerite, reactionary, counter-revolutionary hooligans, financed, trained, and equipped by the imperialist, capitalist west, took advantage of the demonstration to begin a counter-revolution.</li> <li>The honest Hungarian working people under Imre Nagy appealed to Soviet forces stationed in Hungary under the Warsaw Pact for assistance in restoring order.</li> <li>The Nagy government proved to be weak, and it permitted counter-revolutionary influences to penetrate its ranks. It became helpless and fell apart. This is demonstrated by the fact that Nagy denounced the Warsaw Pact.</li> <li>The Hungarian patriots under János Kádár broke with the Nagy government and formed the Hungarian revolutionary workers and peasants government. This genuinely popular government asked the Soviet command for help in suppressing the counter-revolution.</li> <li>The Hungarian patriots, assisted by Soviet forces, smashed the counter-revolution.</li></ol> The first Soviet report came out 24 hours after the first Western report. Nagy's appeal to the United Nations was not reported. After Nagy was arrested outside the Yugoslav embassy, his arrest was not reported. Also, accounts failed to explain how Nagy went from patriot to traitor.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> The Soviet press reported calm in Budapest, but the Western press reported a revolutionary crisis was breaking out. According to the Soviet account, Hungarians never wanted a revolution at all.<a href="#cite_note-Barghoorn_SFP-166">[164]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In January 1957, representatives of the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania met in Budapest to review internal developments in Hungary since the establishment of the Soviet-imposed government. A communiqué on the meeting "unanimously concluded" that Hungarian workers, with the leadership of the Kádár government and the support of the Soviet army, defeated attempts "to eliminate the socialist achievements of the Hungarian people".<a href="#cite_note-communique-168">[166]</a> The Soviet, Chinese, and Warsaw Pact governments urged Kádár to proceed with the interrogation and trial of the ministers of the Nagy government, and asked for punitive measures against the "counter-revolutionists".<a href="#cite_note-communique-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> In addition, the Kádár government published an extensive series of "white books" (The Counter-Revolutionary Forces in the October Events in Hungary) that documented real incidents of violence against Communist Party and ÁVH members and the confessions of Nagy's supporters. The "white books" were widely distributed in several languages in most socialist countries and, while based in fact, they present factual evidence with a colouring and narrative that are not generally supported by non-Soviet-aligned historians.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Budapest_339070207_1144456206223179_4357879065500815081_n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Budapest_339070207_1144456206223179_4357879065500815081_n.jpg/220px-Budapest_339070207_1144456206223179_4357879065500815081_n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Budapest_339070207_1144456206223179_4357879065500815081_n.jpg/330px-Budapest_339070207_1144456206223179_4357879065500815081_n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Budapest_339070207_1144456206223179_4357879065500815081_n.jpg/440px-Budapest_339070207_1144456206223179_4357879065500815081_n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A monument commemorating those who died during the fighting on 25 October 1956</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3></div> In the immediate aftermath, many thousands of Hungarians were arrested. Eventually, 26,000 of these were brought before the Hungarian courts, 22,000 were sentenced and imprisoned, 13,000 were interned, and 229 were executed. Approximately 200,000<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> fled Hungary as refugees. Many resettled in Austria in the winter of 1956. These were helped by CARE, an international relief organization. CARE provided refugees with welcome kits consisting of pajamas, knitting tools, school supplies, food, and water. The U.S. Department of Agriculture worked with CARE to use military vessels to transport over 500,000 packages to Vienna, where the Red Cross distributed supplies to refugees.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fink-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cseresneyes-175">[173]</a> Hungarian refugees of the conflict were resettled across 37 different countries, with most going to Austria.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Former Hungarian Foreign Minister Géza Jeszenszky estimated that 350 were executed.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-137">[135]</a> Sporadic resistance and strikes by workers' councils continued until mid-1957, causing economic disruption.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> By 1963, most <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> from the 1956 Hungarian Revolution had been released.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> With most of Budapest under Soviet control by 8 November, Kádár became Prime Minister of the "Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government" and General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party. Few Hungarians rejoined the reorganised Party, its leadership having been purged under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Soviet Praesidium</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a> and Mikhail Suslov.<a href="#cite_note-situation-179">[177]</a> Although Party membership declined from 800,000 before the uprising to 100,000 by December 1956, Kádár steadily increased his control over Hungary and neutralised dissenters. The new government attempted to enlist support by espousing popular principles of Hungarian self-determination voiced during the uprising, but Soviet troops remained.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> After 1956 the Soviet Union severely purged the Hungarian Army and reinstituted political indoctrination in the units that remained. In May 1957, the Soviet Union increased its troop levels in Hungary and by treaty Hungary accepted the Soviet presence on a permanent basis.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Armed_Forces" title="Austrian Armed Forces">Austrian Army</a> established refugee camps in <a href="/wiki/Traiskirchen" title="Traiskirchen">Traiskirchen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cseresneyes-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> Nagy along with <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Losonczy" title="Géza Losonczy">Géza Losonczy</a>, and László Rajk's widow, Júlia, took refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Serbia,_Budapest" title="Embassy of Serbia, Budapest">Embassy of Yugoslavia</a> as Soviet forces overran Budapest. Despite assurances of safe passage out of Hungary by the Soviets and the Kádár government, Nagy and his group were arrested when attempting to leave the embassy on 22 November and taken to Romania. Losonczy died while on a hunger strike in prison awaiting trial when his jailers "carelessly pushed a feeding tube down his windpipe".<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> The remainder of the group was returned to Budapest in 1958. Nagy was executed, along with Maléter and <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Gimes" title="Miklós Gimes">Miklós Gimes</a>, after secret trials in June 1958. Their bodies were placed in unmarked graves in the <a href="/wiki/New_Public_Cemetery,_Budapest" title="New Public Cemetery, Budapest">Municipal Cemetery</a> outside Budapest.<a href="#cite_note-BBCJune16-184">[182]</a> During the November 1956 Soviet assault on Budapest, Cardinal Mindszenty was granted political asylum at the United States embassy, where he lived for the next 15 years, refusing to leave Hungary unless the government reversed his 1949 conviction for treason. Because of poor health and a request from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>, he finally left the embassy for Austria in September 1971.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> Nicolas Krassó was one of the left leaders of the Hungarian uprising and member of the <a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a> editorial committee. In an interview he gave to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a> shortly before his death, Krassó summed up the meaning of the Hungarian Revolution with a recollection from Stalin's short speech in the 19th Congress of the Soviet Union in 1952: "Stalin kept silent throughout the Congress till the very end when he made a short speech that covers about two and a half printed pages. He said there were two banners that the progressive bourgeoisie had thrown away and which the working class should pick up – the banners of democracy and national independence. Certainly nobody could doubt that in 1956 the Hungarian workers raised these banners high."<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3></div> Despite Cold War rhetoric from western countries espousing rollback of the Soviet domination of eastern Europe, and Soviet promises of socialism's imminent triumph, national leaders of this period (as well as later historians) saw the failure of the Hungarian Revolution as evidence that the Cold War had come to a stalemate in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> In West Germany, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano</a> recommended that the people of Eastern Europe be discouraged from "taking dramatic action which might have disastrous consequences for themselves". <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">The Secretary-General of NATO Paul-Henri Spaak</a> called the Hungarian revolt "the collective suicide of a whole people".<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> In a December 1956 meeting of the West German <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social-Democratic Party</a>, Central Board member <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wehner" title="Herbert Wehner">Herbert Wehner</a> condemned what he termed the uprising's "fever of destruction against everybody believed to be members or officials of the Communist Party."<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> In a newspaper interview in 1957, Khrushchev commented, "support by United States ... is rather in the nature of the support that the rope gives to a hanged man".<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_the_Hungarian_Freedom_Fighters_at_Camp_Roeder_in_Salzburg,_Austria_-_NARA_-_195987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_the_Hungarian_Freedom_Fighters_at_Camp_Roeder_in_Salzburg%2C_Austria_-_NARA_-_195987.jpg/220px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_the_Hungarian_Freedom_Fighters_at_Camp_Roeder_in_Salzburg%2C_Austria_-_NARA_-_195987.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_the_Hungarian_Freedom_Fighters_at_Camp_Roeder_in_Salzburg%2C_Austria_-_NARA_-_195987.jpg/330px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_the_Hungarian_Freedom_Fighters_at_Camp_Roeder_in_Salzburg%2C_Austria_-_NARA_-_195987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_the_Hungarian_Freedom_Fighters_at_Camp_Roeder_in_Salzburg%2C_Austria_-_NARA_-_195987.jpg/440px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_the_Hungarian_Freedom_Fighters_at_Camp_Roeder_in_Salzburg%2C_Austria_-_NARA_-_195987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> meets exiled Hungarian revolutionaries at Camp Roeder in Salzburg, 10 May 1957</figcaption></figure> In January 1957, United Nations Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld, acting in response to UN General Assembly resolutions requesting investigation and observation of the events in Soviet-occupied Hungary, established the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> The committee, with representatives from <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, Ceylon (now <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>), <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, conducted hearings in New York, Geneva, Rome, Vienna and London. Over five months, 111 refugees were interviewed including ministers, military commanders and other officials of the Nagy government, workers, revolutionary council members, factory managers and technicians, communists and non-communists, students, writers, teachers, medical personnel, and Hungarian soldiers. Documents, newspapers, radio transcripts, photos, film footage, and other records from Hungary were also reviewed, as well as written testimony of 200 other Hungarians.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> The governments of Hungary and Romania refused entry to the officials of this committee, and the government of the Soviet Union did not respond to requests for information.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> The 268-page Committee Report<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> was presented to the General Assembly in June 1957, documenting the course of the uprising and Soviet intervention and concluding that "the Kádár government and Soviet occupation were in violation of the human rights of the Hungarian people".<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> A General Assembly resolution was approved, deploring "the repression of the Hungarian people and the Soviet occupation", but no other action was taken.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> The chairman of the Special Committee was <a href="/wiki/Alsing_Andersen" title="Alsing Andersen">Alsing Andersen</a>, a Danish politician and leading figure of Denmark's Social Democratic Party, who had served in the Buhl government in 1942 during the Nazi German occupation of Denmark. He had defended collaboration with the occupation forces and denounced the resistance.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> The Committee Report and the motives of its authors were criticised by the delegations to the United Nations from the Soviet Union and Kádár government. The Hungarian representative disagreed with the report's conclusions, accusing it of falsifying the events, and argued that the establishment of the committee was illegal. The committee was accused of being hostile to Hungary and its social system.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> An article in the Soviet journal "International Affairs", published by the Foreign Affairs Ministry, carried an article in 1957 in which it denounced the report as a "collection of falsehoods and distortions".<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> named the Hungarian Freedom Fighter its <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Man of the Year</a> for 1956. The accompanying Time article comments that this choice could not have been anticipated until the explosive events of the revolution, almost at the end of 1956. The magazine cover and accompanying text displayed an artist's depiction of a Hungarian freedom fighter, and used pseudonyms for the three participants whose stories are the subject of the article.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> In 2006, Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány referred to this famous Time cover as "the faces of free Hungary" in a speech marking the 50th anniversary of the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Mr Gyurcsány (in a joint appearance with British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>) commented "It is an idealised image but the faces of the figures are really the face of the revolutionaries".<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Summer Olympics</a> in Melbourne, the Soviet handling of the Hungarian uprising led to a boycott by Spain, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> A confrontation between Soviet and Hungarian teams occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics">semi-final match</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</a> tournament on 6 December. The match was extremely violent, and was halted in the final minute to quell fighting among spectators. This match, now known as the "<a href="/wiki/Blood_in_the_Water_match" title="Blood in the Water match">blood In the water match</a>", became the subject of several films.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> The Hungarian team won the game 4–0 and later was awarded the Olympic gold medal. <a href="/wiki/Norway_national_bandy_team" title="Norway national bandy team">Norway</a> declined an invitation to the inaugural <a href="/wiki/1957_Bandy_World_Championship" title="1957 Bandy World Championship">Bandy World Championship</a> in 1957, citing the presence of a team from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_bandy_team" title="Soviet Union national bandy team">Soviet Union</a> as the reason. On Sunday, January 6, 1957, as millions of Americans watched <a href="/wiki/Ed_Sullivan" title="Ed Sullivan">Ed Sullivan</a>'s popular television <a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">variety show</a>, with the nearly 22 year-old <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> headlining for the third time, Sullivan told viewers Presley felt "so keenly about Hungarian relief, he urges all of us through the country to remember that immediate aid is needed." The host followed this with Elvis singing an unrecorded number, the gospel song "<a href="/wiki/Peace_in_the_Valley" title="Peace in the Valley">Peace in the Valley</a>", saying "he feels that this is sort of in the mood that he'd like to create." By the end of 1957, these contributions, distributed by the Geneva-based <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Red Cross</a> as food rations, clothing and other essentials, had amounted to some <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">CHF</a> 26 million (US$6 million in 1957 dollars), the equivalent of $67,200,000 in today's dollars.<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-207">[205]</a> On 1 March 2011, <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Tarl%C3%B3s" title="István Tarlós">István Tarlós</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Budapest" title="Mayor of Budapest">mayor of Budapest</a>, made Presley an honorary citizen posthumously, and a plaza located at the intersection of two of the city's most important avenues was named after Presley as a gesture of gratitude. Meanwhile, as the 1950s drew to a close the events in Hungary produced fractures within the Communist political parties of Western European countries. In San Marino, some moderate Socialist members of a Socialist-Communist coalition government broke their alliance with the Communists, who failed to condemn the Soviet Union's repression of the Hungarians. This schism resulted in a perfect 30–30 split in the council that paralyzed the government and led to the <a href="/wiki/Fatti_di_Rovereta" title="Fatti di Rovereta">fatti di Rovereta</a>, a constitutional crisis which resulted in the victory of a new democratic government and brought the twelve years of communist rule in San Marino to an end.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> (PCI) suffered a split. According to the official newspaper of the PCI, <a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">l'Unità</a>, most ordinary members and the Party leadership, including <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a>, supported the actions of the Soviet Union in suppressing the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio" title="Giuseppe Di Vittorio">Giuseppe Di Vittorio</a>, chief of the communist trade union <a href="/wiki/Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour" title="Italian General Confederation of Labour">CGIL</a>, spoke out against the leadership's position, as did prominent party members <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Giolitti" title="Antonio Giolitti">Antonio Giolitti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loris_Fortuna" title="Loris Fortuna">Loris Fortuna</a>, and many others influential in the Communist Party. <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Pietro Nenni</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a>, a close ally of the PCI, opposed the Soviet intervention as well. Napolitano, elected in 2006 as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of the Italian Republic</a>, wrote in his 2005 political autobiography that he regretted his justification of Soviet action in Hungary, stating at the time he believed that party unity and the leadership of Soviet Communism was more important.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> (CPGB) suffered the loss of thousands of party members following the events in Hungary. Though <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fryer" title="Peter Fryer">Peter Fryer</a>, correspondent for the CPGB newspaper <a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)">The Daily Worker</a>, reported on the violent suppression of the uprising, his dispatches were heavily censored by the party leadership.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fryer-148">[146]</a> Upon his return from Hungary Fryer resigned from the paper. He was later expelled by the Communist Party. In France, moderate communists, such as historian <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Le_Roy_Ladurie" title="Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie">Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie</a>, resigned, questioning the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a>'s policy of supporting Soviet actions. The French philosopher and writer <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> wrote an <a href="/wiki/Open_letter" title="Open letter">open letter</a>, The Blood of the Hungarians, criticising the West's lack of action. Even <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, still a determined Communist, criticised the Soviets in his article Le Fantôme de Staline, in Situations VII.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communists</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] were particularly supportive of the revolution.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) viewed the events of the revolution in context of its concern with the Soviet de-Stalinization of 1956 and the sort of problems along the lines of the Eastern European uprisings that China might eventually have to face.<a href="#cite_note-:0-213">[211]</a> Some Chinese leaders viewed the events, together with the protests in Poland, as demonstrating the dangers of overemphasizing development of heavy industry while underemphasizing people's livelihoods.<a href="#cite_note-:02-214">[212]</a> Mao cited the repressions in Hungary as a lesson: "You forbid people to strike, to petition, or to make unfavorable comments, you simply resort to repression in every case, until one day you become a Rákosi."<a href="#cite_note-:0-213">[211]</a> Later, as the CCP leadership became concerned with the degree of criticism from the lower levels of the party and from outside of the party during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers campaign</a>, Mao again cited the Hungarian revolution, describing China as at risk of a "Hungarian Incident" if it did not win this "major battle".<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration_and_legacy">Commemoration and legacy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5,_H%C3%B6s%C3%B6k_t%C3%A9re,_pam%C4%9Btn%C3%AD_deska_1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5%2C_H%C3%B6s%C3%B6k_t%C3%A9re%2C_pam%C4%9Btn%C3%AD_deska_1956.jpg/220px-Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5%2C_H%C3%B6s%C3%B6k_t%C3%A9re%2C_pam%C4%9Btn%C3%AD_deska_1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5%2C_H%C3%B6s%C3%B6k_t%C3%A9re%2C_pam%C4%9Btn%C3%AD_deska_1956.jpg/330px-Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5%2C_H%C3%B6s%C3%B6k_t%C3%A9re%2C_pam%C4%9Btn%C3%AD_deska_1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5%2C_H%C3%B6s%C3%B6k_t%C3%A9re%2C_pam%C4%9Btn%C3%AD_deska_1956.jpg/440px-Budape%C5%A1%C5%A5%2C_H%C3%B6s%C3%B6k_t%C3%A9re%2C_pam%C4%9Btn%C3%AD_deska_1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4770" data-file-height="3178" /></a><figcaption>Memorial plaque at the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Serbia,_Budapest" title="Embassy of Serbia, Budapest">Embassy of Serbia, Budapest</a> in memory of <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a>, who took sanctuary in what was the Yugoslav embassy during the Hungarian Revolution.</figcaption></figure> In the north-west corner of <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Park" title="MacArthur Park">MacArthur Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, the Hungarian-American community built a commemorative statue to honour the Hungarian freedom fighters. Built in the late 1960s, the obelisk statue stands with an American eagle watching over the city of Los Angeles. There are several monuments dedicated to the Commemoration of the Hungarian Revolution throughout the United States. One such monument may be found in Cleveland, Ohio, at the Cardinal Mindszenty Plaza. There is also a monument of "A Boy From Pest" in the town of <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>, Poland. <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> has Hungarian Freedom Park, named in 1968 to commemorate the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> Public discussion about the revolution was suppressed in Hungary for more than 30 years. Since the thaw of the 1980s, it has been a subject of intense study and debate. At the inauguration of the Third Hungarian Republic <a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">in 1989</a>, 23 October was declared a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hungary" title="Public holidays in Hungary">national holiday</a>. On 16 June 1989, at the 31st commemoration of his execution, Nagy's body was reburied with full honours.<a href="#cite_note-BBCJune16-184">[182]</a> The Republic of Hungary was declared in 1989 on the 33rd anniversary of the Revolution, and 23 October is now a Hungarian national holiday.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> In December 1991, the preamble of the treaties signed with the dismembered Soviet Union, under <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, and Russia, represented by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>, officially apologised for the Soviet actions of 1956 in Hungary. Yeltsin made the apology in person during a 1992 speech to the Hungarian Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-137">[135]</a> In 2000, the Hungarian government passed "Ilona Tóth's law", absolving those that were convicted for their involvement with the revolution, inspired by the case of <a href="/wiki/Ilona_T%C3%B3th" title="Ilona Tóth">Ilona Tóth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[216]</a> On 13 February 2006, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> commemorated the fiftieth anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> commented on the contributions made by 1956 Hungarian refugees to the United States and other host countries, as well as the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">role of Hungary</a> in providing refuge to East Germans during the 1989 protests against communist rule.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> also visited Hungary on 22 June 2006 to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> In August 2023, a history textbook written by former Minister of Culture of Russia <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Medinsky" title="Vladimir Medinsky">Vladimir Medinsky</a>, claimed that the 1956 Hungarian Revolution was a fascist uprising organised by the West.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> On 25 September 2023, Hungary's Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Szijj%C3%A1rt%C3%B3" title="Péter Szijjártó">Péter Szijjártó</a> said "labelling these people as fascists is simply unacceptable".<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/120px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">1956 Georgian demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avanti_ragazzi_di_Buda" title="Avanti ragazzi di Buda">Avanti ragazzi di Buda</a>", an Italian song about the Hungarian Revolution of 1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_representations_of_the_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Cultural representations of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Cultural representations of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Glory" title="Children of Glory">Children of Glory</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Terror" title="House of Terror">House of Terror</a> museum in Budapest</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign interventions by the Soviet Union">Foreign interventions by the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts related to the Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_protests_of_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań protests of 1956">Poznań protests of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%B3nh_L%C6%B0u_uprising" title="Quỳnh Lưu uprising">Quỳnh Lưu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romanian anti-communist resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_events_of_the_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Significant events of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Significant events of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_in_the_Water_match" title="Blood in the Water match">"Blood in the Water" match</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Summer Olympics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankie" title="Tankie">Tankie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) estimated 75,000–200,000 soldiers and 1,600–4,000 tanks <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">OSZK.hu</a> (p. 56). Soviet archives (available in <a href="/wiki/Lib.ru" title="Lib.ru">Lib.ru</a>, Maksim Moshkow's Library) list 31,550 soldiers, 1,130 tanks, and <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">self-propelled artillery</a> pieces. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fan.lib.ru/c/chekmarew_w_a/text_0200.shtml">Lib.ru</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209184727/http://fan.lib.ru/c/chekmarew_w_a/text_0200.shtml">Archived</a> 9 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Russian). </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Alternate names for the revolution are Hungarian Uprising and Hungarian Revolt; the first term used the word felkelés ("uprising"); in the Communist period of 1957–1988, the term used was Ellenforradalom (Counter-revolution); and, since 1990, the official term for the Hungarian Revolution is the phrase: Forradalom és szabadságharc (Revolution and the Fight for Freedom), which evokes the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a>. Linguistically, whereas the English revolution corresponds to the Hungarian forradalom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26566.htm">(U.S. State Dept. background on Hungary)</a>, the Oxford English Dictionary distinguishes between a revolution, which deposes a government, and an armed revolt, which might fail or succeed. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGyörkeiKirovHorvath1999" class="citation book cs1">Györkei, J.; Kirov, A.; Horvath, M. (1999). Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary, 1956. New York: Central European University Press. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9116-35-1" title="Special:BookSources/963-9116-35-1"><bdi>963-9116-35-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Military+Intervention+in+Hungary%2C+1956&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=963-9116-35-1&rft.aulast=Gy%C3%B6rkei&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Kirov%2C+A.&rft.au=Horvath%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNchVnote8-3"><a href="#cite_ref-UNchVnote8_3-0">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter V, footnote 8"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+V%2C+footnote+8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> "B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, International Conflict : A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995 (1997) p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-Granville-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Granville_6-0">^</a> Granville, Johanna. The First Domino: International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956, pp. 94-195. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviets-put-brutal-end-to-hungarian-revolution">"This Day in History: November 4, 1956"</a>. History.com. Retrieved 16 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=This+Day+in+History%3A+November+4%2C+1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fsoviets-put-brutal-end-to-hungarian-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/">"The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents"</a>. National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. Retrieved 16 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Archive&rft.atitle=The+1956+Hungarian+Revolution%3A+A+History+in+Documents&rft.date=2002-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB76%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> George Childs Kohn, ed. (2007). "Hungarian Revolt of 1956". The Dictionary of Wars Third Edition. pp. 237–238. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.jdc.org/hungarian-refugee-cards-1956-1957-now-available-in-jdc-names-index/">"Hungarian Refugee Cards, 1956-1957, Now Available in JDC Names Index | JDC Archives"</a>. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hungarian+Refugee+Cards%2C+1956-1957%2C+Now+Available+in+JDC+Names+Index+%7C+JDC+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.jdc.org%2Fhungarian-refugee-cards-1956-1957-now-available-in-jdc-names-index%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNiessen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Niessen, James P. (11 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahea.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/ahea/article/view/261">"Hungarian Refugees of 1956: From the Border to Austria, Camp Kilmer, and Elsewhere"</a>. Hungarian Cultural Studies. 9: 122–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FAHEA.2016.261">10.5195/AHEA.2016.261</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2471-965X">2471-965X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hungarian+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Hungarian+Refugees+of+1956%3A+From+the+Border+to+Austria%2C+Camp+Kilmer%2C+and+Elsewhere&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5195%2FAHEA.2016.261&rft.issn=2471-965X&rft.aulast=Niessen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahea.pitt.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fahea%2Farticle%2Fview%2F261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brittannica-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brittannica_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittannica_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Hungary/War-and-renewed-defeat">"History of Hungary: War and renewed defeat"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 18 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=History+of+Hungary%3A+War+and+renewed+defeat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FHungary%2FWar-and-renewed-defeat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTihanyi1990" class="citation book cs1">Tihanyi, Gyula (1990). The Second World War. US: Penguin Books. p. 506. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-01-1341-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-01-1341-X"><bdi>0-14-01-1341-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War&rft.place=US&rft.pages=506&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-14-01-1341-X&rft.aulast=Tihanyi&rft.aufirst=Gyula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKertesz1953" class="citation book cs1">Kertesz, Stephen D. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070903085107/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/dipl/dipl08.htm">"Chapter VIII (Hungary, a Republic)"</a>. Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana. pp. 139–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-7540-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-7540-2"><bdi>0-8371-7540-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/dipl/dipl08.htm">the original</a> on 3 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+VIII+%28Hungary%2C+a+Republic%29&rft.btitle=Diplomacy+in+a+Whirlpool%3A+Hungary+between+Nazi+Germany+and+Soviet+Russia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press%2C+Notre+Dame%2C+Indiana&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=0-8371-7540-2&rft.aulast=Kertesz&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarian-history.hu%2Flib%2Fdipl%2Fdipl08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> Retrieved 8 October 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-UNPara47-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNPara47_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNPara47_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNPara47_15-2">c</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II. A (Developments before 22 October 1956), para. 47 (p. 18)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.+A+%28Developments+before+22+October+1956%29%2C+para.+47+%28p.+18%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter IX D, para. 426 (p. 133)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+IX+D%2C+para.+426+%28p.+133%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II.N, para 89(xi) (p. 31)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.N%2C+para+89%28xi%29+%28p.+31%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II. A (Developments before 22 October 1956), paragraphs 49 (p. 18), 379–380 (p. 122) and 382–385 (p. 123)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.+A+%28Developments+before+22+October+1956%29%2C+paragraphs+49+%28p.+18%29%2C+379%E2%80%93380+%28p.+122%29+and+382%E2%80%93385+%28p.+123%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-Crampton295-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton295_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton295_19-1">b</a> Crampton, R. J. (2003). Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century–and After, p. 295. Routledge: London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16422-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16422-2">0-415-16422-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Video: Hungary in Flames <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-43.html">CEU.hu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017054207/http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-43.html">Archived</a> 17 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> producer: CBS (1958) – Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306–0–1:40 </li> <li id="cite_note-Litván_1996-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Litván_1996_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Litván_1996_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLitván1996" class="citation book cs1">Litván, György (1996). The Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Reform, Revolt and Repression, 1953–1963. London: Longman. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582215047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582215047"><bdi>978-0582215047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hungarian+Revolution+of+1956%3A+Reform%2C+Revolt+and+Repression%2C+1953%E2%80%931963&rft.place=London&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0582215047&rft.aulast=Litv%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tokes317-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tokes317_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tokes317_22-1">b</a> Tőkés, Rudolf L. (1998). Hungary's Negotiated Revolution: Economic Reform, Social Change and Political Succession, p. 317. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57850-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57850-7">0-521-57850-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilson-23"><a href="#cite_ref-wilson_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Lukacs1994" class="citation book cs1">John Lukacs (1994). Budapest 1900: A Historical Portrait of a City and its Culture. Grove Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3250-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3250-5"><bdi>978-0-8021-3250-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Budapest+1900%3A+A+Historical+Portrait+of+a+City+and+its+Culture&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3250-5&rft.au=John+Lukacs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lawsoc-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lawsoc_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lawsoc_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGati2006" class="citation book cs1">Gati, Charles (2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6"><bdi>0-8047-5606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failed+Illusions%3A+Moscow%2C+Washington%2C+Budapest+and+the+1956+Hungarian+Revolt&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8047-5606-6&rft.aulast=Gati&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> Gati describes "the most gruesome forms of psychological and physical torture ... The reign of terror [of the Rákosi government] turned out to be harsher, and more extensive than [the reign of terror] in any of the other Soviet satellite [countries] in Central and Eastern Europe." In the post-communist period, the fact-finding commission, Törvénytelen szocializmus (Lawless Socialism), reported that "between 1950 and early 1953, the courts dealt with 650,000 cases [of political crimes], of whom 387,000 or 4 percent of the population were found guilty." (Budapest, Zrínyi Kiadó/Új Magyarország, 1991, p. 154). </li> <li id="cite_note-hungarianspectrum.org-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hungarianspectrum.org_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hungarianspectrum.org_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425055228/https://hungarianspectrum.org/2016/04/24/jozsef-mindszenty-an-inveterate-anti-semite-or-a-national-hero/">"József Mindszenty: An inveterate anti-Semite or a national hero?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Spectrum" title="Hungarian Spectrum">Hungarian Spectrum</a>. 24 April 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hungarianspectrum.org/2016/04/24/jozsef-mindszenty-an-inveterate-anti-semite-or-a-national-hero/">the original</a> on 25 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hungarian+Spectrum&rft.atitle=J%C3%B3zsef+Mindszenty%3A+An+inveterate+anti-Semite+or+a+national+hero%3F&rft.date=2016-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhungarianspectrum.org%2F2016%2F04%2F24%2Fjozsef-mindszenty-an-inveterate-anti-semite-or-a-national-hero%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jta.org-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jta.org_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jta.org_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/1947/07/13/archive/budapest-jews-score-anti-semitic-tenor-of-statement-by-hungarian-cardinal">"Budapest Jews Score Anti-semitic Tenor of Statement by Hungarian Cardinal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>. 13 July 1947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Budapest+Jews+Score+Anti-semitic+Tenor+of+Statement+by+Hungarian+Cardinal&rft.pub=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.date=1947-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1947%2F07%2F13%2Farchive%2Fbudapest-jews-score-anti-semitic-tenor-of-statement-by-hungarian-cardinal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_J._Breger,_Herbert_R._Reginbogin2022" class="citation book cs1">Marshall J. Breger, Herbert R. Reginbogin (2022). The Vatican and Permanent Neutrality. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1793642172" title="Special:BookSources/978-1793642172"><bdi>978-1793642172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vatican+and+Permanent+Neutrality&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1793642172&rft.au=Marshall+J.+Breger%2C+Herbert+R.+Reginbogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaksy2014" class="citation book cs1">Paksy, Zoltán (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.multunk.hu/2014-4-szam/?s=Paksy%20Zolt%C3%A1n%20Mindszenty">Mindszenty József nézetei és politikai tevékenysége</a>. Korunk. pp. 213–215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mindszenty+J%C3%B3zsef+n%C3%A9zetei+%C3%A9s+politikai+tev%C3%A9kenys%C3%A9ge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.pub=Korunk&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Paksy&rft.aufirst=Zolt%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.multunk.hu%2F2014-4-szam%2F%3Fs%3DPaksy%2520Zolt%25C3%25A1n%2520Mindszenty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKardos,_József2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kardos, József (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00011/00072/pdf/tan-konf-vita2003-6-7.pdf">"Monograph"</a> (PDF). Iskolakultúra (in Hungarian). 6–7 (June–July 2003). <a href="/wiki/University_of_P%C3%A9cs" title="University of Pécs">University of Pécs</a>: 73–80. Retrieved 9 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iskolakult%C3%BAra&rft.atitle=Monograph&rft.volume=6%E2%80%937&rft.issue=June%E2%80%93July+2003&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Kardos%2C+J%C3%B3zsef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepa.oszk.hu%2F00000%2F00011%2F00072%2Fpdf%2Ftan-konf-vita2003-6-7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurant1990" class="citation book cs1">Burant, Stephen R., ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/hutoc.html">Hungary: a country study</a> (2nd ed.). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 320.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary%3A+a+country+study&rft.pages=320&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fhutoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988">, Chapter 2 (The Society and Its Environment) "Religion and Religious Organizations" </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBognárIván_PetőSándor_Szakács1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bognár, Sándor; Iván Pető; Sándor Szakács (1985). A hazai gazdaság négy évtizedének története 1945–1985 (The History of Four Decades of the National Economy, 1945–1985) (in Hungarian). Budapest: Közdazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó. pp. 214, 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-221-554-0" title="Special:BookSources/963-221-554-0"><bdi>963-221-554-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+hazai+gazdas%C3%A1g+n%C3%A9gy+%C3%A9vtized%C3%A9nek+t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete+1945%E2%80%931985+%28The+History+of+Four+Decades+of+the+National+Economy%2C+1945%E2%80%931985%29&rft.pages=214%2C+217&rft.pub=Budapest%3A+K%C3%B6zdazdas%C3%A1gi+%C3%A9s+Jogi+K%C3%B6nyvkiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=963-221-554-0&rft.aulast=Bogn%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A1ndor&rft.au=Iv%C3%A1n+Pet%C5%91&rft.au=S%C3%A1ndor+Szak%C3%A1cs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-transformation-32"><a href="#cite_ref-transformation_32-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rev.hu/history_of_45/tanulm_gazd/gazd_e.htm">Transformation of the Hungarian economy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070917033739/http://www.rev.hu/history_of_45/tanulm_gazd/gazd_e.htm">Archived</a> 17 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution (2003). Retrieved 27 August 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/hungary.htm#art12">Armistice Agreement with Hungary; 20 January 1945</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060409202246/http://yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/hungary.htm#art12">Archived</a> 9 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 27 August 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKertesz1953" class="citation book cs1">Kertesz, Stephen D. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070125063724/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/dipl/dipl16.htm#16">"Memorandum of the Hungarian National Bank on Reparations, Appendix Document 16"</a>. Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-7540-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-7540-2"><bdi>0-8371-7540-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/dipl/dipl16.htm#16">the original</a> on 25 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Memorandum+of+the+Hungarian+National+Bank+on+Reparations%2C+Appendix+Document+16&rft.btitle=Diplomacy+in+a+Whirlpool%3A+Hungary+between+Nazi+Germany+and+Soviet+Russia&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press%2C+Notre+Dame%2C+Indiana&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=0-8371-7540-2&rft.aulast=Kertesz&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarian-history.hu%2Flib%2Fdipl%2Fdipl16.htm%2316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Magyar Nemzeti Bank – English Site: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.mnb.hu/Engine.aspx?page=mnben_1_jegybankrol&ContentID=2326">History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830203417/http://english.mnb.hu/Engine.aspx?page=mnben_1_jegybankrol&ContentID=2326">Archived</a> 30 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKertesz1953" class="citation book cs1">Kertesz, Stephen D. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070907151115/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/dipl/dipl10.htm#2">"Chapter IX (Soviet Russia and Hungary's Economy)"</a>. Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-7540-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-7540-2"><bdi>0-8371-7540-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/dipl/dipl10.htm#2">the original</a> on 7 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+IX+%28Soviet+Russia+and+Hungary%27s+Economy%29&rft.btitle=Diplomacy+in+a+Whirlpool%3A+Hungary+between+Nazi+Germany+and+Soviet+Russia&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press%2C+Notre+Dame%2C+Indiana&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=0-8371-7540-2&rft.aulast=Kertesz&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarian-history.hu%2Flib%2Fdipl%2Fdipl10.htm%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LibCongressHungaryEconomy-37"><a href="#cite_ref-LibCongressHungaryEconomy_37-0">^</a> Library of Congress: Country Studies: Hungary, Chapter 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/hutoc.html#hu0138">Economic Policy and Performance, 1945–1985</a>. Retrieved 27 August 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJános_M._Rainer1997" class="citation journal cs1">János M. Rainer (4 October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rev.hu/portal/page/portal/rev/tanulmanyok/1945_56/rmj5">"Stalin and Rákosi, Stalin and Hungary, 1949–1953"</a>. "European Archival Evidence. Stalin and the Cold War in Europe" Workshop, Budapest, 1956 Institute. Retrieved 23 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%22European+Archival+Evidence.+Stalin+and+the+Cold+War+in+Europe%22+Workshop%2C+Budapest%2C+1956+Institute&rft.atitle=Stalin+and+R%C3%A1kosi%2C+Stalin+and+Hungary%2C+1949%E2%80%931953&rft.date=1997-10-04&rft.au=J%C3%A1nos+M.+Rainer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rev.hu%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fportal%2Frev%2Ftanulmanyok%2F1945_56%2Frmj5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGati2006" class="citation book cs1">Gati, Charles (2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford University Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6"><bdi>0-8047-5606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failed+Illusions%3A+Moscow%2C+Washington%2C+Budapest%2C+and+the+1956+Hungarian+Revolt&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8047-5606-6&rft.aulast=Gati&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNikita_Sergeyevich_Khrushchev,_First_Secretary,_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union1956" class="citation web cs1">Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev, First Secretary, Communist Party of the Soviet Union (24–25 February 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060804155735/http://www.uwm.edu/Course/448-343/index12.html">"On the Personality Cult and its Consequences"</a>. Special Report at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwm.edu/Course/448-343/index12.html">the original</a> on 4 August 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Personality+Cult+and+its+Consequences&rft.pub=Special+Report+at+the+20th+Congress+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.date=1956-02-24%2F1956-02-25&rft.au=Nikita+Sergeyevich+Khrushchev%2C+First+Secretary%2C+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwm.edu%2FCourse%2F448-343%2Findex12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II. A (Developments before 22 October 1956), paragraph 48 (p. 18)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.+A+%28Developments+before+22+October+1956%29%2C+paragraph+48+%28p.+18%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Weiner, Tim. Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA (2008) p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalsall1998" class="citation web cs1">Halsall, Paul, ed. (November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1955warsawpact.html">"The Warsaw Pact, 1955; Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance"</a>. Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved 8 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Modern+History+Sourcebook&rft.atitle=The+Warsaw+Pact%2C+1955%3B+Treaty+of+Friendship%2C+Cooperation+and+Mutual+Assistance&rft.date=1998-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2F1955warsawpact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> German-language video, Berichte aus Budapest: Der Ungarn Aufstand 1956 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-29.html">CEU.hu</a> Director: Helmut Dotterweich, (1986) – Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306–0–1:27 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter VIII The Question of the Presence and the Utilization of the Soviet Armed Forces in the Light of Hungary's International Commitments, Section D – The demand for the withdrawal of Red Army troops, para. 339 (p. 105)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+VIII+The+Question+of+the+Presence+and+the+Utilization+of+the+Soviet+Armed+Forces+in+the+Light+of+Hungary%27s+International+Commitments%2C+Section+D+%E2%80%93+The+demand+for+the+withdrawal+of+Red+Army+troops%2C+para.+339+%28p.+105%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-satellite-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-satellite_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-satellite_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-satellite_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc5.pdf">"Notes from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting with Satellite Leaders, 24 October 1956"</a> (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+1956+Hungarian+Revolution%2C+A+History+in+Documents&rft.atitle=Notes+from+the+Minutes+of+the+CPSU+CC+Presidium+Meeting+with+Satellite+Leaders%2C+24+October+1956&rft.date=2002-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB76%2Fdoc5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Machcewicz-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Machcewicz_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Machcewicz_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMachcewicz2006" class="citation web cs1">Machcewicz, Paweł (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/article/1956-a-european-date-annus-mirabilis-1956">"1956 – A European Date"</a>. culture.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512213728/http://www.culture.pl/web/english/culture-full-page/-/eo_event_asset_publisher/Ny17/content/1956-a-european-date-annus-mirabilis-1956">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1956+%E2%80%93+A+European+Date&rft.pub=culture.pl&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Machcewicz&rft.aufirst=Pawe%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.pl%2Fen%2Farticle%2F1956-a-european-date-annus-mirabilis-1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sixteen-48"><a href="#cite_ref-sixteen_48-0">^</a> Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Resolution by Students of the Building Industry Technological University: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1956hungary-16points.html">Sixteen Political, Economic, and Ideological Points, Budapest, 22 October 1956</a>. Retrieved 22 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-49"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_49-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">United Nations Report of the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary</a>. p. 145, para 441. Retrieved 11 April 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Hungarian-language video: The First Hours of the Revolution <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-42.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226010326/http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-42.html">Archived</a> 26 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> director: György Ordódy, producer: Duna Televízió – Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306–0–1:40 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/30th-november-1956/15/sirthe-whole-body-of-hungarian-intel--lectuals-has">"SIR – The Whole Body of Hungarian Intellectuals Has Issued the Following Manifesto"</a>. The Spectator Archive. Retrieved 7 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator+Archive&rft.atitle=SIR+%E2%80%93+The+Whole+Body+of+Hungarian+Intellectuals+Has+Issued+the+Following+Manifesto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F30th-november-1956%2F15%2Fsirthe-whole-body-of-hungarian-intel--lectuals-has&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heller-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heller_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heller_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heller_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heller_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heller_52-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeller1957" class="citation book cs1">Heller, Andor (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108181307/http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=13&cid=15#N_1_">No More Comrades</a>. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company. pp. 9–84. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007DOQP0">B0007DOQP0</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=13&cid=15#N_1_">the original</a> on 8 November 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+More+Comrades&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=Henry+Regnery+Company&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007DOQP0%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Andor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicaltextarchive.com%2Fbooks.php%3Fop%3Dviewbook%26bookid%3D13%26cid%3D15%23N_1_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page range too broad</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_report_2C_p55-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_report_2C_p55_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_report_2C_p55_53-1">b</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II. C (The First Shots), para 55 (p. 20) & para 464 (p. 149)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.+C+%28The+First+Shots%29%2C+para+55+%28p.+20%29+%26+para+464+%28p.+149%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630135115/http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841895,00.html">"A Hollow Tolerance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 23 July 1965. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841895,00.html">the original</a> on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=A+Hollow+Tolerance&rft.date=1965-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcgi.pathfinder.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C841895%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_report_2C_p56-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_report_2C_p56_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_report_2C_p56_55-1">b</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II. C (The First Shots), para. 56 (p. 20)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.+C+%28The+First+Shots%29%2C+para.+56+%28p.+20%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II. C (The First Shots), paras. 56–57 (p. 20.)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.+C+%28The+First+Shots%29%2C+paras.+56%E2%80%9357+%28p.+20.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGati2006" class="citation book cs1">Gati, Charles (2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford University Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6"><bdi>0-8047-5606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failed+Illusions%3A+Moscow%2C+Washington%2C+Budapest+and+the+1956+Hungarian+Revolt&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8047-5606-6&rft.aulast=Gati&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> Gati said that "discovered in declassified documents, the Soviet Ministry of Defense had begun to prepare for large-scale turmoil in Hungary as early as July 1956. Codenamed 'Wave', the plan called for restoration of order in less than six hours ... the Soviet Army was ready. More than 30,000 troops were dispatched to – and 6,000 reached – Budapest by the 24th, that is, in less than a day". </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II.C, para 58 (p. 20)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.C%2C+para+58+%28p.+20%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter IV.C, para 225 (p. 71)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+IV.C%2C+para+225+%28p.+71%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapter_II.C,_para_57_p._20-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_II.C,_para_57_p._20_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_II.C,_para_57_p._20_60-1">b</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II.C, para 57 (p. 20)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.C%2C+para+57+%28p.+20%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II.N, para 89(ix) (p. 31)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.N%2C+para+89%28ix%29+%28p.+31%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hungarianreview.com/article/20140115_bloody_thursday_1956_the_anatomy_of_the_kossuth_square_massacre/">"BLOODY THURSDAY, 1956: THE ANATOMY OF THE KOSSUTH SQUARE MASSACRE | Hungarian Review"</a>. hungarianreview.com. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hungarianreview.com&rft.atitle=BLOODY+THURSDAY%2C+1956%3A+THE+ANATOMY+OF+THE+KOSSUTH+SQUARE+MASSACRE+%7C+Hungarian+Review&rft.date=2014-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhungarianreview.com%2Farticle%2F20140115_bloody_thursday_1956_the_anatomy_of_the_kossuth_square_massacre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapter_X.I,_para_482_p._153-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_X.I,_para_482_p._153_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_X.I,_para_482_p._153_63-1">b</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter X.I, para 482 (p. 153)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+X.I%2C+para+482+%28p.+153%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGati2006" class="citation book cs1">Gati, Charles (2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford University Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6"><bdi>0-8047-5606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failed+Illusions%3A+Moscow%2C+Washington%2C+Budapest+and+the+1956+Hungarian+Revolt&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8047-5606-6&rft.aulast=Gati&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II.F, para 64 (p. 22)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.F%2C+para+64+%28p.+22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-Lendvai_2008-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lendvai_2008_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lendvai_2008_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lendvai_2008_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lendvai_2008_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lendvai_2008_66-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lendvai_2008_66-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lendvai_2008_66-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lendvai_2008_66-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLendvai2008" class="citation book cs1">Lendvai, Paul (2008). One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Day+That+Shook+the+Communist+World%3A+The+1956+Hungarian+Uprising+and+Its+Legacy&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+UP&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lendvai&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/111091">KGB Chief Serov's report, 29 October 1956</a>, (by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars) Retrieved 8 October 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter IV.C, para 167 (p. 53)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+IV.C%2C+para+167+%28p.+53%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Berecz, János. 1956 Counter-Revolution in Hungary (1986) Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Berecz, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II.F, para 65 (p. 22)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.F%2C+para+65+%28p.+22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter XII.B, para 565 (p. 174)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+XII.B%2C+para+565+%28p.+174%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-ng-73"><a href="#cite_ref-ng_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGati2006" class="citation book cs1">Gati, Charles (2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt (Cold War International History Project Series). Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6"><bdi>0-8047-5606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failed+Illusions%3A+Moscow%2C+Washington%2C+Budapest%2C+and+the+1956+Hungarian+Revolt+%28Cold+War+International+History+Project+Series%29&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8047-5606-6&rft.aulast=Gati&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (pp. 176–177) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polit.ru/article/2006/10/30/mify_vengr/">Олег Филимонов: Мифы о восстании – ПОЛИТ.РУ</a>. Polit.ru (30 October 2006). Retrieved 28 October 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II. F (Political Developments) II. G (Mr. Nagy clarifies his position), paragraphs 67–70 (p. 23)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.+F+%28Political+Developments%29+II.+G+%28Mr.+Nagy+clarifies+his+position%29%2C+paragraphs+67%E2%80%9370+%28p.+23%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Video:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNarrator:_Walter_Cronkite,_producer1956" class="citation book cs1">Narrator: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a>, producer (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117094223/http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-44.html">Revolt in Hungary</a>. CBS. HU OSA 306–0–1:40. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-44.html">the original</a> on 17 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolt+in+Hungary&rft.pub=CBS&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Narrator%3A+Walter+Cronkite%2C+producer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.osa.ceu.hu%2Fholdings%2Fselection%2Frip%2F4%2Fav%2F1956-44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Ellenforradalmi erők a magyar októberi eseményekben 1–5, Budapest: a Magyar Népköztársaság Minisztertanácsa Tájekoztatási Hivatala, 1956–8; available in translation as The counter-revolutionary forces in the October events in Hungary 1–5 (volumes after 2 variously titled, including 5: The counter-revolutionary conspiracy of Imre Nagy and his accomplices) Budapest: Information Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic, 1957–1958; names 213 people killed by the rebels. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGati2006" class="citation book cs1">Gati, Charles (2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford University Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6"><bdi>0-8047-5606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failed+Illusions%3A+Moscow%2C+Washington%2C+Budapest+and+the+1956+Hungarian+Revolt&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8047-5606-6&rft.aulast=Gati&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II. F (Political developments), paragraph 66 (p. 22)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.+F+%28Political+developments%29%2C+paragraph+66+%28p.+22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZinner1962" class="citation book cs1">Zinner, Paul E. (1962). Revolution in Hungary. Books for Libraries Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8369-6817-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8369-6817-4"><bdi>0-8369-6817-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+Hungary&rft.pub=Books+for+Libraries+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0-8369-6817-4&rft.aulast=Zinner&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary(1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter XII. D (Reassertion of Political Rights), paragraph 339 (p. 105) and paragraph 583 (p. 179)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+XII.+D+%28Reassertion+of+Political+Rights%29%2C+paragraph+339+%28p.+105%29+and+paragraph+583+%28p.+179%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-IC-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IC_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IC_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFApplebaum2012" class="citation book cs1">Applebaum, Anne (2012). Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–1956. New York: Doubleday. p. 459. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385515696" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385515696"><bdi>978-0385515696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Curtain%3A+The+Crushing+of+Eastern+Europe+1944%E2%80%931956&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=459&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0385515696&rft.aulast=Applebaum&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Video: Revolt in Hungary <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117094223/http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-44.html">"1956-44"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-44.html">the original</a> on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1956-44&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.osa.ceu.hu%2Fholdings%2Fselection%2Frip%2F4%2Fav%2F1956-44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> Narrator: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a>, producer: CBS (1956) – Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306–0–1:40 </li> <li id="cite_note-VM-84"><a href="#cite_ref-VM_84-0">^</a> Vincent E McHale (1983) Political parties of Europe, Greenwood Press, p. 508 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-23804-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-23804-9">0-313-23804-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary(1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II. F (A Brief History of the Hungarian Uprising), paragraph 66 (p. 22) and footnote 26 (p. 183)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.+F+%28A+Brief+History+of+the+Hungarian+Uprising%29%2C+paragraph+66+%28p.+22%29+and+footnote+26+%28p.+183%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Mikes,_BBC_correspondent1956" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Mikes" title="George Mikes">George Mikes</a>, BBC correspondent (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017054158/http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-01.html">"Video: Report on the 1956 Hungarian Revolution"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-01.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video%3A+Report+on+the+1956+Hungarian+Revolution&rft.date=1956&rft.au=George+Mikes%2C+BBC+correspondent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.osa.ceu.hu%2Fholdings%2Fselection%2Frip%2F4%2Fav%2F1956-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306–0–1:1 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=250&issue=112">Hungary: workers' councils against Russian tanks</a> in <a href="/wiki/International_Socialism_(magazine)" title="International Socialism (magazine)">International Socialism</a> Issue: 112 (Posted: 12 October 6) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/library/hungary-56-proletariat-storming-heaven-mouvement-communiste">Hungary '56: "the proletariat storming heaven" – Mouvement Communiste</a>. Libcom.org (19 July 2011). Retrieved on 2016-10-28. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Andy Anderson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/history/articles/hungary-56">1956: The Hungarian Revolution</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/library/Hungary5615">15. The Workers' Councils</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rc-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rc_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rc_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rc_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rc_90-3">d</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter XI (Revolutionary and Workers' Councils), paragraph 485–560 (pp. 154–170)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+XI+%28Revolutionary+and+Workers%27+Councils%29%2C+paragraph+485%E2%80%93560+%28pp.+154%E2%80%93170%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II. E (Revolutionary and Workers' Councils), paragraph 63 (p. 22)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.+E+%28Revolutionary+and+Workers%27+Councils%29%2C+paragraph+63+%28p.+22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-mastny200203-92"><a href="#cite_ref-mastny200203_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMastny,_Vojtech2002" class="citation web cs1">Mastny, Vojtech (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102012302/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACFB01.pdf">"NATO in the Beholder's Eye: Soviet Perceptions and Policies, 1949–56"</a> (PDF). Cold War International History Project. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACFB01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+International+History+Project&rft.atitle=NATO+in+the+Beholder%27s+Eye%3A+Soviet+Perceptions+and+Policies%2C+1949%E2%80%9356&rft.date=2002-03&rft.au=Mastny%2C+Vojtech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FACFB01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113647.pdf?v=b526795646b3eee83f2e8be08ecb77ec">"Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 30 October 1956"</a> (PDF). Cold War International History Project. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 30 October 1956. Retrieved 20 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+International+History+Project&rft.atitle=Working+Notes+from+the+Session+of+the+CPSU+CC+Presidium+on+30+October+1956&rft.date=1956-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org%2Fdocument%2F113647.pdf%3Fv%3Db526795646b3eee83f2e8be08ecb77ec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6061852.stm">"When the Soviet Union nearly blinked"</a>, BBC News, 23 October 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1956soviet-coop1.html">Declaration of the Government of the USSR on the Principles of Development and Further Strengthening of Friendship and Cooperation between the Soviet Union and other Socialist States</a> 30 October 1956, Printed in The Department of State Bulletin, XXXV, No. 907 (12 November 1956), pp. 745–747. Retrieved 19 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer1-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer1_96-0">^</a> Mark Kramer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF19B.pdf">"New Evidence on Soviet Decision-making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises" (PDF)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203141129/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF19B.pdf">Archived</a> 3 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cold War International History Project Bulletin, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-revhu-97"><a href="#cite_ref-revhu_97-0">^</a> The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution: Part 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rev.hu/history_of_56/ora3/ora3_e.htm">Days of Freedom</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGati2006" class="citation book cs1">Gati, Charles (2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford University Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6"><bdi>0-8047-5606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failed+Illusions%3A+Moscow%2C+Washington%2C+Budapest+and+the+1956+Hungarian+Revolt&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8047-5606-6&rft.aulast=Gati&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-parsons-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parsons_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-parsons_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParsons" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Parsons, Nicholas T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080608182839/http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no186/18.html">"Narratives of 1956"</a>. The Hungarian Quarterly. XLVIII (Summer 2007). Archived from the original on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hungarian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Narratives+of+1956&rft.volume=XLVIII&rft.issue=Summer+2007&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarianquarterly.com%2Fno186%2F18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Taubman, William. <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev:_The_Man_and_His_Era" title="Khrushchev: The Man and His Era">Khrushchev: The Man and His Era</a> (2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7564-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7564-4">978-0-7432-7564-4</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSzakolczai" class="citation book cs1">Szakolczai, Attila. Pál, Germuska; Zoltán, Lux (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rev.hu/history_of_56/ora3/ora3_e.htm">Lesson 3: The Days of Freedom</a>. Budapest: The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Retrieved 6 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesson+3%3A+The+Days+of+Freedom&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=The+Institute+for+the+History+of+the+1956+Hungarian+Revolution&rft.aulast=Szakolczai&rft.aufirst=Attila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rev.hu%2Fhistory_of_56%2Fora3%2Fora3_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Kramer, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF19B.pdf">"New Evidence on Soviet Decision-making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises" (PDF)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203141129/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF19B.pdf">Archived</a> 3 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cold War International History Project Bulletin, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Sebestyen, Victor, Ungernrevolten 1956: Tolv dagar som skakade världen (2006), p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Sebestyen, Victor. Ungernrevolten 1956: Tolv dagar som skakade världen (2006), p. 286. (Cites Burlatsky, Khrushchev and the first Russian Spring [1991], pp. 88–94.) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRainer1996" class="citation web cs1">Rainer, János M. (1 November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/szerviz/szakirod/kremls.htm">"Decision in the Kremlin, 1956 – The Malin Notes"</a>. Paper presented at Rutgers University. The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Retrieved 23 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paper+presented+at+Rutgers+University&rft.atitle=Decision+in+the+Kremlin%2C+1956+%E2%80%93+The+Malin+Notes&rft.date=1996-11-01&rft.aulast=Rainer&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rev.hu%2Fsulinet56%2Fonline%2Fszerviz%2Fszakirod%2Fkremls.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-presidium1nov-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-presidium1nov_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-presidium1nov_106-1">b</a> Cold War International History Project: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.document&identifier=691D4148-E19B-5847-386420CC1E24B87C&sort=Coverage&item=Soviet%20Union">Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 1 November 1956</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090102000000/http://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.document&identifier=691D4148-E19B-5847-386420CC1E24B87C&sort=Coverage&item=Soviet%20Union">Archived</a> 2 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 6 December 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArendt1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt, Hannah</a> (1958) [1951]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsoftotali100aren/page/480">Origins of Totalitarianism</a>. New York: Harcourt. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsoftotali100aren/page/480">480–510</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-670153-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-670153-7"><bdi>0-15-670153-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Totalitarianism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=480-510&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0-15-670153-7&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsoftotali100aren%2Fpage%2F480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAuer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Auer, Stefan (25 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061112165830/https://www.eurozine.com/articles/2006-10-25-auer-en.html">"Hannah Arendt, Totalitarianism and the Revolutions in Central Europe: 1956, 1968, 1989"</a>. Eurozine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2006-10-25-auer-en.html">the original</a> on 12 November 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurozine&rft.atitle=Hannah+Arendt%2C+Totalitarianism+and+the+Revolutions+in+Central+Europe%3A+1956%2C+1968%2C+1989&rft.date=2006-10-25&rft.aulast=Auer&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurozine.com%2Farticles%2F2006-10-25-auer-en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/110024.pdf?v=44e8834f7ae7294020d5e423a1c013a1">Report from A. Grechko and Tarasov in Berlin to N. A. Bulganin</a>, (by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars) Retrieved 10 October 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-Paczkowski-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Paczkowski_110-0">^</a> Paczkowski, Andrzej. Pół wieku dziejów Polski, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-01-14487-4" title="Special:BookSources/83-01-14487-4">83-01-14487-4</a>, p. 203 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jastrząb-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Jastrząb_111-0">^</a> Ł. Jastrząb, "Rozstrzelano moje serce w Poznaniu. Poznański Czerwiec 1956 r. – straty osobowe i ich analiza", Wydawnictwo Comandor, Warszawa 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wójtowocz-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Wójtowocz_112-0">^</a> (in Polish) Wójtowicz, Norbert. Ofiary "Poznańskiego Czerwca", Rok 1956 na Węgrzech i w Polsce. Materiały z węgiersko–polskiego seminarium. Wrocław październik 1996, ed. Łukasz Andrzej Kamiński, Wrocław 1996, pp. 32–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOkváth1999" class="citation journal cs1">Okváth, Imre (1999). "Hungary in the Warsaw Pact: The Initial Phase of Integration, 1957–1971". The Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Parallel+History+Project+on+NATO+and+the+Warsaw+Pact&rft.atitle=Hungary+in+the+Warsaw+Pact%3A+The+Initial+Phase+of+Integration%2C+1957%E2%80%931971&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Okv%C3%A1th&rft.aufirst=Imre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-James2013-114"><a href="#cite_ref-James2013_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCLR_James2013" class="citation book cs1">CLR James (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfafAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165">Modern Politics</a>. PM Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-311-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-311-6"><bdi>978-1-60486-311-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Politics&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-60486-311-6&rft.au=CLR+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfafAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/">"Overview"</a>. The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 1999. Retrieved 4 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+1956+Hungarian+Revolution%2C+A+History+in+Documents&rft.atitle=Overview&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB76%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113648">Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 3 November, 1956, with Participation by J. Kádár, F. Münnich, and I. Horváth</a>, (by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars) Retrieved 8 October 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II. J (Mr. Kádár forms a government), para. 77–78 (pp. 26–27)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.+J+%28Mr.+K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r+forms+a+government%29%2C+para.+77%E2%80%9378+%28pp.+26%E2%80%9327%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-presidium-118"><a href="#cite_ref-presidium_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc6.pdf">"Working Notes and Attached Extract from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting, October 31, 1956"</a> (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. 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Ungernrevolten 1956: Tolv dagar som skakade världen (2006), p. 247. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-518-4612-8" title="Special:BookSources/91-518-4612-8">91-518-4612-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Taubman, William. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7564-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7564-4">978-0-7432-7564-4</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Mark Kramer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF19B.pdf">"New Evidence on Soviet Decision-making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises" (PDF)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203141129/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF19B.pdf">Archived</a> 3 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cold War International History Project Bulletin, pp. 373–374. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Stankovic, Alobodan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/300/8/3/text/118-1-194.shtml">"Yugoslav Diplomat who Defied Soviet Leaders Dies"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213062146/http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/300/8/3/text/118-1-194.shtml">Archived</a> 13 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Radio Free Europe Research, 5 August 1982. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Granville, Johanna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23951275/The_First_Domino_International_Decision_making_during_the_Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956">The First Domino: International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956.</a> Texas A & M University Press, 2004 (p. 103). </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opoka.org.pl/biblioteka/I/IH/polak_wegier.html">"Solidarność polsko-węgierska '56 – Norbert Wójtowicz"</a>. Opoka (in Polish). 14 September 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opoka&rft.atitle=Solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87+polsko-w%C4%99gierska+%2756+%E2%80%93+Norbert+W%C3%B3jtowicz&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopoka.org.pl%2Fbiblioteka%2FI%2FIH%2Fpolak_wegier.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWójtowicz2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wójtowicz, Norbert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/17502746">"Solidarność polsko-węgierska '56 (w relacjach prasy) [ Polish-Hungarian solidarity '56 (in press relations)]"</a>. 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IPN. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biuletyn+Instytutu+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft.pub=IPN&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaAYWAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpomoc%2Bdla%2Bw%25C4%2599gier%2Bw%2B1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCsaba_Békés2000" class="citation journal cs1">Csaba Békés (Spring 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rev.hu/portal/page/portal/rev/tanulmanyok/1956/hungquest">"The Hungarian Question on the UN Agenda: Secret Negotiations by the Western Great Powers 26 October – 4 November 1956. (British Foreign Office Documents)"</a>. Hungarian Quarterly. Retrieved 7 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hungarian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Hungarian+Question+on+the+UN+Agenda%3A+Secret+Negotiations+by+the+Western+Great+Powers+26+October+%E2%80%93+4+November+1956.+%28British+Foreign+Office+Documents%29&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Csaba+B%C3%A9k%C3%A9s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rev.hu%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fportal%2Frev%2Ftanulmanyok%2F1956%2Fhungquest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BorhiContRoll-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BorhiContRoll_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BorhiContRoll_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BorhiContRoll_131-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorhi1999" class="citation journal cs1">Borhi, László (1999). "Containment, Rollback, Liberation or Inaction? The United States and Hungary in the 1950s". Journal of Cold War Studies. 1 (3): 67–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F152039799316976814">10.1162/152039799316976814</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57560214">57560214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=Containment%2C+Rollback%2C+Liberation+or+Inaction%3F+The+United+States+and+Hungary+in+the+1950s&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F152039799316976814&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57560214%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Borhi&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Hungarian Revolt, 23 October–4 November 1956 Richard Lettis and William I. Morris, Eds., Appendices <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=13&post=2#N_1_">The Hungary Question in the United Nations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108180724/http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=13&post=2#N_1_">Archived</a> 8 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> . Retrieved 3 September 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc1.pdf">"Study Prepared for U.S. Army Intelligence "Hungary, Resistance Activities and Potentials" (January 1956)"</a> (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. Retrieved 3 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+1956+Hungarian+Revolution%2C+A+History+in+Documents&rft.atitle=Study+Prepared+for+U.S.+Army+Intelligence+%22Hungary%2C+Resistance+Activities+and+Potentials%22+%28January+1956%29&rft.date=2002-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB76%2Fdoc1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc2.pdf">"Minutes of the 290th NSC Meeting (12 July 1956)"</a> (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. Retrieved 3 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+1956+Hungarian+Revolution%2C+A+History+in+Documents&rft.atitle=Minutes+of+the+290th+NSC+Meeting+%2812+July+1956%29&rft.date=2002-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB76%2Fdoc2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss_Johnson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ross Johnson, A. (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08850607.2018.1488498">"Managing Media Influence Operations: Lessons from Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Intelligence_and_CounterIntelligence" title="International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence">International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence</a>. 31 (4). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 681–701. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08850607.2018.1488498">10.1080/08850607.2018.1488498</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158225194">158225194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Intelligence+and+CounterIntelligence&rft.atitle=Managing+Media+Influence+Operations%3A+Lessons+from+Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E681-%3C%2Fspan%3E701&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08850607.2018.1488498&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158225194%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ross+Johnson&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F08850607.2018.1488498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc10.pdf">"Policy Review of Voice For Free Hungary Programming from 23 October to 23 November 1956 (15 December 1956)"</a> (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+1956+Hungarian+Revolution%2C+A+History+in+Documents&rft.atitle=Policy+Review+of+Voice+For+Free+Hungary+Programming+from+23+October+to+23+November+1956+%2815+December+1956%29&rft.date=2002-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB76%2Fdoc10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_137-2">c</a> CNN: Géza Jeszenszky, Hungarian Ambassador, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/guides/debate/chats/jeszensky/">Cold War Chat (transcript)</a>. Retrieved 8 November 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010511072116/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/guides/debate/chats/jeszensky/">Archived</a> 11 May 2001 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/us-soviet-flashpoints/2017-05-10/hungary-1956-reviving-debate-over-us-inaction-during">"Hungary, 1956: Reviving the Debate over U.S. (In)action during the Revolution"</a>. National Security Archive. 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hungary%2C+1956%3A+Reviving+the+Debate+over+U.S.+%28In%29action+during+the+Revolution&rft.pub=National+Security+Archive&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fbriefing-book%2Fus-soviet-flashpoints%2F2017-05-10%2Fhungary-1956-reviving-debate-over-us-inaction-during&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter VIII.D, para 336 (p. 103)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+VIII.D%2C+para+336+%28p.+103%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/collections/colltopic.cfm?lng=en&id=20933&navinfo=15697">Imre Nagy's Telegram to Diplomatic Missions in Budapest Declaring Hungary's Neutrality (1 November 1956)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924072800/http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/collections/colltopic.cfm?lng=en&id=20933&navinfo=15697">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by permission of the Center for Security Studies at ETH Zürich and the National Security Archive at the George Washington University on behalf of the PHP network </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/111094">"Andropov Report, 1 November 1956"</a>. Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), www.CWIHP.org, by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Retrieved 4 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andropov+Report%2C+1+November+1956&rft.pub=Cold+War+International+History+Project+%28CWIHP%29%2C+www.CWIHP.org%2C+by+permission+of+the+Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org%2Fdocument%2F111094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc7.pdf">"Minutes of the Nagy Government's Fourth Cabinet Meeting, 1 November 1956"</a> (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+1956+Hungarian+Revolution%2C+A+History+in+Documents&rft.atitle=Minutes+of+the+Nagy+Government%27s+Fourth+Cabinet+Meeting%2C+1+November+1956&rft.date=2002-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB76%2Fdoc7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II.I, para 75 (p. 25)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.I%2C+para+75+%28p.+25%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II.I, para 76 (p. 26)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.I%2C+para+76+%28p.+26%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-troops-145"><a href="#cite_ref-troops_145-0">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter IV. E (Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops), para 181 (p. 56)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+IV.+E+%28Logistical+deployment+of+new+Soviet+troops%29%2C+para+181+%28p.+56%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGyörkeiKirov,_AlexandrHorvath,_Miklos1999" class="citation book cs1">Györkei, Jenõ; Kirov, Alexandr; Horvath, Miklos (1999). Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary, 1956. New York: Central European University Press. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9116-36-X" title="Special:BookSources/963-9116-36-X"><bdi>963-9116-36-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Military+Intervention+in+Hungary%2C+1956&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=963-9116-36-X&rft.aulast=Gy%C3%B6rkei&rft.aufirst=Jen%C3%B5&rft.au=Kirov%2C+Alexandr&rft.au=Horvath%2C+Miklos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmidlRitter,_László2006" class="citation book cs1">Schmidl, Erwin; Ritter, László (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hungarianrevolut1956schm">The Hungarian Revolution 1956 (Elite)</a>. Osprey Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hungarianrevolut1956schm/page/n29">54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-079-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84603-079-X"><bdi>1-84603-079-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hungarian+Revolution+1956+%28Elite%29&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84603-079-X&rft.aulast=Schmidl&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft.au=Ritter%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhungarianrevolut1956schm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fryer-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fryer_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fryer_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFryer1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fryer" title="Peter Fryer">Fryer, Peter</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061201133936/http://www.vorhaug.net/politikk/hungarian_tragedy/9_the_second_intervention.html">Hungarian Tragedy</a>. London: D. Dobson. Chapter 9 (The Second Soviet Intervention). <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007J7674">B0007J7674</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vorhaug.net/politikk/hungarian_tragedy/9_the_second_intervention.html">the original</a> on 1 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungarian+Tragedy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=Chapter+9+%28The+Second+Soviet+Intervention%29&rft.pub=D.+Dobson&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007J7674%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Fryer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vorhaug.net%2Fpolitikk%2Fhungarian_tragedy%2F9_the_second_intervention.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_report_5C_p196-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_report_5C_p196_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_report_5C_p196_149-1">b</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter V.C, para 196 (pp. 60–61)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+V.C%2C+para+196+%28pp.+60%E2%80%9361%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGyörkeiKirov,_AlexandrHorvath,_Miklos1999" class="citation book cs1">Györkei, Jenõ; Kirov, Alexandr; Horvath, Miklos (1999). Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary, 1956. New York: Central European University Press. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9116-36-X" title="Special:BookSources/963-9116-36-X"><bdi>963-9116-36-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Military+Intervention+in+Hungary%2C+1956&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=963-9116-36-X&rft.aulast=Gy%C3%B6rkei&rft.aufirst=Jen%C3%B5&rft.au=Kirov%2C+Alexandr&rft.au=Horvath%2C+Miklos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paris1814.com/tankmuseum/uniform56">"Soviet army uniform, Budapest 1956 | Русский Париж"</a> (in Russian). Retrieved 22 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+army+uniform%2C+Budapest+1956+%7C+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparis1814.com%2Ftankmuseum%2Funiform56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindvai_2008-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lindvai_2008_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindvai_2008_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindvai2008" class="citation book cs1">Lindvai, Paul (2008). One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Day+That+Shook+the+Communist+World%3A+The+1956+Hungarian+Uprising+and+Its+Legacy&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+UP&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lindvai&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter V. B (The Second Soviet Military Intervention), para 188 (p. 58)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+V.+B+%28The+Second+Soviet+Military+Intervention%29%2C+para+188+%28p.+58%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter VII. D (The Political Background of the Second Soviet Intervention), para 291 (p. 89)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+VII.+D+%28The+Political+Background+of+the+Second+Soviet+Intervention%29%2C+para+291+%28p.+89%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter VII. D (a silent carrier wave was detected until 9:45 am), para 292 (p. 89)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+VII.+D+%28a+silent+carrier+wave+was+detected+until+9%3A45+am%29%2C+para+292+%28p.+89%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bibo-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Bibo_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBibó1991" class="citation book cs1">Bibó, István (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracyrevolut0000bibo/page/325">Democracy, Revolution, Self-Determination</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracyrevolut0000bibo/page/325">325–327</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-214-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-214-X"><bdi>0-88033-214-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy%2C+Revolution%2C+Self-Determination&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=325-327&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-88033-214-X&rft.aulast=Bib%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocracyrevolut0000bibo%2Fpage%2F325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBibó" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bib%C3%B3" title="István Bibó">Bibó, István</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.niif.hu/02000/02043/html/524.html">"Nyilatkozat, 1956. November 4."</a> [Declaration, 4 November 1956]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.niif.hu/02000/02043/html/index.html">Válogatott tanulmányok</a> [Assorted studies] (in Hungarian). Vol. 4, 1935–1979. ifj. István Bibó, Tibor Huszár. Retrieved 30 October 2009. <q>in Hungarian: Magyarok! Nagy Imre miniszterelnök a ma hajnali szovjet támadáskor a szovjet követségre ment a tárgyalások folytatására, és onnan visszatérni már nem tudott. A reggel összehívott minisztertanácson a Parlament épületében tartózkodó Tildy Zoltánon kívül már csak B. Szabó István és Bibó István államminiszter tudott megérkezni. Mikor a Parlamentet a szovjet csapatok körülfogták, Tildy államminiszter a vérontás elkerülése végett megállapodást kötött velük, mely szerint ők megszállják az épületet, a benne levő polgári személyek pedig szabadon távozhatnak. Ő, a megállapodáshoz tartva magát, eltávozott. Az országgyűlés épületében egyedül alulírott Bibó István államminiszter maradtam, mint az egyedüli törvényes magyar kormány egyedüli képviselője. Ebben a helyzetben a következőket nyilatkozom: In English: To My Fellow Hungarians! When the Soviet Army attacked today at dawn, Prime Minister Nagy Imre went to the Soviet Embassy to negotiate and could not return. Tildy Zoltán, who was already in the Parliament building, and ministers Szabó István and Bibó István attended the council of ministers meeting that was convened this morning. As Soviet troops surrounded the Parliament building, minister Tildy Zoltán, to avoid bloodshed, reached an agreement, by which Soviet soldiers would occupy the Parliament building and allow all civilians to evacuate. According to this agreement, he then departed. Only the undersigned, Bibó István, remained in the Psrliament building as the only representative of the only existing legal Hungarian government. Under these circumstances, I make the following declaration: (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/For_Freedom_and_Truth" class="extiw" title="s:For Freedom and Truth">Available in English</a>)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nyilatkozat%2C+1956.+November+4.&rft.btitle=V%C3%A1logatott+tanulm%C3%A1nyok&rft.aulast=Bib%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.niif.hu%2F02000%2F02043%2Fhtml%2F524.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter VII.E, para 296 (p. 90)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+VII.E%2C+para+296+%28p.+90%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter VIII.B, para 596 (p. 185)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+VIII.B%2C+para+596+%28p.+185%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter VIII. B (The Political Background of the Second Soviet Intervention), para 600 (p. 186)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+VIII.+B+%28The+Political+Background+of+the+Second+Soviet+Intervention%29%2C+para+600+%28p.+186%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_report_5C_p197-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_report_5C_p197_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_report_5C_p197_161-1">b</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter V.C, para 197 (p. 61)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+V.C%2C+para+197+%28p.+61%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter V.C, para 198 (p. 61)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+V.C%2C+para+198+%28p.+61%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter V. B (The Second Soviet Military Intervention), para 200 (p. 62)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+V.+B+%28The+Second+Soviet+Military+Intervention%29%2C+para+200+%28p.+62%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland: Reassessments and New Findings", Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 33, No. 2, April 1998, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Péter Gosztonyi, "Az 1956-os forradalom számokban", Népszabadság (Budapest), 3 November 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-Barghoorn_SFP-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barghoorn_SFP_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barghoorn_SFP_166-1">b</a> Barghoorn, Frederick. Soviet Foreign Propaganda. Princeton University Press. 1964. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Pravda (Moscow), 4 November [227/228]: "Without the Slightest Delay", Moscow. "Imre Nagy turned out to be, objectively speaking, an accomplice of the reactionary forces. Imre Nagy cannot and does not want to fight the dark forces of reaction ... The Soviet Government, seeing that the presence of Soviet troops in Budapest might lead to further aggravation of the situation, ordered troops to leave Budapest, but ensuing events have shown that reactionary forces, taking advantage of the non-intervention of the Nagy Cabinet, have gone still further ... The task of barring the way to reaction in Hungary has to be carried out without the slightest delay – such is the course dictated by events ..." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/revolt/rev16.htm">Retrieved 2007-10-8 Hungarian-history.hu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017045841/http://hungarian-history.hu/lib/revolt/rev16.htm">Archived</a> 17 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-communique-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-communique_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-communique_168-1">b</a> George Washington University: The National Security Archive, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc11.pdf">Communiqué on the Meeting of Representatives of the Governments and the Communist and Workers' Parties of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and the Soviet Union</a> (Budapest, 6 January 1957), Retrieved 7 December 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> George Washington University: The National Security Archive, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc12.pdf">Minutes of the Meeting between the Hungarian and Chinese Delegations</a> in Budapest on 16 January 1957, Retrieved 7 December 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents by Csaba Békés & Malcolm Byrne (Published by Central European University Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-66-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-66-4">978-963-9241-66-4</a>), p. 375, para 4: "the (Kádár) régime had to find an explanation for the revolution and collapse of the old régime in October 1956 ... they chose to interpret the uprising as a conspiracy by anti-communist, reactionary forces. This is why they labeled many ordinary citizens' actions as crimes. Critical opposition attitudes were described as "a plot to overthrow the people's democratic régime", and workers and peasants who took part in the revolt were called "jailbirds, ragamuffins, and kulaks." Armed resistance to occupying forces became "murder and wrecking state property." This kind of terminology became part of the official ideology of the régime toward the outside world." Also p. 375, footnote 40: "For a typical survey of propaganda intended for distribution abroad, see the so called "White Books" entitled The Counter-Revolutionary Forces in the October Events in Hungary, 4 vols., (Budapest: Information Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic, 1956–1957) ... The White Books published in the individual counties of Hungary in 1957–1958 summarized local "counter-revolutionary" events." </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Casardi, A. (17 April 1957) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_archives_hungarian_revolution/20130904_C-M_57_65-ENG.PDF">Report on Hungarian Refugees</a>. NATO </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKemény" class="citation web cs1">Kemény, János. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/hungarian-refugee-crisis-1956-and-challenges-organizational-adaptation">"The Hungarian Refugee Crisis of 1956 and the Challenges of Organizational Adaptation"</a>. www.wilsoncenter.org. The Wilson Center. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wilsoncenter.org&rft.atitle=The+Hungarian+Refugee+Crisis+of+1956+and+the+Challenges+of+Organizational+Adaptation&rft.aulast=Kem%C3%A9ny&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fblog-post%2Fhungarian-refugee-crisis-1956-and-challenges-organizational-adaptation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fink-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Fink_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinkHadlerSchramm2006" class="citation book cs1">Fink, Carole; et al. (2006). 1956: European and global perspectives, Volume 1 of Global history and international studies. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-937209-56-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-937209-56-5"><bdi>3-937209-56-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1956%3A+European+and+global+perspectives%2C+Volume+1+of+Global+history+and+international+studies&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Leipziger+Universit%C3%A4tsverlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-937209-56-5&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft.au=Hadler%2C+Frank&rft.au=Schramm%2C+Tomasz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMolnárKõrösi1996" class="citation conference cs1">Molnár, Adrienne; et al. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607034837/http://www.rev.hu/portal/page/portal/rev/tanulmanyok/kadarrendszer/kzsma1">The handing down of experiences in families of the politically condemned in Communist Hungary</a>. IX. International Oral History Conference. Gotegorg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rev.hu/portal/page/portal/rev/tanulmanyok/kadarrendszer/kzsma1">the original</a> on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=IX.+International+Oral+History+Conference&rft.atitle=The+handing+down+of+experiences+in+families+of+the+politically+condemned+in+Communist+Hungary&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Moln%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft.au=K%C3%B5r%C3%B6si%2C+Zsuzsanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rev.hu%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fportal%2Frev%2Ftanulmanyok%2Fkadarrendszer%2Fkzsma1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cseresneyes-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cseresneyes_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cseresneyes_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCseresnyés1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Cseresnyés, Ferenc (Summer 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041127172402/http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no154/086.html">"The '56 Exodus to Austria"</a>. The Hungarian Quarterly. XL (154). Society of the Hungarian Quarterly: 86–101. Archived from the original on 27 November 2004. Retrieved 9 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hungarian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+%2756+Exodus+to+Austria&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=XL&rft.issue=154&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Cseresny%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Ferenc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarianquarterly.com%2Fno154%2F086.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCellini" class="citation web cs1">Cellini, Amanda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmreview.org/resettlement/cellini">"The resettlement of Hungarian refugees in 1956"</a>. Forced Migration Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105054737/https://www.fmreview.org/resettlement/cellini">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forced+Migration+Review&rft.atitle=The+resettlement+of+Hungarian+refugees+in+1956&rft.aulast=Cellini&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmreview.org%2Fresettlement%2Fcellini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCsaba_BékésMalcolm_ByrneJános_Rainer2002" class="citation book cs1">Csaba Békés; Malcolm Byrne; János Rainer (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EdWI_oSbfl0C&q=Hungarian%20revolution%20of%201956%20resistance%20strikes%201957&pg=PA364">"Hungary in the Aftermath, Introduction"</a>. The 1956 Hungarian revolution: a history in documents. Central European University Press. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9241-66-0" title="Special:BookSources/963-9241-66-0"><bdi>963-9241-66-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 October 2009. <q>I call upon the Hungarian people to regard neither the occupation force nor the puppet government it may install as a legal authority but rather to employ every means of passive resistance against it ... (István Bibó minister of state of the Petőfi Party) Despite the devastation of the Soviet attack, most of Hungarian society seemed to respond to Bibó's plea and continued to defy the new régime , keeping Soviet and Hungarian security forces tied up for months dealing with strikes, demonstrations, sabotage, work slowdowns, and other acts of resistance (Document No. 102)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hungary+in+the+Aftermath%2C+Introduction&rft.btitle=The+1956+Hungarian+revolution%3A+a+history+in+documents&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=963-9241-66-0&rft.au=Csaba+B%C3%A9k%C3%A9s&rft.au=Malcolm+Byrne&rft.au=J%C3%A1nos+Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEdWI_oSbfl0C%26q%3DHungarian%2520revolution%2520of%25201956%2520resistance%2520strikes%25201957%26pg%3DPA364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Békés, Csaba, Malcolm Byrne, János M. Rainer (2002). Hungarian Tragedy, p. L. Central European University Press: Budapest. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9241-66-0" title="Special:BookSources/963-9241-66-0">963-9241-66-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-situation-179"><a href="#cite_ref-situation_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc9.pdf">"Situation Report to the Central Committee of the Communist Party by Malenkov-Suslov-Aristov (22 November 1956)"</a> (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+1956+Hungarian+Revolution%2C+A+History+in+Documents&rft.atitle=Situation+Report+to+the+Central+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+by+Malenkov-Suslov-Aristov+%2822+November+1956%29&rft.date=2002-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB76%2Fdoc9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter XIV.I.A, para 642 (p. 198), János Kádár's 15 points (4 November 1956)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+XIV.I.A%2C+para+642+%28p.+198%29%2C+J%C3%A1nos+K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r%27s+15+points+%284+November+1956%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Annex A (Agreement between the Hungarian People Republic and the government of the USSR on the legal status of Soviet forces) pp. 112–113)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annex+A+%28Agreement+between+the+Hungarian+People+Republic+and+the+government+of+the+USSR+on+the+legal+status+of+Soviet+forces%29+pp.+112%E2%80%93113%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> International Committee of the Red Cross: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JN8C#a1">ICRC action in Hungary in 1956</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220004646/http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JN8C#a1">Archived</a> 20 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 7 December 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Fryer, Peter (1997). Hungarian Tragedy, p. 10. Index Books: London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871518-14-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-871518-14-8">1-871518-14-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCJune16-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCJune16_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCJune16_184-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/">"On This Day 16 June 1989: Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy"</a> British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors. Retrieved 13 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017045917/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903181,00.html">"End of a Private Cold War"</a>. Time. 11 October 1971. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903181,00.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=End+of+a+Private+Cold+War&rft.date=1971-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C903181%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAli1984" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Tariq (1984). 'Hungary 1956: A Participant's Account' in The Stalinist Legacy: Its Impact on 20th-Century Politics. Harmondsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608462193" title="Special:BookSources/978-1608462193"><bdi>978-1608462193</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Hungary+1956%3A+A+Participant%27s+Account%27+in+The+Stalinist+Legacy%3A+Its+Impact+on+20th-Century+Politics&rft.pub=Harmondsworth&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-1608462193&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Johns Hopkins University Professor Charles Gati, in his book Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt (see Further reading, below), agreed with a 2002 essay by Hungarian historian Csaba Bekes, "Could the Hungarian Revolution Have Been Victorious in 1956?". Gati states: "Washington implicitly acknowledging the division of the continent into two camps, understood that Moscow would not let go of a country bordering on neutral but pro-Western Austria and an independent Yugoslavia, so it shed ... tears over Soviet brutality, and exploited the propaganda opportunities" (p. 208.) </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930213423/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808812,00.html">"How to Help Hungary"</a>. Time. 24 December 1956. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808812,00.html">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+to+Help+Hungary&rft.date=1956-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C808812%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBendiner1957" class="citation news cs1">Bendiner, Elmer (21 January 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/national-guardian/1957-01-21-9-14-nat-guardian.pdf">"The great Socialist debate: Chou in spotlight as arbiter"</a> (PDF). National Guardian. Vol. 9, no. 14. New York. p. 10 – via Marxists Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+great+Socialist+debate%3A+Chou+in+spotlight+as+arbiter&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1957-01-21&rft.aulast=Bendiner&rft.aufirst=Elmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fusa%2Fpubs%2Fnational-guardian%2F1957-01-21-9-14-nat-guardian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1997" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, James (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/simpsonscontempo00jame_0/page/">Simpson's Contemporary Quotations: The Most Notable Quotes since 1950</a>. HarperCollins. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0062701371" title="Special:BookSources/0062701371"><bdi>0062701371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simpson%27s+Contemporary+Quotations%3A+The+Most+Notable+Quotes+since+1950&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0062701371&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsimpsonscontempo00jame_0%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Secretary-General1957" class="citation report cs1">United Nations Secretary-General (5 January 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/docs/a3485e.pdf">Report of the Secretary-General Document A/3485</a> (PDF) (Report). United Nations. Retrieved 13 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Secretary-General+Document+A%2F3485&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1957-01-05&rft.au=United+Nations+Secretary-General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdepts%2Fdhl%2Fdag%2Fdocs%2Fa3485e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter I. D (Organization and Function of the Committee), paragraphs 1–26 (pp. 10–13)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+I.+D+%28Organization+and+Function+of+the+Committee%29%2C+paragraphs+1%E2%80%9326+%28pp.+10%E2%80%9313%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter I. E (Attempts to observe in Hungary and meet Imre Nagy), paragraphs 32–34 (p. 14)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+I.+E+%28Attempts+to+observe+in+Hungary+and+meet+Imre+Nagy%29%2C+paragraphs+32%E2%80%9334+%28p.+14%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">UN General Assembly (1957) Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary</a>. Retrieved 14 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II. N (Summary of conclusions), paragraph 89 (pp. 30–32)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.+N+%28Summary+of+conclusions%29%2C+paragraph+89+%28pp.+30%E2%80%9332%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> United Nations General Assembly, Thirteenth Session: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3b00f06b36.html">Resolution 1312 (XIII) The Situation in Hungary (Item 59, p. 69</a> (12 December 1958) </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> ed. A. T. Lane. Biographical dictionary of European labor leaders. Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995. p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=alsingandersen">Alsing Andersen</a>. Gravsted.dk. Retrieved on 28 October 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> United Nations Yearbook. 1957. p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> K. Danilov "The Provocation Continues". International Affairs, No. 8, Vol. 3, 1957, pp. 54–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070101205530/http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/personoftheyear/archive/stories/1956.html">"Freedom Fighter"</a>. Time. 7 January 1957. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/personoftheyear/archive/stories/1956.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Freedom+Fighter&rft.date=1957-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Fpersonoftheyear%2Farchive%2Fstories%2F1956.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988">. Retrieved 21 September 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miniszterelnok.hu/mss/alpha?do=2&st=1&pg=2&m10_doc=546">Formal Address</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719143637/http://www.miniszterelnok.hu/mss/alpha?do=2&st=1&pg=2&m10_doc=546">Archived</a> 19 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány in the Hungarian Parliament (23 October 2006). Retrieved 21 September 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page10194">Statement with the Hungarian Prime Minister (11 October 2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113042113/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page10194">Archived</a> 13 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 22 September 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-Olympic-Games/Summer/Melbourne--Stockholm-1956/">Melbourne/Stockholm 1956 (All facts) Olympic.org</a> Retrieved 29 August 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Radio Free Europe: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/05/0e5164bb-fd53-4562-88c5-9aac69e5845c.html">Hungary: New Film Revisits 1956 Water-Polo Showdown</a>. Retrieved 13 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://european-films.net/content/view/603/57/">Szabadság, szerelem (Children of Glory)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017070604/http://european-films.net/content/view/603/57/">Archived</a> 17 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (film) 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-207"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_207-0">^</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved 29 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214042430/http://www.1957.sm/">"1957 | The Rovereta Affair"</a>. 14 February 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1957.sm/">the original</a> on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1957+%7C+The+Rovereta+Affair&rft.date=2015-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1957.sm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> The following are references in English on the conflicting positions of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017045856/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808752,00.html">l'Unità</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930215213/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808824,00.html">Antonio Giolitti and party boss Palmiro Togliatti</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070903094148/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,868066,00.html">Giuseppe Di Vittorio</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-219206/socialism">Pietro Nenni</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNapolitano2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Napolitano, Giorgio (2005). Dal Pci al socialismo europeo. Un'autobiografia politica (From the Communist Party to European Socialism. A political autobiography) (in Italian). Laterza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-420-7715-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-420-7715-1"><bdi>88-420-7715-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dal+Pci+al+socialismo+europeo.+Un%27autobiografia+politica+%28From+the+Communist+Party+to+European+Socialism.+A+political+autobiography%29&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=88-420-7715-1&rft.aulast=Napolitano&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack2006" class="citation news cs1">Black, Ian (21 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/21/politics.past">"How Soviet tanks crushed dreams of British communists"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 13 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+Soviet+tanks+crushed+dreams+of+British+communists&rft.date=2006-10-21&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Foct%2F21%2Fpolitics.past&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Sartre, Jean-Paul (1956), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanite.fr/node/329963">L'intellectuel et les communistes français (in French)</a> Le Web de l'Humanite, 21 June 2005. Retrieved 24 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWu2014" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Yiching (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881183403">The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis</a>. Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41985-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41985-8"><bdi>978-0-674-41985-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881183403">881183403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cultural+revolution+at+the+margins+%3A+Chinese+socialism+in+crisis&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F881183403&rft.isbn=978-0-674-41985-8&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Yiching&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F881183403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-214"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHou2021" class="citation book cs1">Hou, Li (2021). Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State. <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Yenching_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Yenching Institute">Harvard-Yenching Institute</a> monograph series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Asia_Center" title="Harvard University Asia Center">Harvard University Asia Center</a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-26022-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-26022-1"><bdi>978-0-674-26022-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+for+Oil%3A+Daqing+and+the+Formation+of+the+Chinese+Socialist+State&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Harvard-Yenching+Institute+monograph+series&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-674-26022-1&rft.aulast=Hou&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWu2014" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Yiching (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881183403">The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis</a>. Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41985-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41985-8"><bdi>978-0-674-41985-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881183403">881183403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cultural+revolution+at+the+margins+%3A+Chinese+socialism+in+crisis&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F881183403&rft.isbn=978-0-674-41985-8&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Yiching&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F881183403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tclf.org/landscapes/hungarian-freedom-park">"Hungarian Freedom Park"</a>. The Cultural Landscape Foundation. Retrieved 2 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cultural+Landscape+Foundation&rft.atitle=Hungarian+Freedom+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftclf.org%2Flandscapes%2Fhungarian-freedom-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111122033657/http://www.mfa.gov.hu/NR/rdonlyres/98D131BF-BFB4-4545-B9BE-BAB02F71A1D9/0/National_Symbols.pdf">"National Symbols"</a> (PDF). Fact Sheets on Hungary. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.hu/NR/rdonlyres/98D131BF-BFB4-4545-B9BE-BAB02F71A1D9/0/National_Symbols.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fact+Sheets+on+Hungary&rft.atitle=National+Symbols&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.hu%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F98D131BF-BFB4-4545-B9BE-BAB02F71A1D9%2F0%2FNational_Symbols.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-218"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames2005" class="citation book cs1">James, Beverly Ann (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imaginingpostcom0000jame">Imagining Postcommunism: Visual Narratives of Hungary's 1956 Revolution</a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-595-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-595-5"><bdi>978-1-60344-595-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Postcommunism%3A+Visual+Narratives+of+Hungary%27s+1956+Revolution&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-595-5&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Beverly+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimaginingpostcom0000jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/news_1956_StateDepartment_Reception_2006-02-13.htm">"U.S. State Department Commemorates the 1956 Hungarian Revolution"</a> (Press release). American Hungarian Federation. 13 February 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+State+Department+Commemorates+the+1956+Hungarian+Revolution&rft.pub=American+Hungarian+Federation&rft.date=2006-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanhungarianfederation.org%2Fnews_1956_StateDepartment_Reception_2006-02-13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215035207/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/June/200606221431051CJsamohT0.2036402.html">"Hungary a Model for Iraq, Bush Says in Budapest"</a> (Press release). International Information Programs. 22 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/June/200606221431051CJsamohT0.2036402.html">the original</a> on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hungary+a+Model+for+Iraq%2C+Bush+Says+in+Budapest&rft.pub=International+Information+Programs&rft.date=2006-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.america.gov%2Fst%2Fwashfile-english%2F2006%2FJune%2F200606221431051CJsamohT0.2036402.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66784638">"Soviet invasions of Hungary and Czechoslovakia were wrong, Putin says"</a>. BBC News. 12 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Soviet+invasions+of+Hungary+and+Czechoslovakia+were+wrong%2C+Putin+says&rft.date=2023-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-66784638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hungarytoday.hu/hungarys-energy-supply-is-guaranteed-says-russian-foreign-minister/">"Hungary's Energy Supply is Guaranteed, Says Russian Foreign Minister"</a>. Hungary Today. 25 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hungary+Today&rft.atitle=Hungary%27s+Energy+Supply+is+Guaranteed%2C+Says+Russian+Foreign+Minister&rft.date=2023-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhungarytoday.hu%2Fhungarys-energy-supply-is-guaranteed-says-russian-foreign-minister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBibó1991" class="citation book cs1">Bibó, István (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracyrevolut0000bibo/page/331">Democracy, Revolution, Self-Determination</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracyrevolut0000bibo/page/331">331–354</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-214-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-214-X"><bdi>0-88033-214-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy%2C+Revolution%2C+Self-Determination&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=331-354&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-88033-214-X&rft.aulast=Bib%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocracyrevolut0000bibo%2Fpage%2F331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGadney1986" class="citation book cs1">Gadney, Reg (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cryhungaryuprisi0000gadn/page/169">Cry Hungary: Uprising 1956</a>. Macmillan Pub Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cryhungaryuprisi0000gadn/page/169">169 pages</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-11838-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-689-11838-4"><bdi>0-689-11838-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cry+Hungary%3A+Uprising+1956&rft.pages=169+pages&rft.pub=Macmillan+Pub+Co&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-689-11838-4&rft.aulast=Gadney&rft.aufirst=Reg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcryhungaryuprisi0000gadn%2Fpage%2F169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGati2006" class="citation book cs1">Gati, Charles (2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt (Cold War International History Project Series). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6"><bdi>0-8047-5606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failed+Illusions%3A+Moscow%2C+Washington%2C+Budapest%2C+and+the+1956+Hungarian+Revolt+%28Cold+War+International+History+Project+Series%29&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8047-5606-6&rft.aulast=Gati&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGranville2004" class="citation book cs1">Granville, Johanna (2004). The First Domino: International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956. Texas A&M University Press. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58544-298-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-58544-298-4"><bdi>1-58544-298-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Domino%3A+International+Decision+Making+during+the+Hungarian+Crisis+of+1956&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-58544-298-4&rft.aulast=Granville&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGyörkeiKirov,_AlexandrHorvath,_Miklos1999" class="citation book cs1">Györkei, Jenõ; Kirov, Alexandr; Horvath, Miklos (1999). Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary, 1956. New York: Central European University Press. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9116-36-X" title="Special:BookSources/963-9116-36-X"><bdi>963-9116-36-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Military+Intervention+in+Hungary%2C+1956&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=963-9116-36-X&rft.aulast=Gy%C3%B6rkei&rft.aufirst=Jen%C3%B5&rft.au=Kirov%2C+Alexandr&rft.au=Horvath%2C+Miklos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKertesz1953" class="citation book cs1">Kertesz, Stephen D. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070903000540/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/dipl/dipl00.htm">Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia</a>. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-7540-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-7540-2"><bdi>0-8371-7540-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/dipl/dipl00.htm">the original</a> on 3 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diplomacy+in+a+Whirlpool%3A+Hungary+between+Nazi+Germany+and+Soviet+Russia&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press%2C+Notre+Dame%2C+Indiana&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=0-8371-7540-2&rft.aulast=Kertesz&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarian-history.hu%2Flib%2Fdipl%2Fdipl00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLendvai2008" class="citation book cs1">Lendvai, Paul (2008). One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Princeton UP. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13282-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13282-2"><bdi>978-0-691-13282-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Day+That+Shook+the+Communist+World%3A+The+1956+Hungarian+Uprising+and+Its+Legacy&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Princeton+UP&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13282-2&rft.aulast=Lendvai&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLitván1996" class="citation book cs1">Litván, György (1996). The Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Reform, Revolt and Repression, 1953–1963. Longman. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-21505-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-21505-6"><bdi>0-582-21505-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hungarian+Revolution+of+1956%3A+Reform%2C+Revolt+and+Repression%2C+1953%E2%80%931963&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-582-21505-6&rft.aulast=Litv%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Matthews, John P.C. (2007). Explosion: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 New York: Hippocrene, [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichener1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Michener" title="James A. Michener">Michener, James A.</a> (1985). <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_at_Andau" title="The Bridge at Andau">The Bridge at Andau</a> (reissue ed.). New York: Fawcett. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-449-21050-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-449-21050-2"><bdi>0-449-21050-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bridge+at+Andau&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=reissue&rft.pub=Fawcett&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-449-21050-2&rft.aulast=Michener&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris2001" class="citation book cs1">Morris, William E. (2001). Lettis, Richard (ed.). The Hungarian Revolt: 23 October – 4 November 1956 (Reprint ed.). Simon Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931313-79-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-931313-79-2"><bdi>1-931313-79-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hungarian+Revolt%3A+23+October+%E2%80%93+4+November+1956&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Simon+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-931313-79-2&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPéter2008" class="citation book cs1">Péter, László (2008). Resistance, Rebellion and Revolution in Hungary and Central Europe: Commemorating 1956. London: UCL SSEES. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903425-79-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903425-79-7"><bdi>978-0-903425-79-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resistance%2C+Rebellion+and+Revolution+in+Hungary+and+Central+Europe%3A+Commemorating+1956&rft.place=London&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=UCL+SSEES&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-903425-79-7&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9ter&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Schmidl, Erwin A. & Ritter, László. (2006) The Hungarian Revolution, 1956; Osprey Elite series #148. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-079-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-079-6">978-1-84603-079-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSebestyen2006" class="citation book cs1">Sebestyen, Victor (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twelvedaysstoryo00sebe/page/340">Twelve Days: The Story of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution</a>. New York: Pantheon. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twelvedaysstoryo00sebe/page/340">340</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-42458-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-42458-X"><bdi>0-375-42458-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve+Days%3A+The+Story+of+the+1956+Hungarian+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-375-42458-X&rft.aulast=Sebestyen&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwelvedaysstoryo00sebe%2Fpage%2F340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSugar1994" class="citation book cs1">Sugar, Peter F. (1994). Hanak, Peter; Frank, Tibor (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofhungary00pete/page/448">A History of Hungary: From Liberation to Revolution (pp. 368–383)</a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofhungary00pete/page/448">448</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20867-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20867-X"><bdi>0-253-20867-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Hungary%3A+From+Liberation+to+Revolution+%28pp.+368%E2%80%93383%29&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=Bloomington%3A+Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-253-20867-X&rft.aulast=Sugar&rft.aufirst=Peter+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofhungary00pete%2Fpage%2F448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Watry, David M. (2014). Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZinner1962" class="citation book cs1">Zinner, Paul E. (1962). Revolution in Hungary. Books for Libraries Press. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8369-6817-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8369-6817-4"><bdi>0-8369-6817-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+Hungary&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=Books+for+Libraries+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0-8369-6817-4&rft.aulast=Zinner&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3></div> <ul><li>Cash, John Joseph. "Commemoration and Contestation of the 1956 Revolution in Hungary". Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies (2011): 247–258.</li> <li>Cox, Terry. Hungary 1956 – forty Years On (London: F. Cass, 1997)</li> <li>Csipke, Zoltán. "The changing significance of the 1956 revolution in post-communist Hungary". Europe-Asia Studies 63.1 (2011): 99–128 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://is.muni.cz/el/fss/podzim2019/MVZb2091/um/Memory1956.pdf">Online</a>.</li> <li>Erőss, Ágnes. "'In memory of victims': Monument and counter-monument in Liberty Square, Budapest". Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65.3 (2016): 237–254. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Agnes_Eross2/publication/308993779_In_memory_of_victims_Monument_and_counter-monument_in_Liberty_Square_Budapest/links/57fd11d508ae49db47552457/In-memory-of-victims-Monument-and-counter-monument-in-Liberty-Square-Budapest.pdf">Online</a></li> <li>Gyáni, Gábor. "Memory and discourse on the 1956 Hungarian revolution". Europe-Asia Studies 58.8 (2006): 1199–1208.</li> <li>Gyáni, Gábor. "Revolution, uprising, civil war: the conceptual dilemmas of 1956". European Review of History – Revue européenne d'histoire. 15.5 (2008): 519–531. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.osaarchivum.org/updates/2006/blitz/gyani_gabor_eng.pdf">Online</a></li> <li>Heller, Ágnes, and Ferenc Fehér. Hungary 1956 Revisited: The Message of a Revolution – a Quarter of a Century After (George Allen and Unwin, 1983).</li> <li>Mark, James. "Antifascism, the 1956 Revolution and the politics of communist autobiographies in Hungary 1944–2000". Europe-Asia Studies 58.8 (2006): 1209–1240. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/3094/Antifascism%201956%20Revolution%20and%20Politics%20James%20Mark%2023%20July%202006.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y">Online</a></li> <li>Nyyssönen, Heino, and Jussi Metsälä. "Building on legacy and tradition: commemorations of 1956 in Hungary". National Identities 21.4 (2019): 379–393. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trepo.tuni.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/116983/building_on_legacy_and_tradition_2019.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y">Online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li>Beke, Laszlo. A Student's Diary: Budapest, October 16 – November 1, 1956 (NY: Macmillan, 1957).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBekesByrneRainer2003" class="citation book cs1">Bekes, Csaba; Byrne, Malcolm; Rainer, Janos, eds. (2003). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents (National Security Archive Cold War Readers). Central European University Press. p. 600. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9241-66-0" title="Special:BookSources/963-9241-66-0"><bdi>963-9241-66-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1956+Hungarian+Revolution%3A+A+History+in+Documents+%28National+Security+Archive+Cold+War+Readers%29&rft.pages=600&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=963-9241-66-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Granville, Johanna (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/view/80">In the Line of Fire: New Archival Evidence on the Soviet Intervention in Hungary, 1956</a>, Carl Beck Paper, no. 1307 (1999). <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/20px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li> <li>Haraszti-Taylor, Eva, ed. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956: A Collection of Documents from the British Foreign Office (Nottingham: Astra Press, 1995).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Korda" title="Michael Korda">Korda, Michael</a>. Journey to a Revolution: A Personal Memoir and History of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Harper Perennial (2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-077262-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-077262-8">978-0-06-077262-8</a></li> <li>Lasky, Melvin J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hungarianrevolutionlasky">The Hungarian Revolution; A White Book: The Story of the October Uprising As Recorded in Documents, Dispatches, Eye-Witness Accounts, and World-wide Reactions</a> (Frederick A. Praeger, 1957).</li> <li>Lomax, William, ed. Hungarian Workers' Councils in 1956 (East European Monographs, 1990).</li> <li>Nagy, Imre. On Communism: In Defense of the New Course (Praeger, 1957).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNapolitano2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Napolitano, Giorgio (2005). Dal Pci al socialismo europeo. Un'autobiografia politica (From the Communist Party to European Socialism. A political autobiography) (in Italian). Laterza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-420-7715-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-420-7715-1"><bdi>88-420-7715-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dal+Pci+al+socialismo+europeo.+Un%27autobiografia+politica+%28From+the+Communist+Party+to+European+Socialism.+A+political+autobiography%29&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=88-420-7715-1&rft.aulast=Napolitano&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"></li> <li>United Nations: Report of the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary, General Assembly, Official Records, Eleventh Session, Supplement No. 18 (A/3592), New York, 1957 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"(268 pages)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28268+pages%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+Revolution+of+1956" class="Z3988"> (1.47 MB)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Ürményházi, Attila J.(2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060807225525/http://www.hungary1956.com/docs/Urmenyhazi_HungarianRevolution_1956.pdf">"The Hungarian Revolution-Uprising, Budapest 1956"</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_collections">Historical collections</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/9/1956-polish-and-hungarian-crises">1956 Hungarian Revolution Collection</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_International_History_Project" title="Cold War International History Project">Cold War International History Project</a>, containing documents and other source materials relating to the 1956 Revolution.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050323015643/http://www.rev.hu/">Institute of Revolutionary History, Hungary</a> A Hungarian language site providing historical photos and documents, books and reviews, and links to English language sites.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324222313/http://osaarchivum.org/digitalarchive/av/">OSA Digital Archive</a> Videos of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1956_Hungarian_Revolution_as_Depicted_in_Newsreels">Universal Pictures and Warner Pathé newsreels regarding the revolution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/4/newsid_2739000/2739039.stm">"On this day 4 November 1956: Soviet troops overrun Hungary"</a> (Accessed 12 October 2006) – BBC reports on the first day of the second Soviet intervention and the fall of the Nagy government.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/hungary/index.htm">Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marxists.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists.org">marxists.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/library/hungary-56-andy-anderson">Hungary '56</a> Andy Anderson's pamphlet, written in 1964 and originally published by <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(UK)" title="Solidarity (UK)">Solidarity (UK)</a>, about events of the Hungarian uprising of 1956, focusing on Hungarian demands for economic and political self-management. (<a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a> 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934868-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-934868-01-8">0-934868-01-8</a>)</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.2569633">Big Picture: Operation Mercy</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.1683326">Hungarian Revolution Aftermath (1956)</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.2049945">Hungarian Revolution (1956)</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_academic_sources">Other academic sources</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/09600/09691/index.phtml">The 1956 Hungarian revolution and the Soviet bloc countries: reactions and repercussions</a> (MEK)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/us-soviet-flashpoints/2017-05-10/hungary-1956-reviving-debate-over-us-inaction-during">Hungary, 1956: Reviving the Debate over U.S. (In)action during the Revolution</a>, published by the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feature_films">Feature films</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_of_Budapest" title="The Beast of Budapest">The Beast of Budapest</a>, a 1958 American film</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/05/0e5164bb-fd53-4562-88c5-9aac69e5845c.html">Freedom's Fury</a>—The 2005 documentary film depicting events surrounding the Hungarian–Soviet confrontation in the Olympic water polo tournament, now known as the "blood in the water match". Narrated by Mark Spitz, produced by Lucy Liu and Quentin Tarantino.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0468559/">Torn from the Flag</a>—Documentary film 2007. The significant global effects of the Hungarian revolution of 1956.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1042885/">Freedom Dance</a>—Multi award-winning animated documentary produced by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Thomas_Fischer" title="Steven Thomas Fischer">Steven Thomas Fischer</a> and Craig Herron. The film retells the escape of Edward and Judy Hilbert from Communist Hungary during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The film is narrated by Golden Globe-winning actress <a href="/wiki/Mariska_Hargitay" title="Mariska Hargitay">Mariska Hargitay</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unburied_Man" title="The Unburied Man">The Unburied Man</a>—Drama film on the life of Imre Nagy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemorations">Commemorations</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091030033237/http://www.hungary1956.com/">The 1956 Portal</a> – A resource for Hungarian-American organizations to highlight and promote their 1956 Hungarian Revolution commemoration activities, including 1956 photos, videos, resources, and events across the United States</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freedomfighter56.com/en_stories_2all.html">Freedom Fighter 56</a> – Personal stories of survival and escape from participants in the revolution</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915210152/http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/node/1521">1956 Hungarian Memorial Oral History Project</a> – Multicultural Canada oral history collection of revolution refugees in Canada</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/09400/09426/index.phtml">From the noon bell to the lads of Pest</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hungarian_Revolution_of_195695" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Hungarian_Revolution_of_195695" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Hungary96" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungarian_conflicts" title="Template:Hungarian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungarian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Hungarian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungarian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungarian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Hungary96" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">Armed conflicts</a> involving <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%9320)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–20)">1918 Revolution</a> (1918–1920)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a> (1703–1711)</li> <li>Peasants' Revolt (1735–36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_West_Hungary" title="Uprising in West Hungary">Uprising in West Hungary</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1956 Revolution</a> (1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1716%E2%80%931718)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)">Austro-Turkish War</a> (1716–1718)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">Russo-Turkish War</a> (1735–1739)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Uprising_of_1848%E2%80%9349" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Uprising of 1848–49">Slovak Uprising</a> (1848–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Hungarian–Czechoslovak War">Hungarian–Czechoslovak War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak-Hungarian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak-Hungarian War">Slovak-Hungarian War</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">vs <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–1920)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_war_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish war (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish war (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerrilla war in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia war (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign" title="Western Libya campaign">Western Libya campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Soviet_Union46" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSR_conflicts" title="Template:USSR conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSR_conflicts" title="Template talk:USSR conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSR_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSR conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Soviet_Union46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachi movement</a> (1917–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict</a> (1925–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Chinese conflict</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Japanese border conflicts</a> (1932–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a> (1931–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang rebellion</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a> (1944–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Polish anti-communist insurrection</a> (1944–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Baltic guerrilla war</a> (1944–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_resistance_by_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Anti-Soviet resistance by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian guerrilla war</a> (1944–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina Wars">Indochina Wars</a> (1946–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising</a> (1953)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungarian Revolution</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Slav_ethnic_clashes_(1958%E2%80%931965)" title="Chechen–Slav ethnic clashes (1958–1965)">Chechen–Slav ethnic clashes</a> (1958–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a> (1966–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> (1967–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia invasion</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Chinese border conflict</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> (1974–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> (1975–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a> (1977–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Afghan War</a> (1979–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> (1988–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Lithuanian OMON assaults</a> (1990–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War16323" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War16323" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Frost_Crisis" title="Night Frost Crisis">Night Frost Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_Crisis" title="Note Crisis">Note Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paasikivi%E2%80%93Kekkonen_doctrine" title="Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine">Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandization" title="Finlandization">Finlandization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Bloc308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Bloc308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan#Rejection_by_Stalin" title="Marshall Plan">Soviet response to the Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet-allied states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania (to 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">COMECON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revolts and opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Goryani Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_East_German_State_Railway_strike" title="1949 East German State Railway strike">1949 East German State Railway strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cazin_rebellion" title="Cazin rebellion">Rebellion of Cazin 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">1953 Plzeň uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">1953 East German uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration and defection</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Eastern_Bloc_defectors" title="List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors">list of defectors</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Sovietization of the Baltic states">Sovietization of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Information dissemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc economies">Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc">Telephone tapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dissolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Die Wende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">End of communism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events" title="January Events">January 1991 events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January 1991 events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hungary_articles574" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungary_topics" title="Template talk:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungary_articles574" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">High Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Late Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian wars">Ottoman–Hungarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Habsburg Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Interwar Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary#Third_Republic_(since_1989)" title="History of Hungary">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Hungary" title="History of Christianity in Hungary">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#History_of_the_Hungarian_economy" title="Economy of Hungary">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hungary" title="Military history of Hungary">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">List of wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Coat of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Hungary" title="Administrative divisions of Hungary">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_of_Hungary" title="List of cities and towns of Hungary">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hungary" title="Climate of Hungary">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary#Extreme_points" title="Geography of Hungary">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Hungary" title="Category:Geology of Hungary">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Hungary" title="Hydrology of Hungary">Hydrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hungary" title="List of islands of Hungary">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hungary" title="List of lakes of Hungary">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Hungary" title="List of rivers of Hungary">Rivers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Hungary" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Hungary">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Hungary" title="List of national parks of Hungary">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Hungary" title="List of regions of Hungary">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hungary" title="Government of Hungary">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hungary" title="Elections in Hungary">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hungary" title="Foreign relations of Hungary">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hungary" title="Human rights in Hungary">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Hungarian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Hungary" title="Category:Law of Hungary">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hungary" title="Law enforcement in Hungary">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Forces" title="Hungarian Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Hungary)" title="Chief of General Staff (Hungary)">Chief of General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationality_law" title="Hungarian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hungary" title="List of political parties in Hungary">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="List of heads of state of Hungary">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Hungary" title="List of prime ministers of Hungary">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Agriculture" title="Economy of Hungary">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hungary" title="List of banks in Hungary">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hungary" title="List of companies of Hungary">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hungary" title="Energy in Hungary">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Forint </a> (currency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Industry" title="Economy of Hungary">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Hungary" title="Science and technology in Hungary">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Stock_Exchange" title="Budapest Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Hungary" title="Taxation in Hungary">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hungary" title="Tourism in Hungary">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_in_Hungary" title="Category:Trade unions in Hungary">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hungary" title="Transport in Hungary">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Hungary" title="Rail transport in Hungary">Rail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Hungary" title="Unemployment in Hungary">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Hungary" title="Category:Society of Hungary">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2025_Hungarian_Pride_ban" title="2025 Hungarian Pride ban">2025 Hungarian Pride ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Anti-Hungarian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hungary" title="Crime in Hungary">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hungary" title="List of universities and colleges in Hungary">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_policy_in_Hungary" title="Family policy in Hungary">Family policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hungary" title="Health in Hungary">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Hungary" title="Healthcare in Hungary">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Hungary" title="Human trafficking in Hungary">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_anti-LGBTQ_law" title="Hungarian anti-LGBTQ law">Hungarian anti-LGBTQ law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Hungary" title="International rankings of Hungary">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Hungary" title="LGBTQ rights in Hungary">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hungary" title="Prostitution in Hungary">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hungary" title="Public holidays in Hungary">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hungary" title="Women in Hungary">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hungary" title="Architecture of Hungary">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Hungary" title="List of castles in Hungary">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of palaces in Hungary">Palaces and mansions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_art" title="Hungarian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Hungary" title="Beer in Hungary">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_dishes" title="List of Hungarian dishes">Dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_sausages" title="Hungarian sausages">Sausages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Fashion_Week" title="Budapest Fashion Week">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Hungary" title="Category:Festivals in Hungary">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_folklore" title="Category:Hungarian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_inventions" title="Category:Hungarian inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Hungary">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary#Spa_culture" title="Culture of Hungary">Spa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics" title="Hungary at the Olympics">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Hungary" title="National symbols of Hungary">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hungary" title="Television in Hungary">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hungary" title="List of theatres in Hungary">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Hungary" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hungary" title="Outline of Hungary">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungary" title="Category:Hungary">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" 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