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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory and ancient history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early classical antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rome_and_Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome_and_Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Rome and Byzantine Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rome_and_Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seljuks_and_Anatolian_beyliks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seljuks_and_Anatolian_beyliks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Seljuks and Anatolian beyliks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seljuks_and_Anatolian_beyliks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Ottoman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Türkiye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Türkiye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Republic of Türkiye </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Türkiye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parties_and_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parties_and_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Parties and elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parties_and_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity_and_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity_and_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ethnicity and language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity_and_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature,_theatre,_and_visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature,_theatre,_and_visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Literature, theatre, and visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature,_theatre,_and_visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Media and cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Turkey</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 332 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-332" aria-hidden="true" > 332 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuki" title="Turuki – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Turuki" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Тыркуей – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тыркуей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B5" title="Тыркуе – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тыркуе" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turkye" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD" title="ቱርክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱርክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkki" title="Turkki – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Turkki" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrcland" title="Tyrcland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tyrcland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AC%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%9B%D3%99%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ҭырқәтәыла – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ҭырқәтәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تركيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܛܘܪܩܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܘܪܩܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Թուրքիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թուրքիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="তুৰস্ক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তুৰস্ক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turyk%C3%ADa" title="Turykía – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Turykía" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Туркия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiy%C9%99" title="Türkiyə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkiyə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="تورکیه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورکیه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="তুরস্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুরস্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B3%CD%98-n%C3%AD-k%C3%AE" title="Thó͘-ní-kî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thó͘-ní-kî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D3%99" title="Төркиә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төркиә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Турцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Турцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Турэччына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Турэччына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teki" title="Teki – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Teki" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiakei" title="Tiakei – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tiakei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏུར་ཀི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏུར་ཀི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turska" title="Turska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Turska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Түрэг Улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түрэг Улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Турци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Турци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeya" title="Turkeya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Turkeya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turecko" title="Turecko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turecko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuki" title="Turuki – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Turuki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twrci" title="Twrci – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Twrci" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkiet" title="Tyrkiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyrkiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تركيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تركيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durka" title="Durka – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Durka" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkie" title="Turkie – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Turkie" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%86%DE%A9%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ތުރުކީވިލާތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތުރުކީވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bich%CA%BCah_%C5%81ich%C3%ADi%CA%BCii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Bichʼah Łichíiʼii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bichʼah Łichíiʼii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkojska" title="Turkojska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Turkojska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="टर्की – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="टर्की" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="བྱའི་རིགས་ཅིག – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བྱའི་རིགས་ཅིག" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrgi" title="Türgi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Türgi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τουρκία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρκία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%AE" title="Turchî – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Turchî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Турция Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Турция Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkio" title="Turkio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turkio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%94k%C9%94" title="Dɔkɔ – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Dɔkɔ" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="ترکیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترکیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkaland" title="Turkaland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Turkaland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turquie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchie" title="Turchie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Turchie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuirc" title="An Tuirc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tuirc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Turkee" title="Yn Turkee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Turkee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuirc" title="An Tuirc – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Tuirc" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BA" title="Туркий мохк – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Туркий мохк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C4%A9" title="Takĩ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Takĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%87" title="تۊرکيه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="تۊرکيه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="તુર્કસ્તાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તુર્કસ્તાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍄𐍅𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍄𐍅𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BA-ng%C3%AD-kh%C3%AC" title="Thú-ngí-khì – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thú-ngí-khì" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88" title="튀르키예 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르키예" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiyya" title="Turkiyya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turkiyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuleke" title="Kuleke – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kuleke" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Թուրքիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkowska" title="Turkowska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Turkowska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turska" title="Turska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%A9y" title="Turkéy – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Turkéy" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="তুরস্ক – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তুরস্ক" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Turcia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%91%E1%95%90%E1%91%AD" title="ᑑᕐᑭ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑑᕐᑭ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkii" title="Turkii – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Turkii" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Турк – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Турк" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITurkiya" title="ITurkiya – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ITurkiya" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITheki" title="ITheki – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITheki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkland" title="Tyrkland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tyrkland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94" title="טורקיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuurkii" title="Tuurkii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tuurkii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಟರ್ಕಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟರ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Тюрк – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тюрк" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تُرکی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تُرکی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ABreck%C3%B4" title="Tëreckô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Tëreckô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Түркия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түркия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukiya" title="Turukiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Turukiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukiya" title="Turukiya – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Turukiya" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uturuki" title="Uturuki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uturuki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turka" title="Turka – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Turka" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiki" title="Tiki – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tiki" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirki" title="Tirki – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tirki" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkiye" title="Tirkiye – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirkiye" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Түркия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түркия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Турци – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Турци" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Туркия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດຕຸຣກີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຕຸຣກີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turceja" title="Turceja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Turceja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Turcia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcija" title="Turcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierkei" title="Tierkei – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tierkei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkija" title="Turkija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turkija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%AD" title="Turkí – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Turkí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Turcia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtsii" title="Turtsii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Turtsii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/turk" title="turk – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="turk" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buturuki" title="Buturuki – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Buturuki" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrchia" title="Türchia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Türchia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6korsz%C3%A1g" title="Törökország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Törökország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="टर्की – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="टर्की" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Турција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Турција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkia" title="Torkia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Torkia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="തുർക്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുർക്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkija" title="Turkija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Turkija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81kei" title="Tākei – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tākei" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कस्तान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तुर्कस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თურქეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="توركيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توركيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="تورکیه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تورکیه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯇꯔꯀꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯔꯀꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%AB-%C4%AB-g%C3%AC" title="Tū-ī-gì – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tū-ī-gì" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Turquie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Туркия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Турк – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Турк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တူရကီနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တူရကီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taki" title="Taki – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Taki" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archive/%E1%91%90%E1%95%92%E1%91%AD" title="Wikipedia:Archive/ᑐᕒᑭ – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Wikipedia:Archive/ᑐᕒᑭ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="टर्की – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टर्की" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="टर्की – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="टर्की" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3" title="トルコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%95%DF%8D%DF%AB_%DF%A3%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%96%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߓߊߕߍ߫ ߣߝߊ߬ߖߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߓߊߕߍ߫ ߣߝߊ߬ߖߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Туркойчоь – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Туркойчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyrkia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tyrkia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtchie" title="Turtchie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Turtchie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Турций – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Турций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%80" title="ତୁର୍କୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତୁର୍କୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkii" title="Tarkii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tarkii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ng mw-list-item"><a href="https://ng.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Ndonga" lang="ng" hreflang="ng" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Oshiwambo" data-language-local-name="Ndonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oshiwambo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਤੁਰਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੁਰਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87" title="तुर्किये – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="तुर्किये" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ترکی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="တူရကီခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="တူရကီခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%87" title="تورکيه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تورکيه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toerki" title="Toerki – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Toerki" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тюркия – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Тюркия" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8" title="តួកគី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តួកគី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkie" title="Turkie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Turkie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%ACa" title="Turchìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Turchìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teki" title="Teki – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Teki" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6rkie" title="Törkie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Törkie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcja" title="Turcja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τουρκία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Τουρκία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkiya" title="Túrkiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Túrkiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turiti" title="Turiti – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Turiti" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turcia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirchia" title="Tirchia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tirchia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Турція – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Турція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Түүркүйэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Түүркүйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take" title="Take – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Take" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuk%C3%AFi" title="Turukïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Turukïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ترکی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ترکی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%A4i" title="Turkäi – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Turkäi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqia" title="Turqia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turqia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%ACa" title="Turchìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Turchìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="තුර්කිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තුර්කිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%8A" title="ترڪي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ترڪي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThekhi" title="IThekhi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IThekhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turecko" title="Turecko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turecko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C4%8Dija" title="Turčija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turčija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%B7%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Тѷрци – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Тѷрци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcyjo" title="Turcyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Turcyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiga" title="Turkiga – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Turkiga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="تورکیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تورکیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiyakondre" title="Turkiyakondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Turkiyakondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Турска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Турска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turska" title="Turska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkki" title="Turkki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiet" title="Turkiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turkiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="துருக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkya" title="Turkya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Turkya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tturk" title="Tturk – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tturk" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchie" title="Turchie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Turchie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Төркия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төркия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းတိူဝ်ႇၵီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းတိူဝ်ႇၵီႇ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80" title="టర్కీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టర్కీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="ประเทศตุรกี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศตุรกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AA" title="ቱርኪ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቱርኪ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Туркия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toake" title="Toake – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Toake" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AC%E1%8F%83" title="ᎬᏃ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎬᏃ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಟರ್ಕಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಟರ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrki%C3%BDe" title="Türkiýe – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Türkiýe" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukya" title="Turukya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Turukya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%97" title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨗ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨗ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Туреччина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туреччина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%81" title="ترکیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="تۈركىيە جۇمھۇرىيىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۈركىيە جۇمھۇرىيىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujwjgiz" title="Dujwjgiz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dujwjgiz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%ACa" title="Turchìa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Turchìa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkanma" title="Turkanma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Turkanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%95_Nh%C4%A9_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk%C3%A4n" title="Türkän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Türkän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrg%C3%BC" title="Türgü – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Türgü" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourkeye" title="Tourkeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tourkeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeye" title="Turkeye – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Turkeye" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeya" title="Turkeya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Turkeya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirki" title="Tirki – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Tirki" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99" title="טערקיי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טערקיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rkiya" title="Tırkiya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tırkiya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tork%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Torkėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Torkėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Southern Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Southern Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-igl mw-list-item"><a href="https://igl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Igala" lang="igl" hreflang="igl" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Igala" data-language-local-name="Igala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Moore</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiNdebele seSewula</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Турска – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Турска" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Руски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tig mw-list-item"><a href="https://tig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AA%E1%8B%A8" title="ቱርኪየ – Tigre" lang="tig" hreflang="tig" data-title="ቱርኪየ" data-language-autonym="ትግሬ" data-language-local-name="Tigre" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግሬ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkij%C9%99" title="Tyrkijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Turkey&params=39_55_N_32_51_E_type:city">39°55′N 32°51′E / 39.917°N 32.850°E / 39.917; 32.850</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-confirmed-protected."><img alt="Page extended-confirmed-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in West Asia and Southeast Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For the bird, see <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">Turkey (bird)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Turkey (disambiguation)">Turkey (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Türkiye" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Türkiye (disambiguation)">Türkiye (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Türkiye</div><div class="ib-country-names">Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Turkey"><img alt="Flag of Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/125px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/188px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/250px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem:  <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">İstiklal Marşı</a> "Independence March"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="66" data-mwtitle="IstiklalMarsi-2013_(version_2).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/IstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/IstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga/IstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=az&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="az" label="azərbaycanca ‪(az)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=be-tarask&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="be-tarask" label="беларуская (тарашкевіца) ‪(be-tarask)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=bg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bg" label="български ‪(bg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=cs&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cs" label="čeština ‪(cs)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=eo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eo" label="Esperanto ‪(eo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=fi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fi" label="suomi ‪(fi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=hy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hy" label="հայերեն ‪(hy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=la&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="la" label="Latina ‪(la)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=mk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mk" label="македонски ‪(mk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=sr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr" label="српски / srpski ‪(sr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=uz&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uz" label="oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ‪(uz)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIstiklalMarsi-2013_%28version_2%29.oga&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Turkey"><img alt="Location of Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Turkey&params=39_55_N_32_51_E_type:city">39°55′N 32°51′E / 39.917°N 32.850°E / 39.917; 32.850</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Turkey&params=41_1_N_28_57_E_">41°1′N 28°57′E / 41.017°N 28.950°E / 41.017; 28.950</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a><a href="#cite_note-TC_Constituton_Art._3-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey_-_Constitution_Art._3-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">Spoken languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Predominantly Turkish<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurdish</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2016)<a href="#cite_note-cia-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>70–75% <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a></li><li>19% <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurdish</a></li><li>6–11% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Turkey">other minorities</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Turkish</li><li>Turk</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Turkey" title="Vice President of Turkey">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cevdet_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Cevdet Yılmaz">Cevdet Yılmaz</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Speaker of the Grand National Assembly">Assembly Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F" title="Numan Kurtulmuş">Numan Kurtulmuş</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kadir_%C3%96zkaya" title="Kadir Özkaya">Kadir Özkaya</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1299</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 May 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Government of the Grand National Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 April 1920</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Sultanate abolished</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1922</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 July 1923</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Turkey)" title="Republic Day (Turkey)">Republic declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 October 1923</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 November 1982<a href="#cite_note-Constitution2019-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">36th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.03<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• December 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 85,664,944<a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">18th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">111.4<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>/km2 (288.5/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">83rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3.457 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TR-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">12th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $40,283<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TR-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">54th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1.344 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TR-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">17th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $15,666<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TR-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">64th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/20px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/40px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 44.4<a href="#cite_note-Gini-11">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.855<a href="#cite_note-HDI-12">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">45th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira_sign" title="Turkish lira sign">₺</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">TRY</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Turkey" title="Time in Turkey">TRT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Turkey" title="Telephone numbers in Turkey">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Turkey" title="Telephone numbers in Turkey">+90</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TR" title="ISO 3166-2:TR">TR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.tr" title=".tr">.tr</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Türkiye,<a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a> is a country mainly located in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, with a relatively small part called <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>. It borders the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the north; <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to the east; <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the south; and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> to the west. Turkey is home to over 85 million people;<a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-8">[8]</a> most are ethnic <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, while ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">largest ethnic minority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-5">[5]</a> Officially <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">a secular state</a>, Turkey has <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">a Muslim-majority</a> population. <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> is Turkey's capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">second-largest city</a>. <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> is its largest city and economic center. Other major cities include <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a>. First inhabited by modern humans during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Paleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Paleolithic">Late Paleolithic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> present-day Turkey was home to <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">various ancient peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a> were assimilated by the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a> transitioned into cultural <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> after <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great's</a> conquests, and later <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> eras.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Turks</a> began migrating into Anatolia in the 11th century, starting the <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> process.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> The Seljuk <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a> ruled Anatolia until the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasions of Anatolia">Mongol invasion</a> in 1243, when it disintegrated into <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Turkish principalities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016_38–39-20">[18]</a> Beginning in 1299, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> united the principalities and <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">expanded</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) in 1453</a>. During the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, the Ottoman Empire became a <a href="/wiki/Global_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Global power">global power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> From 1789 onwards, the empire saw major changes, <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">reforms</a>, centralization, and <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">rising nationalism</a> while <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">its territory declined</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> In the 19th and early 20th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims#Russian_Empire" title="Persecution of Muslims">in the Russian Empire</a> resulted in large-scale loss of life and <a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">mass migration into modern-day Turkey</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> Under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pashas" title="Three Pashas">Three Pashas</a>, the Ottoman Empire <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">entered World War I</a> in 1914, during which the Ottoman government committed <a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">genocides</a> against its <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian</a> subjects.<a href="#cite_note-Tatz2-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-SchallerZimmerer-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Following Ottoman defeat, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">abolition of the sultanate</a> and the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>. Turkey emerged as a more homogenous <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> The Republic <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">was proclaimed</a> on 29 October 1923, modelled on <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">the reforms</a> initiated by the country's first president, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>. Turkey <a href="/wiki/Turkey_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey during World War II">remained neutral during most of World War II</a>, but was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. Several military interventions interfered with the transition to a multi-party system. Turkey is an <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">upper-middle-income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emerging_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerging country">emerging country</a>; <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">its economy</a> is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">17th-largest by nominal</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">12th-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> presidential <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">republic</a>. Turkey is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a>. With a geopolitically significant location, Turkey is a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> and an early member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">An EU candidate</a>, Turkey is part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">CoE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Islamic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Islamic Cooperation">OIC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">TURKSOY</a>. Turkey has coastal plains, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">a high central plateau</a>, and various mountain ranges; <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">its climate</a> is temperate with harsher conditions in the interior.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_geo-31">[29]</a> Home to three <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a>, Turkey is prone to <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">frequent earthquakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">is highly vulnerable to climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Turkey has <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">a universal healthcare system</a>, growing <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">access to education</a>, and increasing levels of <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">innovativeness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> It is a leading <a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">TV content</a> exporter.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> With numerous UNESCO <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World Heritage</a> sites and <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">intangible cultural heritage</a> inscriptions, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">a rich and diverse cuisine</a>, Turkey is the <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">fifth most visited country</a> in the world. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> Turchia, meaning "the land of the Turks", had begun to be used in European texts for <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> by the end of the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Everett-37">[35]</a> As a word in <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, Turk may mean "strong, strength, ripe" or "flourishing, in full strength".<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> It may also mean ripe as in for a fruit or "in the prime of life, young, and vigorous" for a person.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> As an <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a>, the etymology is still unknown.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> In addition to usage in languages such as Chinese in the 6th century,<a href="#cite_note-Everett-37">[35]</a> the earliest mention of Turk (𐱅𐰇𐰺𐰜, türü̲k̲; or 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚, türk/tẄrk) in Turkic languages comes from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> sources in the 10th century, the name <a href="/wiki/Tourkia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tourkia (disambiguation)">Tourkia</a> was used for defining two medieval states: <a href="/wiki/Tourkia_(Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourkia (Hungary)">Hungary</a> (Western Tourkia); and <a href="/wiki/Tourkia_(Khazaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourkia (Khazaria)">Khazaria</a> (Eastern Tourkia).<a href="#cite_note-constantine_vii-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a>, with its ruling elite of Turkic origin, was called the "State of the Turks" (Dawlat at-Turk, or Dawlat al-Atrāk, or Dawlat-at-Turkiyya).<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Turkestan, also meaning the "land of the Turks", was used for a historic region in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> usage of Turkye or Turkeye is found in <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Duchess" title="The Book of the Duchess">The Book of the Duchess</a> (written in 1369–1372) to refer to Anatolia or the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> The modern spelling Turkey dates back to at least 1719.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">bird called turkey</a> was named as such due to trade of <a href="/wiki/Guineafowl" title="Guineafowl">guineafowl</a> from Turkey to England.<a href="#cite_note-Everett-37">[35]</a> The name Turkey has been used in international treaties referring to the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" title="Treaty of Alexandropol">Treaty of Alexandropol</a>, the name Türkiye entered international documents for the first time. In the treaty signed with <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in 1921, the expression Devlet-i Âliyye-i Türkiyye ("Sublime Turkish State") was used, likened to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire#Name" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire's name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> In December 2021, President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> called for expanded official usage of Türkiye, saying that Türkiye "represents and expresses the culture, civilization, and values of the Turkish nation in the best way".<a href="#cite_note-Genelge-2021/24-50">[48]</a> In May 2022, the Turkish government requested the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and other international organizations to use Türkiye officially in English; the UN agreed.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History of Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_regions_of_Anatolia" title="Ancient regions of Anatolia">Ancient regions of Anatolia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_ancient_history">Prehistory and ancient history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Prehistory of Southeast Europe">Prehistory of Southeast Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pala_(Anatolia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala (Anatolia)">Pala (Anatolia)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe,_Urfa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/250px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/330px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/500px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Some <a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">henges</a> at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> were erected as far back as <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe#Large_enclosures" title="Göbekli Tepe">9600 BC</a>, predating those of <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> by over seven millennia.<a href="#cite_note-ArchMag-54">[52]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphinx_Gate,_Hattusa_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg/250px-Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg/330px-Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg/500px-Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Sphinx Gate of <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></div></div></div></div></div> Present-day Turkey has been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">modern humans</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">late Paleolithic</a> period and contains some of the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> sites.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016_24-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-MET-56">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> is close to 12,000 years old.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016_24-55">[53]</a> Parts of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">origin of agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Other important Anatolian Neolithic sites include <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Alaca Höyük">Alaca Höyük</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-3-58">[56]</a> Neolithic Anatolian farmers differed genetically from farmers in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> These early Anatolian farmers also <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">migrated into Europe</a>, starting around 9,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>'s earliest layers go back to around 4500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-3-58">[56]</a> Anatolia's historical records start with <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablets" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay tablets">clay tablets</a> from approximately around 2000 BC that were found in modern-day <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kültepe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-4-63">[61]</a> These tablets belonged to an <a href="/wiki/Karum_(trade_post)" title="Karum (trade post)">Assyrian trade colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-4-63">[61]</a> The languages in Anatolia at that time included Hattian, Hurrian, <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_234-64">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattian</a> was a language indigenous to Anatolia, with no known modern-day connections.<a href="#cite_note-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_234-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian language</a> was used in northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_234-64">[62]</a> Hittite, Palaic, and Luwian languages were "the oldest written <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>",<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> forming the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian sub-group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_522-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattian</a> rulers were gradually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> rulers.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-4-63">[61]</a> The Hittite kingdom was a large kingdom in Central Anatolia, with its capital of <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-4-63">[61]</a> It co-existed in Anatolia with <a href="/wiki/Pala_(Anatolia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala (Anatolia)">Palaians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwians</a>, approximately between 1700 and 1200 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-4-63">[61]</a> As the Hittite kingdom was disintegrating, further waves of Indo-European peoples migrated from southeastern Europe, which was followed by warfare.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> were also present in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Thrace">Turkish Thrace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> It is not known if the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> is based on historical events.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_Troy" title="Late Bronze Age Troy">Troy's Late Bronze Age</a> layers matches most with <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>'s story.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_classical_antiquity">Early classical antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Lycian_Way_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_Lycian_Way_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-The_Lycian_Way_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_Lycian_Way_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-The_Lycian_Way_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_Lycian_Way_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-The_Lycian_Way_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lycian_Way" title="Lycian Way">Lycian Way</a> is a 760 kilometers (470 mi) long hiking path in Southwestern Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a></figcaption></figure> Around 750 BC, <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> had been established, with its two centers in <a href="/wiki/Gordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordium">Gordium</a> and modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-2-77">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a> spoke an Indo-European language, which was closer to <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> than Anatolian languages.<a href="#cite_note-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_522-67">[65]</a> Phrygians shared Anatolia with <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a>. Luwian-speakers were probably the majority in various Anatolian Neo-Hittite states.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> Urartians spoke a non-Indo-European language and their capital was around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-2-77">[74]</a> Urartu and Phrygia fell in seventh century BC.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-2-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-80">[77]</a> They were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Carians" title="Carians">Carians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycians" title="Lycians">Lycians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lydians" title="Lydians">Lydians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-80">[77]</a> These three cultures "can be considered a reassertion of the ancient, indigenous culture of the Hattian cities of Anatolia".<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-80">[77]</a> Before 1200 BC, there were four Greek-speaking settlements in Anatolia, including <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-81">[78]</a> Around 1000 BC, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Greek_migrations" title="Iron Age Greek migrations">Greeks started migrating</a> to the west coast of Anatolia. These eastern Greek settlements played a vital role in shaping the Archaic Greek civilization;<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-2-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> important <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">cities</a> included <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> (now <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>), the latter founded by colonists from <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a> in the seventh century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> These settlements were grouped as <a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doric_hexapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric hexapolis">Doris</a>, after the specific Greek groups that settled them.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> Further Greek colonization in Anatolia was led by Miletus and <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a> in 750–480 BC.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> The Greek cities along the Aegean prospered with trade, and saw remarkable scientific and scholarly accomplishments.<a href="#cite_note-y319-87">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> from Miletus founded the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Ionian School of philosophy</a>, thereby laying the foundations of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/250px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/330px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/500px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9163" data-file-height="7100" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Celsus" title="Library of Celsus">Library of Celsus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> was built by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> in 114–117.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> attacked eastern Anatolia in 547 BC, and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> eventually <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)" title="Siege of Sardis (547 BC)">expanded into western Anatolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-80">[77]</a> In the east, the <a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenian province</a> was part of the Achaemenid Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-2-77">[74]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a>, the Greek city-states of the Anatolian Aegean coast regained independence, but most of the interior stayed part of the Achaemenid Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-80">[77]</a> Two of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Temple of Artemis</a> in Ephesus, and the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Halicarnassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleum of Halicarnassus">Mausoleum of Halicarnassus</a>, were located in Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> Following the victories of Alexander in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus" title="Battle of the Granicus">334 BC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">333 BC</a>, the Achaemenid Empire collapsed and Anatolia became part of the <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-80">[77]</a> This led to increasing cultural homogeneity and <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> of the Anatolian interior,<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> which met resistance in some places.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016_a-94">[91]</a> Following Alexander's death, the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucids</a> ruled large parts of Anatolia, while native Anatolian states emerged in the Marmara and Black Sea areas. In eastern Anatolia, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">the kingdom of Armenia</a> appeared. In third century BC, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> invaded central Anatolia and continued as a major ethnic group in the area for around 200 years. They were known as the <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rome_and_Byzantine_Empire">Rome and Byzantine Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Christianity in Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justinian555AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/220px-Justinian555AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/330px-Justinian555AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/440px-Justinian555AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire</a> in 555 under <a href="/wiki/Justinian_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian the Great">Justinian the Great</a>, at its greatest extent</figcaption></figure> When <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a> requested assistance in its conflict with the Seleucids, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a> intervened in Anatolia in the second century BC. Without an heir, Pergamum's king left the kingdom to Rome, which was annexed as <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">province of Asia</a>. Roman influence grew in Anatolia afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers" title="Asiatic Vespers">Asiatic Vespers</a> massacre, and <a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a>, Rome emerged victorious. Around the 1st century BC, <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Rome expanded into parts of Pontus and Bithynia</a>, while turning rest of Anatolian states into Roman satellites.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">conflicts with Parthians ensued</a>, with peace and wars alternating.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, early Christian Church had significant growth in Anatolia because of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">St Paul</a>'s efforts. Letters from St. Paul in Anatolia comprise the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">oldest Christian literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> Under Roman authority, <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical councils">ecumenical councils</a> such as <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicaea (Iznik)</a> in 325 served as a guide for developing "orthodox expressions of basic Christian teachings".<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aya_Sophia_(7144824757).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aya_Sophia_%287144824757%29.jpg/250px-Aya_Sophia_%287144824757%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aya_Sophia_%287144824757%29.jpg/330px-Aya_Sophia_%287144824757%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aya_Sophia_%287144824757%29.jpg/500px-Aya_Sophia_%287144824757%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2449" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) was built by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian the Great">Justinian the Great</a> in 532–537.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a></figcaption></figure> The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> centered in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> during <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The eastern half of the Empire survived the conditions that caused the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the West</a> in the 5th century AD, and continued to exist until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean world">Mediterranean world</a>. The term Byzantine Empire was only coined following the empire's demise; its citizens referred to the polity as the "Roman Empire" and to themselves as Romans. Due to the imperial seat's move from Rome to <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">adoption of Christianity as the state religion</a>, and the predominance of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Greek</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, modern historians continue to make a distinction between the earlier Roman Empire and the later Byzantine Empire.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the early Byzantine Empire period, the Anatolian coastal areas were Greek speaking. In addition to natives, interior Anatolia had diverse groups such as <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a>. Interior Anatolia had been "heavily Hellenized".<a href="#cite_note-Horrocks_pp_778-779-102">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a> eventually became extinct after <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> of Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seljuks_and_Anatolian_beyliks">Seljuks and Anatolian beyliks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Seljuk_Empire_(1092).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Turkey is located in Seljuk Empire"><img alt="Turkey is located in Seljuk Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Seljuk_Empire_%281092%29.png/330px-Map_of_the_Seljuk_Empire_%281092%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Seljuk_Empire_%281092%29.png/500px-Map_of_the_Seljuk_Empire_%281092%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Seljuk_Empire_%281092%29.png/960px-Map_of_the_Seljuk_Empire_%281092%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3829" data-file-height="2500" /></a><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:05px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/AD_1090" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1090">1090</a></div><div id="annotation_210x90" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:90px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid Empire">GHAZNAVID EMPIRE</a></div><div id="annotation_150x15" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:15px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">KIPCHAKS</a></div><div id="annotation_30x20" style="position:absolute; left:30px; top:20px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">PECHENEGS</a></div><div id="annotation_25x105" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:105px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">FATIMID CALIPHATE</a></div><div id="annotation_97x120" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:120px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Uyunid_Emirate" title="Uyunid Emirate">UYUNIDS</a></div><div id="annotation_95x51" style="position:absolute; left:95px; top:51px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">GEORGIA</a></div><div id="annotation_1x40" style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:40px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">BYZANTINE EMPIRE</a></div><div id="annotation_50x60" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:60px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">RUM</a></div><div id="annotation_245x145" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:145px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">YADAVAS</a></div><div id="annotation_186x45" style="position:absolute; left:186px; top:45px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">KARAKHANID KHANATE</a></div><div id="annotation_272x155" style="position:absolute; left:272px; top:155px; font-size:12px; font-weight:bold; font-size:12; line-height:14px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_1000_CE" title="Template:Continental Asia in 1000 CE"> ◁ </a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_1200_CE" title="Template:Continental Asia in 1200 CE"> ▷ </a></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Seljuk_Empire_(1090).png" title="File:Map of the Seljuk Empire (1090).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> circa 1090, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Malik_Shah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Shah I">Malik Shah I</a>. To the west, Anatolia was under the independent rule of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_ibn_Qutalmish" title="Suleiman ibn Qutalmish">Suleiman ibn Qutalmish</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a>.</div></div></div> According to historians and linguists, the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a> originated in Central-East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Initially, Proto-<a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic speakers</a> were potentially both hunter-gatherers and farmers; they later became <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Early and medieval <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic groups</a> exhibited a wide range of both East Asian and West-Eurasian physical appearances and genetic origins, in part through long-term contact with neighboring peoples such as <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uralic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic people">Uralic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_people" title="Yeniseian people">Yeniseian</a> peoples.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> During the 9th and 10th centuries CE, <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">the Oghuz</a> were a Turkic group that lived in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Caspian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral</a> steppes.<a href="#cite_note-Lee_p84-107">[104]</a> Partly due to pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a>, the Oghuz migrated into <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lee_p84-107">[104]</a> They mixed with Iranic-speaking groups in the area and converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lee_p84-107">[104]</a> Oghuz Turks were also known as Turkmen or <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016_34-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lee_p84-107">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beylicats_d%25u2019Anatolie_vers_1330-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Beylicats_d%25u2019Anatolie_vers_1330-en.svg/310px-Beylicats_d%25u2019Anatolie_vers_1330-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Beylicats_d%25u2019Anatolie_vers_1330-en.svg/465px-Beylicats_d%25u2019Anatolie_vers_1330-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Beylicats_d%25u2019Anatolie_vers_1330-en.svg/620px-Beylicats_d%25u2019Anatolie_vers_1330-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>A map of independent <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Turkish principalities</a> in Anatolia during the 14th century</figcaption></figure> The ruling family of <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">the Seljuks</a> originated from the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1n%C4%B1k_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kınık (tribe)">Kınık</a> branch of the Oghuz Turks.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> In 1040, the Seljuks defeated the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dandanaqan" title="Battle of Dandanaqan">Battle of Dandanaqan</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>'s capital and center of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">the Islamic world</a>, was taken by Seljuks in 1055.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016_34-108">[105]</a> Given the role <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khurasani</a> traditions played in art, culture, and political traditions in the empire, the Seljuk period is described as a mixture of "<a href="/wiki/Turko-Persian_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Turko-Persian tradition">Turkish, Persian and Islamic influences</a>".<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> In the latter half of the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks began penetrating into <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">medieval Armenia</a> and Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016_34-108">[105]</a> At the time, Anatolia was a diverse and largely Greek-speaking region after previously being <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_2006_p1576_h-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davison_1990_p3_4-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horrocks_pp_778-779-102">[99]</a> The Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a> in 1071, and later established <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> During this period, there were also <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Turkish principalities</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Danishmendids" title="Danishmendids">Danishmendids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> Seljuk arrival started the <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> process in Anatolia;<a href="#cite_note-Davison_1990_p3_4-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> there were Turkic/Turkish migrations, intermarriages, and conversions into Islam.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> The shift took several centuries and happened gradually.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> Members of <a href="/wiki/Mysticism#Islamic_mysticism" title="Mysticism">Islamic mysticism</a> orders, such as <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Mevlevi Order</a>, played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> of the diverse people of Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> Seljuk expansion was one of the reasons for the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> In 13th century, there was a second significant wave of Turkic migration, as people fled <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> expansion.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> Seljuk sultanate was defeated by the Mongols at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6se_Da%C4%9F" title="Battle of Köse Dağ">Battle of Köse Dağ</a> in 1243 and disappeared by the beginning of the 14th century. It was replaced by various Turkish principalities.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016_38–39-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OttomanEmpireMain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/OttomanEmpireMain.png/250px-OttomanEmpireMain.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/OttomanEmpireMain.png/330px-OttomanEmpireMain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/OttomanEmpireMain.png/500px-OttomanEmpireMain.png 2x" data-file-width="3597" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> at its greatest European extent, in 1683, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> Based around <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6%C4%9F%C3%BCt" title="Söğüt">Söğüt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Beylik</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a> in the early 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> According to Ottoman chroniclers, Osman descended from the <a href="/wiki/Kay%C4%B1_(tribe)" title="Kayı (tribe)">Kayı</a> tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lee_2023_94-128">[125]</a> Ottomans started annexing the nearby Turkish beyliks (principalities) in Anatolia and expanded into the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> completed Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine Empire by <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">capturing its capital, Constantinople</a>, on 29 May 1453.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> united Anatolia under Ottoman rule.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_p45-131">[128]</a> Turkification continued as Ottomans mixed with various indigenous people in Anatolia and the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-Lee_2023_94-128">[125]</a> The Ottoman Empire was a global power during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_p45-131">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Somel_p_xcvii-132">[129]</a> In the 16th and 17th centuries, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Sephardic Jews</a> moved into Ottoman Empire following their <a href="/wiki/Reconquista#Conversions_and_expulsions" title="Reconquista">expulsion</a> from Spain.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> From the second half of the 18th century onwards, the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire began to decline</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms, initiated by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> in 1839, aimed to modernize the Ottoman state in line with the progress that had been made in Western Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Ottoman constitution of 1876</a> was the first among Muslim states, but was <a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">short-lived</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower,_Istanbul,_Turkey_001_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001_cropped.jpg/208px-View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001_cropped.jpg/312px-View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001_cropped.jpg/416px-View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2802" data-file-height="1885" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Dolmabah%C3%A7e,_Estambul,_Turqu%C3%ADa,_2024-09-28,_DD_109.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Palacio_de_Dolmabah%C3%A7e%2C_Estambul%2C_Turqu%C3%ADa%2C_2024-09-28%2C_DD_109.jpg/208px-Palacio_de_Dolmabah%C3%A7e%2C_Estambul%2C_Turqu%C3%ADa%2C_2024-09-28%2C_DD_109.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Palacio_de_Dolmabah%C3%A7e%2C_Estambul%2C_Turqu%C3%ADa%2C_2024-09-28%2C_DD_109.jpg/312px-Palacio_de_Dolmabah%C3%A7e%2C_Estambul%2C_Turqu%C3%ADa%2C_2024-09-28%2C_DD_109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Palacio_de_Dolmabah%C3%A7e%2C_Estambul%2C_Turqu%C3%ADa%2C_2024-09-28%2C_DD_109.jpg/416px-Palacio_de_Dolmabah%C3%A7e%2C_Estambul%2C_Turqu%C3%ADa%2C_2024-09-28%2C_DD_109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8425" data-file-height="5617" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a> were the primary residences of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman sultans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> between 1465 and 1856<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-136">[133]</a> and 1856 to 1922,<a href="#cite_note-dolmabahcepalace-137">[134]</a> respectively.</div></div></div></div></div> As the empire gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth; especially after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Ottoman economic crisis and default</a> in 1875<a href="#cite_note-NiallFergusonFT-138">[135]</a> which led to uprisings in the Balkan provinces that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a>. The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire">rise in nationalist sentiment among its various subject peoples</a>, leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally burst into violence, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians</a>, which claimed up to 300,000 lives.<a href="#cite_note-nzhistory.net.nz-139">[136]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Ottoman territories in Europe (<a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a>) were lost in the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–1913).<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> Ottomans managed to recover some territory in Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims#Russian_Empire" title="Persecution of Muslims">in the Russian Empire</a> resulted in estimated 5 million deaths,<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gibney_2005_437-142">[139]</a> with the casualties including Turks.<a href="#cite_note-Gibney_2005_437-142">[139]</a> Five to seven or seven to nine million <a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">refugees</a> migrated into modern-day Turkey from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> islands,<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> shifting the center of the Ottoman Empire to Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> In addition to a small number of Jews, the refugees were overwhelmingly Muslim; they were both Turkish and non-Turkish people, such as <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mojzes" title="Paul Mojzes">Paul Mojzes</a> has called the Balkan Wars an "unrecognized genocide", where multiple sides were both victims and perpetrators.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> Circassian refugees included the survivors of the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 coup d'état</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pashas" title="Three Pashas">Three Pashas</a> took control of the Ottoman government. The Ottoman Empire entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> and was ultimately defeated.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> During the war, the empire's Armenian subjects were <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Law_of_Deportation" title="Temporary Law of Deportation">deported to Syria</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>. As a result, an estimated 600,000<a href="#cite_note-britannica-ag-150">[147]</a> to more than 1 million,<a href="#cite_note-britannica-ag-150">[147]</a> or up to 1.5 million<a href="#cite_note-umichigan-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-jfreedman-152">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-totten-et-al-153">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians</a> were killed. The Turkish government has <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">refused to acknowledge</a><a href="#cite_note-Tatz-154">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> the events as genocide and states that Armenians were only <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">"relocated</a>" from the eastern war zone.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Genocidal campaigns</a> were also committed against the empire's other minority groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greeks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloxham2005-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levene-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-159">[156]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> in 1918, the victorious <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a> sought the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">partition of the Ottoman Empire</a> through the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Treaty_of_Sèvres-160">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Türkiye">Republic of Türkiye</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">History of the Republic of Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_%C5%9Fapkas%C4%B1yla_selam_verirken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Atat%C3%BCrk_%C5%9Fapkas%C4%B1yla_selam_verirken.jpg/170px-Atat%C3%BCrk_%C5%9Fapkas%C4%B1yla_selam_verirken.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Atat%C3%BCrk_%C5%9Fapkas%C4%B1yla_selam_verirken.jpg/255px-Atat%C3%BCrk_%C5%9Fapkas%C4%B1yla_selam_verirken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Atat%C3%BCrk_%C5%9Fapkas%C4%B1yla_selam_verirken.jpg/340px-Atat%C3%BCrk_%C5%9Fapkas%C4%B1yla_selam_verirken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_founders" title="List of national founders">founder</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Turkey" title="List of presidents of Turkey">first President</a> of the Turkish Republic</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul" title="Occupation of Istanbul">occupation of Istanbul</a> (1918) and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna" title="Occupation of Smyrna">İzmir</a> (1919) by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> in the aftermath of World War I initiated the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a>. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Pasha</a>, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> (1919–1923) was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> (1920).<a href="#cite_note-Atatürk-161">[158]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Turkish Provisional Government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, which had declared itself the legitimate government of the country on <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">23 April 1920</a>, started to formalize the legal transition from the old Ottoman into the new Republican political system. The Ankara Government engaged in armed and diplomatic struggle. In 1921–1923, the Armenian, Greek, French, and British armies had been expelled.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-18sep1922-165">[162]</a> The military advance and diplomatic success of the Ankara Government resulted in the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">Armistice of Mudanya</a> on 11 October 1922. On 1 November 1922, the Turkish Parliament in Ankara formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchical</a> Ottoman rule. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> of 24 July 1923, which superseded the Treaty of Sèvres,<a href="#cite_note-Treaty_of_Sèvres-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atatürk-161">[158]</a> led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the new Turkish state as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire. On 4 October 1923, the Allied occupation of Turkey ended with the withdrawal of the last Allied troops from <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul" title="Occupation of Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. The Turkish Republic was officially proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Ankara, the country's new capital.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Convention_Concerning_the_Exchange_of_Greek_and_Turkish_Populations" title="Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations">Lausanne Convention</a> stipulated a <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clogg-167">[164]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg/250px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg/330px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg/500px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7594" data-file-height="3797" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Anıtkabir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> was completed in 1953 to become the mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></figcaption></figure> Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">president</a> and introduced <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">many reforms</a>. The reforms aimed to transform the old <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">religion-based and multi-communal</a> Ottoman monarchy into a Turkish <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> that would be governed as a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1924" title="Turkish Constitution of 1924">secular constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BoweringCrone2012-168">[165]</a> Women gained the right to vote nationally in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkish Parliament</a> bestowed upon Kemal the honorific surname "Atatürk" (Father Turk).<a href="#cite_note-Atatürk-161">[158]</a> Atatürk's reforms caused discontent in some <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zaza</a> tribes leading to the <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a> in 1925<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim rebellion</a> in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a> became the country's second president following Atatürk's death in 1938. In 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Republic of Hatay</a> voted in favor of joining Turkey with a referendum. Turkey <a href="/wiki/Second_Cairo_Conference" title="Second Cairo Conference">remained neutral</a> during almost all of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> but entered the war on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> on <a href="/wiki/Turkish_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_and_Japan" title="Turkish declaration of war on Germany and Japan">23 February 1945</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> Later that year, Turkey became a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">charter member</a> of the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-Turkey_UN-174">[171]</a> In 1950 Turkey became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. After fighting as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> forces in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, Turkey joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visit_of_Tansu_%C3%87iller,_Turkish_Prime_Minister,_to_the_EC_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Visit_of_Tansu_%C3%87iller%2C_Turkish_Prime_Minister%2C_to_the_EC_6.jpg/220px-Visit_of_Tansu_%C3%87iller%2C_Turkish_Prime_Minister%2C_to_the_EC_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Visit_of_Tansu_%C3%87iller%2C_Turkish_Prime_Minister%2C_to_the_EC_6.jpg/330px-Visit_of_Tansu_%C3%87iller%2C_Turkish_Prime_Minister%2C_to_the_EC_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Visit_of_Tansu_%C3%87iller%2C_Turkish_Prime_Minister%2C_to_the_EC_6.jpg/440px-Visit_of_Tansu_%C3%87iller%2C_Turkish_Prime_Minister%2C_to_the_EC_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2728" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a>, Turkey's first female prime minister, attends a <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> meeting in January 1994</figcaption></figure> Military coups or memorandums, which happened in <a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960</a>, <a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1997_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1997 Turkish military memorandum">1997</a>, complicated Turkey's transition to a democratic <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">multiparty system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> Between 1960 and the end of the 20th century, the prominent leaders in Turkish politics who achieved multiple election victories were <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] PKK started a "campaign of terrorist attacks on civilian and military targets" in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> It is designated as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">terrorist organization</a> by Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> the United States,<a href="#cite_note-department-of-state-list-179">[176]</a> and the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-european-council-list-180">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a> became the first female prime minister of Turkey in 1993. Turkey applied for full membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a> in 1987, joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union</a> in 1995 and started <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">accession negotiations</a> with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-TR_EUChrono-181">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> Customs Union had an important impact on the Turkish manufacturing sector.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> In 2014, prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan won Turkey's first direct <a href="/wiki/2014_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2014 Turkish presidential election">presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> On 15 July 2016, an <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="2016 Turkish coup attempt">unsuccessful coup attempt</a> tried to oust the government.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> According to the Turkish government, there are 13,251 arrested or convicted people in jail as of 2024, related to the 2016 coup attempt.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> With a <a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">referendum in 2017</a>, the parliamentary republic was replaced by an <a href="/wiki/Executive_president" title="Executive president">executive presidential system</a>. The office of the prime minister was abolished, and its powers and duties were transferred to the president. On the referendum day, while the voting was still underway, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Election_Council_(Turkey)" title="Supreme Election Council (Turkey)">Supreme Electoral Council</a> lifted a rule that required each ballot to have an official stamp.<a href="#cite_note-WasPostRef2017-189">[186]</a> The opposition parties claimed that as many as 2.5 million <a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum#Unstamped_ballots" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">ballots without a stamp</a> were accepted as valid.<a href="#cite_note-WasPostRef2017-189">[186]</a> In 2025 the PKK declared a ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions of Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Turkey">Regions of Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/NUTS_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="NUTS of Turkey">NUTS of Turkey</a></div> Turkey is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>. Its administrative system includes central and local administration. Central administration consists of the <a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">central government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, and local departments such as 81 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Turkey" title="Districts of Turkey">their subdivisions</a>. Local administration authorities consist of metropolitan municipalities, municipalities, neighborhoods or villages, and special provincial administrations. For economic and geographic reasons, Turkey is also categorized into <a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">seven regions</a> and 21 sub-regions.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> <div class="center"><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 700px; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:BlankMapTurkeyProvinces.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BlankMapTurkeyProvinces.png/700px-BlankMapTurkeyProvinces.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/BlankMapTurkeyProvinces.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="500" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; left:233.4px; top:123.6px"><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:64px; top:38.2px"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli_Province" title="Kırklareli Province">Kırklareli</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:58.5px"><a href="/wiki/Edirne_Province" title="Edirne Province">Edirne</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:47.2px; top:69px"><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F_Province" title="Tekirdağ Province">Tekirdağ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:10.8px; top:118px"><a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_Province" title="Çanakkale Province">Çanakkale</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:66.8px; top:136.2px"><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir_Province" title="Balıkesir Province">Balıkesir</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:100.4px; top:112.4px"><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Province" title="Bursa Province">Bursa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:104.6px; top:90px"><a href="/wiki/Yalova_Province" title="Yalova Province">Yalova</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:114.4px; top:57.8px"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Province">Istanbul</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:132.6px; top:78.8px"><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:153.6px; top:92.8px"><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:180.2px; top:77.4px"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzce_Province" title="Düzce Province">Düzce</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:188.6px; top:62px"><a href="/wiki/Zonguldak_Province" title="Zonguldak Province">Zonguldak</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:208.2px; top:102.6px"><a href="/wiki/Bolu_Province" title="Bolu Province">Bolu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:146.6px; top:118px"><a href="/wiki/Bilecik_Province" title="Bilecik Province">Bilecik</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:178.8px; top:143.2px"><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Eskişehir Province">Eskişehir</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:121.4px; top:153px"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya_Province" title="Kütahya Province">Kütahya</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:64px; top:171.2px"><a href="/wiki/Manisa_Province" title="Manisa Province">Manisa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:40.9px; top:195px"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Province" title="İzmir Province">İzmir</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:62.6px; top:223px"><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" title="Aydın Province">Aydın</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:74.5px; top:254.5px"><a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province" title="Muğla Province">Muğla</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:103.2px; top:223px"><a href="/wiki/Denizli_Province" title="Denizli Province">Denizli</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:139.6px; top:241.2px"><a href="/wiki/Burdur_Province" title="Burdur Province">Burdur</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:113px; top:189.4px"><a href="/wiki/U%C5%9Fak_Province" title="Uşak Province">Uşak</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:148px; top:183.8px"><a href="/wiki/Afyonkarahisar_Province" title="Afyonkarahisar Province">Afyonkarahisar</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:170.4px; top:223px"><a href="/wiki/Isparta_Province" title="Isparta Province">Isparta</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:159.2px; top:266.4px"><a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/Konya_Province" title="Konya Province">Konya</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:276.8px; top:280.4px"><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:250.2px; top:256.6px"><a href="/wiki/Karaman_Province" title="Karaman Province">Karaman</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:276.8px; top:207.6px"><a href="/wiki/Aksaray_Province" title="Aksaray Province">Aksaray</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:282.4px; top:161.4px"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Kırşehir Province">Kırşehir</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:269.8px; top:142.5px"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1kkale_Province" title="Kırıkkale Province">Kırıkkale</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:261.4px; top:95.6px"><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1_Province" title="Çankırı Province">Çankırı</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:229.2px; top:74.6px"><a href="/wiki/Karab%C3%BCk_Province" title="Karabük Province">Karabük</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:239px; top:42.4px"><a href="/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n_Province" title="Bartın Province">Bartın</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:265.6px; top:59.2px"><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Province" title="Kastamonu Province">Kastamonu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:325.8px; top:48px"><a href="/wiki/Sinop_Province" title="Sinop Province">Sinop</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:307.6px; top:108.2px"><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orum_Province" title="Çorum Province">Çorum</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:328.6px; top:148.8px"><a href="/wiki/Yozgat_Province" title="Yozgat Province">Yozgat</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:300.6px; top:185.2px"><a href="/wiki/Nev%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Nevşehir Province">Nevşehir</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:307.6px; top:228.6px"><a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde_Province" title="Niğde Province">Niğde</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:332.8px; top:267.8px"><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:367.8px; top:302.8px"><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:351px; top:246.8px"><a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:381.8px; top:218.8px"><a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_Province" title="Kahramanmaraş Province">K. Maraş</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:346.8px; top:197.8px"><a href="/wiki/Kayseri_Province" title="Kayseri Province">Kayseri</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:400px; top:148.8px"><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Province" title="Sivas Province">Sivas</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:373.4px; top:115.2px"><a href="/wiki/Tokat_Province" title="Tokat Province">Tokat</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:344px; top:92.8px"><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Province" title="Amasya Province">Amasya</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:359.4px; top:73.2px"><a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:405.6px; top:87.2px"><a href="/wiki/Ordu_Province" title="Ordu Province">Ordu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:435px; top:90px"><a href="/wiki/Giresun_Province" title="Giresun Province">Giresun</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:464.4px; top:143.2px"><a href="/wiki/Erzincan_Province" title="Erzincan Province">Erzincan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:426.6px; top:199.2px"><a href="/wiki/Malatya_Province" title="Malatya Province">Malatya</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:394.4px; top:263.6px"><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep_Province" title="Gaziantep Province">Gaziantep</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:400px; top:281.8px"><a href="/wiki/Kilis_Province" title="Kilis Province">Kilis</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:460.2px; top:260.8px"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:422.4px; top:232.8px"><a href="/wiki/Ad%C4%B1yaman_Province" title="Adıyaman Province">Adıyaman</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:463px; top:104px"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane_Province" title="Gümüşhane Province">Gümüşhane</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:482.6px; top:84.4px"><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:523.2px; top:73.2px"><a href="/wiki/Rize_Province" title="Rize Province">Rize</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:505px; top:116.6px"><a href="/wiki/Bayburt_Province" title="Bayburt Province">Bayburt</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:547px; top:129.2px"><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Province" title="Erzurum Province">Erzurum</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:558.2px; top:64.8px"><a href="/wiki/Artvin_Province" title="Artvin Province">Artvin</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:597.4px; top:71.8px"><a href="/wiki/Ardahan_Province" title="Ardahan Province">Ardahan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:605.8px; top:101.2px"><a href="/wiki/Kars_Province" title="Kars Province">Kars</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:612.8px; top:136.2px"><a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Province" title="Ağrı Province">Ağrı</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:642.2px; top:122.2px"><a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province" title="Iğdır Province">Iğdır</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:479.8px; top:165.6px"><a href="/wiki/Tunceli_Province" title="Tunceli Province">Tunceli</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:463px; top:189.4px"><a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Province" title="Elazığ Province">Elazığ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:498px; top:218.8px"><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakır</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:530.2px; top:252.4px"><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:538.6px; top:200.6px"><a href="/wiki/Batman_Province" title="Batman Province">Batman</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:583.4px; top:221.6px"><a href="/wiki/Siirt_Province" title="Siirt Province">Siirt</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:598.8px; top:239.8px"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_Province" title="Şırnak Province">Şırnak</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:587.6px; top:197.8px"><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Province" title="Bitlis Province">Bitlis</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:528.8px; top:169.8px"><a href="/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l_Province" title="Bingöl Province">Bingöl</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:569.4px; top:171.2px"><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F_Province" title="Muş Province">Muş</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:643.6px; top:190.8px"><a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:657.6px; top:235.6px"><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province" title="Hakkâri Province">Hakkâri</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkey_Labelled_Map" title="Template:Turkey Labelled Map"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/20px-Desc-i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/30px-Desc-i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/40px-Desc-i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government of Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics of Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution of Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement in Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:TBMM,_October_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Parliament of Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/TBMM%2C_October_2021.jpg/250px-TBMM%2C_October_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/TBMM%2C_October_2021.jpg/330px-TBMM%2C_October_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/TBMM%2C_October_2021.jpg/500px-TBMM%2C_October_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1816" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">legislative chamber</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Presidential Complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg/250px-Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg/330px-Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg/500px-Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3399" data-file-height="1807" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Complex_(Turkey)" title="Presidential Complex (Turkey)">Presidential Complex</a>, residence and workplace of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President of Turkey</a></div></div></div></div></div> Turkey is a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">multi-party system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIAFactbookTurkey-192">[189]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">current constitution</a> was <a href="/wiki/1982_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1982 Turkish constitutional referendum">adopted in 1982</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> In the Turkish unitary system, citizens are subject to <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">three levels of government</a>: national, provincial, and local. The <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local government</a>'s duties are commonly split between <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">municipal governments</a> and districts, in which the executive and legislative officials are elected by a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality vote</a> of citizens by district.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The government comprises three branches: first is the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> branch, which is <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a>;<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> second is the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> branch, which is the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President of Turkey</a>;<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> and third is the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">judicial</a> branch, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Constitution2019-6">[6]</a> The Parliament has 600 seats, distributed among the provinces <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">proportionally to the population</a>. The Parliament and the president serve a five-year terms, with elections on the same day. The president is <a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">elected</a> by <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct vote</a> and cannot run for re-election after two terms, unless the parliament calls early presidential elections during the second term.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Constitutional Court is composed of 15 members, elected for single 12-year terms. They are obliged to retire when they are over the age of 65.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> Turkish politics have become increasingly associated with <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a>, being described as a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">competitive authoritarian</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-Esen_Gumuscu_2020_pp._1075–1091-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Borsuk_Levin_2021_pp._175–187-199">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parties_and_elections">Parties and elections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections in Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Turkey">Political parties in Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_cycle_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral cycle of Turkey">Electoral cycle of Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2024_Turkish_local_elections.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/2024_Turkish_local_elections.svg/250px-2024_Turkish_local_elections.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/2024_Turkish_local_elections.svg/330px-2024_Turkish_local_elections.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/2024_Turkish_local_elections.svg/500px-2024_Turkish_local_elections.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Results of the <a href="/wiki/2024_Turkish_local_elections" title="2024 Turkish local elections">2024 Turkish local elections</a></figcaption></figure> Elections in Turkey are held for six functions of government: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">presidential</a> (national), parliamentary (national), <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">municipality mayors</a> (local), district mayors (local), provincial or <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="List of municipalities in Turkey">municipal council members</a> (local), and <a href="/wiki/Muhtar_(title)" title="Muhtar (title)">muhtars</a> (local). <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Referendums</a> are also held occasionally. Every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 has the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">right to vote</a> and stand as a candidate at elections.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a> for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1934.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> In Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">turnout rates</a> of both local and general elections are high compared to many other countries, which usually stands higher than 80%.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> is currently serving as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_%C3%96zel" title="Özgür Özel">Özgür Özel</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Main_Opposition_Leaders_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the Main Opposition Leaders of Turkey">Main Opposition Leader</a>. The last <a href="/wiki/2023_Turkish_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Turkish parliamentary election">parliamentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/2023_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2023 Turkish presidential election">presidential</a> elections were in 2023. The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">political parties</a> that it deems <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">anti-secular</a> or having ties to <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">terrorism</a>, or ban their existence altogether.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">electoral threshold</a> for political parties at national level is seven percent of the votes.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> Smaller parties can avoid the electoral threshold by forming an alliance with other parties. <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent candidates</a> are not subject to an electoral threshold. On the right side of the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>, parties like the <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Turkey,_1946%E2%80%931961)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)">Democrat Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice Party (Turkey)">Justice Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motherland_Party_(Turkey)" title="Motherland Party (Turkey)">Motherland Party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> became the most popular political parties in Turkey, winning numerous elections. Turkish <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> parties are more likely to embrace the principles of political ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> On the left side of the spectrum, parties like the <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Populist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Social Democratic Populist Party (Turkey)">Social Democratic Populist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democratic Left Party (Turkey)">Democratic Left Party</a> once enjoyed the largest electoral success. <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a> parties are more likely to embrace the principles of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FleetFaroqhi2008p357-207">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial system of Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg/250px-Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg/330px-Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg/500px-Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a> is the final court for reviewing verdicts given by courts of criminal and civil justice.</figcaption></figure> With the founding of the Republic, Turkey adopted a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> legal system, replacing <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>-derived <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman law">Ottoman law</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_civil_code_(1926)" title="Turkish civil code (1926)">Civil Code</a>, adopted in 1926, was based on the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Civil_Code" title="Swiss Civil Code">Swiss Civil Code</a> of 1907 and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Code_of_Obligations" title="Swiss Code of Obligations">Swiss Code of Obligations</a> of 1911. Although it underwent a number of changes in 2002, it retains much of the basis of the original Code. The <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Code">Criminal Code</a>, originally based on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_law_codes#Penal_Code" title="Italian law codes">Italian Criminal Code</a>, was replaced in 2005 by a Code with principles similar to the <a href="/wiki/German_Penal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="German Penal Code">German Penal Code</a> and German law generally. <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a> is based on the French equivalent and <a href="/wiki/Procedural_law" title="Procedural law">procedural law</a> generally shows the influence of the Swiss, German and French legal systems.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> Islamic principles do not play a part in the legal system.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement in Turkey</a> is carried out by several agencies under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a>. These agencies are the <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">General Directorate of Security</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie General Command</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Command_(Turkey)" title="Coast Guard Command (Turkey)">Coast Guard Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> In the years of government by the Justice and Development Party and Erdoğan, particularly since 2013, the independence and integrity of the Turkish judiciary has increasingly been said to be in doubt by institutions, parliamentarians and journalists both within and outside of Turkey, because of political interference in the promotion of judges and prosecutors and in their pursuit of public duty.<a href="#cite_note-EU2015-211">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-EP2016-212">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-TI2016-213">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations of Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:300622-SanchezOTANSegunda3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/300622-SanchezOTANSegunda3.jpg/220px-300622-SanchezOTANSegunda3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/300622-SanchezOTANSegunda3.jpg/330px-300622-SanchezOTANSegunda3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/300622-SanchezOTANSegunda3.jpg/440px-300622-SanchezOTANSegunda3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>Turkey has been a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> since 1952, has its second largest army and is the host of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Land_Command" title="Allied Land Command">Allied Land Command</a> headquarters.</figcaption></figure> Turkey's constant foreign policy goal is to pursue its national interests. These interests are mainly growing the economy, and maintaining security from <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">internal terrorist</a> and external threats.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> After the establishment of the Republic, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İnönü</a> followed the "<a href="/wiki/Peace_at_home,_peace_in_the_world" title="Peace at home, peace in the world">peace at home, peace in the world</a>" principle until the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>'s start.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Soviet_territorial_claims_against_Turkey" title="Soviet territorial claims against Turkey">threats from the Soviet Union</a>, Turkey sought to <a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkey–United States relations">ally with the United States</a> and joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> Overall, Turkey aims for good relations with <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and Iran. With the West, Turkey also aims to keep its arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_2012_234–235-218">[215]</a> By trading with the east and joining the EU, Turkey pursues economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_2012_234–235-218">[215]</a> Turkey joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union</a> in 1995,<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">its EU accession talks</a> are frozen as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Organization_of_Turkic_States_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Organization_of_Turkic_States_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Organization_of_Turkic_States_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Organization_of_Turkic_States_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Organization_of_Turkic_States_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Organization_of_Turkic_States_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Organization_of_Turkic_States_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Members and observers of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></figcaption></figure> Turkey has been called an emerging power,<a href="#cite_note-Acharya_2014-221">[218]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a>,<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> Turkey has sought closer relations with the Central Asian Turkic states after the breakup of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_2012_230-224">[221]</a> Closer <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Turkey relations">relations with Azerbaijan</a>, a culturally close country, was achieved.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_2012_230-224">[221]</a> Turkey is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> It is also a member of <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, Turkey had problems with countries such as United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_19_May_2023-228">[225]</a> Relations with these countries have improved since then.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_19_May_2023-228">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> The exception is Syria, with which Turkey had cut its relations after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> There are disputes <a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">with Greece over maritime boundaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Turkey_maritime_zones_dispute" title="Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute">with Cyprus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> In 2018, the Turkish military and the Turkish-backed forces began an <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">operation in Syria</a> aimed at ousting US-backed <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> (which Turkey considers to be an offshoot of the outlawed <a href="/wiki/PKK" class="mw-redirect" title="PKK">PKK</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-Council-233">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> from the enclave of <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-TRT-World-25-05-2022-236">[233]</a> Turkey has also conducted airstrikes in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>, which was criticized by Iraq for violating its sovereignty and killing civilians.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Israel–Turkey relations">Diplomatic relations with Israel</a> were damaged after the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Gaza flotilla raid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> normalized in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> and cut again following the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_28_May_2024-240">[237]</a> In 2024, Turkey stopped trading with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_28_May_2024-240">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Turkish Land Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Turkish Naval Forces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish Air Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG-TAI-TFX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/IMG-TAI-TFX.jpg/250px-IMG-TAI-TFX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/IMG-TAI-TFX.jpg/330px-IMG-TAI-TFX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/IMG-TAI-TFX.jpg/500px-IMG-TAI-TFX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/TAI_TF_Kaan" title="TAI TF Kaan">TAI TF Kaan</a> is currently being produced by <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Aerospace_Industries" title="Turkish Aerospace Industries">Turkish Aerospace Industries</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish Air Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> are responsible for defense against foreign threats. While the Commander-in-Chief is the President, <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces">General Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Naval Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land Force</a> usually report to the Minister of National Defence.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Gendarmerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie General Command</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Coast Guard">Coast Guard Command</a> are under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Turkey" title="Conscription in Turkey">Military service is required</a> for 6–12 months for men,<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> which is reduced to one month after paying a fee.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> Turkey does not recognize <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objection</a> and does not offer a <a href="/wiki/Alternative_civilian_service" title="Alternative civilian service">civilian alternative</a> to military service.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baykar_Bayraktar_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lelma_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Baykar_Bayraktar_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lelma_2.png/250px-Baykar_Bayraktar_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lelma_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Baykar_Bayraktar_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lelma_2.png/330px-Baykar_Bayraktar_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lelma_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Baykar_Bayraktar_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lelma_2.png/500px-Baykar_Bayraktar_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lelma_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bayraktar_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lelma" title="Bayraktar Kızılelma">Baykar Kızılelma</a> UCAV on <a href="/wiki/TCG_Anadolu" title="TCG Anadolu">TCG Anadolu</a></figcaption></figure> Turkey has the <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO#Military_personnel" title="Member states of NATO">second-largest standing military force</a> in NATO, after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States</a>, with an estimated strength of 890,700 military personnel as of February 2022.<a href="#cite_note-iiss-mb-2022-249">[246]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_sharing" title="Nuclear sharing">nuclear sharing</a> policy of NATO, Turkey hosts approximately 20 United States <a href="/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb" title="B61 nuclear bomb">B61 nuclear bombs</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Base" title="Incirlik Air Base">Incirlik Air Base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> The Turkish Armed Forces have a relatively substantial military presence abroad,<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> with <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_overseas_military_bases" title="List of countries with overseas military bases">military bases</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pasha_Liman_Base" title="Pasha Liman Base">Albania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LarrabeeLesser94-253">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_relations#Turkish_military_presence_in_Iraq" title="Iraq–Turkey relations">Iraq</a>,<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Turkey_relations#Turkish_military_presence_in_Qatar" title="Qatar–Turkey relations">Qatar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camp_TURKSOM" title="Camp TURKSOM">Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> The country also maintains a force of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_forces_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military forces in Northern Cyprus">36,000 troops</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> since 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Richmond1998-257">[254]</a> Turkey has participated in international missions under the United Nations and NATO <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Brigade" title="Turkish Brigade">since the Korean War</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> missions in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_I" title="United Nations Operation in Somalia I">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">Yugoslavia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Horn of Africa</a>. It supported <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">coalition forces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">First Gulf War</a>, contributed military personnel to the <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> in Afghanistan, and remains active in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurocorps" title="Eurocorps">Eurocorps</a> and <a href="/wiki/EU_Battlegroup" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Battlegroup">EU Battlegroups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Enter_the_EU_Battle_Groups-258">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-tskpeace-259">[256]</a> As of 2016, Turkey has assisted <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> forces in northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Somali Armed Forces</a> with security and training.<a href="#cite_note-hurriyetdailynews.comq-260">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters.comq-261">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feminist_protest_from_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Feminist_protest_from_Turkey.jpg/250px-Feminist_protest_from_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Feminist_protest_from_Turkey.jpg/330px-Feminist_protest_from_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Feminist_protest_from_Turkey.jpg/500px-Feminist_protest_from_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Women demonstrating and asking for non-interference with their clothing in <a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kadıköy">Kadıköy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a></figcaption></figure> Article 2 of the Turkish Constitution includes references to upholding the rule of law and human rights.<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> In the 2000s, legal changes were made for public use of and teaching in the Kurdish language. This included opening a <a href="/wiki/TRT_Kurd%C3%AE" title="TRT Kurdî">Kurdish-language national TV channel</a>. Various "openings" were made to address concerns of minorities such as <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">ethnic Kurds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">ethnic Romani people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Toprak_2012_p222-264">[261]</a> Sentences for violence against women were strengthened.<a href="#cite_note-Toprak_2012_p222-264">[261]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">widespread protests</a> erupted, sparked by a plan to demolish <a href="/wiki/Taksim_Gezi_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Taksim Gezi Park">Gezi Park</a> but soon growing into general anti-government dissent.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> On 20 May 2016, the Turkish parliament stripped almost a quarter of its members of immunity from prosecution, including 101 deputies from the pro-Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">HDP</a> and the main opposition <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">CHP</a> party.<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-european_court-267">[264]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a>, there are 13 jailed journalists in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> In its 2023 report, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> criticized how democratic institutions in Turkey operate.<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a> The criticism was rejected by Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> As of 2023, Turkey was the country with the highest number of <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> cases.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gay_pride_Istanbul_2013_-_Taksim_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gay_pride_Istanbul_2013_-_Taksim_Square.jpg/250px-Gay_pride_Istanbul_2013_-_Taksim_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gay_pride_Istanbul_2013_-_Taksim_Square.jpg/330px-Gay_pride_Istanbul_2013_-_Taksim_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gay_pride_Istanbul_2013_-_Taksim_Square.jpg/500px-Gay_pride_Istanbul_2013_-_Taksim_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Pride" title="Istanbul Pride">Istanbul Pride</a> was organized in 2003 for the first time. Since 2015, parades in Istanbul have been denied permission by the government.<a href="#cite_note-Bianet_–_Bagimsiz_Iletisim_Agi-272">[269]</a></figcaption></figure> Prior to 1858, Ottoman Empire had "a lenient legal accommodation of same-sex intimacy". When prosecuted, the punishment was monetary fines. In 1858, the 1810 French Penal Code was adopted by the Ottomans, which had no penalties for same-sex intimacy that is private.<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> Under the Republic, same sex acts have never been criminalized.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> However, LGBT people in Turkey face discrimination, harassment and even violence.<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> In a survey conducted in 2016, 33% of respondents said that LGBT people should have equal rights, which increased to 45% in 2020. Another survey in 2018 found that the proportion of people who would not want a homosexual neighbor decreased from 55% in 2018 to 47% in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> When the annual <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Pride" title="Istanbul Pride">Istanbul Pride</a> was inaugurated in 2003, Turkey became the first Muslim-majority country to hold a gay pride march.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> Since 2015, parades at <a href="/wiki/Taksim_Square" title="Taksim Square">Taksim Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Avenue</a> have been denied government permission, citing security concerns, but hundreds of people have defied the ban each year.<a href="#cite_note-Bianet_–_Bagimsiz_Iletisim_Agi-272">[269]</a> The bans were criticized.<a href="#cite_note-Bianet_–_Bagimsiz_Iletisim_Agi-272">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography of Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">List of national parks of Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Turkey_topo.jpg/250px-Turkey_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Turkey_topo.jpg/330px-Turkey_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Turkey_topo.jpg/500px-Turkey_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">Topographic map</a> of Turkey</figcaption></figure> Turkey covers an area of 783,562 square kilometres (302,535 square miles).<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Turkish_straits" title="Turkish straits">Turkish straits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> in between, Turkey bridges <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> Turkey's Asian side covers 97% of its surface, and is often called <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-anatolia_definition-281">[278]</a> Another definition of Anatolia's eastern boundary is an imprecise line from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Iskenderun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Iskenderun">Gulf of Iskenderun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Thrace">Eastern Thrace</a>, Turkey's European side, includes around 10% of the population and covers 3% of the surface area.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-Waskey_2005_922-284">[281]</a> Turkey is bordered by Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran to the east.<a href="#cite_note-Waskey_2005_922-284">[281]</a> To the south, it's bordered by Syria and Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> To the north, its Thracian area is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria.<a href="#cite_note-Waskey_2005_922-284">[281]</a> Turkey is divided into "<a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">seven major regions</a>": <a href="/wiki/Marmara_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmara Region">Marmara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Region">Aegean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">Central Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Black Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Eastern Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Anatolia Region">Southeastern Anatolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Waskey_2005_922-284">[281]</a> As a general trend, the inland <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Plateau">Anatolian Plateau</a> becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.<a href="#cite_note-TRGeo_TRMinistryTourism-286">[283]</a> Mountain ranges include <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ro%C4%9Flu_Mountains" title="Köroğlu Mountains">Köroğlu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Mountains" title="Pontic Mountains">Pontic</a> mountain ranges to the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> to the south. The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Lakes_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Lakes Region">Lakes Region</a> contains some of the largest lakes in Turkey such as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bey%C5%9Fehir" title="Lake Beyşehir">Lake Beyşehir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_E%C4%9Firdir" title="Lake Eğirdir">Lake Eğirdir</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%BCrkiye_tectonic_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/T%C3%BCrkiye_tectonic_map.jpg/250px-T%C3%BCrkiye_tectonic_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/T%C3%BCrkiye_tectonic_map.jpg/330px-T%C3%BCrkiye_tectonic_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/T%C3%BCrkiye_tectonic_map.jpg/500px-T%C3%BCrkiye_tectonic_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Tectonic map of Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> Straight lines and lines with triangles denote different types of <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a>.</figcaption></figure> Geographers have used the eastern Anatolian plateau, Iranian plateau, and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian plateau">Armenian plateau</a> terms to refer to the mountainous area around where <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian</a> tectonic plates merge. The eastern Anatolian plateau and Armenian plateau definitions largely overlap.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook_p466-288">[285]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Eastern Anatolia Region</a> contains <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a>, Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 feet),<a href="#cite_note-mararat-289">[286]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a>, the largest lake in the country.<a href="#cite_note-lvan-290">[287]</a> Eastern Turkey is home to the sources of rivers such as the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aras_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Aras River">Aras</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Anatolia Region">Southeastern Anatolia Region</a> includes the northern plains of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> happen frequently in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_2006_pp_1575_1576-291">[288]</a> Almost the entire population lives in areas with varying seismic risk levels, with around 70% in highest or second-highest seismic areas.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-WorldBank_Overview_April_2024-293">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Sub-Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Sub-Plate">Anatolian plate</a> is bordered by <a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a> zone to the north; <a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a> zone and Bitlis–Zagros collision zone to the east; <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_subduction_zone" title="Hellenic subduction zone">Hellenic</a> and Cyprus subduction zones to the south; and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Sea Plate">Aegean extensional zone</a> to the west.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> After <a href="/wiki/1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake" title="1999 İzmit earthquake">1999 İzmit</a> and <a href="/wiki/1999_D%C3%BCzce_earthquake" title="1999 Düzce earthquake">1999 Düzce</a> earthquakes, North Anatolian Fault zone activity "is considered to be one of the most dangerous natural hazards in Turkey".<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/2023_Turkey%E2%80%93Syria_earthquakes" title="2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes">2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes</a> were the deadliest in contemporary Turkish history.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> Turkey is sometimes unfavorably compared to <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, a country with a similar <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">developmental level</a> that is more successful with <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_preparedness" title="Earthquake preparedness">earthquake preparedness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife of Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna of Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation of Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odd-eyed_Turkish_Angora_cat_-_20080830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Odd-eyed_Turkish_Angora_cat_-_20080830.jpg/220px-Odd-eyed_Turkish_Angora_cat_-_20080830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Odd-eyed_Turkish_Angora_cat_-_20080830.jpg/330px-Odd-eyed_Turkish_Angora_cat_-_20080830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Odd-eyed_Turkish_Angora_cat_-_20080830.jpg/440px-Odd-eyed_Turkish_Angora_cat_-_20080830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A white <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Angora" title="Turkish Angora">Turkish Angora</a> cat with <a href="/wiki/Odd-eyed_cat" title="Odd-eyed cat">odd eyes (heterochromia)</a>, which is common among the Angoras</figcaption></figure> Turkey's position at the crossroads of the land, sea and air routes between the three <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> continents and the variety of the habitats across <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Turkey" title="List of ecoregions in Turkey">its ecoregions</a> have produced considerable species diversity and a vibrant ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> Out of the 36 <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a> in the world, Turkey includes 3 of them.<a href="#cite_note-Birben_2019-301">[298]</a> These are the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irano-Anatolian" title="Irano-Anatolian">Irano-Anatolian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> hotspots.<a href="#cite_note-Birben_2019-301">[298]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Forest_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest in Turkey">forests of Turkey</a> are home to the <a href="/wiki/Quercus_cerris" title="Quercus cerris">Turkey oak</a>. The most commonly found species of the genus <a href="/wiki/Platanus" title="Platanus">Platanus (plane)</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Platanus_orientalis" title="Platanus orientalis">orientalis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pinus_brutia" title="Pinus brutia">Turkish pine (Pinus brutia)</a> is mostly found in Turkey and other east Mediterranean countries. Several wild species of <a href="/wiki/Tulip" title="Tulip">tulip</a> are native to Anatolia, and the flower was first <a href="/wiki/Tulip#Introduction_to_Western_Europe" title="Tulip">introduced to Western Europe</a> with species taken from the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt_7-302">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">40 national parks</a>, 189 nature parks, 31 nature preserve areas, 80 wildlife protection areas and 109 nature monuments in Turkey such as <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Peninsula_Historical_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park">Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nemrut_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Nemrut National Park">Mount Nemrut National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Ancient Troy National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BCdeniz_Nature_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Ölüdeniz Nature Park">Ölüdeniz Nature Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polonezk%C3%B6y_Nature_Park" title="Polonezköy Nature Park">Polonezköy Nature Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ministryofforest-304">[301]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Anatolian_conifer_and_deciduous_forests" title="Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests">Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> which covers most of the Pontic Mountains in northern Turkey, while the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_mixed_forests" title="Caucasus mixed forests">Caucasus mixed forests</a> extend across the eastern end of the range. The region is home to Eurasian wildlife such as the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_sparrowhawk" title="Eurasian sparrowhawk">Eurasian sparrowhawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_imperial_eagle" title="Eastern imperial eagle">eastern imperial eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_spotted_eagle" title="Lesser spotted eagle">lesser spotted eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_black_grouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian black grouse">Caucasian black grouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red-fronted_serin" title="Red-fronted serin">red-fronted serin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallcreeper" title="Wallcreeper">wallcreeper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Panthera_pardus_tulliana" title="Panthera pardus tulliana">Anatolian leopard</a> is still found in very small numbers in the northeastern and southeastern regions of Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-O.E.Can-306">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">caracal</a> are other <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">felid</a> species which are found in the forests of Turkey. The <a href="/wiki/Caspian_tiger" title="Caspian tiger">Caspian tiger</a>, now extinct, lived in the easternmost regions of Turkey until the latter half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-O.E.Can-306">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-Üstay-308">[305]</a> Renowned domestic animals from Ankara include the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Angora" title="Turkish Angora">Angora cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angora_rabbit" title="Angora rabbit">Angora rabbit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angora_goat" title="Angora goat">Angora goat</a>; and from <a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van Province</a> the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Van" title="Turkish Van">Van cat</a>. The national dog breeds are the <a href="/wiki/Kangal_Shepherd_Dog" title="Kangal Shepherd Dog">Kangal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Shepherd">Anatolian Shepherd</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aksaray_Malaklisi" title="Aksaray Malaklisi">Malaklı</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akbash" title="Akbash">Akbaş</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gateofturkey-309">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate of Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen climate classification system">Köppen climate types</a> of Turkey for the 1980–2016 period<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a></figcaption></figure> The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas have a <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters.<a href="#cite_note-Meteo-311">[308]</a> The coastal areas bordering the Black Sea have a temperate <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters.<a href="#cite_note-Meteo-311">[308]</a> The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the most precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-Meteo-311">[308]</a> The eastern part of the Black Sea coast averages 2,200 millimetres (87 in) annually which is the highest precipitation in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Meteo-311">[308]</a> The coastal areas bordering the Sea of Marmara, which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate oceanic climate with warm to hot, moderately dry summers and cool to cold, wet winters.<a href="#cite_note-Meteo-311">[308]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Marmara.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="dried cracked mud with sparse metre-high green plants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lake_Marmara.webp/220px-Lake_Marmara.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lake_Marmara.webp/330px-Lake_Marmara.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lake_Marmara.webp/440px-Lake_Marmara.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Marmara" title="Lake Marmara">Lake Marmara</a> has almost dried out due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">climate change in Turkey</a> that has resulted in the redirecting of water for irrigation and drinking purposes.<a href="#cite_note-j871-312">[309]</a> </figcaption></figure> Snow falls on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every winter but usually melts in no more than a few days.<a href="#cite_note-Meteo-311">[308]</a> However, snow is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea.<a href="#cite_note-Meteo-311">[308]</a> Winters on the Anatolian plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of −30 to −40 °C (−22 to −40 °F) do occur in northeastern Anatolia, and snow may lie on the ground for at least 120 days of the year, and during the entire year on the summits of the highest mountains. In central Anatolia the temperatures can drop below −20 °C (−4 °F) with the mountains being even colder. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian Plateau a <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a> with sharply contrasting seasons.<a href="#cite_note-Meteo-311">[308]</a> Due to socioeconomic, climatic, and geographic factors, Turkey is highly <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerable to climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_climate_change-313">[310]</a> This applies to nine out of ten climate vulnerability dimensions, such as "average annual risk to wellbeing".<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_climate_change-313">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> median is two out of ten.<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_climate_change-313">[310]</a> Inclusive and swift growth is needed for decreasing vulnerability.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> Turkey aims to achieve <a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">net zero emissions</a> by 2053.<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_Türkiye-315">[312]</a> Accomplishing climate goals would require large investments, but would also result in net economic benefits, broadly due to reduced imports of fuel and due to better health from lowering air pollution.<a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy of Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Togg_Models.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Togg_Models.jpg/220px-Togg_Models.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Togg_Models.jpg/330px-Togg_Models.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Togg_Models.jpg/440px-Togg_Models.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Togg#Models" title="Togg">Togg T10S sedan</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Togg" title="Togg">Togg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Turkish automotive company</a> which manufactures <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a><a href="#cite_note-Jay_Ramey-318">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-Togg-2022-319">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-insideevs-320">[317]</a></figcaption></figure> Turkey is an <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">upper-middle</a>-income country and an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">emerging market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WorldBank_Overview_April_2024-293">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> A founding member of the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> and <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">17th-largest economy by nominal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">12th-largest economy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>-adjusted GDP in the world.<a href="#cite_note-IMF_WEO_Body-322">[319]</a> It is classified among <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Newly industrialized countries">newly industrialized countries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">Services</a> account for the majority of GDP, whereas industry accounts for more than 30%.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook_Economy-323">[320]</a> Agriculture contributes about 7%.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook_Economy-323">[320]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> estimates, Turkey's GDP per capita by PPP is $40,283 in 2024, while its nominal GDP per capita is $15,666.<a href="#cite_note-IMF_WEO_Body-322">[319]</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">Foreign direct investment</a> in Turkey peaked at $22.05 billion in 2007 and dropped to $13.09 billion in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a> Potential growth is weakened by long-lasting structural and macro obstacles, such as slow rates of productivity growth and high inflation.<a href="#cite_note-WorldBank_Overview_April_2024-293">[290]</a> Turkey has a diversified economy; main industries include automobiles, electronics, textiles, construction, steel, mining, and food processing.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook_Economy-323">[320]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_producing_countries_of_agricultural_commodities" title="List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities">major agricultural producer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> Turkey ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production" title="List of countries by steel production">8th in crude steel production</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of countries by motor vehicle production">13th in motor vehicle production</a>, ship building (by <a href="/wiki/Tonnage" title="Tonnage">tonnage</a>), and annual industrial robot installation in the world.<a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a> <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Turkish automative companies</a> include <a href="/wiki/TEMSA" title="TEMSA">TEMSA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otokar" title="Otokar">Otokar</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMC_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="BMC (Turkey)">BMC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Togg" title="Togg">Togg</a>. Togg is the first all-electric vehicle company of Turkey. <a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%A7elik" title="Arçelik">Arçelik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestel" title="Vestel">Vestel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beko" title="Beko">Beko</a> are major manufacturers of consumer electronics.<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> Arçelik is one of the largest producers of household goods in the world.<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> In 2022, Turkey ranked second in the world in terms of the number of international contractors in the top 250 list.<a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a> It is also the fifth largest in the world in terms of textile exports.<a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Largest_airlines_in_the_world" title="Largest airlines in the world">largest airlines in the world</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falezlerden_Antalya_Konyaalt%C4%B1_Plaj%C4%B1na_do%C4%9Fru_bir_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Falezlerden_Antalya_Konyaalt%C4%B1_Plaj%C4%B1na_do%C4%9Fru_bir_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg/250px-Falezlerden_Antalya_Konyaalt%C4%B1_Plaj%C4%B1na_do%C4%9Fru_bir_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Falezlerden_Antalya_Konyaalt%C4%B1_Plaj%C4%B1na_do%C4%9Fru_bir_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg/330px-Falezlerden_Antalya_Konyaalt%C4%B1_Plaj%C4%B1na_do%C4%9Fru_bir_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Falezlerden_Antalya_Konyaalt%C4%B1_Plaj%C4%B1na_do%C4%9Fru_bir_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg/500px-Falezlerden_Antalya_Konyaalt%C4%B1_Plaj%C4%B1na_do%C4%9Fru_bir_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Gulf of Antalya in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a> is the fourth most visited city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-euromonitor-331">[328]</a></figcaption></figure> Between 2007 and 2021, the share of population below the PPP-$6.85 per day <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">international poverty threshold</a> declined from 20% to 7.6%.<a href="#cite_note-WorldBank_Overview_April_2024-293">[290]</a> In 2023, 13.9% of the population was below the national at-risk-of-poverty rate.<a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a> In 2021, 34% of the population were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, using <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> definition.<a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a> Unemployment in Turkey was 10.4% in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> In 2021, it was estimated that 47% of total disposable income was received by the top 20% of income earners, while the lowest 20% received only 6%.<a href="#cite_note-335">[332]</a> Tourism accounts for about 8% of Turkey's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-336">[333]</a> In 2022, Turkey <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings#Most_visited_destinations_by_international_tourist_arrivals" title="World Tourism rankings">ranked fifth in the world</a> in the number of international tourist arrivals with 50.5 million foreign tourists.<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> Turkey has <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey_(Tentative_list)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey (Tentative list)">84 World Heritage Sites in tentative list</a>. Turkey is home to 519 <a href="/wiki/Blue_Flag_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Flag beaches">Blue Flag beaches</a>, third most in the world.<a href="#cite_note-338">[335]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Euromonitor_International" title="Euromonitor International">Euromonitor International</a> report, Istanbul is the most visited city in the world, with more than 20.2 million foreign visitors in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-euromonitor-331">[328]</a> Antalya has surpassed <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> to become the fourth most visited city in the world, with more than 16.5 million foreign visitors.<a href="#cite_note-euromonitor-331">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy in Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewable energy in Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transport in Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Turkey">Communications in Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Turkey" title="Water supply and sanitation in Turkey">Water supply and sanitation in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Keban_Baraj%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Keban_Baraj%C4%B1.jpg/250px-Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Keban_Baraj%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Keban_Baraj%C4%B1.jpg/330px-Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Keban_Baraj%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Keban_Baraj%C4%B1.jpg/500px-Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Keban_Baraj%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keban_Dam" title="Keban Dam">Keban Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Province" title="Elazığ Province">Elazığ Province</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. In 2019, Turkey generated 29.2% of its electricity from <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Turkey" title="Hydroelectricity in Turkey">hydroelectricity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a></figcaption></figure> Turkey is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_production" title="List of countries by electricity production">15th largest electricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_renewable_electricity_production" title="List of countries by renewable electricity production">13th largest renewable electricity</a> producer in the world. <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Turkey's energy generation</a> capacity increased significantly, with <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">electricity generation from renewable sources</a> tripling in the past decade.<a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a> It produced 43.8% of <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in Turkey">its electricity</a> from such sources in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a> Turkey is also the <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power#Utility-grade_stations" title="Geothermal power">fourth-largest producer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Turkey" title="Geothermal energy in Turkey">geothermal power</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-2019_Capacity-343">[340]</a> Turkey's first nuclear power station, <a href="/wiki/Akkuyu_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant">Akkuyu</a>, will increase diversification of its energy mix.<a href="#cite_note-IEA_2021-344">[341]</a> When it comes to <a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption#Final_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">total final consumption</a>, fossil fuels still play a large role, accounting for 73%.<a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a> A major reason of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Turkey" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey">Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">large proportion of coal</a> in the energy system.<a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a> As of 2017, while the government had invested in low carbon energy transition, <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_subsidies" title="Fossil fuel subsidies">fossil fuels were still subsidized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a> By 2053, Turkey aims to have <a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">net zero emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_Türkiye-315">[312]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0stanbul_Havaliman%C4%B1_Airport_2019_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%C4%B0stanbul_Havaliman%C4%B1_Airport_2019_24.jpg/220px-%C4%B0stanbul_Havaliman%C4%B1_Airport_2019_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%C4%B0stanbul_Havaliman%C4%B1_Airport_2019_24.jpg/330px-%C4%B0stanbul_Havaliman%C4%B1_Airport_2019_24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%C4%B0stanbul_Havaliman%C4%B1_Airport_2019_24.jpg/440px-%C4%B0stanbul_Havaliman%C4%B1_Airport_2019_24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4808" data-file-height="3205" /></a><figcaption>The main terminal of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Airport" title="Istanbul Airport">Istanbul Airport</a> has an annual passenger capacity of 90 million and is the <a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal#Records" title="Airport terminal">world's largest terminal building under a single roof</a>.</figcaption></figure> Turkey has made security of its energy supply a top priority, given its heavy reliance on gas and oil imports.<a href="#cite_note-IEA_2021-344">[341]</a> Turkey's main energy supply sources are <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Russia</a>, West Asia, and Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_2012_234–235-218">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas production</a> began in 2023 in the recently discovered <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_gas_field" title="Sakarya gas field">Sakarya gas field</a>. When fully operational, it will supply about 30% of the natural gas needed domestically.<a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a> Turkey aims to become a hub for regional energy transportation.<a href="#cite_note-Novikau_Muhasilović_2023-350">[347]</a> Several oil and gas pipelines span the country, including the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Stream" title="Blue Stream">Blue Stream</a>, <a href="/wiki/TurkStream" title="TurkStream">TurkStream</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan</a> pipelines.<a href="#cite_note-Novikau_Muhasilović_2023-350">[347]</a> As of 2023, Turkey has 3,726 kilometers of <a href="/wiki/Otoyol" title="Otoyol">controlled-access highways</a> and 29,373 kilometers of <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">divided highways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[348]</a> Multiple bridges and tunnels connect Asian and European sides of Turkey; the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_1915_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Çanakkale 1915 Bridge">Çanakkale 1915 Bridge</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> strait is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_suspension_bridge_spans#Completed_suspension_bridges" title="List of longest suspension bridge spans">longest suspension bridge in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-352">[349]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marmaray" title="Marmaray">Marmaray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Tunnel" title="Eurasia Tunnel">Eurasia</a> tunnels under the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> connect both sides of Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Osman_Gazi_Bridge" title="Osman Gazi Bridge">Osman Gazi Bridge</a> connects the northern and southern shores of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_%C4%B0zmit" title="Gulf of İzmit">Gulf of İzmit</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways" title="Turkish State Railways">Turkish State Railways</a> operates both conventional and high speed trains, with the government expanding both.<a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Turkey" title="High-speed rail in Turkey">High-speed rail</a> lines include the <a href="/wiki/Ankara-Istanbul_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway">Ankara-Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara-Konya_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara-Konya high-speed railway">Ankara-Konya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ankara%E2%80%93Sivas_high-speed_railway" title="Ankara–Sivas high-speed railway">Ankara-Sivas</a> routes.<a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Metro" title="Istanbul Metro">Istanbul Metro</a> is the largest subway network in the country with around 704 million annual ridership in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-356">[353]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Turkey" title="List of airports in Turkey">115 airports</a> as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_transport-357">[354]</a> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Airport" title="Istanbul Airport">Istanbul Airport</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic" title="List of busiest airports by passenger traffic">top 10 busiest airports</a> in the world. Turkey aims to become a transportation hub.<a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlı_2018-359">[356]</a> It is part of various routes that connect Asia and Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Trans-Caspian_International_Transport_Route" title="Trans-Caspian International Transport Route">the Middle Corridor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atlı_2018-359">[356]</a> In 2024, Turkey, Iraq, UAE, and Qatar signed an agreement to link Iraqi port facilities to Turkey via road and rail connections.<a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology in Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_and_Technological_Research_Council_of_Turkey" title="Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey">Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TaiIDEF2015_(8).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/TaiIDEF2015_%288%29.JPG/220px-TaiIDEF2015_%288%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/TaiIDEF2015_%288%29.JPG/330px-TaiIDEF2015_%288%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/TaiIDEF2015_%288%29.JPG/440px-TaiIDEF2015_%288%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-1" title="Göktürk-1">Göktürk-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-2" title="Göktürk-2">Göktürk-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-3" title="Göktürk-3">Göktürk-3</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation satellites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Defense (Turkey)">Turkish Ministry of National Defense</a>, while state-owned <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_(company)" title="Türksat (company)">Türksat</a> operates the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_(satellite)" title="Türksat (satellite)">Türksat series</a> of <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellites</a>.</figcaption></figure> Turkey's spending on <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> as a share of GDP has risen from 0.47% in 2000 to 1.40% in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-361">[358]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_scientific_and_technical_journal_articles" title="List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles">Turkey ranks 16th in the world</a> in terms of article output in scientific and technical journals, and 35th in <a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a> Turkish patent office ranks 21st worldwide in overall patent applications, and 3rd in industrial design applications. Vast majority of applicants to the Turkish patent office are Turkish residents. In all patent offices globally, <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators#Latest_filing_trends_by_country_of_origin" title="World Intellectual Property Indicators">Turkish residents rank 21st for overall patent applications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WIPO_Türkiye-364">[361]</a> In 2024, Turkey ranked 37th in the world and 3rd among its upper-middle income group in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_and_Technological_Research_Council_of_Turkey" title="Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey">TÜBİTAK</a> is one of the main agencies for funding and carrying out research.<a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-euraxess_Türkiye-367">[364]</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_program_of_Turkey" title="Space program of Turkey">Turkey's space program</a> plans to develop a <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Launch System (Turkey)">national satellite launch system</a>, and to improve capabilities in space exploration, astronomy, and satellite communication.<a href="#cite_note-euraxess_Türkiye-367">[364]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-1" title="Göktürk-1">Göktürk</a> Program, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Systems,_Integration_and_Test_Center" title="Turkish Space Systems, Integration and Test Center">Turkish Space Systems, Integration and Test Center</a> was built.<a href="#cite_note-368">[365]</a> Turkey's first communication satellite manufactured domestically, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_6A" title="Türksat 6A">Türksat 6A</a>, will be launched in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a> As part of a planned <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a> center, an electron accelerator called TARLA became operational in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-370">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[368]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Antarctic_Research_Station" title="Turkish Antarctic Research Station">An Antarctic research station</a> is planned on <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Island_(Antarctica)" title="Horseshoe Island (Antarctica)">Horseshoe Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[369]</a> Turkey is considered a significant power in <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-373">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aselsan" title="Aselsan">Aselsan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Aerospace_Industries" title="Turkish Aerospace Industries">Turkish Aerospace Industries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roketsan" title="Roketsan">Roketsan</a>, and Asfat are among the top 100 defense companies in the world.<a href="#cite_note-374">[371]</a> Turkish defense companies spend a significant portion of their budgets for research and development.<a href="#cite_note-375">[372]</a> Aselsan also invests in research in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum technology">quantum technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-376">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics of Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_Istanbul_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Modern_Istanbul_skyline.jpg/220px-Modern_Istanbul_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Modern_Istanbul_skyline.jpg/330px-Modern_Istanbul_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Modern_Istanbul_skyline.jpg/440px-Modern_Istanbul_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4275" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> is Turkey's largest city,<a href="#cite_note-2021stat-377">[374]</a> and its economic and financial center.</figcaption></figure> According to the Address-Based Population Recording System, the country's population was 85,372,377 in 2023, excluding Syrians under temporary protection.<a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-8">[8]</a> 93% lived in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">province and district centers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-8">[8]</a> People within the 15–64 and 0–14 age groups corresponded to 68.3% and 21.4% of the total population, respectively. Those aged 65 years or older made up 10.2%.<a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-8">[8]</a> Between 1950 and 2020, Turkey's population more than quadrupled from 20.9 million to 83.6 million;<a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a> however, the population growth rate was 0.1% in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-8">[8]</a> In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> was 1.51 children per woman, <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">below the replacement rate of 2.10 per woman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[376]</a> In a 2018 health survey, the ideal children number was 2.8 children per woman, rising to 3 per married woman.<a href="#cite_note-380">[377]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity_and_language">Ethnicity and language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities in Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages of Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_population_by_region_(KONDA_2010).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kurdish_population_by_region_%28KONDA_2010%29.png/290px-Kurdish_population_by_region_%28KONDA_2010%29.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kurdish_population_by_region_%28KONDA_2010%29.png/435px-Kurdish_population_by_region_%28KONDA_2010%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kurdish_population_by_region_%28KONDA_2010%29.png/580px-Kurdish_population_by_region_%28KONDA_2010%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">ethnic Kurds in Turkey</a> by region<a href="#cite_note-KONDAkurd-381">[378]</a></figcaption></figure> Article 66 of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Constitution">Turkish Constitution</a> defines a Turk as anyone who is a citizen.<a href="#cite_note-382">[379]</a> It is estimated that there are at least 47 ethnic groups represented in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-mutlu-383">[380]</a> Reliable data on the ethnic mix of the population is not available because census figures do not include statistics on ethnicity after the <a href="/wiki/1965_Turkish_census" title="1965 Turkish census">1965 Turkish census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Turkey_Ethnic_groups-384">[381]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">the World Factbook</a>, 70–75% of the country's citizens are ethnic Turks.<a href="#cite_note-cia-5">[5]</a> Based on a survey, <a href="/wiki/KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy" title="KONDA Research and Consultancy">KONDA</a>'s estimation was 76% in 2006, with 78% of adult citizens self-identifying their ethnic background as Turk.<a href="#cite_note-KONDA_2006_17-385">[382]</a> In 2021, 77% of adult citizens identified as such in a survey.<a href="#cite_note-Konda_100-386">[383]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds</a> are the largest ethnic minority.<a href="#cite_note-Kirişci_1997_119–121-387">[384]</a> Their exact numbers remain disputed,<a href="#cite_note-Kirişci_1997_119–121-387">[384]</a> with estimates ranging from 12 to 20% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-388">[385]</a> The Kurds make up a majority in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Province" title="Ağrı Province">Ağrı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batman_Province" title="Batman Province">Batman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l_Province" title="Bingöl Province">Bingöl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Province" title="Bitlis Province">Bitlis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakır</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakkari_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakkari Province">Hakkari</a>, <a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province" title="Iğdır Province">Iğdır</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F_Province" title="Muş Province">Muş</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siirt_Province" title="Siirt Province">Siirt</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_Province" title="Şırnak Province">Şırnak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunceli_Province" title="Tunceli Province">Tunceli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a>; a near majority in <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa</a> (47%); and a large minority in <a href="/wiki/Kars_Province" title="Kars Province">Kars</a> (20%).<a href="#cite_note-389">[386]</a> In addition, internal migration has resulted in <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish diaspora">Kurdish diaspora</a> communities in all of the major cities in central and western Turkey. In Istanbul, there are an estimated three million Kurds, making it the city with the largest Kurdish population in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Nachmani2003-390">[387]</a> 19% of adult citizens identified as ethnic Kurds in a survey in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Konda_100-386">[383]</a> Some people have multiple ethnic identities, such as both Turk and Kurd.<a href="#cite_note-391">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[389]</a> In 2006, an estimated 2.7 million ethnic Turks and Kurds were related from interethnic marriages.<a href="#cite_note-393">[390]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-TurkicLanguages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map-TurkicLanguages.png/290px-Map-TurkicLanguages.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map-TurkicLanguages.png/435px-Map-TurkicLanguages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map-TurkicLanguages.png/580px-Map-TurkicLanguages.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Areas with speakers of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a></figcaption></figure> According to the World Factbook, non-Kurdish ethnic minorities are 7–12% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-cia-5">[5]</a> In 2006, KONDA estimated that non-Kurdish and non-Zaza ethnic minorities constituted 8.2% of the population; these were people that gave general descriptions such as Turkish citizen, people with <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">other Turkic backgrounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Turkey" title="Arabs in Turkey">Arabs</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-KONDA_2006_17-385">[382]</a> In 2021, 4% of adult citizens identified as non-ethnic Turk or non-ethnic Kurd in a survey.<a href="#cite_note-Konda_100-386">[383]</a> According to the Constitutional Court, there are only four officially recognized <a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">minorities in Turkey</a>: the three non-Muslim minorities recognized in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey" title="Armenians in Turkey">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Turkey">Jews</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[d]</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Turkey" title="Bulgarians in Turkey">Bulgarians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-398">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toktaş2009-399">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yağmur2001-400">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zetler2014-401">[396]</a> In 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court ruled that the minority provisions of the Lausanne Treaty should also apply to <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey" title="Assyrians in Turkey">Assyrians in Turkey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-402">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-Akbulut2023-403">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erdem2021-404">[399]</a> Other unrecognized ethnic groups include <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey" title="Albanians in Turkey">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Turkey" title="Bosniaks in Turkey">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Turkey" title="Circassians in Turkey">Circassians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgians_in_Turkey" title="Georgians in Turkey">Georgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roopnarine2015-405">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[402]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> is <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, which is the most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic language</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-katzner-408">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-minorityrights.org-409">[404]</a> It is spoken by 85%<a href="#cite_note-KONDA_2006_19-410">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-milliyet-languages-411">[406]</a> to 90%<a href="#cite_note-Kornfilt_2018_537-412">[407]</a> of the population as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>. Kurdish speakers are the largest linguistic minority.<a href="#cite_note-Kornfilt_2018_537-412">[407]</a> A survey estimated 13% of the population speak Kurdish or Zaza as a first language.<a href="#cite_note-KONDA_2006_19-410">[405]</a> Other minority languages include Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kornfilt_2018_537-412">[407]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">linguistic rights</a> of the officially recognized minorities are de jure recognized and protected for <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>,<a href="#cite_note-413">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bayır2013-394">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toktaş2009-399">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yağmur2001-400">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zetler2014-401">[396]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Akbulut2023-403">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erdem2021-404">[399]</a> There are multiple <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Asia#Turkey" title="List of endangered languages in Asia">endangered languages in Turkey</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_in_Turkey" title="Template:Largest cities in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Largest cities in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Turkey <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Statistical_Institute" title="Turkish Statistical Institute">TÜİK</a>'s address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published at 7th of February 2024.</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Istanbul"><img alt="Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/120px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/250px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="1595" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ankara"><img alt="Ankara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/120px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/250px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2508" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,655,924</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,938,389 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="İzmir"><img alt="İzmir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg/120px-Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg/250px-Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4068" data-file-height="2019" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Bursa_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bursa"><img alt="Bursa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bursa_image.jpg/120px-Bursa_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bursa_image.jpg/180px-Bursa_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bursa_image.jpg/240px-Bursa_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="2905" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,803,482</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,818,133 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,479,525</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hatay" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatay">Hatay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,544,640 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,214,571</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manisa" title="Manisa">Manisa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,475,716 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,696,249</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,445,683 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,320,241</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,377,546 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,270,298</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Balıkesir">Balıkesir</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,273,519 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,213,964</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F" title="Tekirdağ">Tekirdağ</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,167,059 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,164,134</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Aydın</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,161,702 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,102,907</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,127,612 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration to Turkey</a></div> Excluding Syrians under temporary protection, there were 1,570,543 foreign citizens in Turkey in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-8">[8]</a> Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and the Kurdish areas of Iran during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> in 1991. <a href="/wiki/Turkey%27s_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey's migrant crisis">Turkey's migrant crisis</a> in the 2010s and early 2020s resulted in the influx of millions of refugees and immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-esa.un.org-414">[408]</a> Turkey hosts the largest number of refugees in the world as of April 2020.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr-syrian-refugees-415">[409]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Disaster_and_Emergency_Management_Presidency" title="Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency">Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency</a> manages the refugee crisis in Turkey. Before the start of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> in 2011, the estimated number of <a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Turkey" title="Arabs in Turkey">Arabs in Turkey</a> varied from 1 million to more than 2 million.<a href="#cite_note-416">[410]</a> In November 2020, there were 3.6 million <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey">Syrian refugees</a> in Turkey;<a href="#cite_note-417">[411]</a> these included other <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Syria">ethnic groups of Syria</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Kurds">Syrian Kurds</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[412]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-419">[413]</a> As of August 2023, the number of these refugees was estimated to be 3.3 million. The number of Syrians had decreased by about 200,000 people since the beginning of the year.<a href="#cite_note-420">[414]</a> The government has granted citizenship to 238 thousand Syrians by November 2023.<a href="#cite_note-421">[415]</a> As of May 2023, approximately 96,000 Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">refugees of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> have sought refuge in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-422">[416]</a> In 2022, nearly 100,000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, becoming the first in the list of foreigners who moved to Turkey, meaning an increase of more than 218% from 2021.<a href="#cite_note-423">[417]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion in Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Camlica_Mosque_Bosporus_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Camlica_Mosque_Bosporus_Istanbul.jpg/250px-Camlica_Mosque_Bosporus_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Camlica_Mosque_Bosporus_Istanbul.jpg/330px-Camlica_Mosque_Bosporus_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="1529" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Deyrulzaferan_P1030925_20080501122627.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Deyrulzaferan_P1030925_20080501122627.JPG/250px-Deyrulzaferan_P1030925_20080501122627.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Deyrulzaferan_P1030925_20080501122627.JPG/330px-Deyrulzaferan_P1030925_20080501122627.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: <a href="/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1ca_Mosque" title="Çamlıca Mosque">Çamlıca Mosque</a> in Istanbul was designed by two female architects.<a href="#cite_note-424">[418]</a> Right: <a href="/wiki/Mor_Hananyo_Monastery" title="Mor Hananyo Monastery">Mor Hananyo Monastery</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a>. From 1293 to 1932, it was the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-425">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-426">[420]</a></div></div></div></div> Turkey is a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> with no official <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>; the constitution provides for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">conscience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-427">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[422]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>, Muslims constitute 99.8% of the population, most of them being <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-5">[5]</a> Based on a survey, <a href="/wiki/KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy" title="KONDA Research and Consultancy">KONDA</a>'s estimate for Muslims was 99.4% in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-KONDA_2006-429">[423]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group_International" title="Minority Rights Group International">Minority Rights Group International</a>, estimates of share of <a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a> are between 10% and 40% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-refworld.org1-430">[424]</a> KONDA's estimate was 5% in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-KONDA_2006-429">[423]</a> 4% of adult citizens identified as Alevi in a survey in 2021, while 88% identified as Sunni.<a href="#cite_note-Konda_100-386">[383]</a> The percentage of non-Muslims in modern-day Turkey was 19.1% in 1914, but fell to 2.5% in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-431">[425]</a> Currently, non-Muslims constitute 0.2% of the population according to the World Factbook.<a href="#cite_note-cia-5">[5]</a> In 2006, KONDA's estimate was 0.18% for people with non-Islam religions.<a href="#cite_note-KONDA_2006-429">[423]</a> Some of the non-Muslim communities are Armenians, <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey" title="Assyrians in Turkey">Assyrians</a>, Bulgarian Orthodox, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Turkey" title="Catholic Church in Turkey">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Turkey" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Turkey">Greeks</a>, Jews, and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Turkey" title="Protestantism in Turkey">Protestants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-432">[426]</a> Sources estimate that the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Christian population in Turkey</a> ranges between 180,000 and 320,000.<a href="#cite_note-433">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-434">[428]</a> Turkey has <a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">the largest Jewish community</a> among the Muslim-majority countries.<a href="#cite_note-435">[429]</a> Currently, there are 439 churches and synagogues in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-436">[430]</a> In 2006, KONDA's estimate was 0.47% for those with no religion.<a href="#cite_note-KONDA_2006-429">[423]</a> According to KONDA, share of adult citizens who identified as unbeliever increased from 2% in 2011 to 6% in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Konda_100-386">[383]</a> A 2020 Gezici Araştırma poll found that 28.5% of the <a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Turkey" title="Irreligion in Turkey">identify as irreligious</a>.<a href="#cite_note-437">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[432]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_asv2021-10_img10_Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Istanbul_asv2021-10_img10_Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla.jpg/220px-Istanbul_asv2021-10_img10_Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Istanbul_asv2021-10_img10_Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla.jpg/330px-Istanbul_asv2021-10_img10_Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Istanbul_asv2021-10_img10_Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla.jpg/440px-Istanbul_asv2021-10_img10_Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5236" data-file-height="4363" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Technical_University" title="Istanbul Technical University">Istanbul Technical University</a> is the world's third-oldest <a href="/wiki/Technical_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical university">technical university</a>.<a href="#cite_note-439">[433]</a></figcaption></figure> In the past 20 years, Turkey has improved quality of education and has made significant progress in increasing education access.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_Taking_stock_p3-440">[434]</a> From 2011 to 2021, improvements in education access include "one of the largest increases in educational attainment for 25-34 year-olds at upper secondary non-tertiary or tertiary education", and quadrupling of pre-school institutions.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_Taking_stock_p35-441">[435]</a> <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">PISA</a> results suggest improvements in education quality.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_Taking_stock_p35-441">[435]</a> There is still a gap with OECD countries. Significant challenges include differences in student outcomes from different schools, differences between rural and urban areas, pre-primary education access, and arrival of students who are Syrian refugees.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_Taking_stock_p35-441">[435]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Education (Turkey)">Ministry of National Education</a> is responsible for pre-tertiary education.<a href="#cite_note-wesed-442">[436]</a> Compulsory education is free at public schools and lasts 12 years, divided into three parts.<a href="#cite_note-443">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-OECD_Taking_stock_p3-440">[434]</a> There are 208 <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">universities in Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-euraxess_Türkiye-367">[364]</a> Students are placed to universities based on their <a href="/wiki/Student_Selection_and_Placement_System" title="Student Selection and Placement System">YKS</a> results and their preferences, by the <a href="/wiki/Measuring,_Selection_and_Placement_Center" title="Measuring, Selection and Placement Center">Measuring, Selection and Placement Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-444">[438]</a> All state and private universities are under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Higher_Education_(Turkey)" title="Council of Higher Education (Turkey)">Higher Education Board</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Yükseköğretim Kurulu, YÖK). Since 2016, the president of Turkey directly appoints all rectors of all state and private universities.<a href="#cite_note-445">[439]</a> According to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education ranking</a>, the top universities were <a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7_University" title="Koç University">Koç University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University" title="Middle East Technical University">Middle East Technical University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_University" title="Sabancı University">Sabancı University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Technical_University" title="Istanbul Technical University">Istanbul Technical University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-446">[440]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>, the top ones were <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Health_Sciences_(Turkey)" title="University of Health Sciences (Turkey)">University of Health Sciences (Turkey)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hacettepe_University" title="Hacettepe University">Hacettepe University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-447">[441]</a> Turkey is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus%2B" title="Erasmus+">Erasmus+</a> Programme.<a href="#cite_note-448">[442]</a> Turkey has become a hub for foreign students in recent years, with 795,962 foreign students in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-449">[443]</a> In 2021 <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_Scholarships" title="Türkiye Scholarships">Türkiye Scholarships</a>, a government-funded program, received 165,000 applications from prospective students in 178 countries.<a href="#cite_note-450">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-452">[446]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9FehirCityHospital_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9FehirCityHospital_%281%29.jpg/220px-Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9FehirCityHospital_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9FehirCityHospital_%281%29.jpg/330px-Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9FehirCityHospital_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9FehirCityHospital_%281%29.jpg/440px-Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9FehirCityHospital_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4691" data-file-height="3107" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9Fehir_%C3%87am_and_Sakura_City_Hospital" title="Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital">Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital</a> in Istanbul. It contains 2,068 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_base_isolation" title="Seismic base isolation">seismic base isolation</a> units to <a href="/wiki/Earthquake-resistant_structures" title="Earthquake-resistant structures">withstand earthquakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-453">[447]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Health (Turkey)">Ministry of Health</a> has run a universal public healthcare system since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-njm-454">[448]</a> Known as Universal Health Insurance (Genel Sağlık Sigortası), it is funded by a tax surcharge on employers, currently at 5%.<a href="#cite_note-njm-454">[448]</a> Public-sector funding covers approximately 75.2% of health expenditures.<a href="#cite_note-njm-454">[448]</a> Despite the universal health care, total expenditure on health as a share of GDP in 2018 was the lowest among OECD countries at 6.3% of GDP, compared to the OECD average of 9.3%.<a href="#cite_note-njm-454">[448]</a> There are many private hospitals in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Oguz_2020-455">[449]</a> The government planned several hospital complexes, known as city hospitals, to be constructed since 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Oguz_2020-455">[449]</a> Turkey is one of the top 10 destinations for <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism#Turkey" title="Medical tourism">health tourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-456">[450]</a> Average life expectancy is 78.6 years (75.9 for males and 81.3 for females), compared with the EU average of 81 years.<a href="#cite_note-njm-454">[448]</a> Turkey has high rates of <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, with 29.5% of its adult population having a <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> (BMI) value of 30 or above.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Mean_Body_Mass_Index_BMI-457">[451]</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution is a major cause</a> of early death.<a href="#cite_note-458">[452]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture of Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts in Turkey">Arts in Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Turkish folklore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals in Turkey">Festivals in Turkey</a></div> In the 19th century, Turkish identity was debated in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, with three main views: Turkism, Islamism and Westernism.<a href="#cite_note-459">[453]</a> In addition to Europe or Islam, Turkish culture was also influenced by Anatolia's native cultures.<a href="#cite_note-460">[454]</a> After the establishment of the republic, <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a> emphasized Turkish culture, attempted to make "Islam a matter of personal conviction", and pursued modernization.<a href="#cite_note-461">[455]</a> Currently, Turkey has various local cultures. Things such as music, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">folk dance</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebap</a> variety may be used to identify a local area. Turkey also has a national culture, such as national sports leagues, music bands, film stars, and trends in fashion.<a href="#cite_note-462">[456]</a> Turkey is home to <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">21 UNESCO World Heritage</a> sites and <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">31 UNESCO intangible cultural heritage</a> inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-463">[457]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature,_theatre,_and_visual_arts">Literature, theatre, and visual arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Turkish literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theatre of Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkish art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orhan_Pamuk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Orhan_Pamuk.jpg/220px-Orhan_Pamuk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Orhan_Pamuk.jpg/330px-Orhan_Pamuk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Orhan_Pamuk.jpg/440px-Orhan_Pamuk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel</a>-laureate Turkish novelist <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Angora" title="Turkish Angora">Turkish Angora cat</a> at his personal writing space</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House_in_Istanbul,_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/220px-S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/330px-S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/440px-S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3951" data-file-height="2861" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCreyya_Opera_House" title="Süreyya Opera House">Süreyya Opera House</a> is on the Asian side of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Cultural_Center" title="Atatürk Cultural Center">Atatürk Cultural Center</a> is the main <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera house</a> on the European side. <a href="/wiki/Zorlu_PSM" title="Zorlu PSM">Zorlu PSM</a> is the city's largest <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts theater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concert_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Concert hall">concert hall</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Turkish literature</a> goes back more than a thousand years. The Seljuk and Ottoman periods include numerous works of literature and poetry. Turkic tales and poetry from Central Asia were also kept alive. <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut" title="Book of Dede Korkut">Tales of Dede Korkut</a> is an example of the <a href="/wiki/Oral_storytelling" title="Oral storytelling">oral narrative</a> tradition. <a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk" title="Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk">Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk</a>, from the 11th century, contains Turkish linguistic information and poetry. <a href="/wiki/Yunus_Emre" title="Yunus Emre">Yunus Emre</a>, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>, was one of the most important writers of Anatolian Turkish poetry. Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)">Divan</a> poetry used "refined diction" and complex vocabulary. It included <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi mysticism</a>, romanticism, and formal elements.<a href="#cite_note-Halman_2012_Literature-464">[458]</a> Beginning in the 19th century, Ottoman literature was influenced by the West. New genres, such as novels and journalistic style, were introduced. <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Fk-%C4%B1_Memnu_(novel)" title="Aşk-ı Memnu (novel)">Aşk-ı Memnu</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Halid_Ziya_U%C5%9Fakl%C4%B1gil" title="Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil">Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil</a>, was the "first truly refined Turkish novel". <a href="/wiki/Fatma_Aliye_Topuz" title="Fatma Aliye Topuz">Fatma Aliye Topuz</a>, the first female Turkish novelist, wrote fiction. After the proclamation of the republic in 1923, <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk instituted reforms</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">language reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet_reform" title="Turkish alphabet reform">alphabet reform</a>. Since then, Turkish literature reflected the socioeconomic conditions in Turkey with increasing variety. "Village Novel" genre appeared in the mid-1950s, which talked about difficulties faced from poverty.<a href="#cite_note-Halman_2012_Literature-464">[458]</a> An example is <a href="/wiki/Memed,_My_Hawk" title="Memed, My Hawk">Memed, My Hawk</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Kemal" title="Yaşar Kemal">Yaşar Kemal</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1973 Nobel Prize in Literature">Turkey's first Nobel Prize in Literature nominee in 1973</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Halman_2012_Literature-464">[458]</a><a href="#cite_note-465">[459]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2006 Nobel Prize in Literature">2006 Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Halman_2012_Literature-464">[458]</a> Turkey has four "major theatrical traditions": "folk theatre, popular theatre, court theater, and Western theater." Turkish folk theatre goes back thousands of years and has survived among rural communities. Popular theatre includes plays by live actors, puppet and <a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">shadow</a> plays, and <a href="/wiki/Meddah" title="Meddah">storytelling performances</a>. An example for shadow play is <a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Karagöz and Hacivat</a>. Court theatre was the refined version of popular theatre. Beginning in the 19th century, Western theatre tradition started appearing in Turkey. Following the establishment of Turkish Republic, a state conservatory and the State Theatre Company were formed.<a href="#cite_note-466">[460]</a> Turkey's visual arts scene can be categorized into two, as "decorative" and "fine" arts. Fine arts, or güzel sanatlar, includes sculpture and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">painting</a>. Turkish artists in these areas have gained global recognition. Photography, fashion design, graphic arts, and graphic design are some of the other areas Turkish artists are known for in the world. The inaugural contemporary Turkish art sale by <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's London</a> was in 2009. <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Modern" title="Istanbul Modern">Istanbul Modern</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Biennial" title="Istanbul Biennial">Istanbul Biennial</a> are examples of art galleries or exhibitions of contemporary Turkish art. Turkey has also seen a resurgence of traditional arts. This includes Ottoman-era traditional arts, such as <a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">ceramics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">carpets</a>. Textile and carpet design, glass and ceramics, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_marbling" title="Paper marbling">paper marbling (ebru)</a> are some of the art forms for which modern-day Turkish artists are recognized as leaders in the Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-Denny_2012_Fine_Arts-467">[461]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Turkish folk dance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music of Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baris_Manco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Baris_Manco.jpg/220px-Baris_Manco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Baris_Manco.jpg/330px-Baris_Manco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Baris_Manco.jpg/440px-Baris_Manco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_Man%C3%A7o" title="Barış Manço">Barış Manço</a> was a Turkish rock musician and one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Anatolian rock</a> genre.</figcaption></figure> Although classifying genres of Turkish music can be problematic, three broad categories can be considered. These are "<a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_music" title="Turkish folk music">Turkish folk music</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Turkish_art_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish art music">Turkish art music</a>", and multiple popular music styles. These Popular music styles include <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Turkish_music)" title="Arabesque (Turkish music)">arabesque</a>, pop, and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Anatolian rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-468">[462]</a> The resurging popularity of pop music gave rise to several international Turkish pop stars such as <a href="/wiki/Ajda_Pekkan" title="Ajda Pekkan">Ajda Pekkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sezen_Aksu" title="Sezen Aksu">Sezen Aksu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erol_Evgin" title="Erol Evgin">Erol Evgin</a>, <a href="/wiki/MF%C3%96" title="MFÖ">MFÖ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarkan_(singer)" title="Tarkan (singer)">Tarkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertab_Erener" title="Sertab Erener">Sertab Erener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teoman_(singer)" title="Teoman (singer)">Teoman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenan_Do%C4%9Fulu" title="Kenan Doğulu">Kenan Doğulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levent_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Levent Yüksel">Levent Yüksel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hande_Yener" title="Hande Yener">Hande Yener</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Internationally acclaimed Turkish <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> musicians and composers include <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Ertegun" title="Ahmet Ertegun">Ahmet Ertegun.</a><a href="#cite_note-469">[463]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture of Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Selimiye..._-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Selimiye..._-_panoramio.jpg/208px-Selimiye..._-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Selimiye..._-_panoramio.jpg/312px-Selimiye..._-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Selimiye..._-_panoramio.jpg/416px-Selimiye..._-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Built by <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Selimiye Mosque, Edirne">Selimiye Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> is an example of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture" title="Classical Ottoman architecture">classical Ottoman architecture</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_asv2020-02_img05_Crowne_Plaza_Old_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img05_Crowne_Plaza_Old_City.jpg/208px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img05_Crowne_Plaza_Old_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img05_Crowne_Plaza_Old_City.jpg/312px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img05_Crowne_Plaza_Old_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img05_Crowne_Plaza_Old_City.jpg/416px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img05_Crowne_Plaza_Old_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5047" data-file-height="3785" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tayyare_Apartments" title="Tayyare Apartments">Tayyare Apartments</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, an example of the <a href="/wiki/First_national_architectural_movement" title="First national architectural movement">first national architectural movement</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Eskisehir_Odunpazar%C4%B1_tour_in_2018_8523.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Eskisehir_Odunpazar%C4%B1_tour_in_2018_8523.jpg/208px-Eskisehir_Odunpazar%C4%B1_tour_in_2018_8523.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Eskisehir_Odunpazar%C4%B1_tour_in_2018_8523.jpg/312px-Eskisehir_Odunpazar%C4%B1_tour_in_2018_8523.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Eskisehir_Odunpazar%C4%B1_tour_in_2018_8523.jpg/416px-Eskisehir_Odunpazar%C4%B1_tour_in_2018_8523.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">With its traditional Turkish houses, <a href="/wiki/Odunpazar%C4%B1" title="Odunpazarı">Odunpazarı</a> district in <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">tentative UNESCO World Heritage site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-470">[464]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Turkey is home to numerous <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> settlements, such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>.<a href="#cite_note-471">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-3-58">[56]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, important architectural remnants include <a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Alaca Höyük">Alaca Höyük</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Troy#Troy_II" title="Troy">2nd layer of Troy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-3-58">[56]</a> There are various examples of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman</a> architectures, especially in the Aegean region.<a href="#cite_note-472">[466]</a> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a> dates back to the 4th century AD. Its best example is <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>. Byzantine architectural style continued to develop after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">conquest of Istanbul</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture">Byzantine Revival architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-473">[467]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Seljuk Sultanate of Rum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Turkish principalities</a> period, a distinct architecture emerged, which incorporated Byzantine and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Armenian</a> architectures with architectural styles found in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-474">[468]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk architecture</a> often used stones and bricks, and produced numerous <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-475">[469]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a> emerged in northwest Anatolia and Thrace. <a href="/wiki/Early_Ottoman_architecture" title="Early Ottoman architecture">Early Ottoman architecture</a> mixed "traditional Anatolian Islamic architecture with local building materials and techniques".<a href="#cite_note-476">[470]</a> Following the conquest of Istanbul, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture" title="Classical Ottoman architecture">classical Ottoman architecture</a> emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-477">[471]</a> The most important architect of the classical period is <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a>, whose major works include the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mosque" title="Şehzade Mosque">Şehzade Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Selimiye Mosque, Edirne">Selimiye Mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-477">[471]</a> Beginning in the 18th century, Ottoman architecture was influenced by European elements, resulting in development of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Baroque_architecture" title="Ottoman Baroque architecture">Ottoman baroque style</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-478">[472]</a> European influence continued in the 19th century; examples include works of <a href="/wiki/Balyan_family" title="Balyan family">Balyan family</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">neo-Baroque</a> style <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-479">[473]</a> The last period of Ottoman architecture consists of the <a href="/wiki/First_National_Architectural_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="First National Architectural Movement">First National Architectural Movement</a>, including works of <a href="/wiki/Vedat_Tek" title="Vedat Tek">Vedat Tek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Kemaleddin" title="Mimar Kemaleddin">Mimar Kemaleddin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-478">[472]</a> Since 1918, Turkish architecture can be divided into three parts. From 1918 to 1950, the first one includes the First National Architectural Movement period, which transitioned into <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist architecture</a>. Modernist and monumental buildings were preferred for public buildings, whereas "Turkish house" type <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a> influenced private houses. From 1950 to 1980, the second part includes urbanization, modernization, and internationalization. For residential housing, "reinforced concrete, slab-block, medium-rise apartments" became prevalent. Since 1980, the third part is defined by consumer habits and international trends, such as shopping malls and office towers. Luxury residences with "Turkish house style" have been in demand.<a href="#cite_note-480">[474]</a> In the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> projects have become a trend.<a href="#cite_note-481">[475]</a> Resilience against natural disasters such as earthquakes is one of the main goals for urban renewal projects.<a href="#cite_note-482">[476]</a> Around one-third of Turkey's building stock, corresponding to 6.7 million units, were assessed risky and needing urban renewal.<a href="#cite_note-483">[477]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_coffee_in_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Turkish_coffee_in_Istanbul.jpg/250px-Turkish_coffee_in_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Turkish_coffee_in_Istanbul.jpg/330px-Turkish_coffee_in_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Turkish_coffee_in_Istanbul.jpg/500px-Turkish_coffee_in_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2510" data-file-height="1719" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a> with <a href="/wiki/Turkish_delight" title="Turkish delight">Turkish delight</a>. Turkish coffee is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO-listed intangible cultural heritage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-484">[478]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[479]</a></figcaption></figure> Turkey has a diverse and rich cuisine, varying geographically.<a href="#cite_note-Yayla_Aktaş_2021-486">[480]</a> Turkish cuisine has been influenced by Anatolian, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central Asian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine#East_Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">East Asian</a> cuisines.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion_to_Food_loc_Turkey-487">[481]</a> Turkish and Ottoman cuisine have also influenced others. <a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk" title="Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk">Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk</a>, from the 11th century, documents "the ancient lineage of much of present-day Turkish cuisine".<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion_to_Food_loc_Turkey-487">[481]</a> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCve%C3%A7" title="Güveç">Güveç</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">Bulgur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rek" title="Börek">Börek</a> are some of the earliest recorded examples of Turkish cuisine. Even though <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a> as a word comes from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, Turkic people had been familiar with using skewers to cook meat. Turkish cuisine can be distinguished by its various kinds of kebabs. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">pilaf</a> dishes were influenced by Turkish cuisine. Further information about cuisine during the Seljuk and Ottoman periods comes from the works of <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a>. The latter describes "food-related guilds of Istanbul".<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion_to_Food_loc_Turkey-487">[481]</a> Food staples in Turkey include <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>. Some of bread varieties are <a href="/wiki/Lavash" title="Lavash">lavash</a> and pide (a type of <a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">pita</a> bread). <a href="/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">Ayran</a> is a drink made of yoghurt. In western parts of Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> is used. Grains include wheat, maize, barley, oats, and millet. Beans, chickpeas, nuts, aubergines, and lamb are some of the commonly used ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion_to_Food_loc_Turkey-487">[481]</a> <a href="/wiki/Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">Doner kebab</a>, originally from Turkey, is marinated lamb slices cooked vertically.<a href="#cite_note-488">[482]</a> Seafood includes <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a> and others. <a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">Dolma</a> varieties and <a href="/wiki/Manti_(food)" title="Manti (food)">mantı</a> are made by stuffing vegetables or pasta.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion_to_Food_loc_Turkey-487">[481]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarma_(food)" title="Sarma (food)">Sarma</a> is made by rolling edible leaf over the filling.<a href="#cite_note-489">[483]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahni" title="Yahni">Yahni</a> dishes are vegetable stews.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion_to_Food_loc_Turkey-487">[481]</a> Turkey is one of the countries with the <a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">meze</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-490">[484]</a> Honey, <a href="/wiki/Pekmez" title="Pekmez">pekmez</a>, dried fruit, or fruit are used for sweetening.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion_to_Food_loc_Turkey-487">[481]</a> <a href="/wiki/Filo" title="Filo">Filo</a> is an originally Turkish <a href="/wiki/Dough" title="Dough">dough</a> that is used to make <a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">baklava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-491">[485]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_delight" title="Turkish delight">Turkish delight</a> is a "delicate but gummy jelly".<a href="#cite_note-492">[486]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sport in Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AUT_vs._TUR_2016-03-29_(001).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AUT_vs._TUR_2016-03-29_%28001%29.jpg/220px-AUT_vs._TUR_2016-03-29_%28001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AUT_vs._TUR_2016-03-29_%28001%29.jpg/330px-AUT_vs._TUR_2016-03-29_%28001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AUT_vs._TUR_2016-03-29_%28001%29.jpg/440px-AUT_vs._TUR_2016-03-29_%28001%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turkey_national_football_team" title="Turkey national football team">Turkey</a> at <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016" title="UEFA Euro 2016">UEFA Euro 2016</a></figcaption></figure> The most popular sport is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>.<a href="#cite_note-493">[487]</a> <a href="/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._(football)" title="Galatasaray S.K. (football)">Galatasaray</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2000_UEFA_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 UEFA Cup Final">UEFA Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/2000_UEFA_Super_Cup" title="2000 UEFA Super Cup">UEFA Super Cup</a> in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-uefa.com-494">[488]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turkey_national_football_team" title="Turkey national football team">Turkey national football team</a> won the bronze medal at the <a href="/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2002 FIFA World Cup">2002 FIFA World Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2003_FIFA_Confederations_Cup" title="2003 FIFA Confederations Cup">2003 FIFA Confederations Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2008" title="UEFA Euro 2008">UEFA Euro 2008</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tff.org1-495">[489]</a> Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular.<a href="#cite_note-496">[490]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turkey_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Turkey men's national basketball team">men's national basketball team</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Turkey women's national basketball team">women's national basketball team</a> have been successful. <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Efes_S.K." title="Anadolu Efes S.K.">Anadolu Efes S.K.</a> is the most successful Turkish basketball club in international competitions.<a href="#cite_note-497">[491]</a><a href="#cite_note-498">[492]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Men%27s_Basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenerbahçe Men's Basketball">Fenerbahçe</a> reached the final of the <a href="/wiki/EuroLeague" title="EuroLeague">EuroLeague</a> in three consecutive seasons (<a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Euroleague" title="2015–16 Euroleague">2015–2016</a>, <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_EuroLeague" title="2016–17 EuroLeague">2016–2017</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_EuroLeague" title="2017–18 EuroLeague">2017–2018</a>), becoming the European champions in 2017. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vakifbanksk2018cl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vakifbanksk2018cl.jpg/250px-Vakifbanksk2018cl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vakifbanksk2018cl.jpg/330px-Vakifbanksk2018cl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vakifbanksk2018cl.jpg/500px-Vakifbanksk2018cl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fBank_S.K." title="VakıfBank S.K.">VakıfBank S.K.</a> is one of the best women's volleyball team in the world, having won the <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_Club_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship">FIVB World Championship</a> four times and the <a href="/wiki/CEV_Women%27s_Champions_League" title="CEV Women's Champions League">CEV Champions Cup</a> six times.</figcaption></figure> The final of the <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_EuroLeague_Women" title="2013–14 EuroLeague Women">2013–14 EuroLeague Women</a> basketball championship was played between two Turkish teams, <a href="/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._(women%27s_basketball)" title="Galatasaray S.K. (women's basketball)">Galatasaray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Women%27s_Basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenerbahçe Women's Basketball">Fenerbahçe</a>, and won by Galatasaray.<a href="#cite_note-fibaeurope.com2-499">[493]</a> Fenerbahçe won the <a href="/wiki/2023_FIBA_Europe_SuperCup_Women" title="2023 FIBA Europe SuperCup Women">2023 FIBA Europe SuperCup Women</a> after two consecutive Euroleague wins in the <a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_EuroLeague_Women" title="2022–23 EuroLeague Women">2022–23</a> and <a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_EuroLeague_Women" title="2023–24 EuroLeague Women">2023–24</a> seasons. The <a href="/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_volleyball_team" title="Turkey women's national volleyball team">women's national volleyball team</a> has won several medals.<a href="#cite_note-tvf.org.tr-500">[494]</a> Women's volleyball clubs, namely <a href="/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fBank_S.K." title="VakıfBank S.K.">VakıfBank S.K.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Women%27s_Volleyball" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenerbahçe Women's Volleyball">Fenerbahçe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eczac%C4%B1ba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Dynavit" title="Eczacıbaşı Dynavit">Eczacıbaşı</a>, have won numerous European championship titles and medals.<a href="#cite_note-CEV-2023-501">[495]</a> The traditional national sport of Turkey has been <a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">yağlı güreş</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">oil</a> <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>) since Ottoman times.<a href="#cite_note-502">[496]</a> Edirne Province has hosted the annual <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rkp%C4%B1nar" title="Kırkpınar">Kırkpınar</a> oil wrestling tournament since 1361, making it the oldest continuously held sporting competition in the world.<a href="#cite_note-503">[497]</a><a href="#cite_note-504">[498]</a> In the 19th and early 20th centuries, oil wrestling champions such as <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_%C4%B0smail" title="Yusuf İsmail">Koca Yusuf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nurullah_Hasan" title="Nurullah Hasan">Nurullah Hasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lc%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_Mahmut" title="Kızılcıklı Mahmut">Kızılcıklı Mahmut</a> acquired international fame in Europe and North America by winning world heavyweight wrestling championship titles. International wrestling styles governed by <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Associated_Wrestling_Styles" class="mw-redirect" title="International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles">FILA</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle wrestling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman wrestling</a> are also popular, with many European, World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a national team.<a href="#cite_note-505">[499]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_cinema">Media and cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Turkey">Media in Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema of Turkey</a></div> Hundreds of television channels, thousands of local and national radio stations, several dozen newspapers, a productive and profitable <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">national cinema</a> and a rapid growth of <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> Internet use constitute a vibrant media industry in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-tesevmedya-506">[500]</a><a href="#cite_note-507">[501]</a> The majority of the TV audiences are shared among public broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Radio_and_Television_Corporation" title="Turkish Radio and Television Corporation">TRT</a> and the network-style channels such as <a href="/wiki/Kanal_D" title="Kanal D">Kanal D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Show_TV" title="Show TV">Show TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATV_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="ATV (Turkey)">ATV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Star_TV_(Turkey)" title="Star TV (Turkey)">Star TV</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast media">broadcast media</a> have a very high penetration as <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite dishes">satellite dishes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a> systems are widely available.<a href="#cite_note-cp-508">[502]</a> The <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%9CK" class="mw-redirect" title="RTÜK">Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK)</a> is the government body overseeing the broadcast media.<a href="#cite_note-cp-508">[502]</a><a href="#cite_note-509">[503]</a> By circulation, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">most popular newspapers</a> are <a href="/wiki/Posta_(newspaper)" title="Posta (newspaper)">Posta</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Hürriyet">Hürriyet</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6zc%C3%BC" title="Sözcü">Sözcü</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah_(newspaper)" title="Sabah (newspaper)">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habert%C3%BCrk" title="Habertürk">Habertürk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-510">[504]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:85px;max-width:85px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuri_Bilge_Ceylan,_Cines_del_Sur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Nuri_Bilge_Ceylan%2C_Cines_del_Sur.jpg/120px-Nuri_Bilge_Ceylan%2C_Cines_del_Sur.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Nuri_Bilge_Ceylan%2C_Cines_del_Sur.jpg/250px-Nuri_Bilge_Ceylan%2C_Cines_del_Sur.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="1719" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Beren_Saat_17.4.15_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Beren_Saat_17.4.15_cropped.jpg/250px-Beren_Saat_17.4.15_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Beren_Saat_17.4.15_cropped.jpg/330px-Beren_Saat_17.4.15_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="576" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:101px;max-width:101px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkan_Soray_1310395.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Turkan_Soray_1310395.jpg/120px-Turkan_Soray_1310395.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Turkan_Soray_1310395.jpg/250px-Turkan_Soray_1310395.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1534" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nuri_Bilge_Ceylan" title="Nuri Bilge Ceylan">Nuri Bilge Ceylan</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/Beren_Saat" title="Beren Saat">Beren Saat</a> (middle), and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkan_%C5%9Eoray" title="Türkan Şoray">Türkan Şoray</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Filiz_Ak%C4%B1n" title="Filiz Akın">Filiz Akın</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatma_Girik" title="Fatma Girik">Fatma Girik</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BClya_Ko%C3%A7yi%C4%9Fit" title="Hülya Koçyiğit">Hülya Koçyiğit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkan_%C5%9Eoray" title="Türkan Şoray">Türkan Şoray</a> represent their period of Turkish cinema.<a href="#cite_note-Magnan-511">[505]</a> Turkish directors like <a href="/wiki/Metin_Erksan" title="Metin Erksan">Metin Erksan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Bilge_Ceylan" title="Nuri Bilge Ceylan">Nuri Bilge Ceylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1lmaz_G%C3%BCney" title="Yılmaz Güney">Yılmaz Güney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeki_Demirkubuz" title="Zeki Demirkubuz">Zeki Demirkubuz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferzan_%C3%96zpetek" title="Ferzan Özpetek">Ferzan Özpetek</a> won numerous international awards such as the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bear" title="Golden Bear">Golden Bear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-berlinale_1964-512">[506]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">Turkish television dramas</a> are increasingly becoming popular beyond Turkey's borders and are among the country's most vital exports, both in terms of profit and public relations.<a href="#cite_note-513">[507]</a> After sweeping the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>'s television market over the past decade, Turkish shows have aired in more than a dozen <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central American</a> countries in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-514">[508]</a><a href="#cite_note-515">[509]</a> Turkey is today the world's second largest exporter of television series.<a href="#cite_note-516">[510]</a><a href="#cite_note-517">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-518">[512]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey" title="Outline of Turkey">Outline of Turkey</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Türkiye, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Turkish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[ˈtyɾcije]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" />Turkish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/37\/Tur-T%C3%BCrkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg\/Tur-T%C3%BCrkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Tur-T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Tur-T%C3%BCrkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg/Tur-T%C3%BCrkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Tur-T%C3%BCrkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg" title="File:Tur-Türkiye Cumhuriyeti.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> The origin of Indo-European languages is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">They may be native to Anatolia</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> or non-native.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> Even though they are not explicitly mentioned in the Treaty of Lausanne.<a href="#cite_note-Bayır2013-394">[391]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Turkey" title="Bulgarians in Turkey">Bulgarian community in Turkey</a> is now so small that this disposition is de facto not applied.<a href="#cite_note-Bayır2013-394">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-Özlem2019-397">[393]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> The Turkish government considers that, for the purpose of the Treaty of Lausanne, the language of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkish Jews</a> is <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, even though the mother tongue of Turkish Jews was not Hebrew but historically <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> (Ladino) or other <a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yağmur2001-400">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zetler2014-401">[396]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li 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center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/tr/mevzuat/anayasa/">the original</a> on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mevzuat%3A+Anayasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anayasa.gov.tr%2Ftr%2Fmevzuat%2Fanayasa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKONDA2006">KONDA 2006</a>, p. 19</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKornfilt2018">Kornfilt 2018</a>, p. 537</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_5-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey-turkiye/#people-and-society">"Turkey (Turkiye)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 19 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Turkey+%28Turkiye%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fturkey-turkiye%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution2019-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution2019_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution2019_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/en/legislation/turkish-constiution/">"Turkish Constitution"</a>. Anayasa Mahkemesi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110193216/https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/en/legislation/turkish-constiution/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. 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World Bank. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517075906/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DTR">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2019. 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Retrieved 18 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Index+%28HDI%29&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fdata-center%2Fhuman-development-index%23%2Findicies%2FHDI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, pp. 24–28: "Göbekli Tepe's close proximity to several very early sites of grain cultivation helped lead Schmidt to the conclusion that it was the need to maintain the ritual center that first encouraged the beginnings of settled agriculture—the Neolithic Revolution"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMcMahonSteadman2012a">McMahon & Steadman 2012a</a>, pp. 3–12</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2012">Matthews 2012</a>, p. 49</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2006">Ahmed 2006</a>, p. 1576: "Turkey's diversity is derived from its central location near the world's earliest civilizations as well as a history replete with population movements and invasions. The Hattite culture was prominent during the Bronze Age prior to 2000 BCE, but was replaced by the Indo-European Hittites who conquered Anatolia by the second millennium. Meanwhile, Turkish Thrace came to be dominated by another Indo-European group, the Thracians for whom the region is named."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSteadman2012">Steadman 2012</a>, p. 234: "By the time of the Old Assyrian Colony period in the early second millennium b.c.e . (see Michel, chapter 13 in this volume) the languages spoken on the plateau included Hattian, an indigenous Anatolian language, Hurrian (spoken in northern Syria), and Indo-European languages known as Luwian, Hittite, and Palaic"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMichel2012">Michel 2012</a>, p. 327</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMelchert2012">Melchert 2012</a>, p. 713</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 26</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 29: "The sudden disappearance of the Persian Empire and the conquest of virtually the entire Middle Eastern world from the Nile to the Indus by Alexander the Great caused tremendous political and cultural upheaval. ... statesmen throughout the conquered regions attempted to implement a policy of Hellenization. For indigenous elites, this amounted to the forced assimilation of native religion and culture to Greek models. It met resistance in Anatolia as elsewhere, especially from priests and others who controlled temple wealth."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2006">Ahmed 2006</a>, p. 1576: "Subsequently, hellenization of the elites transformed Anatolia into a largely Greek-speaking region"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMcMahonSteadman2012a">McMahon & Steadman 2012a</a>, p. 5</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMcMahon2012">McMahon 2012</a>, p. 16</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSams2012">Sams 2012</a>, p. 617</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKaldellis2024">Kaldellis 2024</a>, p. 26</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFDavison1990">Davison 1990</a>, pp. 3–4: "So the Seljuk sultanate was a successor state ruling part of the medieval Greek empire, and within it the process of Turkification of a previously Hellenized Anatolian population continued. That population must already have been of very mixed ancestry, deriving from ancient Hittite, Phrygian, Cappadocian, and other civilizations as well as Roman and Greek."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, pp. 33–44</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_2016_38–39-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016_38–39_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016_38–39_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, pp. 38–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 45</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSomel2010">Somel 2010</a>, p. xcvii</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> *<a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2012">Hanioğlu 2012</a>, pp. 15–25 <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKayalı2012">Kayalı 2012</a>, pp. 26–28</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFDavison1990">Davison 1990</a>, pp. 115–116</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> * <a href="#CITEREFKaser2011">Kaser 2011</a>, p. 336: "The emerging Christian nation states justified the prosecution of their Muslims by arguing that they were their former “suppressors”. The historical balance: between about 1820 and 1920, millions of Muslim casualties and refugees back to the remaining Ottoman Empire had to be registered; estimations speak about 5 million casualties and the same number of displaced persons" <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFFábos2005">Fábos 2005</a>, p. 437: "Muslims had been the majority in Anatolia, the Crimea, the Balkans, and the Caucasus and a plurality in southern Russia and sections of Romania. Most of these lands were within or contiguous with the Ottoman Empire. By 1923, 'only Anatolia, eastern Thrace, and a section of the southeastern Caucasus remained to the Muslim land ... Millions of Muslims, most of them Turks, had died; millions more had fled to what is today Turkey. Between 1821 and 1922, more than five million Muslims were driven from their lands. Five and one-half million Muslims died, some of them killed in wars, others perishing as refugees from starvation and disease' (McCarthy 1995, 1). Since people in the Ottoman Empire were classified by religion, Turks, Albanians, Bosnians, and all other Muslim groups were recognized—and recognized themselves—simply as Muslims. Hence, their persecution and forced migration is of central importance to an analysis of 'Muslim migration.'"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchayegh2024" class="citation journal cs1">Schayegh, Cyrus (2024). "A Late/Post-Imperial Region of Difference: The Ottoman Empire and its Successor Polities in Southeastern Europe, Turkey, and the Arab East, c. 1850s–1940s". Journal of World History. 35 (4): 579–622. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2024.a943172">10.1353/jwh.2024.a943172</a>. <q>Between 1821 and the 1919–1922 Turko-Greek War, about five and a half million Muslims died of religious-ethnic war-related causes, including disease and hunger during forced migration, in southeastern Europe and the Crimea and Caucasus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=A+Late%2FPost-Imperial+Region+of+Difference%3A+The+Ottoman+Empire+and+its+Successor+Polities+in+Southeastern+Europe%2C+Turkey%2C+and+the+Arab+East%2C+c.+1850s%E2%80%931940s&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E579-%3C%2Fspan%3E622&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.2024.a943172&rft.aulast=Schayegh&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKarpat2001">Karpat 2001</a>, p. 343: "The main migrations started from Crimea in 1856 and were followed by those from the Caucasus and the Balkans in 1862 to 1878 and 1912 to 1916. These have continued to our day. The quantitative indicators cited in various sources show that during this period a total of about 7 million migrants from Crimea, the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands settled in Anatolia. These immigrants were overwhelmingly Muslim, except for a number of Jews who left their homes in the Balkans and Russia in order to live in the Ottoman lands. By the end of the century the immigrants and their descendants constituted some 30 to 40 percent of the total population of Anatolia, and in some western areas their percentage was even higher." ... "The immigrants called themselves Muslims rather than Turks, although most of those from Bulgaria, Macedonia, and eastern Serbia descended from the Turkish Anatolian stock who settled in the Balkans in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKarpat2004">Karpat 2004</a>, pp. 5–6: "Migration was a major force in the social and cultural reconstruction of the Ottoman state in the nineteenth century. While some seven to nine million, mostly Muslim, refugees from lost territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans and Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, during the last quarter of the nineteenth and the early part of the twentieth centuries..."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFPekesen2012">Pekesen 2012</a>: "The immigration had far-reaching social and political consequences for the Ottoman Empire and Turkey." ... "Between 1821 and 1922, some 5.3 million Muslims migrated to the Empire.50 It is estimated that in 1923, the year the republic of Turkey was founded, about 25 per cent of the population came from immigrant families.51"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBiondich2011">Biondich 2011</a>, p. 93: "The road from Berlin to Lausanne was littered with millions of casualties. In the period between 1878 and 1912, as many as two million Muslims emigrated voluntarily or involuntarily from the Balkans. When one adds those who were killed or expelled between 1912 and 1923, the number of Muslim casualties from the Balkan far exceeds three million. By 1923 fewer than one million remained in the Balkans"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFArmour2012">Armour 2012</a>, p. 213: "To top it all, the Empire was host to a steady stream of Muslim refugees. Russia between 1854 and 1876 expelled 1.4 million Crimean Tartars, and in the mid-1860s another 600,000 Circassians from the Caucasus. Their arrival produced further economic dislocation and expense."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBosmaLucassenOostindie2012a">Bosma, Lucassen & Oostindie 2012a</a>, p. 17: "In total, many millions of Turks (or, more precisely, Muslim immigrants, including some from the Caucasus) were involved in this ‘repatriation’ – sometimes more than once in a lifetime – the last stage of which may have been the immigration of seven hundred thousand Turks from Bulgaria between 1940 and 1990. Most of these immigrants settled in urban north-western Anatolia. Today between a third and a quarter of the Republic’s population are descendants of these Muslim immigrants, known as Muhacir or Göçmen"</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tatz2-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Tatz2_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTatzHiggins2016" class="citation book cs1">Tatz, Colin; Higgins, Winton (2016). The Magnitude of Genocide. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3161-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3161-4"><bdi>978-1-4408-3161-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magnitude+of+Genocide&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3161-4&rft.aulast=Tatz&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Higgins%2C+Winton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchallerZimmerer-25"><a href="#cite_ref-SchallerZimmerer_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520801950820">10.1080/14623520801950820</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1462-3528">1462-3528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71515470">71515470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Late+Ottoman+genocides%3A+the+dissolution+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Young+Turkish+population+and+extermination+policies+%E2%80%93+introduction&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71515470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1462-3528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520801950820&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=Dominik+J.&rft.au=Zimmerer%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorrisZe'evi2021" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2021). The Thirty-Year Genocide - Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674251434" title="Special:BookSources/9780674251434"><bdi>9780674251434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Year+Genocide+-+Turkey%27s+Destruction+of+Its+Christian+Minorities%2C+1894%E2%80%931924&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780674251434&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft.au=Ze%27evi%2C+Dror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFPamuk2012">Pamuk 2012</a>, p. 50</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKayali2008">Kayali 2008</a>, p. 112</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndré_BankRoy_Karadag2013" class="citation book cs1">André Bank; Roy Karadag (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137484758_6">Before the Arab Revolts and After: Turkey's Transformed Regional Power Status in the Middle East</a>. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 103–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137484758_6">10.1057/9781137484758_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-50355-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-50355-1"><bdi>978-1-349-50355-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Arab+Revolts+and+After%3A+Turkey%27s+Transformed+Regional+Power+Status+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137484758_6&rft.isbn=978-1-349-50355-1&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Bank&rft.au=Roy+Karadag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1057%2F9781137484758_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/turkey-regional-power/">"Turkey is a regional power – GIS Reports"</a>. 16 February 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+is+a+regional+power+%E2%80%93+GIS+Reports&rft.date=2018-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gisreportsonline.com%2Fr%2Fturkey-regional-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCîrlig2013" class="citation web cs1">Cîrlig, Carmen-Cristina (6 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/120425/LDM_BRI(2013)120425_REV1_EN.pdf">"Turkey's regional power aspirations"</a> (PDF). Library of the European Parliament.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+the+European+Parliament&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+regional+power+aspirations&rft.date=2013-05-06&rft.aulast=C%C3%AErlig&rft.aufirst=Carmen-Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2FRegData%2Fbibliotheque%2Fbriefing%2F2013%2F120425%2FLDM_BRI%282013%29120425_REV1_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_geo-31"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_geo_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey-turkiye/#geography">"Turkey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828085706/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey-turkiye/#geography">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 29 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Turkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fturkey-turkiye%2F%23geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBirben2019" class="citation journal cs1">Birben, Üstüner (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2F01047760201925042644">"The Effectiveness of Protected Areas in Biodiversity Conservation: The Case of Turkey"</a>. CERNE. 25 (4): 424–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2F01047760201925042644">10.1590/01047760201925042644</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0104-7760">0104-7760</a>. <q>Turkey has 3 out of the 36 biodiversity hotspots on Earth: the Mediterranean, Caucasus, and Irano-Anatolian hotspots</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CERNE&rft.atitle=The+Effectiveness+of+Protected+Areas+in+Biodiversity+Conservation%3A+The+Case+of+Turkey&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E424-%3C%2Fspan%3E438&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2F01047760201925042644&rft.issn=0104-7760&rft.aulast=Birben&rft.aufirst=%C3%9Cst%C3%BCner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252F01047760201925042644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2006">Ahmed 2006</a>, pp. 1575–1576</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWorld_Bank_Türkiye_-_Country_Climate_and_Development_Report2022">World Bank Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 2022</a>, p. 7</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAtun2015" class="citation journal cs1">Atun, Rifat (2015). "Transforming Turkey's Health System — Lessons for Universal Coverage". New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (14): 1285–1289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp1410433">10.1056/NEJMp1410433</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422719">26422719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Transforming+Turkey%27s+Health+System+%E2%80%94+Lessons+for+Universal+Coverage&rft.volume=373&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1285-%3C%2Fspan%3E1289&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMp1410433&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26422719&rft.aulast=Atun&rft.aufirst=Rifat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFOECD_Taking_stock_of_education_reforms_for_access_and_quality_in_Türkiye2023">OECD Taking stock of education reforms for access and quality in Türkiye 2023</a>, p. 35</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization_(WIPO)2024">World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 2024</a>, p. 22</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerg2023" class="citation book cs1">Berg, Miriam (2023). Turkish Drama Serials: The Importance and Influence of a Globally Popular Television Phenomenon. University of Exeter Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80413-043-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80413-043-8"><bdi>978-1-80413-043-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Drama+Serials%3A+The+Importance+and+Influence+of+a+Globally+Popular+Television+Phenomenon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-80413-043-8&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgostonMasters2009">Agoston & Masters 2009</a>, p. 574 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Everett-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Everett_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Everett_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Everett_37-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEverett-Heath2020">Everett-Heath 2020</a>, Türkiye (Turkey) </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolden2021">Golden 2021</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClauson1972">Clauson 1972</a>, pp. 542–543 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolden2021">Golden 2021</a>, pp. 6–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolden2021">Golden 2021</a>, pp. 9, 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-constantine_vii-42"><a href="#cite_ref-constantine_vii_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1967" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC">De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus</a>. Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae (New, revised ed.). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-021-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-021-9"><bdi>978-0-88402-021-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120171955/https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Administrando+Imperio+by+Constantine+VII+Porphyrogenitus&rft.series=Corpus+fontium+historiae+Byzantinae&rft.pages=65&rft.edition=New%2C+revised&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Center+for+Byzantine+Studies&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-021-9&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Romilly+James+Heald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3al15wpFWiMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his <a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 950 AD) "Patzinakia, the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pecheneg realm</a>, stretches west as far as the <a href="/wiki/Siret_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Siret River">Siret River</a> (or even the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Eastern Carpathian Mountains</a>), and is four days distant from Tourkia [i.e. Hungary]." </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFindley2005">Findley 2005</a>, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolden2021">Golden 2021</a>, pp. 2–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEverett-Heath2020">Everett-Heath 2020</a>, Turkestan, Central Asia, Kazakhstan </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray2003">Gray 2003</a>, Turkye, (Turkeye) Turkey; Book of the Duchess, The; Map 1; Map 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Turkey" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Turkey">"Turkey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkey&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DTurkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHertslet1875" class="citation book cs1">Hertslet, Edward (1875). "General treaty between Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, Sardinia and Turkey, signed at Paris on 30th March 1856". The Map of Europe by Treaty showing the various political and territorial changes which have taken place since the general peace of 1814, with numerous maps and notes. Vol. 2. Butterworth. pp. 1250–1265.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+treaty+between+Great+Britain%2C+Austria%2C+France%2C+Prussia%2C+Russia%2C+Sardinia+and+Turkey%2C+signed+at+Paris+on+30th+March+1856&rft.btitle=The+Map+of+Europe+by+Treaty+showing+the+various+political+and+territorial+changes+which+have+taken+place+since+the+general+peace+of+1814%2C+with+numerous+maps+and+notes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1250-%3C%2Fspan%3E1265&rft.pub=Butterworth&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Hertslet&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/protocolsofconfe00grea/mode/2up">"Protocols of conferences held at Paris relative to the general Treaty of Peace. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, 1856"</a>. Harrison. 1856. Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protocols+of+conferences+held+at+Paris+relative+to+the+general+Treaty+of+Peace.+Presented+to+both+Houses+of+Parliament+by+command+of+Her+Majesty%2C+1856&rft.pub=Harrison&rft.date=1856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprotocolsofconfe00grea%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHertslet1891" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hertslet" title="Edward Hertslet">Hertslet, Edward</a> (1891), "Treaty between Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and Turkey, for the Settlement of Affairs in the East, Signed at Berlin, 13th July 1878 (Translation)", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mapofeuropebytre04hert#page/2758/mode/2up">The Map of Europe by Treaty; which have taken place since the general peace of 1814. With numerous maps and notes</a>, vol. IV (1875–1891) (First ed.), <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Stationery Office">Her Majesty's Stationery Office</a>, pp. 2759–2798, retrieved 9 May 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Treaty+between+Great+Britain%2C+Austria-Hungary%2C+France%2C+Germany%2C+Italy%2C+Russia%2C+and+Turkey%2C+for+the+Settlement+of+Affairs+in+the+East%2C+Signed+at+Berlin%2C+13th+July+1878+%28Translation%29&rft.btitle=The+Map+of+Europe+by+Treaty%3B+which+have+taken+place+since+the+general+peace+of+1814.+With+numerous+maps+and+notes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2759-%3C%2Fspan%3E2798&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Hertslet&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmapofeuropebytre04hert%23page%2F2758%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1878berlin.asp">"Treaty Between Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Turkey. (Berlin). July 13, 1878"</a>. sourcebooks.fordham.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326061204/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1878berlin.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sourcebooks.fordham.edu&rft.atitle=Treaty+Between+Great+Britain%2C+Austria-Hungary%2C+France%2C+Germany%2C+Italy%2C+Russia+and+Turkey.+%28Berlin%29.+July+13%2C+1878.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fmod%2F1878berlin.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCevdet_Küçük2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cevdet Küçük (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/arama/?q=T%C3%BCrkiye">"Türkiye"</a>. TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî) (in Turkish). Istanbul: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Religious_Affairs" title="Presidency of Religious Affairs">Turkiye Diyanet Foundation</a>, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 567. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-389-713-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-389-713-6"><bdi>978-975-389-713-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkiye&rft.btitle=TDV+Encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+Vol.+41+%28Tevekk%C3%BCl+%E2%80%93+T%C3%BCster%C3%AE%29&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=567&rft.pub=Turkiye+Diyanet+Foundation%2C+Centre+for+Islamic+Studies&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-975-389-713-6&rft.au=Cevdet+K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Farama%2F%3Fq%3DT%25C3%25BCrkiye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genelge-2021/24-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Genelge-2021/24_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/12/20211204-5.pdf">"Marka Olarak 'Türkiye' İbaresinin Kullanımı (Presidential Circular No. 2021/24 on the Use of the Term "Türkiye" as a Brand)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey">Resmî Gazete (Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye)</a>. 4 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517002246/https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/12/20211204-5.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marka+Olarak+%27T%C3%BCrkiye%27+%C4%B0baresinin+Kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1+%28Presidential+Circular+No.+2021%2F24+on+the+Use+of+the+Term+%22T%C3%BCrkiye%22+as+a+Brand%29&rft.pub=Resm%C3%AE+Gazete+%28Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+T%C3%BCrkiye%29&rft.date=2021-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.resmigazete.gov.tr%2Feskiler%2F2021%2F12%2F20211204-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoylu2022" class="citation news cs1">Soylu, Ragip (17 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-turkiye-new-name-register-un-weeks">"Turkey to register its new name Türkiye to UN in coming weeks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Eye" title="Middle East Eye">Middle East Eye</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606203745/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-turkiye-new-name-register-un-weeks">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2022. 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Retrieved 2 February 2024. <q>Before the Greek migrations that followed the end of the Bronze Age (c. 1200 BCE), probably the only Greek-speaking communities on the west coast of Anatolia were Mycenaean settlements at Iasus and Müskebi on the Halicarnassus peninsula and walled Mycenaean colonies at Miletus and Colophon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Anatolia+%E2%80%93+Greek+colonies+on+the+Anatolian+coasts%2C+c.+1180%E2%80%93547+bce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAnatolia%2FGreek-colonies-on-the-Anatolian-coasts-c-1180-547-bce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarl2012">Harl 2012</a>, p. 760: "Greek cities on the shores of Asia Minor and on the Aegean islands were the nexus of trade and cultural exchange in the early Greek world, so Archaic Greek civilization was to a great extent the product of the Greek cities of Asia Minor." </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarl2012">Harl 2012</a>, pp. 753–756 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreaves2012">Greaves 2012</a>, p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarl2012">Harl 2012</a>, p. 753 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarl2012">Harl 2012</a>, pp. 753–754 </li> <li id="cite_note-y319-87"><a href="#cite_ref-y319_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRovelli2023" class="citation book cs1">Rovelli, C. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=huNxEAAAQBAJ">Anaximander: And the Birth of Science</a>. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 20–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-54237-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-54237-8"><bdi>978-0-593-54237-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anaximander%3A+And+the+Birth+of+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-593-54237-8&rft.aulast=Rovelli&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhuNxEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaird2016">Baird 2016</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMark_Cartwright" class="citation web cs1">Mark Cartwright. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Celsus_Library/">"Celsus Library"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151448/https://www.worldhistory.org/Library_of_Celsus/?arg1=Celsus_Library&arg2=&arg3=&arg4=&arg5=">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celsus+Library&rft.pub=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.au=Mark+Cartwright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FCelsus_Library%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/128/">"The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: The Un-Greek Temple and Wonder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151417/https://www.worldhistory.org/Temple_of_Artemis_at_Ephesus/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Temple+of+Artemis+at+Ephesus%3A+The+Un-Greek+Temple+and+Wonder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F128%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcMahonSteadman2012a">McMahon & Steadman 2012a</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcMahon2012">McMahon 2012</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSams2012">Sams 2012</a>, p. 617 </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_2016_a-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016_a_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 29: "The sudden disappearance of the Persian Empire and the conquest of virtually the entire Middle Eastern world from the Nile to the Indus by Alexander the Great caused tremendous political and cultural upheaval." ... "statesmen throughout the conquered regions attempted to implement a policy of Hellenization. For indigenous elites, this amounted to the forced assimilation of native religion and culture to Greek models. It met resistance in Anatolia as elsewhere, especially from priests and others who controlled temple wealth." </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1995">Mitchell 1995</a>, pp. 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoyos2019">Hoyos 2019</a>, pp. 35–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoyos2019">Hoyos 2019</a>, pp. 62, 83, 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.britannica.com/topic/Hagia-Sophia">"Hagia Sophia"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429163151/https://global.britannica.com/topic/Hagia-Sophia">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hagia+Sophia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHagia-Sophia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horrocks_pp_778-779-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horrocks_pp_778-779_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horrocks_pp_778-779_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorrocks2008">Horrocks 2008</a>, pp. 778–779: "Thus the majority of traditional 'Greek' lands, including the coastal areas of Asia Minor, remained essentially Greek-speaking, despite the superimposition of Latin and the later Slavic incursions into the Balkans during the sixth and seventh centuries. Even on the Anatolian plateau, where Hellenic culture had come only with Alexander's conquests, both the extremely heterogeneous indigenous populations and immigrant groups (including Celts, Goths, Jews, and Persians) had become heavily Hellenized, as the steady decline in epigraphic evidence for the native languages and the great mass of public and private inscriptions in Greek demonstrate. Though the disappearance of these languages from the written record did not entail their immediate abandonment as spoken languages,..." </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_den_Hout2011">van den Hout 2011</a>, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUchiyamaGillamSavelyevNing2020" class="citation journal cs1">Uchiyama, Junzo; et al. (21 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10427466">"Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia"</a>. Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: e16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.11">10.1017/ehs.2020.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10427466">10427466</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37588381">37588381</a>. <q>Most linguists and historians agree that Proto-Turkic, the common ancestor of all ancient and contemporary Turkic languages, must have been spoken somewhere in Central-East Asia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=Populations+dynamics+in+Northern+Eurasian+forests%3A+a+long-term+perspective+from+Northeast+Asia&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=e16&rft.date=2020-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10427466%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37588381&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2020.11&rft.aulast=Uchiyama&rft.aufirst=Junzo&rft.au=Gillam%2C+J.+Christopher&rft.au=Savelyev%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Ning%2C+Chao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10427466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUchiyamaGillamSavelyevNing2020" class="citation journal cs1">Uchiyama, Junzo; et al. (21 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10427466">"Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia"</a>. Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: e16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.11">10.1017/ehs.2020.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10427466">10427466</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37588381">37588381</a>. <q>To sum up, the palaeolinguistic reconstruction points to a mixed subsistence strategy and complex economy of the Proto-Turkic-speaking community. It is likely that the subsistence of the Early Proto-Turkic speakers was based on a combination of hunting–gathering and agriculture, with a later shift to nomadic pastoralism as an economy basis, partly owing to the interaction of the Late Proto-Turkic groups with the Iranian-speaking herders of the Eastern Steppe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=Populations+dynamics+in+Northern+Eurasian+forests%3A+a+long-term+perspective+from+Northeast+Asia&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=e16&rft.date=2020-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10427466%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37588381&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2020.11&rft.aulast=Uchiyama&rft.aufirst=Junzo&rft.au=Gillam%2C+J.+Christopher&rft.au=Savelyev%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Ning%2C+Chao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10427466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFLee2023">Lee 2023</a>, p. 4: "It should also be noted that even the early Turkic peoples, including the Tiele and the Türks, were made up of heterogeneous elements. Importantly, DNA studies demonstrate that the expansion process of the Turkic peoples involved the Turkicization of various non-Turkic-speaking groups. The "Turks" intermixed with and Turkicized various indigenous groups across Eurasia: Uralic hunter-gatherers in northern Eurasia; Mongolic nomads in Mongolia; Indo-European-speaking nomads and sedentary populations in Xinjiang, Transoxiana, Iran, Kazakhstan, and South Siberia; and Indo-European elements (the Byzantine subjects, among others) in Anatolia and the Balkans.11"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFFindley2005">Findley 2005</a>, p. 18: "Moreover, Turks do not all physically look alike. They never did. The Turks of Turkey are famous for their range of physical types. Given the Turks' ancient Inner Asian origins, it is easy to imagine that they once presented a uniform Mongoloid appearance. Such traits seem to be more characteristic in the eastern Turkic world; however, uniformity of type can never have prevailed there either. Archeological evidence indicates that Indo-Europeans, or certainly Europoid physical types, inhabited the oases of the Tarim basin and even parts of Mongolia in ancient times. In the Tarim basin, persistence of these former inhabitants' genes among the modern Uyghurs is both observable and scientifically demonstrable.32 Early Chinese sources describe the Kirghiz as blue-eyed and blond or red-haired. The genesis of Turkic ethnic groups from earliest times occurred in confederations of diverse peoples. As if to prove the point, the earliest surviving texts in Turkic languages are studded with terms from other languages."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGolden2018" class="citation journal cs1">Golden, Peter B. (25 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0971945818775373">"The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks"</a>. The Medieval History Journal. 21 (2): 291–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0971945818775373">10.1177/0971945818775373</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-9458">0971-9458</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166026934">166026934</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214053008/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0971945818775373">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medieval+History+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ethnogonic+Tales+of+the+T%C3%BCrks&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166026934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0971-9458&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0971945818775373&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0971945818775373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988">"Some DNA tests point to the Iranian connections of the Ashina and Ashide,133 highlighting further that the Turks as a whole 'were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations'.134 Geographically, the accounts cover the regions of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, the Yenisei zone and the Altay, regions with Turkic, Indo-European (Iranian [Saka] and Tokharian), Yeniseic, Uralic and other populations. Wusun elements, like most steppe polities of an ethno-linguistic mix, may have also played a substratal role."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeeKuang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22105018-12340089">"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples"</a>. Inner Asia. 19 (2). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>: 197–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22105018-12340089">10.1163/22105018-12340089</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2210-5018">2210-5018</a>. <q>Both Chinese histories and modern dna studies indicate that the early and medieval Turkic peoples were made up of heterogeneous populations</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inner+Asia&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Analysis+of+Chinese+Historical+Sources+and+Y-DNA+Studies+with+Regard+to+the+Early+and+Medieval+Turkic+Peoples&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22105018-12340089&rft.issn=2210-5018&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Joo-Yup&rft.au=Kuang%2C+Shuntu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22105018-12340089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee_p84-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_p84_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_p84_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_p84_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_p84_107-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2023">Lee 2023</a>, p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_2016_34-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016_34_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016_34_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016_34_108-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2023">Lee 2023</a>, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2023">Lee 2023</a>, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeacock2015">Peacock 2015</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed_2006_p1576_h-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_2006_p1576_h_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed2006">Ahmed 2006</a>, p. 1576: "Subsequently, hellenization of the elites transformed Anatolia into a largely Greek-speaking region" </li> <li id="cite_note-Davison_1990_p3_4-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davison_1990_p3_4_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davison_1990_p3_4_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavison1990">Davison 1990</a>, pp. 3–4: "So the Seljuk sultanate was a successor state ruling part of the medieval Greek empire, and within it the process of Turkification of a previously Hellenized Anatolian population continued. That population must already have been of very mixed ancestry, deriving from ancient Hittite, Phrygian, Cappadocian, and other civilizations as well as Roman and Greek." </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, pp. 34–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed2006">Ahmed 2006</a>, p. 1576 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFindley2005">Findley 2005</a>, pp. 71–73, 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, pp. 36–38 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeiser2010">Leiser 2010</a>, p. 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavison1990">Davison 1990</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, pp. 37–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeiser2010">Leiser 2010</a>, pp. 308–310 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeiser2010">Leiser 2010</a>, pp. 309–310 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleet2010">Fleet 2010</a>, pp. 313–314 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee_2023_94-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_2023_94_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_2023_94_128-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2023">Lee 2023</a>, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, pp. 40–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_p45-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_p45_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_p45_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-Somel_p_xcvii-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Somel_p_xcvii_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSomel2010">Somel 2010</a>, p. xcvii </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgostonMasters2009">Agoston & Masters 2009</a>, p. 302 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2012">Hanioğlu 2012</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÖzbudun2012">Özbudun 2012</a>, p. 194 </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-136"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimons1993" class="citation news cs1">Simons, Marlise (22 August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/travel/center-of-ottoman-power.html">"Center of Ottoman Power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712043016/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/travel/center-of-ottoman-power.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Center+of+Ottoman+Power&rft.date=1993-08-22&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Marlise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F08%2F22%2Ftravel%2Fcenter-of-ottoman-power.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dolmabahcepalace-137"><a href="#cite_ref-dolmabahcepalace_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dolmabahcepalace.com/listingview.php?listingID=3">"Dolmabahce Palace"</a>. dolmabahcepalace.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316140350/http://www.dolmabahcepalace.com/listingview.php?listingID=3">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dolmabahcepalace.com&rft.atitle=Dolmabahce+Palace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dolmabahcepalace.com%2Flistingview.php%3FlistingID%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NiallFergusonFT-138"><a href="#cite_ref-NiallFergusonFT_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNiall_Ferguson2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a> (2 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6667a18a-b888-11dc-893b-0000779fd2ac.html">"An Ottoman warning for indebted America"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125174604/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6667a18a-b888-11dc-893b-0000779fd2ac.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=An+Ottoman+warning+for+indebted+America&rft.date=2008-01-02&rft.au=Niall+Ferguson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F6667a18a-b888-11dc-893b-0000779fd2ac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nzhistory.net.nz-139"><a href="#cite_ref-nzhistory.net.nz_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/ottoman-empire/collapse">"Collapse of the Ottoman Empire, 1918–1920"</a>. nzhistory.net.nz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219183629/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/ottoman-empire/collapse">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nzhistory.net.nz&rft.atitle=Collapse+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1918%E2%80%931920&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fwar%2Fottoman-empire%2Fcollapse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsa_Blumi2013" class="citation book cs1">Isa Blumi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/ottoman-refugees-1878-1939-9781472515360/">Ottoman Refugees, 1878–1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-1536-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-1536-0"><bdi>978-1-4725-1536-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229235331/https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/ottoman-refugees-1878-1939-9781472515360/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Refugees%2C+1878%E2%80%931939%3A+Migration+in+a+Post-Imperial+World&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-1536-0&rft.au=Isa+Blumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fuk%2Fottoman-refugees-1878-1939-9781472515360%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaser2011">Kaser 2011</a>, p. 336 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibney_2005_437-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibney_2005_437_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibney_2005_437_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFábos2005">Fábos 2005</a>, p. 437 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFPekesen2012">Pekesen 2012</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKaser2011">Kaser 2011</a>, p. 336</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKarpat2001">Karpat 2001</a>, p. 343</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKarpat2004">Karpat 2004</a>, pp. 5–6</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarpat2001">Karpat 2001</a>, p. 343 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmour2012">Armour 2012</a>, p. 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMojzes2013" class="citation web cs1">Mojzes, Paul (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cicerofoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Paul_Mojzes_Ethnic_Cleansing_In_The_Balkans.pdf">"Ethnic cleansing in the Balkans, why did it happen and could it happen again"</a> (PDF). Cicero Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223191938/https://www.cicerofoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Paul_Mojzes_Ethnic_Cleansing_In_The_Balkans.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cicero+Foundation&rft.atitle=Ethnic+cleansing+in+the+Balkans%2C+why+did+it+happen+and+could+it+happen+again&rft.date=2013-11&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cicerofoundation.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FPaul_Mojzes_Ethnic_Cleansing_In_The_Balkans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevene2015">Levene 2015</a>, p. 430–431 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Roderic_H._Davison" title="Roderic H. Davison">Roderic H. Davison</a>; Review "From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920" by Paul C. Helmreich in <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a>, Vol. 34, No. 1 (March 1975), pp. 186–187 </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-ag-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica-ag_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica-ag_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Armenian-Genocide/Genocide">"Armenian Genocide"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101025841/https://www.britannica.com/event/Armenian-Genocide/Genocide">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenian+Genocide&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FArmenian-Genocide%2FGenocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-umichigan-151"><a href="#cite_ref-umichigan_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100818233348/http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/genocide.html">"Fact Sheet: Armenian Genocide"</a>. University of Michigan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/genocide.html">the original</a> on 18 August 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet%3A+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umd.umich.edu%2Fdept%2Farmenian%2Ffacts%2Fgenocide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jfreedman-152"><a href="#cite_ref-jfreedman_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2009" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, Jeri (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cuqxYldvClQC">The Armenian genocide</a> (1st ed.). Rosen Pub. Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-1825-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-1825-3"><bdi>978-1-4042-1825-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151655/https://books.google.com/books?id=cuqxYldvClQC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+genocide&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Rosen+Pub.+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4042-1825-3&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Jeri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcuqxYldvClQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-totten-et-al-153"><a href="#cite_ref-totten-et-al_153-0">^</a> Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34642-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34642-2">978-0-313-34642-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tatz-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Tatz_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTatzHiggins2016" class="citation book cs1">Tatz, Colin; Higgins, Winton (2016). The Magnitude of Genocide. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3161-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3161-4"><bdi>978-1-4408-3161-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magnitude+of+Genocide&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3161-4&rft.aulast=Tatz&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Higgins%2C+Winton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/erdogan-turkey-will-never-accept-genocide-charges/a-19307115">"Erdogan: Turkey will 'never accept' genocide charges"</a>. Deutsche Welle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207123001/http://www.dw.com/en/erdogan-turkey-will-never-accept-genocide-charges/a-19307115">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Erdogan%3A+Turkey+will+%27never+accept%27+genocide+charges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Ferdogan-turkey-will-never-accept-genocide-charges%2Fa-19307115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaziye_Akkoç2015" class="citation news cs1">Raziye Akkoç (15 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11373115/Amal-Clooneys-latest-case-Why-Turkey-wont-talk-about-the-Armenian-genocide.html">"ECHR: Why Turkey won't talk about the Armenian genocide"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11373115/Amal-Clooneys-latest-case-Why-Turkey-wont-talk-about-the-Armenian-genocide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=ECHR%3A+Why+Turkey+won%27t+talk+about+the+Armenian+genocide&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft.au=Raziye+Akko%C3%A7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fturkey%2F11373115%2FAmal-Clooneys-latest-case-Why-Turkey-wont-talk-about-the-Armenian-genocide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloxham2005-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Bloxham2005_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Bloxham2005" class="citation book cs1">Donald Bloxham (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TSRkGNoEPFwC&pg=PA150">The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, And the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927356-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927356-0"><bdi>978-0-19-927356-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Game+of+Genocide%3A+Imperialism%2C+Nationalism%2C+And+the+Destruction+of+the+Ottoman+Armenians&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927356-0&rft.au=Donald+Bloxham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTSRkGNoEPFwC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levene-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Levene_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevene1998" class="citation journal cs1">Levene, Mark (Winter 1998). "Creating a Modern 'Zone of Genocide': The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 12 (3): 393–433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F12.3.393">10.1093/hgs/12.3.393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=Creating+a+Modern+%27Zone+of+Genocide%27%3A+The+Impact+of+Nation-+and+State-Formation+on+Eastern+Anatolia%2C+1878%E2%80%931923&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E393-%3C%2Fspan%3E433&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2F12.3.393&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2007" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Niall (2007). The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. Penguin Group. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311239-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311239-6"><bdi>978-0-14-311239-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+World%3A+Twentieth-Century+Conflict+and+the+Descent+of+the+West&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311239-6&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treaty_of_Sèvres-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_of_Sèvres_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_of_Sèvres_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versa/sevres1.html">"The Treaty of Sèvres, 1920"</a>. Harold B. Library, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112082305/http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versa/sevres1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+S%C3%A8vres%2C+1920&rft.pub=Harold+B.+Library%2C+Brigham+Young+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnet.lib.byu.edu%2F~rdh7%2Fwwi%2Fversa%2Fsevres1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atatürk-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atatürk_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atatürk_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atatürk_161-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMango2000" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Andrew (2000). Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey. Overlook. p. lxxviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-011-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-011-6"><bdi>978-1-58567-011-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%3A+The+Biography+of+the+Founder+of+Modern+Turkey&rft.pages=lxxviii&rft.pub=Overlook&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-58567-011-6&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Robert H. Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas, p. 237. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-33228-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-33228-4">0-226-33228-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPsomiades2000" class="citation book cs1">Psomiades, Harry J. (2000). The Eastern Question, the Last Phase: a study in Greek-Turkish diplomacy. Pella. pp. 27–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918618-79-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-918618-79-7"><bdi>0-918618-79-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Question%2C+the+Last+Phase%3A+a+study+in+Greek-Turkish+diplomacy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=Pella&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-918618-79-7&rft.aulast=Psomiades&rft.aufirst=Harry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacfie1979" class="citation journal cs1">Macfie, A. L. (1979). "The Chanak affair (September–October 1922)". Balkan Studies. 20 (2): 309–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Chanak+affair+%28September%E2%80%93October+1922%29&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Macfie&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18sep1922-165"><a href="#cite_ref-18sep1922_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeperCriss2009" class="citation book cs1">Heper, Metin; Criss, Nur Bilge (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKoanep9aBEC&q=18+september+1922+turkey&pg=PA317">Historical Dictionary of Turkey</a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6281-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6281-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-6281-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152525/https://books.google.com/books?id=mKoanep9aBEC&q=18+september+1922+turkey&pg=PA317#v=snippet&q=18%20september%201922%20turkey&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Turkey&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6281-4&rft.aulast=Heper&rft.aufirst=Metin&rft.au=Criss%2C+Nur+Bilge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKoanep9aBEC%26q%3D18%2Bseptember%2B1922%2Bturkey%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAxiarlis2014" class="citation book cs1">Axiarlis, Evangelia (2014). Political Islam and the Secular State in Turkey: Democracy, Reform and the Justice and Development Party. I.B. Tauris. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Islam+and+the+Secular+State+in+Turkey%3A+Democracy%2C+Reform+and+the+Justice+and+Development+Party&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Axiarlis&rft.aufirst=Evangelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clogg-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Clogg_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClogg2002" class="citation book cs1">Clogg, Richard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5pyUIY4THYC">A Concise History of Greece</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00479-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00479-4"><bdi>978-0-521-00479-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152433/https://books.google.com/books?id=H5pyUIY4THYC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Greece&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00479-4&rft.aulast=Clogg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5pyUIY4THYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoweringCrone2012-168"><a href="#cite_ref-BoweringCrone2012_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_BoweringPatricia_CroneWadad_KadiDevin_J._Stewart2012" class="citation book cs1">Gerhard Bowering; Patricia Crone; Wadad Kadi; Devin J. Stewart; Muhammad Qasim Zaman; Mahan Mirza (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JHcZlo12SGoC&pg=PA49">The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3855-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3855-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-3855-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 August 2013. <q>Following the revolution, Mustafa Kemal became an important figure in the military ranks of the Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) as a protégé ... Although the sultanate had already been abolished in November 1922, the republic was founded in October 1923. ... ambitious reform programme aimed at the creation of a modern, secular state and the construction of a new identity for its citizens.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3855-4&rft.au=Gerhard+Bowering&rft.au=Patricia+Crone&rft.au=Wadad+Kadi&rft.au=Devin+J.+Stewart&rft.au=Muhammad+Qasim+Zaman&rft.au=Mahan+Mirza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJHcZlo12SGoC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeper2012">Heper 2012</a>, p. 146 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHassan2017" class="citation book cs1">Hassan, Mona (10 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqqtDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168">Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8371-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-8371-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117230856/https://books.google.com/books?id=pqqtDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longing+for+the+Lost+Caliphate%3A+A+Transregional+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017-01-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8371-4&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpqqtDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoner_Çağaptay2002" class="citation journal cs1">Soner Çağaptay (2002). "Reconfiguring the Turkish nation in the 1930s". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 8 (2). 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Informa UK Limited: 175–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683857.2021.1909292">10.1080/14683857.2021.1909292</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-3857">1468-3857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233594832">233594832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+European+and+Black+Sea+Studies&rft.atitle=Social+coexistence+and+violence+during+Turkey%27s+authoritarian+transition&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.date=2021-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233594832%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-3857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14683857.2021.1909292&rft.aulast=Borsuk&rft.aufirst=Imren&rft.au=Levin%2C+Paul+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14683857.2021.1909292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-women-celebrate-85th-anniversary-of-suffrage-149490">"Turkish women celebrate 85th anniversary of suffrage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News" title="Hürriyet Daily News">Hürriyet Daily News</a>. 5 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412174514/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-women-celebrate-85th-anniversary-of-suffrage-149490">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkish+women+celebrate+85th+anniversary+of+suffrage&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkish-women-celebrate-85th-anniversary-of-suffrage-149490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/turkey-election-runoff-results-intl/index.html">"Erdogan wins Turkey's election"</a>. 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BBC. 28 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528221325/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-65686238">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erdogan+wins+five+more+years+as+Turkey%27s+president&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2023-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Flive%2Fworld-europe-65686238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1466160.stm">"Euro court backs Turkey Islamist ban"</a>. 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Multilingual Matters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-509-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-509-7"><bdi>978-1-85359-509-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+other+languages+of+Europe%3A+Demographic%2C+Sociolinguistic+and+Educational+Perspectives&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-509-7&rft.aulast=Extra&rft.aufirst=Guus&rft.au=Gorter%2C+Durk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhvmy_skUPNYC%26pg%3DPARA1-PA422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KONDA_2006_17-385">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KONDA_2006_17_385-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KONDA_2006_17_385-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKONDA2006">KONDA 2006</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Konda_100-386">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Konda_100_386-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konda_100_386-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konda_100_386-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konda_100_386-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konda_100_386-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interaktif.konda.com.tr/rapor/if-turkey-were-100-people/10">"If Turkey Had 100 People"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy" title="KONDA Research and Consultancy">KONDA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240307190745/https://interaktif.konda.com.tr/rapor/if-turkey-were-100-people/10">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2024. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45236-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45236-6"><bdi>978-1-139-45236-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries+and+Belonging%3A+States+and+Societies+in+the+Struggle+to+Shape+Identities+and+Local+Practices&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45236-6&rft.aulast=Migdal&rft.aufirst=Joel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpbmTC-Nm8nEC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatts2010" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Nicole F. (2010). Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey (Studies in Modernity and National Identity). University of Washington Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yXWl40KJfKEC&dq=Kars+%28about+20+percent+Kurdish%29&pg=PA167">167</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-99050-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-99050-7"><bdi>978-0-295-99050-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Activists+in+Office%3A+Kurdish+Politics+and+Protest+in+Turkey+%28Studies+in+Modernity+and+National+Identity%29&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-295-99050-7&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Nicole+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nachmani2003-390"><a href="#cite_ref-Nachmani2003_390-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmikam_Nachmani2003" class="citation book cs1">Amikam Nachmani (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xxp61eBvGzMC&pg=PA90">Turkey: Facing a New Millenniium: Coping With Intertwined Conflicts</a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 90–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6370-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6370-1"><bdi>978-0-7190-6370-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%3A+Facing+a+New+Millenniium%3A+Coping+With+Intertwined+Conflicts&rft.pages=90-&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6370-1&rft.au=Amikam+Nachmani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXxp61eBvGzMC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirişciWinrow1997">Kirişci & Winrow 1997</a>, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeper2007">Heper 2007</a>, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKONDA2006">KONDA 2006</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayır2013-394">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bayır2013_394-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bayır2013_394-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bayır2013_394-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBayır2013" class="citation book cs1">Bayır, Derya (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37557239">Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law</a>. Cultural Diversity and Law. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. pp. 88–90, 203–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7254-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7254-4"><bdi>978-1-4094-7254-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+and+nationalism+in+Turkish+law&rft.series=Cultural+Diversity+and+Law&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E90%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-7254-4&rft.aulast=Bay%C4%B1r&rft.aufirst=Derya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37557239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKöksal2006" class="citation journal cs1">Köksal, Yonca (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14683850601016390">"Minority Policies in Bulgaria and Turkey: The Struggle to Define a Nation"</a>. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 6 (4): 501–521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683850601016390">10.1080/14683850601016390</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-3857">1468-3857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153761516">153761516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+European+and+Black+Sea+Studies&rft.atitle=Minority+Policies+in+Bulgaria+and+Turkey%3A+The+Struggle+to+Define+a+Nation&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E501-%3C%2Fspan%3E521&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153761516%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-3857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14683850601016390&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6ksal&rft.aufirst=Yonca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F14683850601016390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Özlem2019-397"><a href="#cite_ref-Özlem2019_397-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÖzlem2019" class="citation journal cs1">Özlem, Kader (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=802933">"An Evaluation on Istanbul's Bulgarians as the "Invisible Minority" of Turkey"</a>. Turan-Sam. 11 (43): 387–393. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1308-8041">1308-8041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turan-Sam&rft.atitle=An+Evaluation+on+Istanbul%27s+Bulgarians+as+the+%22Invisible+Minority%22+of+Turkey&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E393&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=1308-8041&rft.aulast=%C3%96zlem&rft.aufirst=Kader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D802933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toktaş2009-399">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toktaş2009_399-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toktaş2009_399-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToktaşAraş2009" class="citation journal cs1">Toktaş, Şule; Araş, Bulent (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25655744">"The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey"</a>. Political Science Quarterly. 124 (4): 697–720. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-165X.2009.tb00664.x">10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00664.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3195">0032-3195</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25655744">25655744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+EU+and+Minority+Rights+in+Turkey&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E697-%3C%2Fspan%3E720&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0032-3195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25655744%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-165X.2009.tb00664.x&rft.aulast=Tokta%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Eule&rft.au=Ara%C5%9F%2C+Bulent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25655744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yağmur2001-400">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yağmur2001_400-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yağmur2001_400-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yağmur2001_400-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYağmur2001" class="citation cs2">Yağmur, Kutlay (2001), Extra, G.; Gorter, D. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/turkish-and-other-languages-in-turkey">"Turkish and other languages in Turkey"</a>, The Other Languages of Europe, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 407–427, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-510-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-510-3"><bdi>978-1-85359-510-3</bdi></a>, retrieved 6 October 2023, <q>"Mother tongue" education is mostly limited to Turkish teaching in Turkey. No other language can be taught as a mother tongue other than Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew, as agreed in the Lausanne Treaty [...] Like Jews and Greeks, Armenians enjoy the privilege of an officially recognized minority status. [...] No language other than Turkish can be taught at schools or at cultural centers. Only Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew are exceptions to this constitutional rule.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Other+Languages+of+Europe&rft.atitle=Turkish+and+other+languages+in+Turkey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E427&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-510-3&rft.aulast=Ya%C4%9Fmur&rft.aufirst=Kutlay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.tilburguniversity.edu%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fturkish-and-other-languages-in-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zetler2014-401">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zetler2014_401-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zetler2014_401-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zetler2014_401-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZetler2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zetler, Reyhan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sagw.ch/fileadmin/redaktion_judaistik/dokumente/Judaistik/2014/III.%20R.%20Zetler%20-%20Bulletin%20SGJF%20Nr.%2023%20%282014%29.pdf">"Turkish Jews between 1923 and 1933 – What Did the Turkish Policy between 1923 and 1933 Mean for the Turkish Jews?"</a> (PDF). Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Judaistische Forschung (23): 26. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865002828">865002828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+der+Schweizerischen+Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Judaistische+Forschung&rft.atitle=Turkish+Jews+between+1923+and+1933+%E2%80%93+What+Did+the+Turkish+Policy+between+1923+and+1933+Mean+for+the+Turkish+Jews%3F&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865002828&rft.aulast=Zetler&rft.aufirst=Reyhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sagw.ch%2Ffileadmin%2Fredaktion_judaistik%2Fdokumente%2FJudaistik%2F2014%2FIII.%2520R.%2520Zetler%2520-%2520Bulletin%2520SGJF%2520Nr.%252023%2520%25282014%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court, 18 June 2013 (E. 2012/1746, K. 2013/952). </li> <li id="cite_note-Akbulut2023-403">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akbulut2023_403-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akbulut2023_403-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAkbulut2023" class="citation journal cs1">Akbulut, Olgun (19 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ijgr/aop/article-10.1163-15718115-bja10134/article-10.1163-15718115-bja10134.xml">"For Centenary of the Lausanne Treaty: Re-Interpretation and Re-Implementation of Linguistic Minority Rights of Lausanne"</a>. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. -1 (aop): 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718115-bja10134">10.1163/15718115-bja10134</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1385-4879">1385-4879</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:264412993">264412993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+on+Minority+and+Group+Rights&rft.atitle=For+Centenary+of+the+Lausanne+Treaty%3A+Re-Interpretation+and+Re-Implementation+of+Linguistic+Minority+Rights+of+Lausanne&rft.volume=-1&rft.issue=aop&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A264412993%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1385-4879&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15718115-bja10134&rft.aulast=Akbulut&rft.aufirst=Olgun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fijgr%2Faop%2Farticle-10.1163-15718115-bja10134%2Farticle-10.1163-15718115-bja10134.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erdem2021-404">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erdem2021_404-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdem2021_404-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErdemÖngüç2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Erdem, Fazıl Hüsnü; Öngüç, Bahar (30 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/duhfd/issue/63313/959939">"Süryanıce Anadılınde Eğıtım Hakki: Sorunlar Ve Çözüm Önerılerı"</a>. Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi (in Turkish). 26 (44): 3–35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1300-2929">1300-2929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dicle+%C3%9Cniversitesi+Hukuk+Fak%C3%BCltesi+Dergisi&rft.atitle=S%C3%BCryan%C4%B1ce+Anad%C4%B1l%C4%B1nde+E%C4%9F%C4%B1t%C4%B1m+Hakki%3A+Sorunlar+Ve+%C3%87%C3%B6z%C3%BCm+%C3%96ner%C4%B1ler%C4%B1&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2021-06-30&rft.issn=1300-2929&rft.aulast=Erdem&rft.aufirst=Faz%C4%B1l+H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC&rft.au=%C3%96ng%C3%BC%C3%A7%2C+Bahar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fpub%2Fduhfd%2Fissue%2F63313%2F959939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roopnarine2015-405"><a href="#cite_ref-Roopnarine2015_405-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaipaul_L._Roopnarine2015" class="citation book cs1">Jaipaul L. Roopnarine (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffpPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA328">Fathers Across Cultures: The Importance, Roles, and Diverse Practices of Dads: The Importance, Roles, and Diverse Practices of Dads</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3232-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3232-1"><bdi>978-1-4408-3232-1</bdi></a>. <q>Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group (about 20%), and Armenians, Greeks, Sephardic Jews,...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fathers+Across+Cultures%3A+The+Importance%2C+Roles%2C+and+Diverse+Practices+of+Dads%3A+The+Importance%2C+Roles%2C+and+Diverse+Practices+of+Dads&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3232-1&rft.au=Jaipaul+L.+Roopnarine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffpPCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFal-Shamahi2015" class="citation web cs1">al-Shamahi, Abubakr (8 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013139/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/politics/2015/6/8/turkeys-ethnic-make-up-a-complex-melting-pot">"Turkey's ethnic make-up: A complex melting pot"</a>. alaraby. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/politics/2015/6/8/turkeys-ethnic-make-up-a-complex-melting-pot">the original</a> on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alaraby&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+ethnic+make-up%3A+A+complex+melting+pot&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft.aulast=al-Shamahi&rft.aufirst=Abubakr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaraby.co.uk%2Fenglish%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F6%2F8%2Fturkeys-ethnic-make-up-a-complex-melting-pot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-ethnic-groups-of-turkey.html">"The Ethnic Groups Of Turkey"</a>. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203880463">10.4324/9780203880463</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-44027-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-44027-6"><bdi>978-1-134-44027-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Turkey&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203880463&rft.isbn=978-1-134-44027-6&rft.aulast=Sagona&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Zimansky%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSsLKBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSomel2010" class="citation book cs1">Somel, S.A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UU8iCY0OZmcC">The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire</a>. The A to Z Guide Series. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3176-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3176-4"><bdi>978-1-4617-3176-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.series=The+A+to+Z+Guide+Series&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4617-3176-4&rft.aulast=Somel&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUU8iCY0OZmcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStokes2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Stokes" title="Martin Stokes">Stokes, Martin</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwnpAkCTo88C">The Republic of Love: Cultural Intimacy in Turkish Popular Music</a>. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology. The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77506-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77506-7"><bdi>978-0-226-77506-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Love%3A+Cultural+Intimacy+in+Turkish+Popular+Music&rft.series=Chicago+Studies+in+Ethnomusicology&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-226-77506-7&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuwnpAkCTo88C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTarantoSaygın2019" class="citation report cs1">Taranto, Yael; Saygın, Değer (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shura.org.tr/en/energy-pricing-and-non-market-flows-in-turkeys-energy-sector/">Energy pricing and non-market flows in Turkey's energy sector</a> (Report). Metin Koşar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806205126/https://www.shura.org.tr/energy_pricing_and_non-market_flows_in_turkeys_energy_sector-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Energy+pricing+and+non-market+flows+in+Turkey%27s+energy+sector&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Taranto&rft.aufirst=Yael&rft.au=Sayg%C4%B1n%2C+De%C4%9Fer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshura.org.tr%2Fen%2Fenergy-pricing-and-non-market-flows-in-turkeys-energy-sector%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTasarFrankEden2021" class="citation book cs1">Tasar, Eren; Frank, Allen J.; Eden, Jeff, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4stKEAAAQBAJ">From the Khan's Oven: Studies on the History of Central Asian Religions in Honor of Devin Deweese</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004471177">10.1163/9789004471177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47018-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47018-7"><bdi>978-90-04-47018-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Khan%27s+Oven%3A+Studies+on+the+History+of+Central+Asian+Religions+in+Honor+of+Devin+Deweese&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004471177&rft.isbn=978-90-04-47018-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4stKEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Golden, Peter B.</a> "Reflections on the Ethnonym Türk". In <a href="#CITEREFTasarFrankEden2021">Tasar, Frank & Eden (2021)</a>, pp. 1–50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004471177_002">10.1163/9789004471177_002</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTocknerZarflRobinson2022" class="citation book cs1">Tockner, Klement; Zarfl, Christiane; Robinson, Christopher T., eds. (2022). Rivers of Europe (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FC2017-0-03745-X">10.1016/C2017-0-03745-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-102612-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-102612-0"><bdi>978-0-08-102612-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rivers+of+Europe&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FC2017-0-03745-X&rft.isbn=978-0-08-102612-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />Akbulut, Nuray (Emir); Bayarı, Serdar; Akbulut, Aydın; Özyurt, Naciye Nur; Sahin, Yalcın. "Rivers of Turkey". In <a href="#CITEREFTocknerZarflRobinson2022">Tockner, Zarfl & Robinson (2022)</a>, pp. 853–882. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-102612-0.00021-3">10.1016/B978-0-08-102612-0.00021-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKONDA2006" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215004933/http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2006_09_KONDA_Toplumsal_Yapi.pdf">Toplumsal Yapı Araştırması 2006</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy" title="KONDA Research and Consultancy">KONDA Research and Consultancy</a>. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2006_09_KONDA_Toplumsal_Yapi.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Toplumsal+Yap%C4%B1+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmas%C4%B1+2006&rft.pub=KONDA+Research+and+Consultancy&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.konda.com.tr%2Ftr%2Fraporlar%2F2006_09_KONDA_Toplumsal_Yapi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_Hout2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_den_Hout" title="Theo van den Hout">van den Hout, Theo</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDJNg5Nyef0C">The Elements of Hittite</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13300-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13300-5"><bdi>978-0-521-13300-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Hittite&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13300-5&rft.aulast=van+den+Hout&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDJNg5Nyef0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization_(WIPO)2024" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/assets/67729/2000%20Global%20Innovation%20Index%202024_WEB3lite.pdf">Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a> (PDF) (Report). Geneva: WIPO. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024%3A+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=WIPO&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization+%28WIPO%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fassets%2F67729%2F2000%2520Global%2520Innovation%2520Index%25202024_WEB3lite.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_Türkiye_-_Country_Climate_and_Development_Report2022" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099006106072221642/pdf/P177479041cc100c80bacc031005338a440.pdf">Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report</a> (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10986%2F37521">10986/37521</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240505172225/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099006106072221642/pdf/P177479041cc100c80bacc031005338a440.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrkiye+-+Country+Climate+and+Development+Report&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=World+Bank+Group&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10986%2F37521&rft.au=World+Bank+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments1.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2F099006106072221642%2Fpdf%2FP177479041cc100c80bacc031005338a440.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Turkey" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Turkey">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Turkey" class="extiw" title="q:Turkey">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Turkey">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Turkey">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Turkey">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> General <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.oecd.org/turkey.htm">OECD Data | Türkiye</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/174737">Turkey</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> Tourism <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Turkey">Wikimedia Atlas of Turkey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goturkiye.com/">Go Türkiye – Türkiye's official tourism portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kultur.gov.tr/">Official website of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tccb.gov.tr/en/">Official website of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.tbmm.gov.tr/">Official website of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye</a></li></ul> Economy <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekonomi.gov.tr/">Official website of the Ministry of Economy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey855" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkey_topics" title="Template talk:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey855" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a> (west to east)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women in Turkey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkey">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey" title="Outline of Turkey">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Turkey93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Turkey93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Turkey</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe1244" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this 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title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Organization_of_Turkic_States215" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Template:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Template talk:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Organization_of_Turkic_States215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /> <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/250px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_Speaking_States_summits" title="List of Turkic Speaking States summits">Turkic Speaking States summits</a> (1992-2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_Council_summits" title="List of Turkic Council summits">Turkic Council summits</a> (2011-2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit" title="2022 Organization of Turkic States summit">2022 (Samarkand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit" title="2023 Organization of Turkic States summit">2023 (Astana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit" title="2024 Organization of Turkic States summit">2024 (Bishkek)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Flag of the Organization of Turkic States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Speaking_Countries_Cooperation_Day" title="Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day">Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Award</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_Turkic_World" title="Supreme Order of Turkic World">Supreme Order of Turkic World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template talk:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> (ECO)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Trade_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Trade Agreement">ECOTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Secretariat" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Secretariat">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization#List_of_General_Secretaries" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Secretaries-General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Izmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Izmir (page does not exist)">Treaty of Izmir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamabad_Declaration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamabad Declaration (page does not exist)">Islamabad Declaration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emblem_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emblem of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_ECO_Summit" title="1st ECO Summit">Tehran 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_ECO_Summit" title="2nd ECO Summit">Istanbul 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_ECO_Summit" title="3rd ECO Summit">Islamabad 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_ECO_Summit" title="4th ECO Summit">Ashgabat 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Almaty 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Dushanbe 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Baku 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_ECO_Summit" title="12th ECO Summit">Baku 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_ECO_Summit" title="13th ECO Summit">Islamabad 2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> (as Turkish Cypriot State)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Syria and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Syria and OIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations195" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary748" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template:D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation" title="D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation">D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation" title="Secretary General of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Ministers_of_the_D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of Ministers of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summit_of_the_D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Summit of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)">Summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/40px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/60px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Anti-Terrorist_Structure" title="Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure">Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture_(TÜRKSOY)82" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TURKSOY" title="Template:TURKSOY"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TURKSOY" title="Template talk:TURKSOY"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TURKSOY" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TURKSOY"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture_(TÜRKSOY)82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture</a> (TÜRKSOY)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/T%C3%9CRKSOY.png/120px-T%C3%9CRKSOY.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/T%C3%9CRKSOY.png/250px-T%C3%9CRKSOY.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Găgăuzia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korkut_Ata_Film_Festival_of_the_Turkic_World" title="Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World">Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Arts_Capital_of_the_Turkic_World" title="Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World">Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_Sea396" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_Sea" title="Template:Black Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_Sea" title="Template talk:Black Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_Sea396" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries bordering the Black Sea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgas" title="Burgas">Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Giresun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopa" title="Hopa">Hopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobuleti" title="Kobuleti">Kobuleti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalia" title="Mangalia">Mangalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%83vodari" title="Năvodari">Năvodari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Ordu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonguldak" title="Zonguldak">Zonguldak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Disputed statehood/<a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Occupied territory</a> — <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">partial international recognition</a>, but considered by most countries to be part of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2695" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2695" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000403699232">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/244983681">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208963/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmHG9jJjCTM3y4pFRqcP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061163-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80070818">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118656641">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118656641">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573331">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35558290">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131143&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX451272">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/562499">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000040410&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007312954105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/d3be28b4-41f7-3752-8a05-ed45e1d1e492">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03795741?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/545a9593-d5b9-41a4-a95b-4dd696c47119">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 332 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57dc947cfb-rc9ld","wgBackendResponseTime":511,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.512","walltime":"6.466","ppvisitednodes":{"value":43976,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1321214,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":144231,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":128,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1806083,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 5295.427 1 -total"," 42.96% 2275.139 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.98% 899.235 197 Template:Cite_web"," 13.44% 711.722 1 Template:Navboxes"," 10.86% 574.825 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 8.08% 427.925 92 Template:Cite_book"," 7.54% 399.063 219 Template:Harvnb"," 5.59% 296.277 14 Template:Navbox"," 4.69% 248.395 43 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.04% 214.051 1 Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.423","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25679834,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAaron_SteinMichelle_Foley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAcharya2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgostonMasters2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAirport2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkbulut2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkbulutBayarıAkbulutÖzyurt2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkser2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkyuzSamavatiKaynak2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlgar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltunelD\u0026#039;Andria2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmikam_Nachmani2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnd1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndré_BankRoy_Karadag2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmour2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtlı2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtun2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAxel_Tschentscher\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAxiarlis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaird2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBankKaradag2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartolomiej_KaminskiFrancis_Ng2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayir2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayır2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckZimmermannMcVicarVergopolan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellwood2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerg2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetül_Alakent2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiondich2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirben2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBirch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloomBlair2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlunt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorsukLevin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosmaLucassenOostindie2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosmaLucassenOostindie2012a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBozdogan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBozdoganAkcan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurak_Sansal2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCasson1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCevdet_Küçük2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClauson1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClogg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComrie2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCormackHaldonJeffreys2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouzens2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunninghamSlyKaratas2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurlWilson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCîrlig2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDan_Mihalascu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDana_Taib_Menmy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidsonJaine2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavison1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDellaPergola2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenisyuk2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenny2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodd2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald_Bloxham2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuttaguptaPazarbasioglu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEU_Commission2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErdemÖngüç2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsenGumuscu2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEurostat2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEverett-Heath2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExtraGorter,_Durk2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFatima_Bhutto2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFayetFutterKühn2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFierro2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilhoDinisMoggiPrice2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFindley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFindley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleet2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFábos2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGareth_Jennings2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGegner\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerhard_BoweringPatricia_CroneWadad_KadiDevin_J._Stewart2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGetz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibneyHansen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiedraityte2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoode2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreaves2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrigoriadis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHacettepe_University_Institute_of_Population_Studies2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHale2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanioğlu2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarl2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeggarty2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelen_Chapin_Metz1995\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHeper2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeper2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeperCriss2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeperSayarı2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertslet1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertslet1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorrocks2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoyos2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIEA2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFISMEP_Guide_Books_42014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIan_Whittell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsa_Blumi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJablonka2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaine2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaipaul_L._Roopnarine2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJay_Ramey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenna_Krajeski2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_Trevithick2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKGM2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKONDA2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaldellis2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarabulut2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarakaşSarica2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaraosmanoğlu2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarpat2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarpat2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasaba2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaser2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKate_FleetSuraiya_FaroqhiReşat_Kasaba2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatzner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaya2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKayali2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKayalı2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhatchadourian2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirişci2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirişciWinrow1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKornfilt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrieger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristensenKorda2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzucuoğlu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzucuoğluÇinerKazancı2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzucuoğluÇinerKazancı2019a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzucuoğluŞengörÇiner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöksal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKılınçOmrakÖzerGünther2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarrabeeLesser2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeKuang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeiser2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevene1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevene2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipsonSzécsényi-NagyMallickPósa2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuke_Coffey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacFie1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacfie1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnan-ParkMarchettiTan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMango2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Cartwright\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkessini2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcColl2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMahon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMahonSteadman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMahonSteadman2012a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMeekin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeillPomeranz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelchert2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerriam-Webster,_Inc1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMigdal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMojzes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrisZe\u0026#039;evi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMullen,_JethroCullinane,_Susannah2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustafa_Akyol2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMutlu1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiall_Ferguson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovikauMuhasilović2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECD2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECD_Taking_stock_of_education_reforms_for_access_and_quality_in_Türkiye2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOguz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOzsoy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPamuk2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPamuk2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeacock2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPekesen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry2014a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry2014b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPsomiades2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaziye_Akkoç2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRepublic_of_Türkiye_Ministry_of_Justice_Human_Rights_Department2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichmond1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichter2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossiterCannon2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRovelli2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagonaZimansky2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSams2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayarı2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchayegh2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiankoOzdemirKhoshkholghiGarcia2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoner_Çağaptay2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoylu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteadman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarantoSaygın2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarman2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTasarFrankEden2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatzHiggins2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTaymazYilmaz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTocknerZarflRobinson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToktaşAraş2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToprak2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuğaç2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUchiyamaGillamSavelyevNing2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFUygurHaktanirYılmazIşik2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUçar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWIPO_Intellectual_property_statistical_country_profile_2022:_Türkiye2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaskey2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWertheimer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_Türkiye_-_Country_Climate_and_Development_Report2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization_(WIPO)2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYakubovich2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYavaş2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYaylaAktaş2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYağmur2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYılmaz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYılmaz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZetler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimansky2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Shamahi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_den_Hout2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇakır_Morin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇiner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇinerAydar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖnderNyaderaIslam2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzbek2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzbudun2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzerdemÖztürk2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzlem2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFİçduyguToktaşAli_Soner2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotation\"] = 12,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Black Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 92,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 197,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 6,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Council of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 31,\n [\"Economic Cooperation Organization\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 59,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 8,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 219,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 13,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Largest cities in Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 32,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 6,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"OSM relation\"] = 1,\n [\"Organization of Islamic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Organization of Turkic States\"] = 1,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 24,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 19,\n [\"Shanghai Cooperation Organization\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Sovereign states of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi\"] = 1,\n [\"TURKSOY\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 6,\n [\"Turkey Labelled Map\"] = 1,\n [\"Turkey topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vunblist\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","660","18.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","7.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","260","7.3"],["dataWrapper 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