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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Design process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_design_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_design_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Industrial design rights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industrial_design_rights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Industrial design rights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industrial_design_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hague_top_applicants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hague_top_applicants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hague top applicants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hague_top_applicants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_industrial_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_industrial_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples of industrial design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_industrial_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Industrial design</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nywerheidsontwerp" title="Nywerheidsontwerp – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nywerheidsontwerp" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="تصميم صناعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصميم صناعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dise%C3%B1u_industrial" title="Diseñu industrial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Diseñu industrial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Индустриален дизайн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индустриален дизайн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disseny_industrial" title="Disseny industrial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Disseny industrial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrielt_design" title="Industrielt design – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Industrielt design" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produktdesign" title="Produktdesign – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Produktdesign" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tootedisain" title="Tootedisain – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tootedisain" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Βιομηχανικός σχεδιασμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιομηχανικός σχεδιασμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dise%C3%B1o_industrial" title="Diseño industrial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diseño industrial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_fasonado" title="Industria fasonado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Industria fasonado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria-diseinu" title="Industria-diseinu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Industria-diseinu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="طراحی صنعتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طراحی صنعتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_industriel" title="Design industriel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Design industriel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearadh_tionscla%C3%ADoch" title="Dearadh tionsclaíoch – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dearadh tionsclaíoch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dese%C3%B1o_industrial" title="Deseño industrial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Deseño industrial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85_%EB%94%94%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%B8" title="산업 디자인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산업 디자인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Արդյունաբերական դիզայն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արդյունաբերական դիզայն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="औद्योगिक डिज़ाइन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="औद्योगिक डिज़ाइन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijski_dizajn" title="Industrijski dizajn – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Industrijski dizajn" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desain_industri" title="Desain industri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Desain industri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B0nh%C3%B6nnun" title="Iðnhönnun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Iðnhönnun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disegno_industriale" title="Disegno industriale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disegno industriale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99" title="עיצוב תעשייתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצוב תעשייתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formatervez%C3%A9s" title="Formatervezés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Formatervezés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD" title="Индустриски дизајн – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Индустриски дизајн" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_reka_perindustrian" title="Seni reka perindustrian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seni reka perindustrian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri%C3%ABle_vormgeving" title="Industriële vormgeving – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Industriële vormgeving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%B6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="インダストリアルデザイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インダストリアルデザイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industriell_design" title="Industriell design – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Industriell design" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wz%C3%B3r_przemys%C5%82owy" title="Wzór przemysłowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wzór przemysłowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_industrial" title="Design industrial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Design industrial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_industrial" title="Design industrial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Design industrial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Промышленный дизайн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Промышленный дизайн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizajni_industrial" title="Dizajni industrial – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dizajni industrial" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijsko_oblikovanje" title="Industrijsko oblikovanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Industrijsko oblikovanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD" title="Индустријски дизајн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индустријски дизајн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijski_dizajn" title="Industrijski dizajn – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Industrijski dizajn" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teollinen_muotoilu" title="Teollinen muotoilu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teollinen muotoilu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industridesign" title="Industridesign – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Industridesign" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="உற்பத்திப் பொருள் வடிவமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உற்பத்திப் பொருள் வடிவமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of design</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olivetti-mc24-marcello-nizzoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Olivetti-mc24-marcello-nizzoli.jpg/220px-Olivetti-mc24-marcello-nizzoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Olivetti-mc24-marcello-nizzoli.jpg/330px-Olivetti-mc24-marcello-nizzoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Olivetti-mc24-marcello-nizzoli.jpg/440px-Olivetti-mc24-marcello-nizzoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Olivetti <i>Divisumma 24</i> calculator designed by <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Nizzoli" title="Marcello Nizzoli">Marcello Nizzoli</a> (1956)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braun_Radio_mit_Plattenspieler_Pinakothek_der_Moderne_(Foto_Hilarmont).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Braun_Radio_mit_Plattenspieler_Pinakothek_der_Moderne_%28Foto_Hilarmont%29.jpg/220px-Braun_Radio_mit_Plattenspieler_Pinakothek_der_Moderne_%28Foto_Hilarmont%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Braun_Radio_mit_Plattenspieler_Pinakothek_der_Moderne_%28Foto_Hilarmont%29.jpg/330px-Braun_Radio_mit_Plattenspieler_Pinakothek_der_Moderne_%28Foto_Hilarmont%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Braun_Radio_mit_Plattenspieler_Pinakothek_der_Moderne_%28Foto_Hilarmont%29.jpg/440px-Braun_Radio_mit_Plattenspieler_Pinakothek_der_Moderne_%28Foto_Hilarmont%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4044" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption>Braun <i>SK 4</i> "Snow White's coffin" <a href="/wiki/Radiogram_(device)" title="Radiogram (device)">radiogram</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Rams" title="Dieter Rams">Dieter Rams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lindinger" title="Herbert Lindinger">Herbert Lindinger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Gugelot" title="Hans Gugelot">Hans Gugelot</a> (1956)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Industrial design</b> is a process of <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a> applied to physical <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">products</a> that are to be manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010–11_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010–11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkham1999_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkham1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the creative act of determining and defining a product's form and features, which takes place in advance of the manufacture or production of the product. Industrial manufacture consists of predetermined, standardized and repeated, often automated, acts of replication,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoblet199321–22_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoblet199321–22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a>-based design is a process or approach in which the form of the product is determined personally by the product's creator largely concurrent with the act of its production.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoblet199321_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoblet199321-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All manufactured products are the result of a design process, but the nature of this process can vary. It can be conducted by an individual or a team, and such a team could include people with varied expertise (e.g. designers, engineers, business experts, etc.). It can emphasize intuitive <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a> or calculated <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_design" title="Evidence-based design">scientific decision-making</a>, and often emphasizes a mix of both. It can be influenced by factors as varied as <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">materials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_process_management" title="Manufacturing process management">production processes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Business strategy">business strategy</a>, and prevailing social, commercial, or aesthetic attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industrial design, as an <a href="/wiki/Applied_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied art">applied art</a>, most often focuses on a combination of aesthetics and user-focused considerations,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also often provides solutions for problems of form, function, <a href="/wiki/Physical_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical ergonomics">physical ergonomics</a>, marketing, brand development, sustainability, and sales.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_design&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_design&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For several millennia before the onset of <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, design, technical expertise, and manufacturing was often done by individual <a href="/wiki/Craft_production" title="Craft production">crafts people</a>, who determined the form of a product at the point of its creation, according to their own manual skill, the requirements of their clients, experience accumulated through their own experimentation, and knowledge passed on to them through training or <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoblet199321_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoblet199321-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a> that underlies the practice of industrial design did have <a href="/wiki/Precedents" class="mw-redirect" title="Precedents">precedents</a> in the pre-industrial era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010–11_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010–11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth of trade in the medieval period led to the emergence of large workshops in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, where groups of more specialized craftsmen made objects with common forms through the repetitive duplication of models which defined by their shared training and technique.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeskett198011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeskett198011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competitive pressures in the early 16th century led to the emergence in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pattern_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattern books">pattern books</a>: collections of <a href="/wiki/Engravings" class="mw-redirect" title="Engravings">engravings</a> illustrating decorative forms and motifs which could be applied to a wide range of products, and whose creation took place in advance of their application.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeskett198011_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeskett198011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of <a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">drawing</a> to specify how something was to be constructed later was first developed by <a href="/wiki/Architects" class="mw-redirect" title="Architects">architects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shipwrights" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipwrights">shipwrights</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaynes1991108_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaynes1991108-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, the growth of <a href="/wiki/Artistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic">artistic</a> patronage in centralized monarchical states such as <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> led to large government-operated manufacturing operations epitomized by the <a href="/wiki/Gobelins_Manufactory" title="Gobelins Manufactory">Gobelins Manufactory</a>, opened in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1667 by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeskett198011_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeskett198011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here teams of hundreds of craftsmen, including specialist artists, decorators and engravers, produced sumptuously decorated products ranging from <a href="/wiki/Tapestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapestries">tapestries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a> to <a href="/wiki/Metalwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalwork">metalwork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coach_(carriage)" title="Coach (carriage)">coaches</a>, all under the creative supervision of the King's leading artist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeskett198011–12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeskett198011–12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pattern of large-scale royal patronage was repeated in the court porcelain factories of the early 18th century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Meissen_porcelain" title="Meissen porcelain">Meissen porcelain</a> workshops established in 1709 by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Grand Duke of Saxony</a>, where patterns from a range of sources, including court goldsmiths, sculptors, and engravers, were used as models for the vessels and figurines for which it became famous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeskett198012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeskett198012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As long as reproduction remained craft-based, however, the form and artistic quality of the product remained in the hands of the individual craftsman, and tended to decline as the scale of production increased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeskett198012–13_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeskett198012–13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_industrial_design">Birth of industrial design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_design&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Birth of industrial design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emergence of industrial design is specifically linked to the growth of industrialization and mechanization that began with the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in Great Britain in the mid 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010–11_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010–11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkham1999_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkham1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of industrial manufacture changed the way objects were made, <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> changed patterns of <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumption</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">growth of empires</a> broadened tastes and diversified markets, and the emergence of a wider <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> created demand for fashionable styles from a much larger and more heterogeneous population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton2000380_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton2000380-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first use of the term "industrial design" is often attributed to the industrial designer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Claude_Sinel" title="Joseph Claude Sinel">Joseph Claude Sinel</a> in 1919 (although he himself denied this in interviews), but the discipline predates 1919 by at least a decade. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dresser" title="Christopher Dresser">Christopher Dresser</a> is considered among the first independent industrial designers.<sup id="cite_ref-dresser_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dresser-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industrial design's origins lie in the industrialization of consumer products. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a> (a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> founded in 1907 by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Behrens" title="Peter Behrens">Peter Behrens</a> and others) was a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass-production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with Great Britain and the United States. </p><p>The earliest published use of the term may have been in <a href="/wiki/The_Art_Journal" title="The Art Journal"><i>The Art-Union</i></a>, 15 September 1840. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Dyce's Report to the Board of Trade, on Foreign Schools of Design for Manufactures.<br /> </p><p>Mr. Dyce's official visit to France, Prussia, and Bavaria, for the purpose of examining the state of schools of design in those countries, will be fresh in the recollection of our readers. His report on this subject was ordered to be printed some few months since, on the motion of Mr. Hume; and it is the sum and substance of this Report that we are now about to lay before our own especial portion of the reading public. </p><p>The school of St. Peter, at Lyons, was founded about 1750, for the instruction of draftsmen employed in preparing patterns for the silk manufacture. It has been much more successful than the Paris school; and having been disorganized by the revolution, was restored by Napoleon and differently constituted, being then erected into an Academy of Fine Art: to which the study of design for silk manufacture was merely attached as a subordinate branch. </p><p> It appears that all the students who entered the school commence as if they were intended for artists in the higher sense of the word and are not expected to decide as to whether they will devote themselves to the Fine Arts or to Industrial Design, until they have completed their exercises in drawing and painting of the figure from the antique and from the living model. It is for this reason, and from the fact that artists for industrial purposes are both well-paid and highly considered (as being well-instructed men), that so many individuals in France engage themselves in <i>both</i> pursuits.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i>The Practical Draughtsman's Book of Industrial Design</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Eug%C3%A8ne_Armengaud" title="Jacques-Eugène Armengaud">Jacques-Eugène Armengaud</a> was printed in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-practical_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-practical-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subtitle of the (translated) work explains, that it wants to offer a "complete course of mechanical, engineering, and architectural drawing." The study of those types of technical drawing, according to Armengaud, belongs to the field of industrial design. This work paved the way for a big expansion in the field of drawing education in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lepper" title="Robert Lepper">Robert Lepper</a> helped to establish one of the USA's first industrial design degree programs in 1934 at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Institute of Technology">Carnegie Institute of Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_Mellon_magazine_-_Winter_2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carnegie_Mellon_magazine_-_Winter_2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_design&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">Product design</a> and industrial design overlap in the fields of <a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">user interface design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">information design</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">interaction design</a>. Various schools of industrial design specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges and design schools (product styling), to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines such as exhibit design and <a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">interior design</a>, to schools that almost completely subordinated aesthetic design to concerns of usage and ergonomics, the so-called <i>functionalist</i> school.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except for certain functional areas of overlap between industrial design and engineering design, the former is considered an applied art<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the latter is an applied science.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Educational programs in the U.S. for engineering require accreditation by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to programs for industrial design which are accredited by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of course, engineering education requires heavy training in mathematics and physical sciences, which is not typically required in industrial design education.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutions">Institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_design&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most industrial designers complete a design or related program at a vocational school or university. Relevant programs include <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a>, interior design, industrial design, architectural technology, and <a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">drafting</a>. Diplomas and degrees in industrial design are offered at vocational schools and universities worldwide. Diplomas and degrees take two to four years of study. The study results in a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Industrial_Design" title="Bachelor of Industrial Design">Bachelor of Industrial Design</a> (B.I.D.), <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> (B.Sc.) or <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts" title="Bachelor of Fine Arts">Bachelor of Fine Arts</a> (B.F.A.). Afterwards, the bachelor programme can be extended to postgraduate degrees such as <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Design" title="Master of Design">Master of Design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts" title="Master of Fine Arts">Master of Fine Arts</a> and others to a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_design&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Industrial design studies function and form—and the connection between product, user, and environment. Generally, industrial design professionals work in small scale design, rather than overall design of complex systems such as buildings or ships. Industrial designers don't usually design motors, electrical circuits, or gearing that make machines move, but they may affect technical aspects through usability design and form relationships. Usually, they work with other professionals such as engineers who focus on the mechanical and other functional aspects of the product, assuring functionality and manufacturability, and with marketers to identify and fulfill customer needs and expectations. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Industrial design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Designers_Society_of_America" title="Industrial Designers Society of America">Industrial Designers Society of America</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Design, itself, is often difficult to describe to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_School_of_Design" title="Carnegie Mellon School of Design">Carnegie Mellon's School of Design</a>: "Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined, and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved. </p><p>Industrial design can overlap significantly with <a href="/wiki/Engineering_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering design">engineering design</a>, and in different countries the boundaries of the two concepts can vary, but in general <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> focuses principally on functionality or utility of products, whereas industrial design focuses principally on <i>aesthetic and user-interface</i> aspects of products. In many jurisdictions this distinction is effectively defined by <a href="/wiki/Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">credentials and/or licensure</a> required to engage in the practice of engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-mcadc_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcadc-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Industrial design" as such does not overlap much with the engineering sub-discipline of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">industrial engineering</a>, except for the latter's sub-specialty of <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">ergonomics</a>. </p><p>At the 29th General Assembly in Gwangju, South Korea, 2015, the Professional Practise Committee unveiled a renewed definition of industrial design as follows: "Industrial Design is a strategic problem-solving process that drives innovation, builds business success and leads to a better quality of life through innovative products, systems, services and experiences." An extended version of this definition is as follows: "Industrial Design is a strategic problem-solving process that drives innovation, builds business success and leads to a better quality of life through innovative products, systems, services and experiences. Industrial Design bridges the gap between what is and what's possible. It is a trans-disciplinary profession that harnesses creativity to resolve problems and co-create solutions with the intent of making a product, system, service, experience or a business, better. At its heart, Industrial Design provides a more optimistic way of looking at the future by reframing problems as opportunities. It links innovation, technology, research, business and customers to provide new value and competitive advantage across economic, social and environmental spheres. Industrial Designers place the human in the centre of the process. They acquire a deep understanding of user needs through empathy and apply a pragmatic, user centric problem solving process to design products, systems, services and experiences. They are strategic stakeholders in the innovation process and are uniquely positioned to bridge varied professional disciplines and business interests. They value the economic, social and environmental impact of their work and their contribution towards co-creating a better quality of life. "<sup id="cite_ref-ICSID_2015_in_Gwangju_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICSID_2015_in_Gwangju-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_process">Design process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_design&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Design process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fendersrvstratfront.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fendersrvstratfront.jpg/220px-Fendersrvstratfront.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fendersrvstratfront.jpg/330px-Fendersrvstratfront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fendersrvstratfront.jpg/440px-Fendersrvstratfront.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster" title="Fender Stratocaster">Fender Stratocaster</a> with sunburst finish, one of the most widely recognized electric guitars in the world</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VW_1300_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/VW_1300_side.jpg/220px-VW_1300_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/VW_1300_side.jpg/330px-VW_1300_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/VW_1300_side.jpg/440px-VW_1300_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Model 1300 Volkswagen Beetle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olivetti-Valentine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Olivetti-Valentine.jpg/220px-Olivetti-Valentine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Olivetti-Valentine.jpg/330px-Olivetti-Valentine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Olivetti-Valentine.jpg/440px-Olivetti-Valentine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olivetti_Valentine" title="Olivetti Valentine">Olivetti Valentine</a> typewriter</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the process of design may be considered 'creative,' many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. The design process is iterative, involving dozens or even hundreds of ideas being considered until the final design is reached. Industrial designers often utilize 3D software, <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_industrial_design" title="Computer-aided industrial design">computer-aided industrial design</a> and CAD programs to move from concept to production. They may also build a prototype or scaled down sketch models through a <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> process or using other materials such as paper, balsa wood, various foams, or clay for modeling. They may then use <a href="/wiki/Industrial_CT_scanning" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial CT scanning">industrial CT scanning</a> to test for interior defects and generate a CAD model. From this the manufacturing process may be modified to improve the product. </p><p>Product characteristics specified by industrial designers may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colors</a>, texture, form, and aspects concerning the <a href="/wiki/Ergonomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomic">use of the product</a>. Additionally, they may specify aspects concerning the production process, <a href="/wiki/Material_selection" title="Material selection">choice of materials</a> and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">point of sale</a>. The inclusion of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added value by improving <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a>, lowering production costs, and developing more appealing products. </p><p>Industrial design may also focus on technical concepts, products, and processes. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors">human factors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">ergonomics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropometrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropometrics">anthropometrics</a>, it can also encompass engineering, usefulness, market placement, and other concerns—such as psychology, and the emotional attachment of the user. These <a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_values" title="Architectural design values">values</a> and accompanying aspects that form the basis of industrial design can vary—between different schools of thought, and among practicing designers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_design_rights">Industrial design rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_design&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Industrial design rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial design rights">Industrial design rights</a></div> <p>Industrial design rights are <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights that make exclusive the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. A design patent would also be considered under this category. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three-dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Under the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Agreement_Concerning_the_International_Deposit_of_Industrial_Designs" title="Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs">Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs</a>, a <a href="/wiki/WIPO" class="mw-redirect" title="WIPO">WIPO</a>-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired. </p><p>In 2022, about 1.1 million industrial design applications were filed worldwide. This represents a decrease of 3% on 2021, marking a first drop in filings since 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hague_top_applicants">Hague top applicants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_design&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hague top applicants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hague_Agreement_Concerning_the_International_Deposit_of_Industrial_Designs" title="Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs">Hague System for the International Registration of Industrial Designs</a><sup id="cite_ref-wipo.int_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wipo.int-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides an international mechanism that secures protection of up to 100 designs<sup id="cite_ref-wipo.int_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wipo.int-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in multiple countries or regions, through a single international application. International design applications are filed directly through <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The domestic legal framework of each designated contracting party governs the design protection provided by the resulting international registrations.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hague System does not require the applicant to file a national or regional design application.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <caption>Hague top applicants in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Applicant </th> <th>Origine </th> <th>Hague applications <p>in 2019 </p> </th> <th>Hague applications <p>in 2020 </p> </th> <th>Hague applications <p>in 2021 </p> </th> <th>Hague applications <p>in 2022 </p> </th> <th>Hague applications <p>in 2023 </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>166 </td> <td>170 </td> <td>862 </td> <td>451 </td> <td>544 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>65 </td> <td>57 </td> <td>665 </td> <td>687 </td> <td>525 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>45 </td> <td>117 </td> <td>352 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td>449 </td> <td>446 </td> <td>655 </td> <td>366 </td> <td>352 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiaomi" title="Xiaomi">Xiaomi</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>111 </td> <td>216 </td> <td>227 </td> <td>251 </td> <td>315 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>73 </td> <td>84 </td> <td>403 </td> <td>233 </td> <td>312 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>85 </td> <td>95 </td> <td>678 </td> <td>633 </td> <td>294 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jellycat" title="Jellycat">Jellycat Limited</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>100 </td> <td>403 </td> <td>255 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s" title="Hermès">Hermès</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>27 </td> <td>68 </td> <td>168 </td> <td>72 </td> <td>251 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rcher" title="Kärcher">Kärcher</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>35 </td> <td>47 </td> <td>102 </td> <td>47 </td> <td>189 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_industrial_design">Examples of industrial design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_design&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Examples of industrial design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lurelle_Guild._Vacuum_Cleaner,_ca._1937..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Lurelle_Guild._Vacuum_Cleaner%2C_ca._1937..jpg/220px-Lurelle_Guild._Vacuum_Cleaner%2C_ca._1937..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Lurelle_Guild._Vacuum_Cleaner%2C_ca._1937..jpg/330px-Lurelle_Guild._Vacuum_Cleaner%2C_ca._1937..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Lurelle_Guild._Vacuum_Cleaner%2C_ca._1937..jpg/440px-Lurelle_Guild._Vacuum_Cleaner%2C_ca._1937..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1109" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lurelle_Guild" title="Lurelle Guild">Lurelle Guild</a>. Vacuum Cleaner, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1937</span>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eames_chair-IMG_4624.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Eames_chair-IMG_4624.jpg/220px-Eames_chair-IMG_4624.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Eames_chair-IMG_4624.jpg/330px-Eames_chair-IMG_4624.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Eames_chair-IMG_4624.jpg/440px-Eames_chair-IMG_4624.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Chair by Charles Eames</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russel_Wright._Coffee_Urn,_ca._1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Russel_Wright._Coffee_Urn%2C_ca._1935.jpg/220px-Russel_Wright._Coffee_Urn%2C_ca._1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Russel_Wright._Coffee_Urn%2C_ca._1935.jpg/330px-Russel_Wright._Coffee_Urn%2C_ca._1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Russel_Wright._Coffee_Urn%2C_ca._1935.jpg/440px-Russel_Wright._Coffee_Urn%2C_ca._1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Russel Wright. Coffee Urn, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1935</span>. Brooklyn Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of industrial designers have made such a significant impact on culture and daily life that their work is documented by historians of social science. <a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a>, renowned as an <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a>, also designed a significant number of household items, such as chairs, stools, lamps, a tea-cart, and vases. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Loewy" title="Raymond Loewy">Raymond Loewy</a> was a prolific American designer who is responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a> corporate logo, the original <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> logo (in use until 2000), the <a href="/wiki/PRR_S1" class="mw-redirect" title="PRR S1">PRR S1</a> steam locomotive, the <a href="/wiki/Studebaker_Starlight" title="Studebaker Starlight">Studebaker Starlight</a> (including the later bulletnose), as well as <a href="/wiki/Schick_(razors)" title="Schick (razors)">Schick</a> electric razors, <a href="/wiki/Electrolux" title="Electrolux">Electrolux</a> refrigerators, short-wave radios, <a href="/wiki/Le_Creuset" title="Le Creuset">Le Creuset</a> French ovens, and a complete line of modern furniture, among many other items. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Teague" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Teague">Richard Teague</a>, who spent most of his career with the <a href="/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation" title="American Motors Corporation">American Motors Corporation</a>, originated the concept of using interchangeable body panels so as to create a wide array of different vehicles using the same stampings. He was responsible for such unique automotive designs as the <a href="/wiki/AMC_Pacer" title="AMC Pacer">Pacer</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMC_Gremlin" title="AMC Gremlin">Gremlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMC_Matador" title="AMC Matador">Matador coupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeep_Cherokee_(XJ)" title="Jeep Cherokee (XJ)">Jeep Cherokee</a>, and the complete interior of the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Premier" title="Eagle Premier">Eagle Premier</a>. </p><p>Milwaukee's <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Stevens" title="Brooks Stevens">Brooks Stevens</a> was best known for his <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Road" title="Milwaukee Road">Milwaukee Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Skytop_Lounge" title="Skytop Lounge">Skytop Lounge</a> car and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Mayer" title="Oscar Mayer">Oscar Mayer</a> <a href="/wiki/Wienermobile" title="Wienermobile">Wienermobile</a> designs, among others. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Schreckengost" title="Viktor Schreckengost">Viktor Schreckengost</a> designed bicycles manufactured by Murray bicycles for Murray and Sears, Roebuck and Company. With engineer Ray Spiller, he designed the first truck with a cab-over-engine configuration, a design in use to this day. Schreckengost also founded The Cleveland Institute of Art's school of industrial design. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Barnack" title="Oskar Barnack">Oskar Barnack</a> was a German optical engineer, precision mechanic, industrial designer, and the father of 35mm photography. He developed the <a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a>, which became the hallmark for photography for 50 years, and remains a high-water mark for mechanical and optical design.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_and_Ray_Eames" title="Charles and Ray Eames">Charles and Ray Eames</a> were most famous for their pioneering furniture designs,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Eames_Lounge_Chair_Wood" title="Eames Lounge Chair Wood">Eames Lounge Chair Wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eames_Lounge_Chair" title="Eames Lounge Chair">Eames Lounge Chair</a>. Other influential designers included <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dreyfuss" title="Henry Dreyfuss">Henry Dreyfuss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Noyes" title="Eliot Noyes">Eliot Noyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Vassos" title="John Vassos">John Vassos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russel_Wright" title="Russel Wright">Russel Wright</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Rams" title="Dieter Rams">Dieter Rams</a> is a German industrial designer closely associated with the consumer products company <a href="/wiki/Braun_(company)" title="Braun (company)">Braun</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalist</a> school of industrial design. </p><p>German industrial designer <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Colani" title="Luigi Colani">Luigi Colani</a>, who designed cars for automobile manufacturers including <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo" title="Alfa Romeo">Alfa Romeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancia" title="Lancia">Lancia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>, was also known to the general public for his unconventional approach to industrial design. He had expanded in numerous areas ranging from mundane household items, instruments and furniture to trucks, uniforms and entire rooms. A grand <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> created by Colani, the <i>Pegasus</i>, is manufactured and sold by the <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schimmel" title="Wilhelm Schimmel">Schimmel</a> piano company. </p><p>Many of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s recent products were designed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Ive" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Ive">Jonathan Ive</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_design&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">Designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_museum" title="Design museum">Design museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">Engineering design process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering design">Engineering design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience design">Experience design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_follows_function" title="Form follows function">Form follows function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Designers_Society_of_America" title="Industrial Designers Society of America">Industrial Designers Society of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_industrial_designers" title="List of industrial designers">List of industrial designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">Product design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Product development">Product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prototyping" title="Rapid prototyping">Rapid prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_design" title="Sensory design">Sensory design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikID" title="WikID">WikID</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_design&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010–11-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010–11_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010–11_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010–11_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeskett1980">Heskett 1980</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkham1999-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkham1999_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkham1999_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkham1999">Kirkham 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeskett198010_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeskett1980">Heskett 1980</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoblet199321–22-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoblet199321–22_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoblet1993">Noblet 1993</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoblet199321-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoblet199321_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoblet199321_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoblet1993">Noblet 1993</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usabilitybok.org/glossary/19#letteri">"Usability glossary | Usability Body of Knowledge"</a>. <i>usabilitybok.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123083410/http://www.usabilitybok.org/glossary/19#letteri">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usabilitybok.org&rft.atitle=Usability+glossary+%26%23124%3B+Usability+Body+of+Knowledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusabilitybok.org%2Fglossary%2F19%23letteri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Noblet, J., <i>Industrial Design</i>, Paris: A.F.A.A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=WIPO+Lex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fwipolex%2Fen%2Ftreaties%2FShowResults%3Fsearch_what%3DC%26treaty_id%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-930-2024-en-hague-yearly-review-2024.pdf">"Hague Yearly Review 2024"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>wipo.int</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wipo.int&rft.atitle=Hague+Yearly+Review+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Fpubdocs%2Fen%2Fwipo-pub-930-2024-en-hague-yearly-review-2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iphf.org/inductees/oskar-barnack/">"Oskar Barnack"</a>. <i>International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204185351/https://iphf.org/inductees/oskar-barnack/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Photography+Hall+of+Fame+and+Museum&rft.atitle=Oskar+Barnack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiphf.org%2Finductees%2Foskar-barnack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://industrialkonzept.com/en/blogs/magazine/eames-moebel-kaufen-leitfaden">"Eames Expert Insights: Mastering the Art of Vintage Eames Furniture Ac"</a>. <i>industrial Konzept Store</i>. 2023-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=industrial+Konzept+Store&rft.atitle=Eames+Expert+Insights%3A+Mastering+the+Art+of+Vintage+Eames+Furniture+Ac&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findustrialkonzept.com%2Fen%2Fblogs%2Fmagazine%2Feames-moebel-kaufen-leitfaden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_design&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barnwell, Maurice. <i>Design, Creativity and Culture</i>, Black Dog, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B907317%2B408" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+907317+408">978 1 907317 408</a></li> <li>Barnwell, Maurice. <i>Design Evolution: Big Bang to Big Data,</i>Toronto, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9937396-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9937396-0-6">978-0-9937396-0-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaynes1991" class="citation book cs1">Baynes, Ken (1991). "Forms of Representation". In Pirovano, Carlo (ed.). <i>History of Industrial Design</i>. Vol. 1. Milan: Electa. pp. <span class="nowrap">108–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32885051">32885051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forms+of+Representation&rft.btitle=History+of+Industrial+Design&rft.place=Milan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.pub=Electa&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32885051&rft.aulast=Baynes&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+design" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton2000" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Charlotte (2000). "Design and Industry". In Kemp, Martin (ed.). <i>The Oxford History of Western Art</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">380–</span>383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198600127" title="Special:BookSources/0198600127"><bdi>0198600127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Design+and+Industry&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Western+Art&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E380-%3C%2Fspan%3E383&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0198600127&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+design" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Forty, Adrian. <i>Objects of Desire: Design and Society Since 1750</i>. Thames Hudson, May 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27412-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27412-5">978-0-500-27412-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeskett1980" class="citation book cs1">Heskett, John (1980). <i>Industrial Design</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500201811" title="Special:BookSources/0500201811"><bdi>0500201811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Design&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0500201811&rft.aulast=Heskett&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+design" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkham1999" class="citation book cs1">Kirkham, Pat (1999). <i>Industrial design</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Art_Online" title="Grove Art Online">Grove Art Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+design&rft.series=Grove+Art+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kirkham&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+design" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mayall, WH, <i>Industrial Design for Engineers</i>, London: Iliffe Books, 1967, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0592042053" title="Special:BookSources/978-0592042053">978-0592042053</a></li> <li>Mayall, WH, <i>Machines and Perception in Industrial Design</i>, London: Studio Vista, 1968, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0289279168" title="Special:BookSources/978-0289279168">978-0289279168</a></li> <li>Meikle, Jeffrey. <i>Twentieth Century Limited: Industrial Design engineering in America, 1925 - 1939</i>, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877222460" title="Special:BookSources/978-0877222460">978-0877222460</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoblet1993" class="citation book cs1">Noblet, Jocelyn de (1993). "Design in Progress". In Noblet, Jocelyn de (ed.). <i>Industrial design: reflection of a century</i>. Paris: Flammarion/APCI. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2080135392" title="Special:BookSources/2080135392"><bdi>2080135392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Design+in+Progress&rft.btitle=Industrial+design%3A+reflection+of+a+century&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Flammarion%2FAPCI&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=2080135392&rft.aulast=Noblet&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+design" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulos1983" class="citation book cs1">Pulos, Arthur (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/5050/American-Design-EthicA-History-of-Industrial"><i>American Design Ethic: A History of Industrial Design</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262368100" title="Special:BookSources/9780262368100"><bdi>9780262368100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Design+Ethic%3A+A+History+of+Industrial+Design&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780262368100&rft.aulast=Pulos&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirect.mit.edu%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2F5050%2FAmerican-Design-EthicA-History-of-Industrial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+design" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Design931" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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talk:Design"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Design" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Design"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Design931" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_design" title="Outline of design">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">Designer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Disciplines931" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disciplines</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Brand design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibit_design" title="Exhibit design">Exhibit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_title_design" title="Film title design">Film title design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_graphic_design" title="Motion graphic design">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp_design" title="Postage stamp design">Postage stamp design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_design" title="Print design">Print design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_design" title="News design">News design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_design" title="Retail design">Retail design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signage" title="Signage">Signage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign_design" title="Traffic sign design">Traffic sign design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a> / <a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_design" title="Video design">Video design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_merchandising" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_lighting_design" title="Architectural lighting design">Architectural lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_design" title="Building design">Building design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">Computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_design" title="Hotel design">Hotel design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_interior_design" title="Experiential interior design">EID</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyline_design" title="Keyline design">Keyline design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">Landscape design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_design" title="Spatial design">Spatial design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Industrial<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_suspension_design_process" title="Automotive suspension design process">Automotive suspension design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMF_design" title="CMF design">CMF design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar_design" title="Electric guitar design">Electric guitar design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_furniture_design" title="Sustainable furniture design">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_design" title="Motorcycle design">Motorcycle design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">Packaging and labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_lens_design" title="Photographic lens design">Photographic lens design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">Product design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_design" title="Sensory design">Sensory design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_design" title="Service design">Service design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experience_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience design">Experience design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employee_experience_design" title="Employee experience design">EED</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_design" title="Game design">Game design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">Level design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Video game design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon_design" title="Icon design">Icon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_design" title="Immersive design">Immersive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_interaction_design" title="Sonic interaction design">Sonic interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">Web design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /><a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">glass design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_art_design" title="Game art design">Game art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property designer">Property design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">Stage/set lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Textile design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />design<br />& <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">Behavioural design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_design" title="Boiler design">Boiler design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_design" title="Database design">Database design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_design" title="Drug design">Drug design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_system_design" title="Electrical system design">Electrical system design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Experimental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_design" title="Filter design">Filter design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_design" title="Geometric design">Geometric design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_design" title="Work design">Work design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_design" title="Integrated circuit design">Integrated circuit design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">Circuit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_design_(electronics)" title="Physical design (electronics)">Physical design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_network_design_(IC)" title="Power network design (IC)">Power network design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_design" title="Nucleic acid design">Nucleic acid design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Organization design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_design" title="Protein design">Protein design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_design" title="Social design">Social design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_design" title="Spacecraft design">Spacecraft design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_design" title="Strategic design">Strategic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Approaches931" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Approaches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity-centered_design" title="Activity-centered design">Activity-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_web_design" title="Adaptive web design">Adaptive web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_design" title="Affective design">Affective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">Brainstorming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_committee" title="Design by committee">By committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">By contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-K_theory" title="C-K theory">C-K theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_closure" title="Design closure">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Co-design</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concept-oriented_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concept-oriented design (page does not exist)">Concept-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_design" title="Configuration design">Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextual_design" title="Contextual design">Contextual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_design" title="Continuous design">Continuous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_problem-solving" title="Creative problem-solving">Creative problem-solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_techniques" title="Creativity techniques">Creativity techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_design" title="Critical design">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_fiction" title="Design fiction">Design fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_design" title="Defensive design">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect-led_design%E2%80%93build" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect-led design–build">architect-led</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_design" title="Diffuse design">Diffuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">Domain-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_neutral_design" title="Energy neutral design">Energy neutral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">Engineering design process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_design" title="Probabilistic design">Probabilistic design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error-tolerant_design" title="Error-tolerant design">Error-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault-tolerant_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant design">Fault-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework-oriented_design" title="Framework-oriented design">Framework-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_assembly" title="Design for assembly">For assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">For behaviour change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_manufacturability" title="Design for manufacturability">For manufacturability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_Six_Sigma" title="Design for Six Sigma">For Six Sigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_testing" title="Design for testing">For testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_X" title="Design for X">For X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_design" title="Functional design">Functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_design" title="Generative design">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-centered_design" title="Human-centered design">HCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_design" title="Inclusive design">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_design" title="Integrated design">Integrated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_topside_design" title="Integrated topside design">Integrated topside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence-based_design" title="Intelligence-based design">Intelligence-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_design" title="Iterative design">Iterative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KISS_principle" title="KISS principle">KISS principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-level_design" title="Low-level design">Low-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadesign" title="Metadesign">Metadesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">Modular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(design)" title="New Wave (design)">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented design">Object-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_design" title="Parametric design">Parametric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform-based_design" title="Platform-based design">Platform-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy-based_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy-based design">Policy-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process-centered_design" title="Process-centered design">Process-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_design" title="Rational design">Rational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_design" title="Regenerative design">Regenerative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research-based_design" title="Research-based design">Research-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility-driven_design" title="Responsibility-driven design">Responsibility-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design" title="Responsive web design">RWD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe-life_design" title="Safe-life design">Safe-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_design" title="Systemic design">Systemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems-oriented_design" title="Systems-oriented design">SOD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableless_web_design" title="Tableless web design">Tableless web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constraints" title="Theory of constraints">Theory of constraints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">Top-down and bottom-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_design" title="Transformation design">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIZ" title="TRIZ">TRIZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_All_(in_ICT)" title="Design for All (in ICT)">Design for All</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-centered_design" title="Usage-centered design">Usage-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use-centered_design" title="Use-centered design">Use-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empathic_design" title="Empathic design">Empathic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_innovation" title="User innovation">User innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-driven_design" title="Value-driven design">Value-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_sensitive_design" title="Value sensitive design">Value sensitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_by_design" title="Privacy by design">Privacy by</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/Design_choice" title="Design choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_computing" title="Design computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_controls" title="Design controls">controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_culture" title="Design culture">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_flow_(EDA)" title="Design flow (EDA)">flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_leadership" title="Design leadership">leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_management" title="Design management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_marker" title="Design marker">marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_methods" title="Design methods">methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_pattern" title="Design pattern">pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_research" title="Design research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_science" title="Design science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_sprint" title="Design sprint">sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Design strategy">strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_theory" title="Design theory">theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_thinking" title="Design thinking">thinking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="ToolsIntellectual_propertyOrganizationsAwards931" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Intellectual property</li><li>Organizations</li><li>Awards</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Design_tool" title="Design tool">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithms-Aided_Design" title="Algorithms-Aided Design">AAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_model" title="Architectural model">Architectural model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">Blueprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_layout" title="Comprehensive layout">Comprehensive layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_industrial_design" title="Computer-aided industrial design">CAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_home_design_software" title="Virtual home design software">Virtual home design software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-automated_design" title="Computer-automated design">CAutoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_quality_indicator" title="Design quality indicator">Design quality indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">Flowchart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockup" title="Mockup">Mockup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_specification" title="Design specification">Design specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">Storyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_wireframe" title="Website wireframe">Website wireframe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual<br />property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_design" title="Community design">Community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_around" title="Design around">Design around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_infringement" title="Design infringement">Design infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_patent" title="Design patent">Design patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright" title="Fashion design copyright">Fashion design copyright</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geschmacksmuster" title="Geschmacksmuster">Geschmacksmuster</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="Industrial design rights in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts" title="American Institute of Graphic Arts">American Institute of Graphic Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Society_of_Designers" title="Chartered Society of Designers">Chartered Society of Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_and_Industries_Association" title="Design and Industries Association">Design and Industries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Council" title="Design Council">Design Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Forum_Design" title="International Forum Design">International Forum Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Research_Society" title="Design Research Society">Design Research Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Design_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="European Design Award">European Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Design_Award" title="German Design Award">German Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Museum_of_Modern_Art)" title="Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)">Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Chicago_Athenaeum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)">Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphex" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphex">Graphex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IF_Product_Design_Award" title="IF Product Design Award">IF Product Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dyson_Award" title="James Dyson Award">James Dyson Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip_Designers_Prize" title="Prince Philip Designers Prize">Prince Philip Designers Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics931" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_art" title="Concept art">Concept art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_design" title="Conceptual design">Conceptual design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">Creative industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.design" title=".design">.design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futures studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_startup" title="Lean startup">Lean startup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">New product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OODA_loop" title="OODA loop">OODA loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_simulation" title="Process simulation">Process simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow design">Slow design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEAM_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="STEAM fields">STEAM fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Unintelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/Design_brief" title="Design brief">brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_change" title="Design change">change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_classic" title="Design classic">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_competition" title="Design competition">competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_design_competition" title="Student design competition">student</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_director" title="Design director">director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_education" title="Design education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_elements" title="Design elements">elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Design firm">firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_history" title="Design history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_knowledge" title="Design knowledge">knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_language" title="Design language">language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_life" title="Design life">life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_load" title="Design load">load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_museum" title="Design museum">museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_paradigm" title="Design paradigm">paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_principles" title="Design principles">principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_rationale" 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