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id="toc-Revolutions_of_1848" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutions_of_1848"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Revolutions of 1848 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutions_of_1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_anarchism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_anarchism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Classical anarchism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classical_anarchism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classical anarchism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classical_anarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_International_and_Paris_Commune" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_International_and_Paris_Commune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 First International and Paris Commune </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_International_and_Paris_Commune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_anarcho-communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_anarcho-communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Emergence of anarcho-communism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_anarcho-communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organised_labour_and_syndicalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organised_labour_and_syndicalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Organised labour and syndicalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organised_labour_and_syndicalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda_of_the_deed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda_of_the_deed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Propaganda of the deed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda_of_the_deed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Revolutionary wave </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Rise of fascism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Spanish Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anarchism_in_the_colonial_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarchism_in_the_colonial_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Anarchism in the colonial world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarchism_in_the_colonial_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individualist_anarchism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individualist_anarchism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Individualist anarchism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Individualist_anarchism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Individualist anarchism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Individualist_anarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 In the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Europe_and_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Europe_and_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 In Europe and the arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Europe_and_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Post-war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_anarchism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_anarchism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Contemporary anarchism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_anarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources_(books_and_journals)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources_(books_and_journals)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Secondary sources (books and journals) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources_(books_and_journals)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_sources_(encyclopedias_and_dictionaries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_sources_(encyclopedias_and_dictionaries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Tertiary sources (encyclopedias and dictionaries) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_sources_(encyclopedias_and_dictionaries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de l'anarquisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Ιστορία του αναρχισμού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία του αναρχισμού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_del_anarquismo" title="Historia del anarquismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia del anarquismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27anarchisme" title="Histoire de l'anarchisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de l'anarchisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_anarkisme" title="Sejarah anarkisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah anarkisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saga_stj%C3%B3rnleysisstefnu" title="Saga stjórnleysisstefnu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Saga stjórnleysisstefnu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_dell%27anarchismo" title="Storia dell'anarchismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia dell'anarchismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_anarchismi" title="Historia anarchismi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia anarchismi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="د انارشېزم تاریخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" 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.sidebar-below{text-align:center;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-subgroup .sidebar-heading{border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist template-anarchism-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy-symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol"><img alt=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/75px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/113px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/150px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anarchism" title="Glossary of anarchism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="African anarchism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parecon" class="mw-redirect" title="Parecon">Parecon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Methodology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis</a></li></ul> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Theory</a></li> <li>Practice</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region" title="List of anarchist movements by region">By region</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Lists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:BlackFlagSymbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/15px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/23px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/30px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/15px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/23px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/30px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Template:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> According to different scholars, the history of anarchism either goes back to ancient and prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structures</a>, or begins in the 19th century as a formal movement. As scholars and anarchist philosophers have held a range of views on <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">what anarchism means</a>, it is difficult to outline its history unambiguously. Some feel anarchism is a distinct, well-defined movement stemming from 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a>, while others identify anarchist traits long before the earliest civilisations existed. <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">Prehistoric</a> society existed without formal <a href="/wiki/Hierarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchies">hierarchies</a>, which some anthropologists have described as similar to <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">anarchism</a>. The first traces of formal anarchist thought can be found in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">China</a>, where numerous philosophers questioned the necessity of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> and declared the moral right of the individual to live free from coercion. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Religious_sect" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious sect">religious sects</a> espoused libertarian thought, and the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, and the attendant rise of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, signalled the birth of the modern anarchist movement. Alongside <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, modern anarchism was a significant part of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' movement">workers' movement</a> at the end of the 19th century. Modernism, industrialisation, reaction to capitalism and mass migration helped anarchism to flourish and to spread around the globe. Major <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_schools_of_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist schools of thought">anarchist schools of thought</a> sprouted up as anarchism grew as a social movement, particularly <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-collectivism">anarcho-collectivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist anarchism</a>. As the workers' movement grew, the divide between anarchists and Marxists grew as well. The two currents formally split at the fifth congress of the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a> in 1872. Anarchists participated enthusiastically in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, but as soon as the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> established their authority, anarchist movements, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a>, were harshly suppressed. Anarchism played a historically prominent role during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, when an anarchist territory was established in Catalonia. <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Catalonia" title="Revolutionary Catalonia">Revolutionary Catalonia</a> was organised along anarcho-syndicalist lines, with powerful <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a> in the cities and collectivised agriculture in the country, but ended in the defeat of the anarchists. In the 1960s, anarchism re-emerged as a global political and cultural force. In association with the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left">Post-left</a> tendencies, anarchism has influenced social movements that espouse personal autonomy and direct democracy. It has also played major roles in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebel_Zapatista_Autonomous_Municipalities" title="Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities">Zapatista revolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rojava_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava revolution">Rojava revolution</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Τhere has been some controversy over the <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Definition of anarchism">definition of anarchism</a> and hence its history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20101-1">[1]</a> One group of scholars considers <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> strictly associated with <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>. Others feel this perspective is far too narrow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20102-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007101–102-3">[3]</a> While the former group examines anarchism as a phenomenon that occurred during the 19th century, the latter group looks to ancient history to trace anarchism's roots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20104-4">[4]</a> Anarchist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a> describes the continuation of the "legacy of freedom" of humankind (i.e. the revolutionary moments) that existed throughout history, in contrast with the "legacy of domination" which consists of states, capitalism and other organisational forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007165-5">[5]</a> The three most common forms of defining anarchism are the "etymological" (an-archei, without a ruler, but anarchism is not merely a negation); the "anti-statism" (while this seems to be pivotal, it certainly does not describe the essence of anarchism); and the "anti-authoritarian" definition (denial of every kind of authority, which over-simplifies anarchism).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20106-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin200727–29-7">[7]</a> Along with the definition debates, the question of whether it is a philosophy, a theory or a series of actions complicates the issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Acosta200926-8">[8]</a> Philosophy professor Alejandro de Agosta proposes that anarchism is "a decentralized federation of philosophies as well as practices and ways of life, forged in different communities and affirming diverse geohistories".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Acosta200933-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precursors">Precursors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Precursors_to_anarchism" title="Precursors to anarchism">Precursors to anarchism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_and_ancient_era">Prehistoric and ancient era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistoric and ancient era">edit</a>]</div> Many scholars of anarchism, including anthropologists <a href="/wiki/Harold_Barclay" title="Harold Barclay">Harold Barclay</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a>, claim that some form of <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a> dates back to prehistory. The longest period of human existence, that before the recorded history of human society, was without a separate class of established authority or formal political institutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005xi–xiv-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2019ix-11">[11]</a> Long before anarchism emerged as a distinct perspective, humans lived for thousands of years in self-governing societies without a special ruling or political class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclay199039–42-12">[12]</a> It was only after the rise of hierarchical societies that anarchist ideas were formulated as a critical response to, and a rejection of, coercive political institutions and hierarchical social relationships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclay199015–16-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, which developed in <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">ancient China</a>, has been linked to anarchist thought by some scholars. Taoist sages <a href="/wiki/Lao_Tzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Tzu">Lao Tzu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuang Zhou</a>, whose principles were grounded in an "anti-polity" stance and a rejection of any kind of involvement in political movements or organisations, developed a philosophy of "non-rule" in the <a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a>. Taoists were trying to live in harmony with nature according to the precepts of their religion by doing this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199355-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp20126-15">[15]</a> There is an ongoing debate whether exhorting rulers not to rule is somehow an anarchist objective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp201220-16">[16]</a> A new generation of Taoist thinkers with anarchic leanings appeared during the chaotic <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Wei-Jin</a> period. Taoism and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Taoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Taoism">neo-Taoism</a> had principles more akin to a philosophical anarchism—an attempt to delegitimise the state and question its morality—and were <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a> schools of thought, in contrast with their Western counterparts some centuries later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp201245–46-17">[17]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Professor_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor emeritus">professor emeritus</a> of history at <a href="/wiki/California_State_University" title="California State University">California State University</a> Milton W. Meyer has stated that in his opinion, early Taoists were "early anarchists" who believed in concepts often found in <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectualism</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[18]</a> Taoist anarchists did not believe in religious traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> and the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a> and good and evil.<a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Diogenes_-_Walters_37131.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Diogenes by Jean-Léon Gérôme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Diogenes_-_Walters_37131.jpg/220px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Diogenes_-_Walters_37131.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Diogenes_-_Walters_37131.jpg/330px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Diogenes_-_Walters_37131.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Diogenes_-_Walters_37131.jpg/440px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Diogenes_-_Walters_37131.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a> advocated anarchistic forms of society</figcaption></figure> Some convictions and ideas deeply held by modern anarchists were first expressed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock196238-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2013217-20">[20]</a> The first known political usage of the word anarchy (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: ἀναρχία) appeared in plays by <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> in the fifth century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJunWahl201068–70-21">[21]</a> Ancient Greece also saw the first Western instance of anarchy as a philosophical ideal mainly, but not only, by the <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stoics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoics">Stoics</a>. The Cynics <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Thebes" title="Crates of Thebes">Crates of Thebes</a> are both supposed to have advocated for anarchistic forms of society, although little remains of their writings. Their most significant contribution was the radical approach of nomos (law) and physis (nature). Contrary to the rest of Greek philosophy, aiming to blend nomos and physis in harmony, Cynics dismissed nomos (and in consequence: the authorities, hierarchies, establishments and moral code of <a href="/wiki/Polis#The_polis_in_Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Polis">polis</a>) while promoting a way of life, based solely on physis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199368-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiala2017-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>, who was much influenced by the Cynics, described his vision of an egalitarian <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> society around 300 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchofield199956-24">[24]</a> Zeno's <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Zeno)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Zeno)">Republic</a> advocates a form of anarchic society where there is no need for state structures. He argued that although the necessary instinct of <a href="/wiki/Self-preservation" title="Self-preservation">self-preservation</a> leads humans to <a href="/wiki/Egotism" title="Egotism">egotism</a>, nature has supplied a corrective to it by providing man with another instinct, namely <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">sociability</a>. Like many modern anarchists, he believed that if people follow their instincts, they will have no need of law <a href="/wiki/Courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts">courts</a> or police, no temples and no public <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a>, and use no money—<a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">free gifts</a> taking the place of monetary exchanges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005xi–xiv-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199370–71-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> expressed some views appropriate to anarchism. He constantly questioned authority and at the centre of his philosophy stood every man's right to freedom of consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199367-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristippus" title="Aristippus">Aristippus</a>, a pupil of Socrates and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Hedonistic_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedonistic school">Hedonistic school</a>, claimed that he did not wish either to rule or be ruled. He saw the State as a danger to personal autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199368-22">[22]</a> Not all ancient Greeks had anarchic tendencies. Other philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> used the term anarchy negatively in association with <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> which they mistrusted as inherently vulnerable and prone to deteriorate into <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodway20065-27">[27]</a> Among the ancient precursors of anarchism are often ignored movements within ancient <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a>. As more contemporary literature shows, anti-state and anti-hierarchy positions can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> texts.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Iranian_prophet_Mazdak_being_executed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An illustration of the execution of Iranian prophet Mazdak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_Iranian_prophet_Mazdak_being_executed.png/240px-The_Iranian_prophet_Mazdak_being_executed.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_Iranian_prophet_Mazdak_being_executed.png/360px-The_Iranian_prophet_Mazdak_being_executed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_Iranian_prophet_Mazdak_being_executed.png/480px-The_Iranian_prophet_Mazdak_being_executed.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption> The execution of <a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a>, an anarchist precursor in the Middle East whose followers faced the same fate</figcaption></figure> In Persia during the Middle Ages a <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> prophet named <a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a>, now considered a proto-socialist, called for the abolition of private property, free love and overthrowing the king. He and his thousands of followers were massacred in 582 CE, but his teaching influenced Islamic sects in the following centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199386-29">[29]</a> A theological predecessor to anarchism developed in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> among <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Mu'tazilite ascetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khawarij" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawarij">Najdiyya Khirijites</a>. This form of revolutionary Islam was not communist or egalitarian. It did not resemble current concepts of anarchism, but preached the State was harmful, illegitimate, immoral and unnecessary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone20003,_21–25-30">[30]</a> In Europe, Christianity was overshadowing all aspects of life. The <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Brethren of the Free Spirit</a> was the most notable example of heretic belief that had some vague anarchistic tendencies. They held anticleric sentiments and believed in total freedom. Even though most of their ideas were individualistic, the movement had a social impact, instigating riots and rebellions in Europe for many years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199386–89-31">[31]</a> Other anarchistic religious movements in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> included the <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adamites" title="Adamites">Adamites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettlau19968-32">[32]</a> 20th-century historian <a href="/wiki/James_Joll" title="James Joll">James Joll</a> described anarchism as two opposing sides. In the Middle Ages, zealotic and ascetic religious movements emerged, which rejected institutions, laws and the established order. In the 18th century another anarchist stream emerged based on rationalism and logic. These two currents of anarchism later blended to form a contradictory movement that resonated with a very broad audience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoll197523-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_and_early_modern_era">Renaissance and early modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Renaissance and early modern era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Anarchism and religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></div> With the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> across Europe, anti-authoritarian and secular ideas re-emerged. The most prominent thinkers advocating for liberty, mainly French, were employing <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a> in their works to bypass strict state censorship. In <a href="/wiki/Gargantua_and_Pantagruel" title="Gargantua and Pantagruel">Gargantua and Pantagruel</a> (1532–1552), <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a> wrote of the Abby of <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: θέλημα; meaning "will" or "wish"), an imaginary utopia whose motto was "Do as Thou Will". Around the same time, French law student <a href="/wiki/Etienne_de_la_Boetie" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne de la Boetie">Etienne de la Boetie</a> wrote his <a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Voluntary_Servitude" title="Discourse on Voluntary Servitude">Discourse on Voluntary Servitude</a> where he argued that tyranny resulted from voluntary submission and could be abolished by the people refusing to obey the authorities above them. Later still in France, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_de_Foigny" title="Gabriel de Foigny">Gabriel de Foigny</a> perceived a utopia with freedom-loving people without government and no need of religion, as he wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Southern_Land,_Known" title="The Southern Land, Known">The Southern Land, Known</a>. For this, Geneva authorities jailed de Foigny. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a> also used utopia to project his political views in the book <a href="/wiki/Les_Aventures_de_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9maque" title="Les Aventures de Télémaque">Les Aventures de Télémaque</a> that infuriated <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993108–114-34">[34]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> currents (like the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">radical reformist</a> movement of <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a>) are sometimes credited as the religious forerunners of modern anarchism. Even though the Reformation was a religious movement and strengthened the state, it also opened the way for the humanistic values of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007102–104_&_141-35">[35]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a> found one of its most articulate exponents in <a href="/wiki/Gerrard_Winstanley" title="Gerrard Winstanley">Gerrard Winstanley</a>, who was part of the <a href="/wiki/Diggers" title="Diggers">Diggers</a> movement. He published a pamphlet, The New Law of Righteousness, calling for <a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">communal ownership</a> and social and economic organisation in small agrarian communities. Drawing on the Bible, he argued that "the blessings of the earth" should "be common to all" and "none Lord over others".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005xi–xiv-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> has also been said to have espoused an anarchistic political position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodway20065-27">[27]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">New World</a>, the first to use the term "anarchy" to mean something other than chaos was <a href="/wiki/Louis-Armand_de_Lom_d%27Arce_de_Lahontan,_Baron_de_Lahontan" title="Louis-Armand de Lom d'Arce de Lahontan, Baron de Lahontan">Louis-Armand, Baron de Lahontan</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Nouveaux_voyages_dans_l%27Am%C3%A9rique_septentrionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouveaux voyages dans l'Amérique septentrionale">Nouveaux voyages dans l'Amérique septentrionale</a>, 1703 (New Voyages in Northern America). He described <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">indigenous American</a> society as having no state, laws, prisons, priests or private property as being in anarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehning2003-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> sect, mostly because of their <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ahierarchical" class="extiw" title="wikt:ahierarchical">ahierarchical</a> governance and social relations, based on their beliefs of the divine spirit universally within all people and humanity's absolute equality, had some anarchistic tendencies; such values must have influenced <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> the editor and publisher of the individualist anarchist periodical Liberty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993102–104_&_389-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock196243-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_anarchism">Early anarchism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early anarchism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments_of_the_18th_century">Developments of the 18th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Developments of the 18th century">edit</a>]</div> Modern anarchism grew from the secular and humanistic thought of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. The scientific discoveries that preceded the Enlightenment gave thinkers of the time confidence that humans can reason for themselves. When nature was tamed through science, society could be set free. The development of anarchism was strongly influenced by the works of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistic worldview</a> later resonated with anarchists, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, especially in his <a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a> and arguments for the moral centrality of freedom. Rousseau affirmed the goodness in the nature of men and viewed the state as fundamentally oppressive. <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Suppl%C3%A9ment_au_voyage_de_Bougainville" title="Supplément au voyage de Bougainville">Supplément au voyage de Bougainville</a> (The Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville) was also influential.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019307–310-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007102-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of the painting Storming of the Bastille" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/350px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/525px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/700px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8133" data-file-height="6181" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> inspired generations of anarchists</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> stands as a landmark in the history of anarchism. The use of revolutionary violence by masses would captivate anarchists of later centuries, with such events as the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> and the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> seen as the revolutionary archetype.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019311–312-41">[41]</a> Anarchists came to identify with the <a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> '"enraged ones"') who expressed the demands of the <a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">sans-culottes</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> '"without breeches"'; commoners) who opposed revolutionary government as a contradiction in terms. Denouncing the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin Club">Jacobin</a> dictatorship, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Varlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Varlet">Jean Varlet</a> wrote in 1794 that "government and revolution are incompatible, unless the people wish to set its constituted authorities in permanent insurrection against itself".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005xi–xiv-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019311-42">[42]</a> In his Manifeste des Égaux (Manifesto of the Equals) of 1801, <a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a> looked forward to the disappearance, once and for all, of "the revolting distinction between rich and poor, of great and small, of masters and valets, of governors and governed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005xi–xiv-10">[10]</a> The French Revolution came to depict in the minds of anarchists that as soon as rebels seize power they become the new tyrants, as evidenced by the state-orchestrated violence of the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>. The proto-anarchist groups of Enragés and sans-culottes were ultimately executed by guillotine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019313-43">[43]</a> The debate over the effects of the French Revolution on the anarchist cause continues to this day. To anarchist historian <a href="/wiki/Max_Nettlau" title="Max Nettlau">Max Nettlau</a>, the French revolution was a turning point in anarchistic thought, as it promoted the ideals of "<a href="/wiki/Liberty,_Fraternity,_and_Equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty, Fraternity, and Equality">Liberty, Fraternity, and Equality</a>". Yet he felt that the outcome did nothing more than re-shape and modernise the militaristic state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettlau199630–31-44">[44]</a> Russian revolutionary and anarchist thinker <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>, however, traced the origins of the anarchist movement further back, linking it to struggles against authority in feudal societies and earlier revolutionary traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993432-45">[45]</a> In a more moderate approach, independent scholar Sean Sheehan points out that the French Revolution proved that even the strongest political establishments can be overthrown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheehan200385–86-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamGodwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painted portrait of William Godwin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WilliamGodwin.jpg/220px-WilliamGodwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WilliamGodwin.jpg/330px-WilliamGodwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WilliamGodwin.jpg/440px-WilliamGodwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>, a founder of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">modern anarchist theory</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> in England was the first to develop an expression of <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_schools_of_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist schools of thought">modern anarchist thought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019308_&_310-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2001116-48">[48]</a> He is generally regarded as the founder of the school of thought known as <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">philosophical anarchism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019308-49">[49]</a> He argued in <a href="/wiki/Political_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Justice">Political Justice</a> (1793) that government has an inherently malevolent influence on society, and that it perpetuates dependency and ignorance. He thought the spread of the use of reason to the masses would eventually cause the government to wither away as an unnecessary force. Although he did not accord the state with moral legitimacy, he was against the use of revolutionary tactics for removing a government from power. Rather, he advocated for its replacement through a process of peaceful evolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip2006-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019310-51">[51]</a> His aversion to the imposition of a rules-based society led him to denounce, as a manifestation of the people's "mental enslavement", the foundations of law, <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a> and even the institution of marriage. He considered the basic foundations of society as constraining the natural development of individuals to use their powers of reasoning to arrive at a mutually beneficial method of social organisation. In each case, government and its institutions are shown to constrain the development of one's capacity to live wholly in accordance with the full and free exercise of private judgement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019310–311-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proudhon_and_Stirner">Proudhon and Stirner</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proudhon and Stirner">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proudhon_with_book_and_armrest_by_Nadar_%E2%80%93_BNF_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait photograph of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Proudhon_with_book_and_armrest_by_Nadar_%E2%80%93_BNF_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Proudhon_with_book_and_armrest_by_Nadar_%E2%80%93_BNF_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Proudhon_with_book_and_armrest_by_Nadar_%E2%80%93_BNF_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Proudhon_with_book_and_armrest_by_Nadar_%E2%80%93_BNF_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Proudhon_with_book_and_armrest_by_Nadar_%E2%80%93_BNF_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Proudhon_with_book_and_armrest_by_Nadar_%E2%80%93_BNF_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>, the first self-described anarchist and founder of <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a></figcaption></figure> Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> is regarded as the founder of modern anarchism, a label he adopted in his groundbreaking work <a href="/wiki/What_is_Property%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What is Property?">What is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right and Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Qu'est-ce que la propriété? Recherche sur le principe du droit et du gouvernement) published in 1840. In it he asks "What is property?", a question that he answers with the famous accusation "<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft">Property is theft</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth2019492-53">[53]</a> Proudhon's theory of <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a> rejects the state, capitalism, and communism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19937_&_239-54">[54]</a> It calls for a co-operative society in which the <a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">free associations</a> of individuals are linked in a decentralised federation based on a "Bank of the People" that supplies workers with <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)#Mutual_credit" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">free credit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19937-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019216-56">[56]</a> He contrasted this with what he called "possession", or limited ownership of resources and goods only while in more or less continuous use. Later, Proudhon also added that "Property is liberty" and argued that it was a bulwark against state power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards196933-57">[57]</a> Mutualists would later play an important role in the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a>, especially at the first two <a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congresses" class="mw-redirect" title="International Anarchist Congresses">Congresses</a> held in Geneva and Lausanne, but diminished in European influence with the rise of anarcho-communism. Instead, Mutualism would find fertile ground among <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">American individualists</a> in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019216-56">[56]</a> In Spain, <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_de_la_Sagra" title="Ramón de la Sagra">Ramón de la Sagra</a> established the anarchist journal El Porvenir in La Coruña in 1845 which was inspired by Proudhon's ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2018Anarchism_in_Spain-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalan</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Francesc Pi i Margall</a> became the principal translator of Proudhon's works into Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962357-59">[59]</a> He would later briefly become president of Spain in 1873 while leader of the Democratic Republican Federal Party,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962357-59">[59]</a> where he tried to implement some of Proudhon's ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2018Anarchism_in_Spain-58">[58]</a> An influential form of <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist anarchism</a> called egoism or <a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">egoist anarchism</a>, was expounded by one of the earliest and best-known proponents of individualist anarchism, German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodway200699-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold2015-61">[61]</a> Stirner's <a href="/wiki/The_Ego_and_Its_Own" title="The Ego and Its Own">The Ego and Its Own</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Der Einzige und sein Eigentum; also translated as The Individual and his Property or The Unique and His Property), published in 1844, is a founding text of the philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold2015-61">[61]</a> Stirner was critical of capitalism as it creates class warfare where the rich will exploit the poor, using the state as its tool.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019317-62">[62]</a> He also rejected religions, communism and liberalism, as all of them subordinate individuals to God, a collective, or the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019318-63">[63]</a> According to Stirner the only limitation on the rights of the individual is their power to obtain what they desire, without regard for God, state, or morality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1991article-64">[64]</a> He held that society does not exist, but "the individuals are its reality".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOssar198027-65">[65]</a> Stirner advocated self-assertion and foresaw <a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">unions of egoists</a>, non-systematic associations continually renewed by all parties' support through an act of will, which proposed as a form of organisation in place of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1985142-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993211,_229-67">[67]</a> Egoist anarchists claimed that egoism will foster genuine and spontaneous union between individuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson1972-68">[68]</a> Stirner was proposing an individual rebellion, which would not seek to establish new institutions nor anything resembling a state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019318-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutions_of_1848">Revolutions of 1848</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Revolutions of 1848">edit</a>]</div> Europe was shocked by another <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutionary wave in 1848</a> which started once again in Paris. The new government, consisting mostly of Jacobins, was backed by the working class but failed to implement meaningful reforms. <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> and Russian revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> were involved in the events of 1848. The failure of the revolution shaped Proudhon's views. He became convinced that a revolution should aim to destroy authority, not grasp power. He saw <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> as the root of social problems and government, using political tools only, as incapable of confronting the real issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019318–320-69">[69]</a> The course of events of 1848, radicalised Bakunin who, due to the failure of the revolutions, lost his confidence in any kind of reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019320–321-70">[70]</a> Other anarchists active in the 1848 Revolution in France include <a href="/wiki/Anselme_Bellegarrigue" title="Anselme Bellegarrigue">Anselme Bellegarrigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_C%C5%93urderoy" title="Ernest Cœurderoy">Ernest Coeurderoy</a> and the early anarcho-communist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a>, who was the first person to call himself a libertarian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993434-71">[71]</a> Unlike Proudhon, Déjacque argued that "it is not the product of his or her labour that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005-72">[72]</a> Déjacque was also a critic of Proudhon's mutualist theory and anti-feminist views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005xi–xiv-10">[10]</a> Returning to New York, he was able to serialise his book in his periodical Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement social.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993434–435-73">[73]</a> The French anarchist movement, though self-described as "mutualists", started gaining pace during 1860s as workers' associations began to form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993436-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_anarchism">Classical anarchism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Classical anarchism">edit</a>]</div> The decades of the late 19th and the early 20th centuries constitute the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%A9poque" class="mw-redirect" title="Belle époque">belle époque</a> of anarchist history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2004337–338-75">[75]</a> In this "classical" era, roughly defined as the period between the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> of 1871 and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> of 1936 to 1939<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1982441-76">[76]</a> (or the 1840s<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyNewman201912-77">[77]</a>/1860s<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20101-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiV7fCgAAQBAJpgPA5_5]-78">[78]</a> through 1939<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2004330-79">[79]</a>), anarchism played a prominent role in <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">working-class struggles</a> (alongside <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>) in Europe as well as in the Americas, Asia, and Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2004337–338-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoya2015327-80">[80]</a> Modernism, mass migration, railroads and access to printing all helped anarchists to advance their causes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoya2015331-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_International_and_Paris_Commune">First International and Paris Commune</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First International and Paris Commune">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakunin_Nadar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Mikhail Bakunin, who clashed with Karl Marx at the Hague Congress of 1872, resulting in a schism in the First International." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakunin_Nadar.jpg/220px-Bakunin_Nadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakunin_Nadar.jpg/330px-Bakunin_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakunin_Nadar.jpg/440px-Bakunin_Nadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, a leading <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivist anarchist">collectivist anarchist</a> who clashed with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress of 1872</a>, causing a schism in the <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993301–303-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200598-83">[83]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1864, the creation of the <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a> (IWA, also called the "First International") united diverse revolutionary currents - including socialist Marxists, trade unionists, communists and anarchists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019325–327-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForman20091755-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, a leading figure of the International, became a member of its General Council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2002312-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1985187-87">[87]</a> Four years later, in 1868, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> joined the First International with his <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivist anarchist">collectivist anarchist</a> associates. They advocated the <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivisation</a> of property and the revolutionary overthrow of the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993280Graham2019-88">[88]</a> Bakunin corresponded with other members of the International, seeking to establish a loose brotherhood of revolutionaries who would ensure that the coming revolution would not take an authoritarian course, in sharp contrast with other currents that were seeking to get a firm grasp on <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">state power</a>. Bakunin's energy and writings about a great variety of subjects, such as education and gender equality, helped to increase his influence within the IWA. His main line was that the International should try to promote a revolution without aiming to create a mere government of "experts". Workers should seek to emancipate their class with direct actions, using cooperatives, mutual credit, and strikes, but avoid participation in bourgeois politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019328–331-89">[89]</a> At first, the collectivists worked with the Marxists to push the First International in a more revolutionary socialist direction. Subsequently, the International became polarised into two camps, with Marx and Bakunin as their respective figureheads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2000140-90">[90]</a> Bakunin characterised Marx's ideas as <a href="/wiki/Centralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralism">centralist</a>. Because of this, he predicted that if a Marxist party came to power, its leaders would simply take the place of the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a> they had fought against.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakunin1991Goldman2003xxAvrich1970137–128Marshall1993477MbahIgariwey199722–23-91">[91]</a> Followers of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, the mutualists, also opposed Marx's <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>, advocating political <a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">abstentionism</a> and small property holdings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2002312-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1985187-87">[87]</a> Meanwhile, an uprising after the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870 to 1871 led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> in March 1871. Anarchists had a prominent role in the Commune,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> next to <a href="/wiki/Blanquist" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanquist">Blanquists</a> and - to a lesser extent - Marxists. The uprising was greatly influenced by anarchists and had a great impact on anarchist history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962288–290-93">[93]</a> Radical socialist views, like Proudhonian federalism, were implemented to a small extent. Most importantly, the workers proved they could run their own services and factories. After the defeat of the Commune, anarchists like <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Varlin" title="Eugène Varlin">Eugène Varlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Élisée Reclus</a> were shot or imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993435-94">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> persecuted socialist supporters for a decade. Leading members of the International who survived the bloody suppression of the Commune fled to Switzerland, where the <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_St._Imier_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist St. Imier International">Anarchist St. Imier International</a> would form in 1872.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962288–290-93">[93]</a> In 1872, the conflict between Marxists and anarchists climaxed. Marx had, since 1871, proposed the creation of a political party, which anarchists found to be an appalling and unacceptable prospect. Various groups (including Italian sections, the Belgian Federation and the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Federation" title="Jura Federation">Jura Federation</a>) rejected Marx's proposition at the <a href="/wiki/1872_Hague_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="1872 Hague Congress">1872 Hague Congress</a>. They saw it as an attempt to create state socialism that would ultimately fail to emancipate humanity. In contrast, they proposed political struggle through social revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019334–335-95">[95]</a> Finally, anarchists were expelled from the First International. In response, the federalist sections formed their own International at the <a href="/wiki/St._Imier_Congress" title="St. Imier Congress">St. Imier Congress</a>, adopting a revolutionary anarchist programme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_anarcho-communism">Emergence of anarcho-communism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Emergence of anarcho-communism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photographic portrait of Peter Kropotkin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg/220px-Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg/330px-Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg/440px-Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>, a prominent anarcho-communist thinker who aimed to ground anarchism in scientific theory<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007158–59-96">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a> developed out of radical socialist currents after the 1789 French Revolution but was first formulated as such in the Italian section of the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005"Chapter_41:_The_"Anarchists"-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPernicone2016111–113-98">[98]</a> It was the convincing critique of <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cafiero" title="Carlo Cafiero">Carlo Cafiero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a> that paved the way for anarcho-communism to surpass collectivism; they argued that collectivism would inevitably end in competition and inequality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurcato2019238-99">[99]</a> Essayist Alain Pengam comments that between 1880 and 1890 the perspective of a revolution was thought to be closed. Anarcho-communists had anti-organisational tendencies, opposed political and trade-union struggles (such as the eight-hour day) as being overly reformist, and in some cases favoured acts of terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPengam198760–82-100">[100]</a> Finding themselves increasingly isolated, they opted to join the workers' movements after 1890.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPengam198760–82-100">[100]</a> With the aid of Peter Kropotkin's optimism and persuasive writing, anarcho-communism became the major anarchist current in Europe and abroad—except in Spain where anarcho-syndicalism prevailed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurcato2019239-101">[101]</a> The theoretical work of Kropotkin and Errico Malatesta grew in importance later as it expanded and developed pro-organisationalist and <a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">insurrectionary anti-organisationalist</a> sections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPengam198760–82-100">[100]</a> Kropotkin elaborated on the theory behind the revolution of anarcho-communism saying, "it is the risen people who are the real agent and not the working class organised in the enterprise (the cells of the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a>) and seeking to assert itself as labour power, as a more 'rational' industrial body or social brain (manager) than the employers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPengam198760–82-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organised_labour_and_syndicalism">Organised labour and syndicalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Organised labour and syndicalism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChicagoAnarchists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An engraving by Walter Crane of the Chicago anarchists executed following the Haymarket affair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ChicagoAnarchists.jpg/220px-ChicagoAnarchists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ChicagoAnarchists.jpg/330px-ChicagoAnarchists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ChicagoAnarchists.jpg/440px-ChicagoAnarchists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption> A sympathetic engraving by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Crane" title="Walter Crane">Walter Crane</a> of the Chicago anarchists executed following the <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a>, a highly significant event for international <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> observances</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg/220px-HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg/330px-HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg/440px-HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>Artistic depiction of Haymarket Affair</figcaption></figure> Due to a high influx of European immigrants, Chicago was the centre of the American anarchist movement during the 19th century. On <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">1 May</a> 1886, a general strike was called in several United States cities with the demand of an <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour work day</a>, and anarchists allied themselves with the workers' movement despite seeing the objective as <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993498–499-102">[102]</a> On May 3, a fight broke out in Chicago when <a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">strikebreakers</a> attempted to cross the <a href="/wiki/Picket_line" title="Picket line">picket line</a>. Two workers died when police opened fire on the crowd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1984190-103">[103]</a> The next day anarchists staged a rally at Chicago's Haymarket Square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1984193-104">[104]</a> A bomb was thrown from a side alley.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In the ensuing panic, police opened fire on the crowd and each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1984209-106">[106]</a> Seven police officers and at least four workers were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer2019357-107">[107]</a> Eight anarchists, directly and indirectly related to the organisers of the rally, were arrested and charged with the murder of the deceased officers. They became international political celebrities in the labour movement. Four of the men were executed and a fifth committed suicide before his execution. The incident became known as the <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a> and was a setback for the movement and the struggle for the eight-hour day. In 1890 a second attempt, this time international in scope, to organise for the eight-hour day was made. It had the secondary purpose of memorialising those workers killed as a result of the Haymarket affair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner198642-108">[108]</a> Although it had initially been conceived as a one-off event, by the following year the commemoration of International Workers' Day on <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> had become firmly established as an international workers' holiday.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner198656-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a> saw its heights from 1894 to 1914, with roots reaching back to 19th century labour movements and the <a href="/wiki/Trade_unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unionist">trade unionists</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19939-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993280,_441-111">[111]</a> Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalism</a>'s main tenet that economic struggles come before political ones can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>, and was the same issue that led to the schism of the First International.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993236-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993264-113">[113]</a> Anarcho-syndicalists advocated that <a href="/wiki/Labour_syndicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour syndicate">labour syndicates</a> should focus not only on the conditions and wages of workers but also on revolutionary objectives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19939-110">[110]</a> The French <a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Travail" class="mw-redirect" title="Confédération Générale du Travail">Confédération Générale du Travail</a> (General Confederation of Labour) was one of Europe's most prominent syndicalist organisations and, while rejecting <a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">illegalism</a>, was heavily influenced by anarchism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993441–442-114">[114]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> organisation and lab for revolutionary ideas, its structure was exported to other like-minded European organisations. The organisation would later take a reformist path after 1914.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993441–443-115">[115]</a> In 1907, the <a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam</a> gathered delegates from most European countries, the United States, Japan and Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962266-116">[116]</a> A central debate concerned the relation between anarchism and trade unionism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005206-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Monatte" title="Pierre Monatte">Pierre Monatte</a> strongly disagreed on this issue. Monatte thought that syndicalism was revolutionary and would create the conditions for a <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>, while Malatesta did not consider syndicalism by itself sufficient.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993444-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005206–208-119">[119]</a> He thought the trade-union movement was reformist and even conservative, citing the phenomenon of professional union officials as essentially bourgeois and anti-worker. Malatesta warned that the syndicalist aims were of perpetuating syndicalism itself, whereas anarchists must always have anarchy as their end goal and consequently must refrain from committing to any particular method of achieving it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200289-120">[120]</a> In Spain, syndicalism had grown significantly during the 1880s but the first anarchist related organisations didn't flourish. In 1910 however, the <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Confederación Nacional del Trabajo</a> (National Confederation of Labour or CNT) was founded and gradually became entwined with anarchism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer2019358-121">[121]</a> The CNT was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/IWA%E2%80%93AIT" title="IWA–AIT">International Workers' Association</a>, a federation of anarcho-syndicalist trade unions founded in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962375-122">[122]</a> The success of the CNT stimulated the spread of anarcho-syndicalism in Latin America. The <a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Obrera_Regional_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Obrera Regional Argentina">Federación Obrera Regional Argentina</a> (Argentine Regional Workers' Federation) reached a quarter of a million members, surpassing social democratic unions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962426-123">[123]</a> By the early 20th century, revolutionary syndicalism had spread across the world, from Latin America to Eastern Europe and Asia, with most of its activity then taking place outside of Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidtvan_der_Walt2009-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propaganda_of_the_deed">Propaganda of the deed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Propaganda of the deed">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_Gallean2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Italian-American anarchist Luigi Galleani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Luigi_Gallean2.jpg/180px-Luigi_Gallean2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Luigi_Gallean2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Italian-American anarchist <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galleani" title="Luigi Galleani">Luigi Galleani</a> whose followers, known as <a href="/wiki/Galleanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleanists">Galleanists</a>, carried out a series of bombings and assassination attempts from 1914 to 1932 in what they saw as attacks on tyrants and <a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemies of the people">enemies of the people</a></figcaption></figure> The use of revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a>, known as propaganda of the deed, was employed by a small but influential part of the anarchist movement over a roughly four decade period, beginning in the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBantman2019371–372-125">[125]</a> It was conceived as a form of insurrectionary action used to provoke and inspire the masses to revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019338-126">[126]</a> This was at a time when anarchists were persecuted and revolutionaries were becoming more isolated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962315-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019340-128">[128]</a> The dismemberment of the French <a href="/wiki/Socialist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist movement">socialist movement</a> and, following the suppression of the 1871 Paris Commune, the execution or the exile of many <a href="/wiki/Communards" title="Communards">communards</a> to <a href="/wiki/Penal_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal colonies">penal colonies</a> favoured individualist political expression and acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2004-129">[129]</a> But the prime factor in the rise of propaganda of the deed, as historian Constance Bantman outlines, was the writings of Russian revolutionaries between 1869 and 1891, namely of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Nechaev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Nechaev">Sergei Nechaev</a> who developed significant insurrectionary strategies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBantman2019373-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brousse" title="Paul Brousse">Paul Brousse</a>, a medical doctor and active militant of violent insurrection, popularised the actions of propaganda of the deed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005150-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993436-74">[74]</a> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Johann Most</a> advocated publicising violent acts of retaliation against counter-revolutionaries because "we preach not only action in and for itself, but also action as propaganda".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993415-132">[132]</a> Russian anarchist-communists employed terrorism and illegal acts in their struggle.&#39;''_(IWMA)_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPengam1987''The_Reformulation_of_Communist_Anarchism_in_the_'International_Working_Men's_Association<span_class="nowrap"_style="padding-left:0.1em;">&#39;''_(IWMA)-133">[133]</a> Numerous heads of state were assassinated or attacked by members of the anarchist movement.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In 1901, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish-American</a> anarchist <a href="/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz" title="Leon Czolgosz">Leon Czolgosz</a> assassinated the president of the United States, <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a>, who was erroneously suspected of being involved, expressed some sympathy for Czolgosz and incurred a great deal of negative publicity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993398-135">[135]</a> Goldman also supported <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a> in his failed assassination attempt of steel industrialist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick" title="Henry Clay Frick">Henry Frick</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead Strike</a>, and she wrote about how these small acts of violence were incomparable to the deluge of violence regularly committed by the state and capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993404-136">[136]</a> In Europe, a wave of <a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">illegalism</a> (the embracement of a criminal way of life) spread throughout the anarchist movement, with <a href="/wiki/Marius_Jacob" title="Marius Jacob">Marius Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravachol" title="Ravachol">Ravachol</a>, intellectual <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Henry_(anarchist)" title="Émile Henry (anarchist)">Émile Henry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bonnot_Gang" title="Bonnot Gang">Bonnot Gang</a> being notable examples. The Bonnot Gang in particular justified illegal and violent behavior by claiming that they were "taking back" property that did not rightfully belong to capitalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962316-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993439-138">[138]</a> In Russia, <a href="/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya" title="Narodnaya Volya">Narodnaya Volya</a> ("People's Will" which was not an anarchist organisation but nevertheless drew inspiration from Bakunin's work), assassinated <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Tsar Alexander II</a> in 1881 and gained some popular support. However, for the most part, the anarchist movement in Russia remained marginal in the following years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993470-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvianski198849-140">[140]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boatmen_of_Thessaloniki" title="Boatmen of Thessaloniki">Boatmen of Thessaloniki</a> were a Bulgarian anarchist revolutionary organisation active 1898-1903. As early as 1887, important figures in the anarchist movement distanced themselves from both illegalism and propaganda of the deed. Peter Kropotkin, for example, wrote in Le Révolté that "a structure based on centuries of history cannot be destroyed with a few kilos of dynamite".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington1999417-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993633-142">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/State_repression" class="mw-redirect" title="State repression">State repression</a> of the anarchist and <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movements</a>, including the infamous 1894 French <a href="/wiki/Lois_sc%C3%A9l%C3%A9rates" title="Lois scélérates">lois scélérates</a> ("villainous laws"), following a number of successful bombings and assassinations may have contributed to the abandonment of these kinds of tactics, although state repression may have played an equal role in their adoption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2004-129">[129]</a> Early proponents of propaganda of the deed, like Alexander Berkman, started to question the legitimacy of violence as a tactic. A variety of anarchists advocated the abandonment of these sorts of tactics in favour of collective revolutionary action through the trade union movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993411_and_635-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005193–196-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock196215-145">[145]</a> By the end of the 19th century, it became clear that propaganda of the deed was not going to spark a revolution. Though it was employed by only a minority of anarchists, it gave anarchism a violent reputation and it isolated anarchists from broader social movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993633–634-146">[146]</a> It was abandoned by the majority of the anarchist movement in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993634–636-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_wave">Revolutionary wave</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Revolutionary wave">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:188px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1921._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1921._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/123px-1921._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1921._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/185px-1921._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1921._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/246px-1921._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="660" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:113px;max-width:113px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:188px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Magon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Magon.png/111px-Magon.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Magon.png/167px-Magon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Magon.png/222px-Magon.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2720" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a> of Ukraine (left) and <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Ricardo Flores Magón</a> of Mexico (right), prominent anarchist revolutionaries of the 20th century</div></div></div></div> Anarchists were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Strandzha_Commune" title="Strandzha Commune">Strandzha Commune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krusevo_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Krusevo Republic">Krusevo Republic</a> established in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a> of 1903, and in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> of 1910. The <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">revolutionary wave of 1917–23</a> saw varying degrees of active participation by anarchists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993470-139">[139]</a> Following the failed <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a>, anarchists participated again in both the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a> and <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October revolutions</a> of 1917 and were initially enthusiastic about the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirlik1991-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2019423-149">[149]</a> Prior to the revolution, <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> had won over anarchists and syndicalists with high praises in his 1917 work <a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993471–472-150">[150]</a> However, anarchist objections quickly arose. They opposed, for example, the slogan, "All power to the Soviet".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993471–472-150">[150]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> was incompatible with the libertarian views of the anarchists, and co-operation shortly ended as the Bolsheviks soon turned against anarchists and other left-wing opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993471-151">[151]</a> After their grasp on power was stabilized, the Bolsheviks crushed the anarchists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993472–473-152">[152]</a> Anarchists in central Russia were either imprisoned, driven underground, or joined the victorious Bolsheviks. Anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich2006204-153">[153]</a> There, the <a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a> established an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">autonomous region</a> of four hundred square miles with a population of approximately seven million. Anarchists who had fought in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> at first against the anti-Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> now also fought the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army" title="Ukrainian People's Army">Ukrainian People's Army</a>, and the German and Austrian forces who fought under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993473-154">[154]</a> This conflict culminated in the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a>, a garrison in <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a> where <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a> sailors and citizens made demands for reforms. The new government suppressed the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich2006204-153">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a>, continued to fight until August 1921 when it was crushed by the state only months after the Kronstadt rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993475-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2019426-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a>, who had been deported from the U.S. in 1917, were amongst those agitating in response to Bolshevik policy and the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising. Both wrote accounts of their experiences in Russia, criticising the amount of state control the Bolsheviks exercised. For them, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>'s predictions on the consequences of Marxist rule, that the leaders of the new socialist state would become the new ruling class, had proven true.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakunin1991Goldman2003xxAvrich1970137–128Marshall1993477MbahIgariwey199722–23-91">[91]</a> In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> published a Message to the Workers of the West explaining the false path of state socialism was doomed to fail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993476-157">[157]</a> Disappointed with the course of events, Goldman and Berkman fled the USSR in 1921, the same year Kropotkin died. By 1925, anarchism was banned under the Bolshevik regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993477-158">[158]</a> The victory of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution and the resulting Russian Civil War did serious damage to anarchist movements internationally. Many workers and activists saw the Bolsheviks' success as setting an example, and <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist parties</a> grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements. In France and the United States, for example, members of the major syndicalist movements of the <a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Travail" class="mw-redirect" title="Confédération Générale du Travail">Confédération Générale du Travail</a> (General Confederation of Labour) and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> left these organisations to join the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196688-159">[159]</a> From the collapse of anarchism in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, two anarchist trends arose. The first, <a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">platformism</a>, was propagated in the anarchist journal <a href="/wiki/Dielo_Truda" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielo Truda">Dielo Truda</a> by a group of Russian exiles, including Nestor Makhno. Their main objective, as proponent Piotr Arsinov wrote, was to create a non-hierarchical party that would offer "common organisation of our forces on a basis of collective responsibility and collective methods of action".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2002122–123-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993477-158">[158]</a> They considered that a lack of organisation was a basic reason of why anarchism had failed. Platformism had the purpose of providing a strategy for class struggle, as Bakunin and Kropotkin had suggested before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2002123–124-161">[161]</a> The other trend emerged as an organisational alternative to platformism, since it had similarities to party structure. Anarchist intellectual <a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a> was one of the most notable opponents of platformism, and he pointed toward to what is today known as <a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">synthesis anarchism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2002123-162">[162]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a>, anarchists <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Gustav Landauer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam" title="Erich Mühsam">Erich Mühsam</a> took important leadership positions within the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">councilist</a> structures of the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993482-163">[163]</a> In Italy, the syndicalist trade union <a href="/wiki/Unione_Sindacale_Italiana" title="Unione Sindacale Italiana">Unione Sindacale Italiana</a> (Italian Syndicalist Union), had half a million members. It played a prominent role in events known as the <a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a> ("Two Red Years") and <a href="/wiki/Red_Week_(Italy)" title="Red Week (Italy)">Settimana Rossa</a> ("Red Week"). In the latter, the monarchy was almost overthrown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993450-164">[164]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Liberal_Party" title="Mexican Liberal Party">Mexican Liberal Party</a> was established and during the early 1910s it conducted a series of military offensives, leading to the conquest and occupation of certain towns and districts in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>. Under the leadership of anarcho-communist <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Ricardo Flores Magón</a>, its slogan was Tierra y Libertad (<a href="/wiki/%C2%A1Tierra_y_Libertad!" class="mw-redirect" title="¡Tierra y Libertad!">'Land and Liberty'</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993510–511-165">[165]</a> Magón's journal <a href="/wiki/Regeneraci%C3%B3n" title="Regeneración">Regeneración</a> ('Regeneration') had a significant circulation, and he helped urban workers turn to anarcho-syndicalism. He also influenced the <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Zapata</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962427-166">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Ferdinando Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrectionary anarchist">insurrectionary anarchists</a> and Italian migrants to the United States, were convicted of involvement in an <a href="/wiki/Armed_robbery" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed robbery">armed robbery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murders</a> of two people in 1920. After a controversial trial and a series of appeals they were sentenced to death and executed on 23 August 1927.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993501-167">[167]</a> Following their deaths, critical opinion overwhelmingly held that the two men were convicted largely because of their anarchist political beliefs and were <a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">unjustly executed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1960v-168">[168]</a> After the Sacco and Vanzetti case, and despite worldwide protests and mainstream media headlines, the anarchist movement faded in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993501-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962467-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_fascism">Rise of fascism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rise of fascism">edit</a>]</div> Italy saw the first struggles between anarchists and fascists. <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italian anarchists</a> played a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> organisation <a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a> (The People's Daring Ones or AdP), which was strongest in areas with anarchist traditions. They achieved some success in their activism, such as repelling <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a> in the anarchist stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a> in August 1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolborow2002-170">[170]</a> AdP saw growth after the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Pacification" title="Pact of Pacification">pacification pact</a> with the fascists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugliese200455–56-171">[171]</a> AdP consisted of militant proletarians, anarchists, communists and even socialists. It numbered twenty-thousand members in 144 sections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugliese200455–58-172">[172]</a> The veteran Italian anarchist, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Fabbri" title="Luigi Fabbri">Luigi Fabbri</a>, was one of the first critical theorists of fascism, describing it as "the preventive counter-revolution".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005408-173">[173]</a> Italian anarchists <a href="/wiki/Gino_Lucetti" title="Gino Lucetti">Gino Lucetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anteo_Zamboni" class="mw-redirect" title="Anteo Zamboni">Anteo Zamboni</a> narrowly failed an assassination attempt against <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>. Italian anarchists formed various partisan groups during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodway201373–74-174">[174]</a> In France, where the <a href="/wiki/Far-right_leagues" title="Far-right leagues">far-right leagues</a> came close to insurrection in the <a href="/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis" title="6 February 1934 crisis">February 1934 riots</a>, anarchists divided over a <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a> policy. One tendency was for the creation of a pack with political parties while others objected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry199952–54-175">[175]</a> In Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Confederación Nacional del Trabajo</a> (National Confederation of Labour or CNT) initially refused to join a popular front electoral alliance. Abstention by their supporters led to a right-wing election victory. In 1936, the CNT changed its policy and anarchist votes helped bring the popular front back to power. Months later, the former ruling class responded with an attempted coup causing the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200646-176">[176]</a> In response to the army rebellion, an <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">anarchist-inspired</a> movement of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and large areas of rural Spain where they <a href="/wiki/Collectivised" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivised">collectivised</a> the land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolloten19841107-177">[177]</a> However, even before the fascist victory in 1939, the anarchists were losing ground in a bitter struggle with the <a href="/wiki/Stalinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinists">Stalinists</a>, who controlled the distribution of military aid to the Republican cause from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Stalinist-led troops suppressed the collectives and persecuted both <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Marxist_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Party of Marxist Unification">dissident Marxists</a> and anarchists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirchall200429-178">[178]</a> In Germany, the Nazis crushed anarchism upon seizing power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993482-163">[163]</a> Apart from Spain, nowhere else could the anarchist movement provide a solid resistance to various fascist regimes throughout Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962473-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Revolution">Spanish Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spanish Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_September_1936.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Spain depicting the areas of Nationalist/Franco control along its west and Republican (communist/anarchist) control along its east" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_September_1936.png/220px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_September_1936.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_September_1936.png/330px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_September_1936.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_September_1936.png/440px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_September_1936.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Map of Spain in September 1936 with republican/anarchist control depicted in purple</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a> was the first and only time that <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a> became an imminent reality. It stood on the ground of a strong anarchist movement in Spain that dated back to the 19th century. Anarchist groups enjoyed broad social support particularly in Barcelona, Aragon, Andalusia, Levante. Anarchism in Spain leaned towards <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalism</a> and this yielded to the formation of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019429–430-180">[180]</a> The CNT declared that its aim was a libertarian communist society and was organising strikes all over Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993455-181">[181]</a> The Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI) was founded later to keep CNT on a pure anarchist path amidst dictator <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a>'s crackdown on labour movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019429–430-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993458-182">[182]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> was pronounced in 1931 and brought to power a Republican–Socialist alliance. But instead of the high hopes of the CNT (mostly among gradualists) and others, the repression of the labour movement continued. FAI gained more control of CNT.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019430-183">[183]</a> In 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> (an electoral alliance dominated by left-wingers) won the elections and months later the former ruling class responded with an attempted coup causing the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200646-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019430–431-184">[184]</a> In response to the army rebellion, an anarchist-inspired movement of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of urban and large areas of rural Spain where they <a href="/wiki/Collectivised" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivised">collectivised</a> the land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolloten198454-185">[185]</a> Barcelona was the site of the most dramatic change, as workers broke bourgeois habits and even gender hierarchies. Newly formed <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-feminist">anarcho-feminist</a> group <a href="/wiki/Mujeres_Libres" title="Mujeres Libres">Mujeres Libres</a> (Free Women) had an active role in the social transformation in Barcelona. This rebellious culture impressed visitors such as <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>. Enterprises and farms were collectivised, and working conditions improved drastically. In rural Aragon money was abolished and the economy was collectivised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019433–435-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993461-187">[187]</a> Villages were run by popular assemblies in a direct democratic fashion, without coercing individuals to join.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993462-188">[188]</a> Anarchist militia columns, fighting without martial discipline or military rank, despite shortages in military materials, made significant gains at the war front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019436-189">[189]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durruti-portrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Durruti-portrait.png/168px-Durruti-portrait.png" decoding="async" width="168" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Durruti-portrait.png/252px-Durruti-portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Durruti-portrait.png/336px-Durruti-portrait.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>Anarchist <a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Buenaventura Durruti</a> was renowned for his actions in the Spanish Revolution</figcaption></figure>Anarchists of CNT-FAI faced a major dilemma after the coup had failed in July 1936: either continue their fight against the state or join the anti-fascist left-wing parties and form a government. They opted for the latter and by November 1936, four members of CNT-FAI became ministers in the government of the former trade unionist <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a>. This was justified by CNT-FAI as a historical necessity since war was being waged, but other prominent anarchists disagreed, both on principle and as a tactical move.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019438–439-190">[190]</a> In November 1936 the prominent anarcho-feminist <a href="/wiki/Federica_Montseny" title="Federica Montseny">Federica Montseny</a> was installed as minister of Health—the first woman in Spanish history to become a cabinet minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001458-191">[191]</a> During the course of the events of the Spanish Revolution, anarchists were losing ground in a bitter struggle with the <a href="/wiki/Stalinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinists">Stalinists</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Communist_Party" title="Spanish Communist Party">Spanish Communist Party</a>, who controlled the distribution of military aid to the Republicans received from the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993466-192">[192]</a> Stalinist-led troops suppressed the collectives and persecuted both dissident Marxists and anarchists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirchall200429-178">[178]</a> The fight among anarchists and communists escalated during the <a href="/wiki/May_Days" title="May Days">May Days</a>, as the Soviet Union sought to control the Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993466-192">[192]</a> The 1939 defeat of <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican Spain</a> marked the end of anarchism's classical period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019441-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinnaPrichard2009271-194">[194]</a> In light of continual anarchist defeats, one can argue about the naivety of 19th-century anarchist thinking—the establishment of state and capitalism was too strong to be destroyed. According to political philosophy professor <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kinna" title="Ruth Kinna">Ruth Kinna</a> and lecturer Alex Prichard, it is uncertain whether these defeats were the result of a functional error within the anarchist theories, as <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> intellectuals suggested some decades later, or the social context that prevented the anarchists from fulfilling their ambitions. What is certain, though, is that their critique of state and capitalism ultimately proved right, as the world was marching towards totalitarianism and fascism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinnaPrichard2009272–273-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchism_in_the_colonial_world">Anarchism in the colonial world</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Anarchism in the colonial world">edit</a>]</div> As empires and capitalism were expanding at the turn of the century, so was anarchism which soon flourished in Latin America, East Asia, South Africa and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201018–19-196">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-exhibiciones-ciudad-libertaria-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of an anarchist demonstration in Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/F-exhibiciones-ciudad-libertaria-9.jpg/300px-F-exhibiciones-ciudad-libertaria-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/F-exhibiciones-ciudad-libertaria-9.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption> Anarchist demonstration in Argentina, around 1900</figcaption></figure> Anarchism found fertile ground in Asia and was the most vibrant ideology among other socialist currents during the first decades of 20th century. The works of European philosophers, especially Kropotkin's, were popular among revolutionary youth. Intellectuals tried to link anarchism to earlier philosophical currents in Asia, like Taoism, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">neo-Confucianism</a>. But the factor that contributed most to the rise of anarchism was industrialisation and the new capitalistic era that eastern Asia was entering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirlik2010134–135-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201019-198">[198]</a> Young Chinese anarchists in the early days of the 20th century voiced the cause of revolutionary anarcho-communism along with humanism, belief in science and universalism in the journal Hsin Shih-chi. Anarchism was growing in influence until the mid-1920s when Bolshevik successes seemed to indicate the way to communism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993519–523-199">[199]</a> Likewise in Japan, anarcho-communists such as <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku Shūsui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osugi_Sakae" class="mw-redirect" title="Osugi Sakae">Osugi Sakae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatta_Shuzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatta Shuzo">Hatta Shuzo</a> were inspired by the works of westerners philosophers and opposed capitalism and the state. Shuzo created the school of "pure anarchism". Because of the industrial growth, anarcho-syndicalism also arose for a brief period, before communists prevailed among workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993523–525-200">[200]</a> Tokyo had been a hotspot for anarchist and revolutionary ideas which were circulating among Vietnamese, Korean and Chinese students who travelled to Japan to study. Socialists by then were enthusiastically supporting the idea of "social revolution" and anarchists were in full support of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirlik2010133-201">[201]</a> In Korea, anarchism took a different course. Korea was under <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese rule</a> from 1910 to 1945 and in the early phases of that period, anarchists took part in national resistance, forming an anarchist zone in <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Association_in_Manchuria" title="Korean People's Association in Manchuria">Shinmin Manchuria</a> from 1928 to 1931. <a href="/wiki/Kim_Chwa-chin" title="Kim Chwa-chin">Kim Chwa-chin</a> was a prominent figure of the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201023-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993527–528-203">[203]</a> In India, anarchism did not thrive, partly because of its reputation for being violent. The fragile anarchist movement developed in India was more non-statist, rather than <a href="/wiki/Anti-statist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-statist">anti-statist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993528-204">[204]</a> Anarchism travelled to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> along with other radical secular ideas in the cosmopolitan <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Under the spell of Errico Malatesta, a group of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egyptian anarchists</a> imported anarchism to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. It was in a transitional stage during that era, as industrialisation and urbanisation were transforming Egypt. Anarchist activity was spread along with other radical secular ideas within the Islamic Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201019-198">[198]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a>, anarchism appeared from within the continent. A large part of African society, mainly rural, was founded on <a href="/wiki/African_communalism" title="African communalism">African communalism</a> which was mostly <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a>. It had some anarchist elements, without class divisions, formal hierarchies and access to the means of production by all members of the localities. African Communalism was far from being an ideal anarchist society. Gender privileges were apparent, feudalism and slavery did exist in a few areas but not on a mass scale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMbahIgariwey199728–29_&_33-205">[205]</a> Anarchism travelled to Latin America through European immigrants. The most impressive presence was in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santos, São Paulo">Santos</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> as well saw the growth of anarchist pockets. Anarchists had a much larger impact on trade unions than their authoritarian left counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201023-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaursen2019157-206">[206]</a> In Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil, a strong anarcho-syndicalist current was formed—partly because of the rapid industrialisation of these countries. In 1905, anarchists took control of the Argentine Regional Workers' Federation (FORA) in Argentina, overshadowing social democrats. Likewise, in Uruguay, FORU was created by anarchists in 1905. These syndicates organised a series of general strikes in the following years. After this the success of the Bolsheviks, anarchism gradually declined in these three countries which had been the strongholds of anarchism in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993504–508-207">[207]</a> It is worth noting that the notion of imported anarchism in Latin America has been challenged, as slave rebellions appeared in Latin America before the arrival of European anarchists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaursen2019157–58-208">[208]</a> Anarchists became involved in the anti-colonial national-independence struggles of the early 20th century. Anarchism inspired anti-authoritarian and egalitarian ideals among national independence movements, challenging the nationalistic tendencies of many national liberation movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaursen2019162-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Individualist_anarchism">Individualist anarchism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Individualist anarchism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In the United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Henry David Thoreau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg/170px-Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg/255px-Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg/340px-Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="3027" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, a prominent figure of early American individualism</figcaption></figure> American anarchism has its roots in religious groups that fled Europe to escape <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">religious persecution</a> during the 17th century. It sprouted towards individual anarchism as distrust of government was widespread in North America during the next centuries. In sharp contrast with their European counterparts, according to the scholar Marshall, American anarchism was leaning towards individualism and was mainly pro-capitalist, hence described as <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-wing libertarianism</a>; however Marshall later stated that capitalism and anarchism are incompatible and American anarchists like Tucker and Spooner were left libertarians.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> The scholar Martin stated the American anarchists were <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualist</a> anarchists in support of the <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labor theory of value</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> American anarchist justified private property as the safeguard of personal autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993496–497-212">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> was an important early influence on individualist anarchist thought in the United States in the mid 19th century. He was skeptical towards government—in his work <a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a> he declared that "That government is best which governs least". He has frequently been cited as an anarcho-individualist, even though he was never rebellious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiala2013Emerson_and_Thoreau_on_Anarchy_and_Civil_Disobedience-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiala2017-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a> was, at the late 19th century, a prominent advocate of a variant of mutualism called equitable commerce, a fair trade system where the price of a product is based on labor effort instead of the cost of manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019220-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993499-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>, also influenced by Proudhon, was the editor of the prominent anarchist journal Liberty and a proponent of individualism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019220–222-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993499-215">[215]</a> In the shade of individualism, there was also anarcho-Christianism as well as some socialist pockets, especially in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993498-217">[217]</a> It was after Chicago's bloody protests in 1886 when the anarchist movement became known nationwide. But anarchism quickly declined when it was associated with terrorist violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993499-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019222-218">[218]</a> An important concern for American individualist anarchism was <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a>. Free love particularly stressed <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> since most sexual laws discriminated against women, for example, marriage laws and <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">anti-birth control measures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyley2019232-219">[219]</a> Openly bisexual radical <a href="/wiki/Edna_St._Vincent_Millay" title="Edna St. Vincent Millay">Edna St. Vincent Millay</a> and lesbian anarchist <a href="/wiki/Margaret_C._Anderson" title="Margaret C. Anderson">Margaret Anderson</a> were prominent among them. Discussion groups organised by the Villagers were frequented by <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz1976-220">[220]</a> A heated debate among American individualist anarchists of that era was the natural rights versus egoistic approaches. Proponents of naturals rights claimed that without them brutality would prevail, while egoists were proposing that there is no such right, it only restricted the individual. Benjamin Tucker, who tried to determine a scientific base for moral right or wrong, ultimately sided with the latter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElroy200352–56-221">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Modern_School_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern School (United States)">Modern Schools</a>, also called Ferrer Schools, were schools established in the United States in the early 20th century. They were modelled after the <a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a> of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Francisco Ferrer</a>, the Catalan educator and anarchist. They were an important part of the anarchist, <a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">free schooling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>, and labour movements in the United States intending to educate the working classes from a <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Class-conscious" class="mw-redirect" title="Class-conscious">class-conscious</a> perspective. The Modern Schools imparted daytime academic classes for children and nighttime continuing-education lectures for adults. The first and most notable of the Modern Schools was opened in New York City in 1911. Commonly called the Ferrer Center, it was founded by notable anarchists—including <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Dalton_Abbott" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Dalton Abbott">Leonard Abbott</a>, Alexander Berkman, <a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Voltairine de Cleyre</a> and Emma Goldman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich2005212-222">[222]</a> The school used <a href="/wiki/Montessori" class="mw-redirect" title="Montessori">Montessori methods and equipment</a>, and emphasised academic freedom rather than fixed subjects, such as spelling and arithmetic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich2005230-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Europe_and_the_arts">In Europe and the arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In Europe and the arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_metmuseum_Camille_Pissarro_French.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/WLA_metmuseum_Camille_Pissarro_French.jpg/240px-WLA_metmuseum_Camille_Pissarro_French.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/WLA_metmuseum_Camille_Pissarro_French.jpg/360px-WLA_metmuseum_Camille_Pissarro_French.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/WLA_metmuseum_Camille_Pissarro_French.jpg/480px-WLA_metmuseum_Camille_Pissarro_French.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="3049" /></a><figcaption> Anarchism's social theory paralleled neo-impressionist aesthetics (Pissarro's The Garden of the Tuileries on a Spring Morning pictured). Both currents favoured the harmonious blending of nature, physical laws, science and society as a synthesis of ideals and reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoslak1991381-83-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2004-225">[225]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/European_individualist_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="European individualist anarchism">European individualist anarchism</a> proceeded from the roots laid by <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock196220-226">[226]</a> Many artists, poets and writers interested in freedom were exploring different aspects of anarchism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodway20069-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConversi20167Bohémiens,_Artists,_and_Anarchists_in_Paris-228">[228]</a> Anarcho-individualists were more interested in personal development, challenging the social norms and demanding <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">sexual freedom</a> rather than engaging in social struggles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBookchin19952._Individualist_Anarchism_and_Reaction-229">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchism in France">In France</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">artistic</a> and individualist trend in anarchism was shaping a new <a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">cultural movement</a> at the turn of the century, with less of a social component and more of a personal rebellion against norms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993440-230">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist">Impressionists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Impressionist">neo-Impressionist</a> painters were attracted by anarchism, most notably French <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConversi20168-231">[231]</a> Modernist writers having anarchist tendencies, such as <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, led to the impression that "modernism itself can be understood as the aesthetic realisation of anarchist politics".<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dadaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaism">Dadaism</a> arose from individualists aiming to use art to achieve total freedom. It influenced other currents such as surrealism, and proponents played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%9319" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–19">Berlin rising of 1918</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993440–441-233">[233]</a> One of the main individualist anarchist journals in France, <a href="/wiki/L%27Anarchie" title="L'Anarchie">L'Anarchie</a>, was established in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962315–316-234">[234]</a> A notable individualist was <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Max_Stirner" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of Max Stirner">Stirnerist</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Émile Armand</a> who was a defender of <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">polyamory</a> and homosexuality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2013223-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war">Post-war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Post-war">edit</a>]</div> Following the end of the Spanish Civil War and World War II, the anarchist movement was a "ghost" of its former self, as proclaimed by anarchist historian <a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvrenKinna201547-236">[236]</a> In his work <a href="/wiki/Anarchism:_A_History_of_Libertarian_Ideas_and_Movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements">Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements</a> published 1962, he wrote that after 1936 it was "a ghost that inspires neither fear among governments nor hope among peoples nor even interest among newspapermen".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962468epilogue-237">[237]</a> Capitalism continued to grow throughout the post-war period despite predictions from Marxist scholars that it would soon collapse under its own contradictions, yet anarchism gained a surprising surge in popular interest during the 1960s. Reasons for this were believed to be the gradual demystification of the Soviet Union and tensions at the climax of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> The New Left, which arose in the 1950s, was a libertarian socialist movement that was closer to anarchism. Prominent thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Wright Mills</a> were critical of United States and Soviet Marxism.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Situationist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Situationist.jpg/220px-Situationist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Situationist.jpg/330px-Situationist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Situationist.jpg/440px-Situationist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Il_est_interdit_d%27interdire_!" title="Il est interdit d'interdire !">Il est interdit d'interdire !</a>" ("It is forbidden to forbid!"), a slogan on a wall in France, 1968. Many slogans criticising the establishment resonated with anarchist thought during the period of civil unrest in France. <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/May_68" class="extiw" title="q:May 68">Other slogans</a> included: <a href="/wiki/Neither_gods_nor_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="Neither gods nor masters">Neither gods nor masters</a>; The more you consume the less you live; All power to the imagination; Be realistic: demand the impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993547-241">[241]</a></figcaption></figure> In France, a wave of protests and demonstrations confronted the right-wing government of <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> in <a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a>. Even though the anarchists had a minimal role, the events of May had a significant impact on anarchism.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2019449-243">[243]</a> There were huge demonstrations with crowds in some places reaching one million participants. Strikes were called in many major cities and towns involving seven million workers—all grassroots, bottom-up and spontaneously organised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2019453-244">[244]</a> Various committees were formed at universities, lyceums, and in neighbourhoods, mostly having anti-authoritarian tendencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2019455-245">[245]</a> Slogans that resonated with libertarian ideas were prominent such as: "I take my desires for reality, because I believe in the reality of my desires."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993548-246">[246]</a> Even though the spirit of the events leaned mostly towards libertarian communism, some authors draw a connection to anarchism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993546–547-247">[247]</a> The wave of protests eased when a 10% pay raise was granted and national elections were proclaimed. The paving stones of Paris were only covering some reformist victories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993546-248">[248]</a> Nevertheless, the 1968 events inspired a new confidence in anarchism as workers' management, self-determination, grassroots democracy, antiauthoritarianism, and spontaneity became relevant once more. After decades of pessimism 1968 marked the revival of anarchism, either as a distinct ideology or as a part of other social movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2019457–465-249">[249]</a> Originally founded in 1957, The <a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a> rose to prominence during events of 1968 with the principal argument that life had turned into a "spectacle" because of the corrosive effect of capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993551-250">[250]</a> They later dissolved in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993553-251">[251]</a> The late 1960s saw the flourish of <a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">anarcha-feminism</a>. It attacked the state, capitalism and patriarchy and was organized in a decentralised manner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993557-252">[252]</a> As the ecological crisis was becoming a greater threat to the planet, Murray Bookchin developed the next generation of anarchist thought. In his <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin#Social_ecology" title="Murray Bookchin">social ecology theory</a>, he claims that certain social practises, and priorities threaten life on Earth. He goes further to identify the cause of such practises as social oppressions. <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin#Libertarian_municipalism" title="Murray Bookchin">Libertarian municipalism</a> was his major advancement of anarchist thought—a proposal for the involvement of people in political struggles in decentralized federated villages or towns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007164–65-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_anarchism">Contemporary anarchism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Contemporary anarchism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary anarchism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg/260px-Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg/390px-Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg/520px-Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Anarchism has been a vital part of the anti-globalization movement. Here a block marches in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, 2004.</figcaption></figure> The anthropology of anarchism has changed in the contemporary era as the traditional lines or ideas of the 19th century have been abandoned. Most anarchists are now younger activists informed with feminist and ecological concerns. They are involved in <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a>, creating <a href="/wiki/Temporary_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary autonomous zone">temporary autonomous zones</a>, and events such as <a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraeberGrubacic2004-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinnaPrichard2009273-255">[255]</a> These movements are not anarchist, but rather anarchistic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinnaPrichard2009273-255">[255]</a> Mexico saw another uprising at the turn of the 21st century. <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatistas</a> took control of a large area in <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>. They were organised in an autonomous, self-governing model that has many parallels to anarchism, inspiring many young anarchists in the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri2019471–472-256">[256]</a> Another stateless region that has been associated with anarchism is the Kurdish area of <a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava</a> in northern Syria. The conflict there emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> and Rojava's decentralized model is founded upon Bookchin's ideas of libertarian municipalism and social ecology within a secular framework and ethnic diversity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnath2019691-257">[257]</a> Chiapas and Rojava share the same goal, to create a libertarian community despite being surrounded by state apparatus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnath2019691-257">[257]</a> Anarchism grew in popularity and influence as part of the anti-war, anti-capitalist, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalisation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalisation movement">anti-globalisation movements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupert200666-258">[258]</a> Maia Ramnath described those social movements that employ the anarchist framework (leaderless, direct democracy) but do not call themselves anarchists as anarchists with a lowercase a while describing more traditional forms of anarchism with a capital A.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri2019474-259">[259]</a> Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against meetings such as the <a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">World Trade Organization in Seattle</a> in 1999, <a href="/wiki/27th_G8_summit" title="27th G8 summit">Group of Eight</a> in 2001 and the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>, as part of anti-globalisation movement. Some anarchist factions at these protests engaged in rioting, property destruction, and violent confrontations with police. These actions were precipitated by ad hoc, leaderless, anonymous cadres known as <a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">black blocs</a>. Other organisational tactics pioneered during this period include <a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">security culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affinity_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity groups">affinity groups</a> and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupert200666-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri2019478-260">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a> movement had roots in anarchist philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> According to anarchist scholar <a href="/wiki/Simon_Critchley" title="Simon Critchley">Simon Critchley</a>, "contemporary anarchism can be seen as a powerful critique of the pseudo-libertarianism of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Neo-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-liberalism">neo-liberalism</a> [...] One might say that contemporary anarchism is about responsibility, whether sexual, ecological, or socio-economic; it flows from an experience of conscience about the manifold ways in which the West ravages the rest; it is an ethical outrage at the yawning inequality, impoverishment, and disenfranchisement that is so palpable locally and globally".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECritchley2013125-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20101-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy20101_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy20101_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2010">Levy 2010</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20102-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy20102_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2010">Levy 2010</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007101–102-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007101–102_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin2007">McLaughlin 2007</a>, pp. 101–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20104-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy20104_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2010">Levy 2010</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007165-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007165_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin2007">McLaughlin 2007</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20106-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy20106_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2010">Levy 2010</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin200727–29-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin200727–29_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin2007">McLaughlin 2007</a>, pp. 27–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Acosta200926-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Acosta200926_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Acosta2009">de Acosta 2009</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Acosta200933-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Acosta200933_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Acosta2009">de Acosta 2009</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005xi–xiv-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005xi–xiv_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005xi–xiv_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005xi–xiv_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005xi–xiv_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005xi–xiv_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005xi–xiv_10-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2005">Graham 2005</a>, pp. xi–xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2019ix-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2019ix_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss2019">Ross 2019</a>, p. ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclay199039–42-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarclay199039–42_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarclay1990">Barclay 1990</a>, pp. 39–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclay199015–16-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarclay199015–16_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarclay1990">Barclay 1990</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199355-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199355_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp20126-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp20126_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRapp2012">Rapp 2012</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp201220-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp201220_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRapp2012">Rapp 2012</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp201245–46-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp201245–46_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRapp2012">Rapp 2012</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1994" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Milton Walter (1994). China: A Concise History (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Littlefield Adams Quality Paperbacks</a>. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-7953-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-7953-9"><bdi>978-0-8476-7953-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=142&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Littlefield+Adams+Quality+Paperbacks&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-7953-9&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Milton+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock196238-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock196238_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1962">Woodcock 1962</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2013217-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2013217_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLong2013">Long 2013</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJunWahl201068–70-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJunWahl201068–70_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJunWahl2010">Jun & Wahl 2010</a>, pp. 68–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199368-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199368_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199368_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiala2017-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiala2017_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiala2017_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiala2017">Fiala 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchofield199956-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchofield199956_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchofield1999">Schofield 1999</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199370–71-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199370–71_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199367-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199367_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodway20065-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodway20065_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodway20065_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodway2006">Goodway 2006</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Peter Marshall, Demanding the Impossible, PM Press, 2009, chapter 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199386-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199386_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone20003,_21–25-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone20003,_21–25_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrone2000">Crone 2000</a>, pp. 3, 21–25: Anarchist historian <a href="/wiki/David_Goodway" title="David Goodway">David Goodway</a> is also convinced that the Muslim sects e Mu'tazilite and Najdite are part of anarchist history. (Interview in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> 7 September 2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199386–89-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199386–89_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 86–89: Marshall mentions the English <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a> in 1381, the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Revolution</a> in Bohemia at Tabor in 1419–1421, the <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="German Peasants' Revolt">German Peasants' Revolt</a> by Thomas Munzer in 1525, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_rebellion" title="Münster rebellion">Münster rebellion</a> in 1534" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettlau19968-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettlau19968_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNettlau1996">Nettlau 1996</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoll197523-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoll197523_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoll1975">Joll 1975</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993108–114-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993108–114_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 108–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007102–104_&_141-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007102–104_&_141_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin2007">McLaughlin 2007</a>, pp. 102–104 & 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehning2003-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehning2003_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehning2003">Lehning 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993102–104_&_389-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993102–104_&_389_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 102–104 & 389. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock196243-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock196243_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1962">Woodcock 1962</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019307–310-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019307–310_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinley2019">McKinley 2019</a>, pp. 307–310. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007102-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007102_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin2007">McLaughlin 2007</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019311–312-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019311–312_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinley2019">McKinley 2019</a>, pp. 311–312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019311-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019311_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinley2019">McKinley 2019</a>, p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019313-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019313_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinley2019">McKinley 2019</a>, p. 313. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettlau199630–31-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettlau199630–31_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNettlau1996">Nettlau 1996</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993432-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993432_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheehan200385–86-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheehan200385–86_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheehan2003">Sheehan 2003</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019308_&_310-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019308_&_310_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinley2019">McKinley 2019</a>, pp. 308 & 310. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2001116-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2001116_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams2001">Adams 2001</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019308-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019308_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinley2019">McKinley 2019</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip2006-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip2006_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilip2006">Philip 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019310-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019310_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinley2019">McKinley 2019</a>, p. 310. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019310–311-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019310–311_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinley2019">McKinley 2019</a>, pp. 310–311. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth2019492-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth2019492_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFirth2019">Firth 2019</a>, p. 492. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19937_&_239-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall19937_&_239_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 7 & 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19937-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall19937_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019216-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019216_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019216_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards196933-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards196933_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards1969">Edwards 1969</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2018Anarchism_in_Spain-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2018Anarchism_in_Spain_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2018Anarchism_in_Spain_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica2018">Encyclopedia Britannica 2018</a>, Anarchism in Spain. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962357-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962357_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962357_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1962">Woodcock 1962</a>, p. 357. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodway200699-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodway200699_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodway2006">Goodway 2006</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold2015-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold2015_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold2015_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold2015">Leopold 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019317-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019317_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinley2019">McKinley 2019</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019318-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019318_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019318_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinley2019">McKinley 2019</a>, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1991article-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1991article_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1991">Miller 1991</a>, article. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOssar198027-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOssar198027_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOssar1980">Ossar 1980</a>, p. 27: "What my might reaches is my property; and let me claim as property everything I feel myself strong enough to attain, and let me extend my actual property as far as 'I' entitle, that is, empower myself to take..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1985142-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1985142_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1985">Thomas 1985</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993211,_229-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993211,_229_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 211, 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson1972-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson1972_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson1972">Carlson 1972</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019318–320-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019318–320_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinley2019">McKinley 2019</a>, pp. 318–320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019320–321-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinley2019320–321_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinley2019">McKinley 2019</a>, pp. 320–321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993434-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993434_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 434. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2005">Graham 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993434–435-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993434–435_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 434–435. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993436-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993436_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993436_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 436. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2004337–338-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2004337–338_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2004337–338_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2004">Levy 2004</a>, pp. 337–338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1982441-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1982441_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1982">Avrich 1982</a>, p. 441, "... the classical age of anarchism, bounded by the Paris Commune and the Spanish Civil War ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyNewman201912-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevyNewman201912_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevyNewman2019">Levy & Newman 2019</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiV7fCgAAQBAJpgPA5_5]-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiV7fCgAAQBAJpgPA5_5]_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornell2016">Cornell 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iV7fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2004330-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2004330_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2004">Levy 2004</a>, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoya2015327-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoya2015327_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoya2015">Moya 2015</a>, p. 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoya2015331-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoya2015331_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoya2015">Moya 2015</a>, p. 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993301–303-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993301–303_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 301–303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200598-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham200598_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2005">Graham 2005</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019325–327-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2019325–327_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2019">Graham 2019</a>, pp. 325–327. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForman20091755-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForman20091755_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForman2009">Forman 2009</a>, p. 1755. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2002312-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2002312_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2002312_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDodson2002">Dodson 2002</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1985187-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1985187_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1985187_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1985">Thomas 1985</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993280Graham2019-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993280Graham2019_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 280; <a href="#CITEREFGraham2019">Graham 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019328–331-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2019328–331_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2019">Graham 2019</a>, pp. 328–331. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2000140-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2000140_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2000">Engel 2000</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakunin1991Goldman2003xxAvrich1970137–128Marshall1993477MbahIgariwey199722–23-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakunin1991Goldman2003xxAvrich1970137–128Marshall1993477MbahIgariwey199722–23_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakunin1991Goldman2003xxAvrich1970137–128Marshall1993477MbahIgariwey199722–23_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakunin1991">Bakunin 1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> wrote in 1873: "These elected representatives, say the Marxists, will be dedicated and learned socialists. The expressions "learned socialist," "scientific socialism," etc., which continuously appear in the speeches and writings of the followers of Lassalle and Marx, prove that the pseudo-People's State will be nothing but a despotic control of the populace by a new and not at all numerous aristocracy of real and pseudo-scientists. The "uneducated" people will be totally relieved of the cares of administration, and will be treated as a regimented herd. A beautiful liberation, indeed!" ; <a href="#CITEREFGoldman2003">Goldman 2003</a>, p. xx: <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> wrote in 1924 "My critic further charged me with believing that 'had the Russians made the Revolution à la Bakunin instead of à la Marx' the result would have been different and more satisfactory. I plead guilty to the charge. In truth, I not only believe so; I am certain of it." ; <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1970">Avrich 1970</a>, pp. 137–128: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Paul Avrich</a> wrote "But if Bakunin foresaw the anarchistic nature of the Russian Revolution, he also foresaw its authoritarian consequences..." ; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 477: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(author)" title="Peter Marshall (author)">Peter Marshall</a> writes "The result, anticipated so forcefully by Bakunin, was that the Bolshevik revolution made in the name of Marxism had degenerated into a form of State capitalism which operated in the interests of a new bureaucratic and managerial class." ; <a href="#CITEREFMbahIgariwey1997">Mbah & Igariwey 1997</a>, pp. 22–23: Igariwey and Mbah write "As Bakunin foresaw, retention of the state system under socialism would lead to a barrack regime..." </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGluckstein2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donny_Gluckstein" title="Donny Gluckstein">Gluckstein, Donny</a> (2011) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ArfbAgAAQBAJ">The Paris Commune: A Revolution in Democracy</a>. G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Chicago, Illinois: Haymarket Books. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608461189" title="Special:BookSources/9781608461189"><bdi>9781608461189</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 October 2024. <q>The Paris Commune of 1871 [...] involved the working class taking control of their city and driving out the French government. Free at last to pursue their dreams, socialists, communists, anarchists and radical Jacobins threw their energies into a social experiment on a huge scale.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paris+Commune%3A+A+Revolution+in+Democracy&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.series=G+-+Reference%2CInformation+and+Interdisciplinary+Subjects+Series&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781608461189&rft.aulast=Gluckstein&rft.aufirst=Donny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DArfbAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962288–290-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962288–290_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962288–290_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1962">Woodcock 1962</a>, pp. 288–290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993435-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993435_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 435. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019334–335-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2019334–335_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2019">Graham 2019</a>, pp. 334–335. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007158–59-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007158–59_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin2007">McLaughlin 2007</a>, pp. 158–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005"Chapter_41:_The_"Anarchists"-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005"Chapter_41:_The_"Anarchists"_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2005">Graham 2005</a>, "Chapter 41: The "Anarchists". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPernicone2016111–113-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPernicone2016111–113_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPernicone2016">Pernicone 2016</a>, pp. 111–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurcato2019238-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurcato2019238_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurcato2019">Turcato 2019</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPengam198760–82-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPengam198760–82_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPengam198760–82_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPengam198760–82_100-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPengam198760–82_100-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPengam1987">Pengam 1987</a>, pp. 60–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurcato2019239-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurcato2019239_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurcato2019">Turcato 2019</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993498–499-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993498–499_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 498–499. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1984190-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1984190_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1984">Avrich 1984</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1984193-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1984193_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1984">Avrich 1984</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 499 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1984209-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1984209_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1984">Avrich 1984</a>, p. 209: Avrich is quoting <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>, 27 June 1886 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer2019357-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer2019357_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmer2019">Zimmer 2019</a>, p. 357. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner198642-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner198642_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoner1986">Foner 1986</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner198656-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner198656_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoner1986">Foner 1986</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19939-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall19939_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall19939_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993280,_441-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993280,_441_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 280, 441. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993236-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993236_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993264-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993264_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993441–442-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993441–442_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 441–442. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993441–443-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993441–443_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 441–443. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962266-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962266_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1962">Woodcock 1962</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005206-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005206_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2005">Graham 2005</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993444-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993444_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 444. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005206–208-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005206–208_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2005">Graham 2005</a>, pp. 206–208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200289-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200289_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2002">Skirda 2002</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer2019358-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer2019358_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmer2019">Zimmer 2019</a>, p. 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962375-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962375_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1962">Woodcock 1962</a>, p. 375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962426-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962426_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1962">Woodcock 1962</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidtvan_der_Walt2009-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidtvan_der_Walt2009_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidtvan_der_Walt2009">Schmidt & van der Walt 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBantman2019371–372-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBantman2019371–372_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBantman2019">Bantman 2019</a>, pp. 371–372. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019338-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2019338_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2019">Graham 2019</a>, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962315-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962315_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1962">Woodcock 1962</a>, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019340-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2019340_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2019">Graham 2019</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2004-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2004_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2004_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2004">Anderson 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBantman2019373-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBantman2019373_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBantman2019">Bantman 2019</a>, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005150-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005150_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2005">Graham 2005</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993415-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993415_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 415. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPengam1987''The_Reformulation_of_Communist_Anarchism_in_the_'International_Working_Men's_Association<span_class="nowrap"_style="padding-left:0.1em;">&#39;''_(IWMA)-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPengam1987''The_Reformulation_of_Communist_Anarchism_in_the_'International_Working_Men's_Association<span_class="nowrap"_style="padding-left:0.1em;">&#39;''_(IWMA)_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPengam1987">Pengam 1987</a>, The Reformulation of Communist Anarchism in the 'International Working Men's Association' (IWMA). </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBantman2019">Bantman 2019</a>, p. 373 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993398-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993398_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993404-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993404_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962316-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962316_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1962">Woodcock 1962</a>, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993439-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993439_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 439. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993470-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993470_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993470_139-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 470. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvianski198849-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvianski198849_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIvianski1988">Ivianski 1988</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington1999417-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington1999417_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBillington1999">Billington 1999</a>, p. 417. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993633-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993633_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 633: Marshall also quotes Kropotkin: "Personally I hate these explosions, but I cannot stand as a judge to condemn those who are driven to despair". Elsewhere he wrote: "Of all parties I now see only one party - the Anarchist - which respects human life, and loudly insists upon the abolition of capital punishment, prison torture and punishment of man by man altogether. All other parties teach every day their utter disrespect of human life." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993411_and_635-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993411_and_635_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 411 and 635: Marshall names <a href="/wiki/Bart_de_Ligt" title="Bart de Ligt">Bart de Ligt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Bourne" title="Randolph Bourne">Randolph Bourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolstoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005193–196-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005193–196_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2005">Graham 2005</a>, pp. 193–196: Graham mentions that the <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-syndicalist">anarcho-syndicalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Pelloutier" title="Fernand Pelloutier">Fernand Pelloutier</a> argued in 1895 for renewed anarchist involvement in the labor movement on the basis that anarchism could do very well without "the individual dynamiter" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock196215-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock196215_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1962">Woodcock 1962</a>, p. 15: Woodcock also mentions Malatesta and other prominent Italian anarchists in p.346 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993633–634-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993633–634_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 633–634. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993634–636-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993634–636_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 634–636. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirlik1991-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDirlik1991_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDirlik1991">Dirlik 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2019423-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2019423_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Agostino2019">D'Agostino 2019</a>, p. 423. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993471–472-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993471–472_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993471–472_150-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 471–472. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993471-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993471_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993472–473-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993472–473_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 472–473. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich2006204-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich2006204_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich2006204_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich2006">Avrich 2006</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993473-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993473_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 473. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993475-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993475_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 475. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2019426-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2019426_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Agostino2019">D'Agostino 2019</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993476-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993476_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 476. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993477-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993477_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993477_158-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 477. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196688-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196688_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNomad1966">Nomad 1966</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2002122–123-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2002122–123_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2002">Skirda 2002</a>, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2002123–124-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2002123–124_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2002">Skirda 2002</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2002123-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2002123_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2002">Skirda 2002</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993482-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993482_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993482_163-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 482. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993450-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993450_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993510–511-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993510–511_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 510–511. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962427-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962427_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1962">Woodcock 1962</a>, p. 427. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993501-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993501_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993501_167-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 501. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1960v-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery1960v_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMontgomery1960">Montgomery 1960</a>, p. v. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962467-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962467_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1962">Woodcock 1962</a>, p. 467. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolborow2002-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolborow2002_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolborow2002">Holborow 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugliese200455–56-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugliese200455–56_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPugliese2004">Pugliese 2004</a>, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugliese200455–58-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugliese200455–58_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPugliese2004">Pugliese 2004</a>, pp. 55–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005408-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005408_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2005">Graham 2005</a>, p. 408. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodway201373–74-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodway201373–74_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodway2013">Goodway 2013</a>, pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry199952–54-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry199952–54_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerry1999">Berry 1999</a>, pp. 52–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200646-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200646_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200646_176-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolloten19841107-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolloten19841107_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolloten1984">Bolloten 1984</a>, p. 1107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirchall200429-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirchall200429_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirchall200429_178-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirchall2004">Birchall 2004</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962473-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962473_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1962">Woodcock 1962</a>, p. 473. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019429–430-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019429–430_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019429–430_180-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYeoman2019">Yeoman 2019</a>, pp. 429–430. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993455-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993455_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 455. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993458-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993458_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 458. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019430-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019430_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYeoman2019">Yeoman 2019</a>, p. 430. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019430–431-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019430–431_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYeoman2019">Yeoman 2019</a>, pp. 430–431. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolloten198454-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolloten198454_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolloten1984">Bolloten 1984</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019433–435-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019433–435_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYeoman2019">Yeoman 2019</a>, pp. 433–435. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993461-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993461_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall1993</a>, p. 461. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993462-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993462_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall1993</a>, p. 462. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019436-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019436_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYeoman2019">Yeoman 2019</a>, p. 436. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019438–439-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019438–439_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYeoman2019">Yeoman 2019</a>, pp. 438–439. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001458-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2001458_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas2001">Thomas 2001</a>, p. 458. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993466-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993466_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993466_192-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 466. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019441-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeoman2019441_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYeoman2019">Yeoman 2019</a>, p. 441. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinnaPrichard2009271-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinnaPrichard2009271_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinnaPrichard2009">Kinna & Prichard 2009</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinnaPrichard2009272–273-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinnaPrichard2009272–273_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinnaPrichard2009">Kinna & Prichard 2009</a>, pp. 272–273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201018–19-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201018–19_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2010">Levy 2010</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirlik2010134–135-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDirlik2010134–135_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDirlik2010">Dirlik 2010</a>, pp. 134–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201019-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201019_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201019_198-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2010">Levy 2010</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993519–523-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993519–523_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 519–523. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993523–525-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993523–525_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 523–525. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirlik2010133-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDirlik2010133_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDirlik2010">Dirlik 2010</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201023-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201023_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201023_202-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2010">Levy 2010</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993527–528-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993527–528_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 527–528. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993528-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993528_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 528. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMbahIgariwey199728–29_&_33-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMbahIgariwey199728–29_&_33_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMbahIgariwey1997">Mbah & Igariwey 1997</a>, pp. 28–29 & 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaursen2019157-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaursen2019157_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaursen2019">Laursen 2019</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993504–508-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993504–508_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 504–508. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaursen2019157–58-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaursen2019157–58_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaursen2019">Laursen 2019</a>, pp. 157–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaursen2019162-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaursen2019162_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaursen2019">Laursen 2019</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Marshall, Peter. (1970). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. PM Press: Oakland. 2010. pp. 389-391, 565. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604860641" title="Special:BookSources/9781604860641">9781604860641</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Martin, James J. (1970). Men Against the State. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles Publisher. pp. 209, 223. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879260064" title="Special:BookSources/9780879260064">9780879260064</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993496–497-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993496–497_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 496–497. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiala2013Emerson_and_Thoreau_on_Anarchy_and_Civil_Disobedience-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiala2013Emerson_and_Thoreau_on_Anarchy_and_Civil_Disobedience_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiala2013">Fiala 2013</a>, Emerson and Thoreau on Anarchy and Civil Disobedience. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019220-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019220_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993499-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993499_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993499_215-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993499_215-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 499. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019220–222-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019220–222_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, pp. 220–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993498-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993498_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 498. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019222-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019222_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyley2019232-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyley2019232_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyley2019">Ryley 2019</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz1976-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz1976_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKatz1976">Katz 1976</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElroy200352–56-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcElroy200352–56_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcElroy2003">McElroy 2003</a>, pp. 52–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich2005212-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich2005212_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich2005">Avrich 2005</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich2005230-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich2005230_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich2005">Avrich 2005</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoslak1991381-83-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoslak1991381-83_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoslak1991">Roslak 1991</a>, p. 381-83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2004-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2004_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHutton2004">Hutton 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock196220-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock196220_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1962">Woodcock 1962</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodway20069-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodway20069_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodway2006">Goodway 2006</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConversi20167Bohémiens,_Artists,_and_Anarchists_in_Paris-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConversi20167Bohémiens,_Artists,_and_Anarchists_in_Paris_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConversi2016">Conversi 2016</a>, p. 7, Bohémiens, Artists, and Anarchists in Paris. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBookchin19952._Individualist_Anarchism_and_Reaction-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBookchin19952._Individualist_Anarchism_and_Reaction_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBookchin1995">Bookchin 1995</a>, 2. Individualist Anarchism and Reaction. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993440-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993440_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 440. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConversi20168-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConversi20168_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConversi2016">Conversi 2016</a>, p. 8: Conversi also mentions <a href="/wiki/Henri_Toulouse-Lautrec" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri Toulouse-Lautrec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steinlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Steinlen">Steinlen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Luce" title="Maximilien Luce">Maximilien Luce</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConversi2016">Conversi 2016</a>, p. 8: Conversi also mentions <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ball" title="Hugo Ball">Hugo Ball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993440–441-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993440–441_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 440–441. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962315–316-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962315–316_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1962">Woodcock 1962</a>, pp. 315–316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2013223-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2013223_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLong2013">Long 2013</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvrenKinna201547-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvrenKinna201547_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvrenKinna2015">Evren & Kinna 2015</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962468epilogue-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodcock1962468epilogue_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodcock1962">Woodcock 1962</a>, p. 468, epilogue. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 539 </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1985">Thomas 1985</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 540–542 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993547-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993547_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 547. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 548 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2019449-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2019449_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerry2019">Berry 2019</a>, p. 449. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2019453-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2019453_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerry2019">Berry 2019</a>, p. 453. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2019455-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2019455_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerry2019">Berry 2019</a>, p. 455. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993548-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993548_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 548. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993546–547-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993546–547_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 546–547: Marshall names Daniel Guerin, Tom Nairn, Jean Maitron </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993546-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993546_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 546: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(author)" title="Peter Marshall (author)">Peter Marshall</a> makes a pun, commenting on the protestors: "They had failed to uncover the beach under the paving stones of Paris." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2019457–465-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2019457–465_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerry2019">Berry 2019</a>, pp. 457–465. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993551-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993551_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 551. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993553-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993553_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 553. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993557-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993557_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 557. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007164–65-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007164–65_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin2007">McLaughlin 2007</a>, pp. 164–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraeberGrubacic2004-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraeberGrubacic2004_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraeberGrubacic2004">Graeber & Grubacic 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinnaPrichard2009273-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinnaPrichard2009273_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinnaPrichard2009273_255-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinnaPrichard2009">Kinna & Prichard 2009</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri2019471–472-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri2019471–472_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDupuis-Déri2019">Dupuis-Déri 2019</a>, pp. 471–472. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnath2019691-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamnath2019691_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamnath2019691_257-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamnath2019">Ramnath 2019</a>, p. 691. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERupert200666-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupert200666_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupert200666_258-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRupert2006">Rupert 2006</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri2019474-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri2019474_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDupuis-Déri2019">Dupuis-Déri 2019</a>, p. 474. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri2019478-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuis-Déri2019478_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDupuis-Déri2019">Dupuis-Déri 2019</a>, p. 478: Dupuis-Déri also mentions "Washington (April 2000), the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Summit_of_the_Americas#Protests" title="3rd Summit of the Americas">Summit of the Americas in Québec</a> (April 2001), the <a href="/wiki/EU_Summit_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Summit 2001">European Union meeting in Gothenburg</a> (June 2001), the <a href="/wiki/27th_G8_summit" title="27th G8 summit">G8 Summit in Genoa</a> (July 2001), the <a href="/wiki/2010_G20_Toronto_summit_protests" title="2010 G20 Toronto summit protests">G20 summit in Toronto</a> (2010) and the <a href="/wiki/2017_G20_Hamburg_summit#Protests_and_riots" title="2017 G20 Hamburg summit">G20 summit in Hamburg</a> (2017)." </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gibson, Morgan Rodgers (2013) (2013). "The 'Anarchism' of the Occupy Movement". Australian Journal of Political Science. 48 (3): 335–348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10361146.2013.820687">10.1080/10361146.2013.820687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144776094">144776094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+%27Anarchism%27+of+the+Occupy+Movement&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=335-348&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10361146.2013.820687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144776094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Morgan+Rodgers+%282013%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECritchley2013125-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECritchley2013125_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCritchley2013">Critchley 2013</a>, p. 125. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources_(books_and_journals)">Secondary sources (books and journals)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Secondary sources (books and journals)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2001" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ony7AAAAIAAJ">Political Ideology Today</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3347-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3347-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-3347-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideology+Today&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3347-6&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dony7AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Anderson, Benedict</a> (July–August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/II/28/benedict-anderson-in-the-world-shadow-of-bismarck-and-nobel">"In the world-shadow of Bismarck and Nobel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a>. II (28).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=In+the+world-shadow+of+Bismarck+and+Nobel&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=28&rft.date=2004-07%2F2004-08&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FII%2F28%2Fbenedict-anderson-in-the-world-shadow-of-bismarck-and-nobel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich1970" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a> (April 1970). "The Legacy of Bakunin". <a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Review" title="The Russian Review">The Russian Review</a>. 29 (2): 129–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F127358">10.2307/127358</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/127358">127358</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159947322">159947322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Review&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+Bakunin&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-142&rft.date=1970-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159947322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F127358%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F127358&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a> (1982). "Rev. of Reinventing Anarchy". <a href="/wiki/Labor_History_(journal)" title="Labor History (journal)">Labor History</a>. 23: 440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00236568208584667">10.1080/00236568208584667</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-656X">0023-656X</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1312149271">1312149271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labor+History&rft.atitle=Rev.+of+Reinventing+Anarchy&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=440&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00236568208584667&rft.issn=0023-656X&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a> (1984). <a href="/wiki/The_Haymarket_Tragedy" title="The Haymarket Tragedy">The Haymarket Tragedy</a>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00600-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00600-0"><bdi>978-0-691-00600-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haymarket+Tragedy&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00600-0&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Voices:_An_Oral_History_of_Anarchism_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America">Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04494-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04494-1"><bdi>978-0-691-04494-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchist+Voices%3A+An+Oral+History+of+Anarchism+in+America&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04494-1&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Anarchists" title="The Russian Anarchists">The Russian Anarchists</a>. Stirling: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904859-48-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904859-48-2"><bdi>978-1-904859-48-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Anarchists&rft.place=Stirling&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-904859-48-2&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclay1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Barclay" title="Harold Barclay">Barclay, Harold B.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9qzaAAAAMAAJ">People without government: an anthropology of anarchy</a>. Kahn & Averill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871082-16-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-871082-16-6"><bdi>978-1-871082-16-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+without+government%3A+an+anthropology+of+anarchy&rft.pub=Kahn+%26+Averill&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-871082-16-6&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Harold+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9qzaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakunin1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin, Mikhail</a> (1991) [1873]. <a href="/wiki/Statism_and_Anarchy" title="Statism and Anarchy">Statism and Anarchy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36973-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36973-2"><bdi>978-0-521-36973-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statism+and+Anarchy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36973-2&rft.aulast=Bakunin&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBantman2019" class="citation book cs1">Bantman, Constance (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ">"The Era of Propaganda by the Deed"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). 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Informa UK Limited: 791–811. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10848770.2016.1180864">10.1080/10848770.2016.1180864</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1084-8770">1084-8770</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148353911">148353911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Legacy&rft.atitle=Anarchism%2C+Modernism%2C+and+Nationalism%3A+Futurism%27s+French+Connections%2C+1876%E2%80%931915&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=791-811&rft.date=2016-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148353911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1084-8770&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10848770.2016.1180864&rft.aulast=Conversi&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2016" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Andrew (2016). <a href="/wiki/Unruly_Equality:_U.S._Anarchism_in_the_Twentieth_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="Unruly Equality: U.S. Anarchism in the Twentieth Century">Unruly Equality: U.S. Anarchism in the Twentieth Century</a>. 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Επίκουρος. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674036413" title="Special:BookSources/9780674036413"><bdi>9780674036413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anarchists&rft.edition=Greek&rft.pub=%CE%95%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780674036413&rft.aulast=Joll&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunWahl2010" class="citation book cs1">Jun, Nathan J.; Wahl, Shane (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p5t0R0ckDMAC&pg=PA68">New Perspectives on Anarchism</a>. 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AK Press in conjunction with Kate Sharpley Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-19-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-19-7"><bdi>978-1-902593-19-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facing+the+Enemy%3A+A+History+of+Anarchist+Organization+from+Proudhon+to+May+1968&rft.pub=AK+Press+in+conjunction+with+Kate+Sharpley+Library&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-902593-19-7&rft.aulast=Skirda&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnznVNAW0lbAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtvan_der_Walt2009" class="citation web cs1">Schmidt, Michael; van der Walt, Lucien (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091221053839/http://www.revolutionbythebook.akpress.org/still-fanning-the-flames-an-interview-with-michael-schmidt-and-lucien-van-der-walt">"Still fanning the flames: An interview with Michael Schmidt and Lucien van der Walt - Revolution by the Book : The AK Press Blog"</a>. revolutionbythebook.akpress.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revolutionbythebook.akpress.org/still-fanning-the-flames-an-interview-with-michael-schmidt-and-lucien-van-der-walt">the original</a> on 21 December 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=revolutionbythebook.akpress.org&rft.atitle=Still+fanning+the+flames%3A+An+interview+with+Michael+Schmidt+and+Lucien+van+der+Walt+-+Revolution+by+the+Book+%3A+The+AK+Press+Blog&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=van+der+Walt%2C+Lucien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revolutionbythebook.akpress.org%2Fstill-fanning-the-flames-an-interview-with-michael-schmidt-and-lucien-van-der-walt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1985" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Paul (1985). Karl Marx and the Anarchists. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kegan_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Kegan Paul">Kegan Paul</a>. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0685-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0685-5"><bdi>978-0-7102-0685-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx+and+the+Anarchists&rft.place=London&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Routledge%2FKegan+Paul&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7102-0685-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Hugh (2001). The Spanish Civil War. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101161-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101161-5"><bdi>978-0-14-101161-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-14-101161-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurcato2019" class="citation book cs1">Turcato, Davide (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ">"Anarchist Communism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75620-2"><bdi>978-3-319-75620-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchist+Communism&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-319-75620-2&rft.aulast=Turcato&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm7BhDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilbur2019" class="citation book cs1">Wilbur, Shawn P. (2019). "The Spanish Civil War". In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128173/1/James%20Michael%20Yeoman%20-The%20Spanish%20Civil%20War%20.pdf">The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</a> (PDF). Cham. pp. 429–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_25">10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75619-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75619-6"><bdi>978-3-319-75619-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157359096">157359096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=429-448&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157359096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_25&rft.isbn=978-3-319-75619-6&rft.aulast=Wilbur&rft.aufirst=Shawn+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F128173%2F1%2FJames%2520Michael%2520Yeoman%2520-The%2520Spanish%2520Civil%2520War%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcock1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">Woodcock, George</a> (1962). <a href="/wiki/Anarchism:_A_History_of_Libertarian_Ideas_and_Movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements">Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements</a>. Melbourne: Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+A+History+of+Libertarian+Ideas+and+Movements&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeoman2019" class="citation book cs1">Yeoman, James Michael (2019). "The Spanish Civil War". In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128173/1/James%20Michael%20Yeoman%20-The%20Spanish%20Civil%20War%20.pdf">The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</a> (PDF). Cham. pp. 429–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_25">10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75619-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75619-6"><bdi>978-3-319-75619-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157359096">157359096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=429-448&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157359096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_25&rft.isbn=978-3-319-75619-6&rft.aulast=Yeoman&rft.aufirst=James+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F128173%2F1%2FJames%2520Michael%2520Yeoman%2520-The%2520Spanish%2520Civil%2520War%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2019" class="citation book cs1">Zimmer, Kenyon (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ">"Haymarket and the Rise of Syndicalism"</a>. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75620-2"><bdi>978-3-319-75620-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Haymarket+and+the+Rise+of+Syndicalism&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-319-75620-2&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Kenyon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm7BhDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_sources_(encyclopedias_and_dictionaries)">Tertiary sources (encyclopedias and dictionaries)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tertiary sources (encyclopedias and dictionaries)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiala2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fiala, Andrew (3 October 2017). "Anarchism". In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft.aulast=Fiala&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForman2009" class="citation book cs1">Forman, Michael (13 April 2009). <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Ness" title="Immanuel Ness">Immanuel Ness</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXoxtQEACAAJ">The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest, 8 Volume Set: 1500 to the Present</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8464-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8464-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-8464-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Revolution+and+Protest%2C+8+Volume+Set%3A+1500+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009-04-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8464-9&rft.aulast=Forman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXoxtQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehning2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lehning" title="Arthur Lehning">Lehning, Arthur</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909192326/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-12">"Anarchism"</a>. 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Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Max+Stirner&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Leopold&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmax-stirner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica2018" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Martin A.; Woodcock, George; Dirlik, Arif; Rosemont, Franklin (14 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/anarchism">"Anarchism"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914175154/https://www.britannica.com/topic/anarchism">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Martin+A.&rft.au=Woodcock%2C+George&rft.au=Dirlik%2C+Arif&rft.au=Rosemont%2C+Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fanarchism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"> The current version of Anarchism in Britanicca</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1991" class="citation book cs1">Miller, David (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NIZfQTd3nSMC">The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought</a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17944-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17944-3"><bdi>978-0-631-17944-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopaedia+of+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-631-17944-3&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNIZfQTd3nSMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Philip, Mark (20 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/godwin/">"William Godwin"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Godwin&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2006-05-20&rft.aulast=Philip&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fgodwin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+anarchism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_anarchism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/f7m1bn">History of Anarchism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/19px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/29px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/38px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">History of anarchism at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Anarchism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Anarchism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anarchism" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Anarchism">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Anarchism" class="extiw" title="n:Anarchism">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Anarchism" class="extiw" title="q:Anarchism">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Anarchism">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anarchism" class="extiw" title="b:Anarchism">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Anarchism" class="extiw" title="v:Anarchism">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2746978" class="extiw" title="d:Q2746978">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism" title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><img alt="flag" 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[\"CITEREFCritchley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrone2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Agostino2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirlik1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirlik2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupuis-Déri2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvrenKinna2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiala2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiala2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirth2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoner1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGluckstein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodway2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodway2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraeberGrubacic2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolborow2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvianski1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoll1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunWahl2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinnaPrichard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaursen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehning2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeopold2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevyNewman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMbahIgariwey1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcElroy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomery1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoya2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNettlau1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNomad1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOssar1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPengam1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPernicone2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPugliese2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamnath2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRapp2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoslak1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRupert2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidtvan_der_Walt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchofield1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheehan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkirda2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurcato2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilbur2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodcock1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeoman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Acosta2009\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Anarchism\"] = 1,\n [\"Anarchism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite SEP\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 70,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Emdash\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 7,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Lit\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 2,\n [\"Project MUSE\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 289,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","520","27.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","240","12.6"],["?","160","8.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","120","6.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","4.2"],["type","80","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.2"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","60","3.2"],["[others]","340","17.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-skmml","timestamp":"20241127201900","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"History of anarchism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_anarchism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2746978","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2746978","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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