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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Ernst_Toller_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Ernst_Toller_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>First Ernst Toller government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Ernst_Toller_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eugen_Leviné_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eugen_Leviné_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Eugen Leviné government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eugen_Leviné_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Ernst_Toller_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Ernst_Toller_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Second Ernst Toller government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Ernst_Toller_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_clash_and_demise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_clash_and_demise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Military clash and demise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_clash_and_demise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bavarian Soviet Republic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمهورية بافاريا السوفيتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية بافاريا السوفيتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="বাভারিয়া সোভিয়েত প্রজাতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাভারিয়া সোভিয়েত প্রজাতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Баварская Савецкая Рэспубліка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баварская Савецкая Рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Баварская Савецкая Рэспубліка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Баварская Савецкая Рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Баварска съветска република – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Баварска съветска република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchna_R%C3%A4tarepublik" title="Münchna Rätarepublik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Münchna Rätarepublik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Soviedel_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Republik Soviedel München – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Soviedel München" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Sovi%C3%A8tica_de_Baviera" title="República Soviètica de Baviera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República Soviètica de Baviera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavorsk%C3%A1_republika_rad" title="Bavorská republika rad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bavorská republika rad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_bayerske_r%C3%A5dsrepublik" title="Den bayerske rådsrepublik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den bayerske rådsrepublik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_R%C3%A4terepublik" title="Münchner Räterepublik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Münchner Räterepublik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baieri_N%C3%B5ukogude_Vabariik" title="Baieri Nõukogude Vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Baieri Nõukogude Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βαυαρική Σοβιετική Δημοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαυαρική Σοβιετική Δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Sovi%C3%A9tica_de_Baviera" title="República Soviética de Baviera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República Soviética de Baviera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavara_Soveta_Respubliko" title="Bavara Soveta Respubliko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bavara Soveta Respubliko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavariako_Sobietar_Errepublika" title="Bavariako Sobietar Errepublika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bavariako Sobietar Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86" title="جمهوری شورایی بایرن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری شورایی بایرن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_des_conseils_de_Bavi%C3%A8re" title="République des conseils de Bavière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République des conseils de Bavière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Sovi%C3%A9tica_de_Baviera" title="República Soviética de Baviera – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Soviética de Baviera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8_%ED%8F%89%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="바이에른 평의회 공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이에른 평의회 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բավարիայի Խորհրդային Հանրապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բավարիայի Խորհրդային Հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Soviet_Bayern" title="Republik Soviet Bayern – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Soviet Bayern" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_Bavarese_dei_Consigli" title="Repubblica Bavarese dei Consigli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica Bavarese dei Consigli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הרפובליקה הסובייטית הבווארית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה הסובייטית הבווארית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бавар Совет республика – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Бавар Совет республика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%AD%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ბავარიის საბჭოთა რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბავარიის საბჭოთა რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Бавар Кеңес Республикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бавар Кеңес Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Бавария советтик республикасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бавария советтик республикасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bav%C4%81rijas_padomju_republika" title="Bavārijas padomju republika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bavārijas padomju republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajor_Tan%C3%A1csk%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Bajor Tanácsköztársaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bajor Tanácsköztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Баварска Советска Република – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Баварска Советска Република" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchense_Radenrepubliek" title="Münchense Radenrepubliek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Münchense Radenrepubliek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="バイエルン・レーテ共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バイエルン・レーテ共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_bayerske_r%C3%A5dsrepublikken" title="Den bayerske rådsrepublikken – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den bayerske rådsrepublikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawarska_Republika_Rad" title="Bawarska Republika Rad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bawarska Republika Rad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Sovi%C3%A9tica_da_Baviera" title="República Soviética da Baviera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República Soviética da Baviera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Sovietic%C4%83_a_Bavariei" title="Republica Sovietică a Bavariei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Sovietică a Bavariei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Баварская советская республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баварская советская республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Sovjetike_Bavareze" title="Republika Sovjetike Bavareze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika Sovjetike Bavareze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bavarian Soviet Republic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Баварска Совјетска Република – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Баварска Совјетска Република" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchenin_neuvostotasavalta" title="Münchenin neuvostotasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Münchenin neuvostotasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerska_r%C3%A5dsrepubliken" title="Bayerska rådsrepubliken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bayerska rådsrepubliken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavyera_Sovyet_Cumhuriyeti" title="Bavyera Sovyet Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bavyera Sovyet Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawari%C3%BDa_Sowet_Respublikasy" title="Bawariýa Sowet Respublikasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bawariýa Sowet Respublikasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Баварська Радянська Республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баварська Радянська Республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_X%C3%B4_vi%E1%BA%BFt_Bayern" title="Cộng hòa Xô viết Bayern – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa Xô viết Bayern" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="巴伐利亚苏维埃共和国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴伐利亚苏维埃共和国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q58738#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bavarian_Soviet_Republic&params=48_08_N_11_34_E_type:country_source:kolossus-eswiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°08′N</span> <span class="longitude">11°34′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.133°N 11.567°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.133; 11.567</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1919 unrecognized socialist state in Bavaria, Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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.infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Bavarian Soviet Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Münchner Räterepublik</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1919</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Socialist_red_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bavarian Soviet Republic"><img alt="Flag of Bavarian Soviet Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/125px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/188px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/250px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b>"<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt Euch!</i></span>"<br /><small>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Internationale</i></span><br /><small><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></small><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="87" data-mwtitle="Internationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/Internationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg/Internationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Internationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track 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data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg&lang=sh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sh" label="srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ‪(sh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg&lang=sv&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sv" label="svenska ‪(sv)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg&lang=zh-sg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-SG" label="中文（新加坡） ‪(zh-sg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale_orchestral_arrangement.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-WR-Bavaria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Territory claimed by the Bavarian Soviet Republic (in red) shown with the rest of the Weimar Republic (in beige)"><img alt="Territory claimed by the Bavarian Soviet Republic (in red) shown with the rest of the Weimar Republic (in beige)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Map-WR-Bavaria.svg/250px-Map-WR-Bavaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Map-WR-Bavaria.svg/375px-Map-WR-Bavaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Map-WR-Bavaria.svg/500px-Map-WR-Bavaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="1007" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Territory claimed by the Bavarian Soviet Republic (in red) shown with the rest of the Weimar Republic (in beige)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Unrecognized state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Republic_(system_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Republic (system of government)">Soviet republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 6–12 April 1919 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 12 April 1919 – 3 May 1919 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Levin%C3%A9" title="Eugen Leviné">Eugen Leviné</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a><br /> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a><br /> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Germany_(1918%E2%80%931933)" title="Political violence in Germany (1918–1933)">Political violence in Germany (1918–1933)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 April 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 May 1919</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_Papiermark" class="mw-redirect" title="German Papiermark">German Papiermark</a> (ℳ)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/20px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/30px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/40px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">People's State of Bavaria</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Bavaria">Free State of Bavaria</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bavarian Soviet Republic</b> (or <b>Bavarian Council Republic</b>), also known as the <b>Munich Soviet Republic</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Räterepublik Baiern, Münchner Räterepublik</i>), was a short-lived unrecognised <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> during the <a href="/wiki/German_revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="German revolution of 1918–1919">German revolution of 1918–1919</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaab200658_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaab200658-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A group of communists and anarchists declared the Bavarian Soviet Republic on 6 April 1919, forcing the government of the existing <a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">People's State of Bavaria</a> to flee to <a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019226–228_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019226–228-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the new government, led by playwright <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a>, had no political or administrative experience,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after just six days in power they were ousted in a putsch organized by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> (KPD). The new head of state, the Russian-German <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Levin%C3%A9" title="Eugen Leviné">Eugen Leviné</a>, quickly instituted communist measures such as worker control of factories. Food shortages led to popular unrest, and on 3 May the People's State was violently put down by soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">German Army</a>, supported by paramilitary <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i></span> troops. Some 600 people died in the fighting,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid62xSFkgjAdUCpgPA112_112]–116_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid62xSFkgjAdUCpgPA112_112]–116-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and up to 1,200 communists and anarchists were later executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199634–35_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham199634–35-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 August 1919, the democratic <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Bavaria">Free State of Bavaria</a> was established within the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. The disruptions and privation endured by the populace during Bavaria's period of socialist rule led to the new state becoming strongly anti-communist and a breeding ground for right-wing parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a>. The Bavarian Soviet Republic also contributed to the nationwide split between the moderate and radical Left, which seriously weakened opposition to the Nazi rise to power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYkekBwYc1_wCpgPA40_40]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYkekBwYc1_wCpgPA40_40]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Soviet_Republic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The roots of the republic lay in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>'s defeat in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a>. In September 1917, the Bavarian <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD), which rejected revolutionary efforts in Bavaria, had submitted a corresponding motion (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Auer-Süssheim-Antrag</i></span>) to the Bavarian Landtag, which contained the main demands of the Bavarian SPD, including the abolition of the privileged first chamber of the Landtag (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kammer der Reichsräte</i></span> in which only the nobility was represented); the abolition of the nobility as a whole; general, equal, direct and secret suffrage; more rights for the state parliament; and separation of church and state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell198223_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell198223-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this motion failed. At the end of October 1918, <a href="/wiki/Kiel_mutiny" title="Kiel mutiny">German sailors mutinied</a> off the North Sea coast.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After setting up a revolutionary <a href="/wiki/German_workers%27_and_soldiers%27_councils_1918%E2%80%931919" title="German workers' and soldiers' councils 1918–1919">workers' and soldiers' council</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> In early November, they quickly spread the councils across Germany and with little bloodshed took power from the existing military, royal and civil authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVrousalis2019115_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVrousalis2019115-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 November 1918, the first anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_III_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig III of Bavaria">King Ludwig III</a> of Bavaria fled from the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Residenz" title="Munich Residenz">Residenz Palace</a> in Munich with his family, and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eisner" title="Kurt Eisner">Kurt Eisner</a>, a politician<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaab200658_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaab200658-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (USPD),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell198265_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell198265-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister-President of Bavaria">minister-president</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a newly-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">People's State of Bavaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019223–224_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019223–224-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiddell198673_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiddell198673-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of the People's State was made up of the SPD, the USPD and the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Peasants%27_League" title="Bavarian Peasants' League">Bavarian Peasants' League</a> (BB).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiddell1986304_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiddell1986304-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though he advocated a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a>, Eisner distanced himself from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> and declared that his government would protect <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a>. As the new government was unable to provide basic services, Eisner's USPD was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Landtag_elections_in_the_Weimar_Republic#1919" title="Bavarian Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic">January 1919 election</a> and came in sixth place. On 21 February 1919, as he was on his way to the Landtag to announce his resignation, he was shot dead by the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Anton_Graf_von_Arco_auf_Valley" title="Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley">Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley</a>, also known as Arco-Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeynen201952–53_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeynen201952–53-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Eisner's assassination, the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Landtag</a> convened, and <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Auer" title="Erhard Auer">Erhard Auer</a>, the leader of the Social Democrats and the Minister of the Interior in Eisner's government, began to eulogize Eisner, but rumours had already begun to spread that Auer was behind the assassination. Acting on the false allegations, Alois Linder, a saloon waiter who was a fervent supporter of Eisner, shot Auer twice with a rifle and wounded him. That prompted other armed supporters of Eisner to open fire, which caused a melee that killed the conservative parliamentarian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Osel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Osel (page does not exist)">Heinrich Osel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Osel" class="extiw" title="de:Heinrich Osel">de</a>]</span> and provoked nervous breakdowns in at least two ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was effectively no government in Bavaria thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199632_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham199632-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unrest and lawlessness followed. The assassination of Eisner created a martyr for the leftist cause and prompted demonstrations, the closing of the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">University of Munich</a>, the kidnapping of aristocrats and the forced pealing of church bells. The support for the Left was greater than Eisner himself had been able to command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199632_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham199632-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Toller_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ernst_Toller_1923.jpg/150px-Ernst_Toller_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ernst_Toller_1923.jpg/225px-Ernst_Toller_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ernst_Toller_1923.jpg/300px-Ernst_Toller_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>Ernst Toller, circa 1923</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 March, the Congress of Councils proclaimed a new government under <a href="/wiki/Martin_Segitz" title="Martin Segitz">Martin Segitz</a>, but it was neither recognised by the majority of the state parliament and nor politically active.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 March 1919, the Socialists' new leader, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hoffmann_(SPD_politician)" title="Johannes Hoffmann (SPD politician)">Johannes Hoffmann</a>, an anti-militarist and former schoolteacher, patched together a parliamentary coalition government </p><p>However, a month later, on the night of 6–7 April, communists and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a>, energized by the news of a <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">communist revolution in Hungary</a>, declared a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet republic</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a> as chief of state.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019225_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019225-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toller called on the non-existent "Bavarian Red Army" to support the new <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> and ruthlessly deal with any <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a> behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199632–33_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham199632–33-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KPD reluctantly took part in the newly-formed soviet republic though the party's chairman, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Levi" title="Paul Levi">Paul Levi</a>, denounced the republic as "revolutionary adventurism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeynen201952–53_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeynen201952–53-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hoffmann government fled to <a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a>, in northern Bavaria,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which it declared the new seat of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199633_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham199633-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Ernst_Toller_government">First Ernst Toller government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Soviet_Republic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First Ernst Toller government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was ruled by USPD members such as <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchists</a> like writer <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Gustav Landauer</a>, economist <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Gesell" title="Silvio Gesell">Silvio Gesell</a>, and playwright <a href="/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam" title="Erich Mühsam">Erich Mühsam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner2019244_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner2019244-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toller, who was also a playwright, described the revolution as the "Bavarian Revolution of Love".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaab200659_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaab200659-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the café society of Schwabing, the new government became known as "the regime of the coffeehouse anarchists."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toller's cabinet picks were controversial. For instance, a burglar with a conviction for moral turpitude was chosen as police president of Munich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199633_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham199633-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most infamous was the Commissar of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Franz_Lipp" title="Franz Lipp">Dr. Franz Lipp</a> – who had been admitted several times to <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospitals</a> – declared war on <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> over the Swiss refusal to lend 60 locomotives to the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claimed to be well acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and informed <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and the Pope by cable that the ousted former Minister-President Hoffmann had fled to <a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a> and taken the key to the ministry toilet with him.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toller's brief government was characterized by bold declarations without real enforcement. The minister for public housing published a decree saying that no house could thereafter contain more than three rooms and that the living room must always be above the kitchen and bedroom. It was also declared that Finance Minister Silvio Gesell's concept of <a href="/wiki/Freigeld" title="Freigeld">Freigeld</a> would be implemented, although it never was.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the Toller cabinet included:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output 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.sticky-header,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi" style="font-size:95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Portfolio</th> <th>Minister</th> <th>Took office</th> <th>Left office</th> <th colspan="2">Party </th></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:center">President</td><td><div style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></div></td><td>.</td><td>.</td><td style="background:#D47B9B"> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">USPD</a></td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:center">Foreign Minister</td><td><div style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lipp" title="Franz Lipp">Franz Lipp</a></div></td><td>.</td><td>.</td><td style="background:#D47B9B"> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">USPD</a></td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:center">Finance Minister<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td><div style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Gesell" title="Silvio Gesell">Silvio Gesell</a></div></td><td>.</td><td>.</td><td style="background:#DCDCDC"> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:center">Interior Minister</td><td><div style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Soldmann" title="Fritz Soldmann">Fritz Soldmann</a></div></td><td>.</td><td>.</td><td style="background:#D47B9B"> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">USPD</a></td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:center">Minister of Military Affairs</td><td><div style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Reichart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Reichart (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Reichart</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Reichart" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Reichart">de</a>]</span></div></td><td>.</td><td>.</td><td style="background:#C43988"> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">KPD</a></td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:center">Minister of Transportation</td><td><div style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Paulukum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Paulukum (page does not exist)">Gustav Paulukum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Paulukum" class="extiw" title="fr:Gustav Paulukum">fr</a>]</span></div></td><td>.</td><td>.</td><td style="background:#D47B9B"> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">USPD</a></td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:center">Minister of Education</td><td><div style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Gustav Landauer</a></div></td><td>.</td><td>.</td><td style="background:#D47B9B"> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">USPD</a></td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:center">Minister of Welfare</td><td><div style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Hagemeister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Hagemeister (page does not exist)">August Hagemeister</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Hagemeister" class="extiw" title="de:August Hagemeister">de</a>]</span></div></td><td>.</td><td>.</td><td style="background:#D47B9B"> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">USPD</a></td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:center">Minister of Justice</td><td><div style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_K%C3%BCbler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrad Kübler (page does not exist)">Konrad Kübler</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_K%C3%BCbler" class="extiw" title="de:Konrad Kübler">de</a>]</span></div></td><td>.</td><td>.</td><td style="background:#38C538"> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Peasants%27_League" title="Bavarian Peasants' League">BB</a></td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:center">Ministry of Social Welfare</td><td><div style="font-weight:bold;">Martin Steiner</div></td><td>.</td><td>.</td><td style="background:#38C538"> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Peasants%27_League" title="Bavarian Peasants' League">BB</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eugen_Leviné_government"><span id="Eugen_Levin.C3.A9_government"></span>Eugen Leviné government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Soviet_Republic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eugen Leviné government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugene_Levine1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eugene_Levine1.jpg/150px-Eugene_Levine1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eugene_Levine1.jpg/225px-Eugene_Levine1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eugene_Levine1.jpg/300px-Eugene_Levine1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Eugen Leviné</figcaption></figure> <p>On Saturday 12 April 1919, only six days into Toller's regime, the KPD seized power, led by three Russian-German <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Levin%C3%A9" title="Eugen Leviné">Eugen Leviné</a> as head of state and <a href="/wiki/Max_Levien" title="Max Levien">Max Levien</a> as the chairman of the Bavarian KPD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaab200658_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaab200658-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bullock70_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bullock70-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019230–231_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019230–231-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The communists managed to secure power after the so called <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_Putsch" title="Palm Sunday Putsch">Palm Sunday Putsch</a>, where the counter-revolutionary government forces were suppressed by the Bavarian Red Army commander <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Egelhofer" title="Rudolf Egelhofer">Rudolf Egelhofer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019230–231_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019230–231-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam" title="Erich Mühsam">Erich Mühsam</a>, a member of the Toller Government, had himself "suggested to Leviné that we [the Toller government] be forcibly ousted so that the hopeless situation would end and the revolutionary work could be secured."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having received the blessings of <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> – who at the annual May Day celebration in <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a> said: "The liberated working class is celebrating its anniversary not only in Soviet Russia but in ... Soviet Bavaria"<sup id="cite_ref-bullock70_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bullock70-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Leviné began to enact more communist reforms, which included forming a "Red Army" from factory workers, seizing cash, food supplies, and privately owned guns, <a href="/wiki/Expropriating" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriating">expropriating</a> luxurious apartments and giving them to the <a href="/wiki/Homeless" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeless">homeless</a> and placing factories under the ownership and control of their workers. One of Munich's main churches was taken over and made into a revolutionary temple which would be presided over by "Goddess Reason." Bavaria was to be in the vanguard of the Bolshevization of central Europe, with all workers to receive military training.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leviné also had plans to abolish <a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">paper money</a> and reform the education system but never had time to implement them. There was time, however, for Max Levien, following Lenin's orders, to arrest <a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">aristocrats</a> and members of the middle-class as hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Leviné's short reign, food shortages quickly became a problem, especially the absence of milk. Public criticism over the milk shortage turned political, precipitating the communist government to publicly declare: "What does it matter? ... Most of it goes to the children of the bourgeoisie anyway. We are not interested in keeping them alive. No harm if they die – they'd only grow into enemies of the proletariat."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An attempt by troops loyal to the Hoffmann government and the <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kampfbund</i></span> (combat league) of the Neopagan and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volkische" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkische">volkische</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society">Thule Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBracher1970110_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher1970110-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to overthrow the BSR on 13 April<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999112–116_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999112–116-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was put down by the new Red Army, which consisted of factory workers and members of the <a href="/wiki/German_workers%27_and_soldiers%27_councils_1918%E2%80%931919" title="German workers' and soldiers' councils 1918–1919">soldiers' and workers' councils</a>. Twenty men died in the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Ernst_Toller_government">Second Ernst Toller government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Soviet_Republic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second Ernst Toller government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 April, due to disputes over whether negotiations should be held with Hoffmann's People's State of Bavaria, Leviné's committee resigned and re-elected Toller to lead the Bavarian Soviet Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner2019244_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner2019244-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_clash_and_demise">Military clash and demise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Soviet_Republic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military clash and demise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rival governments – Hoffmann's People's State of Bavaria seated in Bamberg, and the Bavarian Soviet Republic located in Munich – clashed militarily at <a href="/wiki/Dachau,_Bavaria" title="Dachau, Bavaria">Dachau</a> on 18 April when Hoffmann's 8,000 soldiers met the Soviet Republic's 30,000. The BSR forces – led by Ernst Toller – were victorious in the first battle at Dachau, but Hoffmann made a deal that gave him the services of 20,000 men of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freikorps</i></span> under Lt. General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burghard_von_Oven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burghard von Oven (page does not exist)">Burghard von Oven</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burghard_von_Oven" class="extiw" title="de:Burghard von Oven">de</a>]</span>. Oven and the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freikorps</i></span>, along with Hoffmann's loyalist elements of the <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">German Army</a> – called the "White Guards of Capitalism" by the communists – then took Dachau and surrounded Munich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019225_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019225-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of the BSR had, in the meantime, on 26 April, occupied the rooms of the Thule Society in the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Vier_Jahreszeiten_(Munich)" title="Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten (Munich)">Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten</a>, and arrested Countess Hella von Westarp, the society's secretary, and six others, to be held as hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBracher1970109–110_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher1970109–110-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rudolf Egelhofer, panicked by Munich being surrounded by Hoffmann's forces, had these seven and three other hostages executed on 30 April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019225_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019225-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They included the well-connected <a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustav_of_Thurn_and_Taxis" title="Prince Gustav of Thurn and Taxis">Prince Gustav of Thurn and Taxis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The executions were carried out despite Toller's efforts to prevent them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199634–35_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham199634–35-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freikorps</i></span> broke through the Munich defences on 1 May,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199634–35_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham199634–35-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to bitter street fighting that involved "flame-throwers, heavy artillery, armoured vehicles, even aircraft".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999112–116_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999112–116-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 606 people were killed, of whom 335 were civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999112–116_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999112–116-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leviné was later condemned to death for treason, and shot by a firing squad in <a href="/wiki/Stadelheim_Prison" title="Stadelheim Prison">Stadelheim Prison</a>. Gustav Landauer was killed by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freikorps</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Egelhofer was murdered without trial after being arrested as well. Numerous others were given prison sentences, such as Toller (5 years) and the anarchist writer <a href="/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam" title="Erich Mühsam">Erich Mühsam</a> (15 years); others received longer sentences, 6,000 years' worth in all, some of it to hard labour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999112–116_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999112–116-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the execution of 1,000–1,200 suspected communists,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeynen201952–53_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeynen201952–53-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oven declared the city to have been secured on 6 May, ending the reign of the Bavarian Soviet Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199634–35_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham199634–35-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Hoffmann government was nominally restored, the actual power in Munich had shifted to the right.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamberg_Constitution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bamberg Constitution (page does not exist)">Bamberg Constitution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberger_Verfassung" class="extiw" title="de:Bamberger Verfassung">de</a>]</span> was enacted on 14 August 1919, creating the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Bavaria">Free State of Bavaria</a> within the new <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Soviet_Republic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Bavarian Soviet Republic was crushed, the SPD returned to power, but was subsequently ousted in the <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a> in March 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeynen201953_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeynen201953-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tumultuous period of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">People's State of Bavaria</a> and the Bavarian Soviet Republic was used by conservative and far-right circles to stoke fear and hatred of "bolshevism" among Bavarian society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999115_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999115-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period was popularly remembered as a period in which both states existed as one of shortages, censorship, restrictions on freedom, violence, and general disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999114–115_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999114–115-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The many separate strands of Bavarian conservatism found a common enemy in the far-left, and the former Kingdom became profoundly "reactionary, anti-Republican, [and] counter-revolutionary."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999115_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999115-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Communists and Social Democrats both blamed each other following the episode, paralyzing the left through the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040–41_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040–41-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fact that some of the prominent figures of the People's State and the Soviet Republic were Jewish was used by conservative and far-right circles to push the conspiracy theory of "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>" in Bavaria.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner2019237,_252_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner2019237,_252-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Soviet_Republic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One notable supporter of the Soviet Republic was the artist <a href="/wiki/Georg_Schrimpf" title="Georg Schrimpf">Georg Schrimpf</a>, then aged 30, who was arrested when the movement was crushed.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His friend, the writer <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Maria_Graf" title="Oskar Maria Graf">Oskar Maria Graf</a>, who was also arrested, wrote about the events in his autobiographical novel, <i>Wir sind Gefangene</i> (1927). The famed anarchist novelist Ret Marut (later known as <a href="/wiki/B._Traven" title="B. Traven">B.Traven</a>) was an active participant in the establishment of Soviet power and worked as head of the Press Department of the Soviet Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early days of the Soviet Republic, representatives of cultural life also played an important role in the revolution. Some intellectuals such as the economist <a href="/wiki/Lujo_Brentano" title="Lujo Brentano">Lujo Brentano</a>, the conductor <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a> and the writers <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich Mann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a> formed the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rat der geistigen Arbeit</i></span> (Council of Intellectual Work) with Mann as its chairman<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Hitler"></span><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s longstanding chauffeur and first leader of the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS) <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Julius Schreck</a> signed up and served as a member of the Red Army in late April 1919. Balthasar Brandmayer, one of Hitler's closest wartime friends, remarked "how he at first welcomed the end of the monarchies" and the establishment of the republic in Bavaria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999119_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999119-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler himself acted as a liaison between his army battalion – he had been elected "deputy battalion representative" – and the Soviet Republic's Department of Propaganda by soldiers who mostly supported the mainstream SPD as opposed to the more radical USPD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett201846_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHett201846-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019225_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019225-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both newsreel film footage and a still photograph show Hitler marching in Eisner's funeral procession. He wears both a black mourning band and a red band showing support for the Government. It is uncertain whether this indicated that Hitler was a true supporter of the Soviet Republic, or that he was simply taking an available opportunity not to return to his impoverished pre-war civilian life. Befitting what is now known about his character, Hitler's so-called left-wing politics may have been purely opportunistic, rather than reflecting a deeper political belief. It is also known that once the Soviet Republic had fallen to the White Guard and the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freikorps</i></span>, Hitler immediately changed his loyalties, aligning himself with the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> and – as part of a three-man committee assigned to investigate the behavior of his regiment's soldiers – informed on other soldiers who had shown sympathy for the Soviet Government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett201846–47_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHett201846–47-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Active participants in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freikorps</i></span> units – those of Oven, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Ritter_von_Epp" title="Franz Ritter von Epp">Franz Ritter von Epp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marinebrigade_Ehrhardt" title="Marinebrigade Ehrhardt">Hermann Erhardt</a> – that suppressed the Bavarian Soviet Republic included future powerful members of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a>, a member of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freikorps Epp</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199635_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham199635-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Soviet_Republic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1952 memoir <i>Witness</i>, <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a> named Eugene Leviné as one of three people whom he most admired as he joined the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Sozonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yegor Sozonov">Igor Sazonov</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During the Bavarian Soviet Republic in 1919, Levine was the organizer of the Workers and Soldiers Soviets. When the Bavarian Soviet Republic was crushed, Levine was captured and courtmartialed. The court-martial told him: "You are under sentence of death." Levine answered: "We communists are always under sentence of death." That is another thing that it meant to be a Communist.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Soviet_Republic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 80%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace Soviet Republic">Alsace Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bavaria" title="History of Bavaria">History of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen Soviet Republic</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution">German Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">People's State of Bavaria</a> – predecessor to the Bavarian Soviet Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviet (council)</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Soviet_Republic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaab200658-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaab200658_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaab200658_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaab200658_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaab2006">Gaab 2006</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019226–228-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019226–228_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartolfMiething2019">Bartolf & Miething 2019</a>, pp. 226–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw1999">Kershaw 1999</a>, pp. 112–116; <a href="#CITEREFMitcham1996">Mitcham 1996</a>, p. 11, 30; <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 158–161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid62xSFkgjAdUCpgPA112_112]–116-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid62xSFkgjAdUCpgPA112_112]–116_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw1999">Kershaw 1999</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=62xSFkgjAdUC&pg=PA112">112</a>–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham199634–35-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199634–35_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199634–35_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199634–35_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199634–35_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitcham1996">Mitcham 1996</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYkekBwYc1_wCpgPA40_40]-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYkekBwYc1_wCpgPA40_40]_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurleigh2000">Burleigh 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YkekBwYc1_wC&pg=PA40">40</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell198223-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell198223_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1982">Mitchell 1982</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScriba2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scriba, Arnulf (15 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/matrosenaufstand-1918.html">"Der Matrosenaufstand 1918"</a> [The Sailors' Uprising 1918]. <i>Deutsches Historisches Museum</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft.atitle=Der+Matrosenaufstand+1918&rft.date=2015-08-15&rft.aulast=Scriba&rft.aufirst=Arnulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fkapitel%2Fweimarer-republik%2Frevolution-191819%2Fmatrosenaufstand-1918.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRackwitz2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rackwitz, Martin (2018). <i>Kiel 1918: Revolution – Aufbruch zu Demokratie und Republik</i> [<i>Kiel 1918: Revolution – Dawn of Democracy and Republic</i>] (in German). Kiel: Wachholtz. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-529-05174-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-529-05174-6"><bdi>978-3-529-05174-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kiel+1918%3A+Revolution+%E2%80%93+Aufbruch+zu+Demokratie+und+Republik&rft.place=Kiel&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Wachholtz&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-529-05174-6&rft.aulast=Rackwitz&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturm2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sturm, Reinhard (23 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpb.de/themen/nationalsozialismus-zweiter-weltkrieg/dossier-nationalsozialismus/168748/vom-kaiserreich-zur-republik-1918-19/#node-content-title-12">"Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik 1918/19"</a> [From Empire to Republic 1918/19]. <i>Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Atlantic Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=1586">the original</a> on 19 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unsung+Hero%3A+Bavaria%27s+amnesia+about+the+man+who+abolished+the+monarchy&rft.pub=The+Atlantic+Times&rft.date=2008-12&rft.aulast=Schuler&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantic-times.com%2Farchive_detail.php%3FrecordID%3D1586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019223–224-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019223–224_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartolfMiething2019">Bartolf & Miething 2019</a>, pp. 223–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiddell198673-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiddell198673_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiddell1986">Riddell 1986</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiddell1986304-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiddell1986304_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiddell1986">Riddell 1986</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2014" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Michael (17 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4-dAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131"><i>Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. 131–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610692861" title="Special:BookSources/9781610692861"><bdi>9781610692861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Assassinations+in+World+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=131-132&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014-04-17&rft.isbn=9781610692861&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4-dAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrau2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grau, Bernhard (13 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Beisetzung_Kurt_Eisners,_M%C3%BCnchen,_26._Februar_1919">"Beisetzung Kurt Eisners, München, 26. 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Viechtach: Lichtung. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-929517-79-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-929517-79-8"><bdi>978-3-929517-79-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alois+Lindner.+Das+Leben+des+bayerischen+Abenteurers+und+Revolution%C3%A4rs&rft.place=Viechtach&rft.pub=Lichtung&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-929517-79-8&rft.aulast=Dankerl&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham199632-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199632_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199632_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitcham1996">Mitcham 1996</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerz2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Merz, Johannes (2 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Kabinett_Segitz,_1919">"Kabinett Segitz, 1919"</a> [Segitz Cabinet, 1919]. <i>Historisches Lexikon Bayerns</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+Bayerns&rft.atitle=Kabinett+Segitz%2C+1919&rft.date=2006-10-02&rft.aulast=Merz&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de%2FLexikon%2FKabinett_Segitz%2C_1919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/598659/Ernst-Toller"><i>Ernst Toller</i></a>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 Feb</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernst+Toller&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F598659%2FErnst-Toller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019225-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019225_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019225_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019225_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019225_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartolfMiething2019">Bartolf & Miething 2019</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMühsam1929" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam" title="Erich Mühsam">Mühsam, Erich</a> (1929). <i>Von Eisner bis Leviné</i> [<i>From Eisner to Leviné</i>] (in German). Berlin: Fanal Verlag. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Von+Eisner+bis+Levin%C3%A9&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Fanal+Verlag&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=M%C3%BChsam&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham199632–33-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199632–33_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitcham1996">Mitcham 1996</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh200040_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurleigh2000">Burleigh 2000</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham199633-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199633_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199633_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitcham1996">Mitcham 1996</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner2019244-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner2019244_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner2019244_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronner2019">Bronner 2019</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaab200659-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaab200659_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaab2006">Gaab 2006</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003158–161_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 158–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1963" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Edumund (1963). <i>The Fall of the Dynasties: The Collapse of the Old Order</i>. 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Norderstedt: Vero Verlag. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-737-22351-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-737-22351-5"><bdi>978-3-737-22351-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Von+Kiel+bis+Kapp&rft.place=Norderstedt&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Vero+Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-737-22351-5&rft.aulast=Noske&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrölich2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fr%C3%B6lich" title="Paul Frölich">Frölich, Paul</a> (2001). <i>Die Bayerische Räte-Republik. Tatsachen und Kritik</i> [<i>The Bavarian Soviet Republic. Facts and Criticism</i>] (in German). Cologne: Neuer Isp Verlag. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-929-00868-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-929-00868-5"><bdi>978-3-929-00868-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Bayerische+R%C3%A4te-Republik.+Tatsachen+und+Kritik&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Neuer+Isp+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-929-00868-5&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%B6lich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBischel2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bischel, Matthias (22 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/R%C3%A4terepublik_Baiern_(1919)">"Räterepublik Baiern (1919)"</a> [Bavarian Soviet Republic]. <i>Historisches Lexikon Bayerns</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+Bayerns&rft.atitle=R%C3%A4terepublik+Baiern+%281919%29&rft.date=2019-03-22&rft.aulast=Bischel&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de%2FLexikon%2FR%25C3%25A4terepublik_Baiern_%281919%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhunchukashviliKliewerLisovPiorun" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khunchukashvili, David; Kliewer, Natalja; Lisov, Maja; Piorun, Carolin; Rikić, Bojana; Türmer, Philipp; Winterer, Beate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osmikon.de/themendossiers/muenchen-und-die-russische-revolution/oktoberrevolution-und-muenchner-raeterepublik/">"Die Verflechtungen zwischen der Oktoberrevolution 1917 und der Münchner Räterepublik"</a> [The Entanglements between the October Revolution of 1917 and the Munich Soviet Republic]. <i>Fachinformationsdienst Ost-, Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fachinformationsdienst+Ost-%2C+Ostmittel-+und+S%C3%BCdosteuropa&rft.atitle=Die+Verflechtungen+zwischen+der+Oktoberrevolution+1917+und+der+M%C3%BCnchner+R%C3%A4terepublik&rft.aulast=Khunchukashvili&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Kliewer%2C+Natalja&rft.au=Lisov%2C+Maja&rft.au=Piorun%2C+Carolin&rft.au=Riki%C4%87%2C+Bojana&rft.au=T%C3%BCrmer%2C+Philipp&rft.au=Winterer%2C+Beate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osmikon.de%2Fthemendossiers%2Fmuenchen-und-die-russische-revolution%2Foktoberrevolution-und-muenchner-raeterepublik%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnken2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Onken" class="extiw" title="de:Werner Onken">Onken, Werner</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (2018). <i>Silvio Gesell in der Münchener Räterepublik. Eine Woche Volksbeauftragter für das Finanzwesen im April 1919</i> [<i>Silvio Gesell in the Munich Soviet Republic. One week as People's Representative for Finance in April 1919</i>] (in German). Oldenburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933891-31-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-933891-31-0"><bdi>978-3-933891-31-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silvio+Gesell+in+der+M%C3%BCnchener+R%C3%A4terepublik.+Eine+Woche+Volksbeauftragter+f%C3%BCr+das+Finanzwesen+im+April+1919&rft.place=Oldenburg&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-933891-31-0&rft.aulast=Onken&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bullock70-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bullock70_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bullock70_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bullock" title="Alan Bullock">Bullock, Alan</a> (1991). <i>Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-58601-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-58601-8"><bdi>0-394-58601-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+Stalin%3A+Parallel+Lives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-394-58601-8&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019230–231-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019230–231_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolfMiething2019230–231_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartolfMiething2019">Bartolf & Miething 2019</a>, pp. 230–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeppBischel2021" class="citation web cs1">Sepp, Florian; Bischel, Matthias (23 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Palmsonntagsputsch,_13._April_1919">"Palmsonntagsputsch, 13. 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Oakland, CA: PM Press. pp. 109–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-055-9"><bdi>978-1-60486-055-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/775498899">775498899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberating+society+from+the+state+and+other+writings%3A+a+political+reader&rft.place=Oakland%2C+CA&rft.pages=109-110&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F775498899&rft.isbn=978-1-60486-055-9&rft.aulast=M%C3%BChsam&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F775498899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher1970110-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBracher1970110_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBracher1970">Bracher 1970</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999112–116-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999112–116_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999112–116_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999112–116_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999112–116_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw1999">Kershaw 1999</a>, pp. 112–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher1970109–110-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBracher1970109–110_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBracher1970">Bracher 1970</a>, pp. 109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929134934/http://www.humanitas-international.org/showcase/chronography/timebase/1919tbse.htm">"Timebase Multimedia Chronology: Timebase 1919"</a>. <i>humanitas-international</i>. 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Munich: Beck. p. 1072, footnote 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-56681-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-56681-3"><bdi>978-3-406-56681-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Dritte+Reich+und+die+Juden.+Die+Jahre+der+Verfolgung+1933%E2%80%931939.+Die+Jahre+der+Vernichtung+1939%E2%80%931945.+Die+Jahre+der+Vernichtung+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=1072%2C+footnote+80&rft.edition=One-volume+special&rft.pub=Beck&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-406-56681-3&rft.aulast=Friedl%C3%A4nder&rft.aufirst=Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner2019237,_252-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner2019237,_252_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronner2019">Bronner 2019</a>, pp. 237, 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich2012" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich, Julia, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=literaturkritik.de&rft.atitle=Heinrich+Mann+und+der+Politische+Rat+geistiger+Arbeiter+M%C3%BCnchen+%E2%80%93+Versuch+einer+Chronik&rft.aulast=Veitenheimer&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliteraturkritik.de%2Fheinrich-mann-und-der-politische-rat-geistiger-arbeiter-muenchen-versuch-einer-chronik%2C25091.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999119-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999119_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw1999">Kershaw 1999</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHett201846-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHett201846_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHett2018">Hett 2018</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllrich2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Volker_Ullrich" title="Volker Ullrich">Ullrich, Volker</a> (2016). <i>Hitler: Ascent 1889–1939</i>. 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London: MacGibbon & Kee. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-261-63246-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-261-63246-9"><bdi>0-261-63246-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hess%3A+A+Biography.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=MacGibbon+%26+Kee&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-261-63246-9&rft.aulast=Manvell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Fraenkel%2C+Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadfield2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Padfield" title="Peter Padfield">Padfield, Peter</a> (2001). <i>Hess: The Fuhrer's Disciple</i>. London: Cassell & Co. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35843-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35843-6"><bdi>0-304-35843-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hess%3A+The+Fuhrer%27s+Disciple&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-304-35843-6&rft.aulast=Padfield&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witness-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Witness_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers, Whittaker</a> (1952). <i>Witness</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0895269157" title="Special:BookSources/978-0895269157"><bdi>978-0895269157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0895269157&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Whittaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Soviet_Republic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddell1986" class="citation book cs1">Riddell, John, ed. (1986). <i>The German Revolution and the Debate on Soviet Power: Documents: 1918-1919 Preparing the Founding Congress</i>. Pathfinder Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Revolution+and+the+Debate+on+Soviet+Power%3A+Documents%3A+1918-1919+Preparing+the+Founding+Congress&rft.pub=Pathfinder+Press&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartolfMiething2019" class="citation book cs1">Bartolf, Christian; Miething, Dominique (2019). "Gustav Landauer and the Revolutionary Principle of Non-violent Non-cooperation". In Kets, Gaard; Muldoon, James (eds.). <i>The German Revolution and Political Theory</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 215–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-13917-9_11">10.1007/978-3-030-13917-9_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-13917-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-13917-9"><bdi>978-3-030-13917-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2524-7131">2524-7131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gustav+Landauer+and+the+Revolutionary+Principle+of+Non-violent+Non-cooperation&rft.btitle=The+German+Revolution+and+Political+Theory&rft.pages=215-236&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=2524-7131&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-13917-9_11&rft.isbn=978-3-030-13917-9&rft.aulast=Bartolf&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Miething%2C+Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracher1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Bracher" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher">Bracher, Karl Dietrich</a> (1970). <i>The German Dictatorship</i>. Translated by Steinberg, Jean. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-013724-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-013724-6"><bdi>0-14-013724-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Dictatorship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-14-013724-6&rft.aulast=Bracher&rft.aufirst=Karl+Dietrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronner2019" class="citation book cs1">Bronner, Stephen Eric (2019). "Revolutionary Principles and Strategy in the November Revolution: The Case of the USPD". In Kets, Gaard; Muldoon, James (eds.). <i>The German Revolution and Political Theory</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 237–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-13917-9_12">10.1007/978-3-030-13917-9_12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-13917-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-13917-9"><bdi>978-3-030-13917-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2524-7131">2524-7131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+Principles+and+Strategy+in+the+November+Revolution%3A+The+Case+of+the+USPD&rft.btitle=The+German+Revolution+and+Political+Theory&rft.pages=237-254&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=2524-7131&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-13917-9_12&rft.isbn=978-3-030-13917-9&rft.aulast=Bronner&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurleigh2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burleigh" title="Michael Burleigh">Burleigh, Michael</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YkekBwYc1_wC"><i>The Third Reich: A New History</i></a>. New York: Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8090-9325-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8090-9325-1"><bdi>0-8090-9325-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8090-9325-1&rft.aulast=Burleigh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYkekBwYc1_wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2003). <i>The Coming of the Third Reich</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303469-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303469-3"><bdi>0-14-303469-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-14-303469-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaab2006" class="citation book cs1">Gaab, Jeffrey S. (2006). <i>Munich: Hofbräuhaus & History: Beer, Culture, and Politics</i>. Lausanne, Switzerland: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-820-48606-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-820-48606-2"><bdi>978-0-820-48606-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Munich%3A+Hofbr%C3%A4uhaus+%26+History%3A+Beer%2C+Culture%2C+and+Politics&rft.place=Lausanne%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-820-48606-2&rft.aulast=Gaab&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHett2018" class="citation book cs1">Hett, Benjamin Carter (2018). <i>The Death of Democracy</i>. New York: St. Martin's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-21086-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-21086-9"><bdi>978-1-250-21086-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Democracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-250-21086-9&rft.aulast=Hett&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Carter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeynen2019" class="citation book cs1">Heynen, Robert (2019). "The German Revolution and the Radical Right". In Kets, Gaard; Muldoon, James (eds.). <i>The German Revolution and Political Theory</i>. Marx, Engels, and Marxisms. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 45–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-13917-9_3">10.1007/978-3-030-13917-9_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-13917-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-13917-9"><bdi>978-3-030-13917-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2524-7131">2524-7131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+German+Revolution+and+the+Radical+Right&rft.btitle=The+German+Revolution+and+Political+Theory&rft.series=Marx%2C+Engels%2C+and+Marxisms&rft.pages=45-68&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=2524-7131&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-13917-9_3&rft.isbn=978-3-030-13917-9&rft.aulast=Heynen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=62xSFkgjAdUC"><i>Hitler: 1889–1936 Hubris</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04671-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04671-0"><bdi>0-393-04671-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+1889%E2%80%931936+Hubris&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-393-04671-0&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D62xSFkgjAdUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitcham1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Mitcham" title="Samuel W. Mitcham">Mitcham, Samuel W. Jr.</a> (1996). <i>Why Hitler? The Genesis of the Nazi Reich</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95485-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95485-4"><bdi>0-275-95485-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Hitler%3F+The+Genesis+of+the+Nazi+Reich&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-275-95485-4&rft.aulast=Mitcham&rft.aufirst=Samuel+W.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Mitchell" class="extiw" title="de:Allan Mitchell">Mitchell, Allan</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1982). <i>Revolution in Bayern 1918/1919. Die Eisner-Regierung und die Räterepublik</i> [<i>Revolution in Bavaria 1918/1919. The Eisner government and the Soviet Republic</i>] (in German) (2nd ed.). Munich: Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-02003-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-02003-8"><bdi>3-406-02003-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+Bayern+1918%2F1919.+Die+Eisner-Regierung+und+die+R%C3%A4terepublik&rft.place=Munich&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Beck&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=3-406-02003-8&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVrousalis2019" class="citation book cs1">Vrousalis, Nicholas (2019). "Revolutionary Principles and Strategy in the November Revolution: The Case of the USPD". In Kets, Gaard; Muldoon, James (eds.). <i>The German Revolution and Political Theory</i>. Marx, Engels, and Marxisms. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 113–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-13917-9_6">10.1007/978-3-030-13917-9_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-13917-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-13917-9"><bdi>978-3-030-13917-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2524-7131">2524-7131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+Principles+and+Strategy+in+the+November+Revolution%3A+The+Case+of+the+USPD&rft.btitle=The+German+Revolution+and+Political+Theory&rft.series=Marx%2C+Engels%2C+and+Marxisms&rft.pages=113-136&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=2524-7131&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-13917-9_6&rft.isbn=978-3-030-13917-9&rft.aulast=Vrousalis&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Soviet_Republic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_Weimar_Republic_(1919–1933)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Template:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Template talk:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Weimar_Republic_(1919–1933)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="States of the Weimar Republic">States of the Weimar Republic</a> (1919–1933)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Anhalt" title="Free State of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Brunswick" title="Free State of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Hesse" title="People's State of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Lippe" title="Free State of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Oldenburg" title="Free State of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Thuringia_(1920%E2%80%931952)" title="State of Thuringia (1920–1952)">Thuringia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Waldeck-Pyrmont" title="Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont">Waldeck</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1929)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_People%27s_State_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Free People's State of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches,_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Weimar Republic"><img alt="Map of the Weimar Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/175px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/263px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/350px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Coburg" title="Free State of Coburg">Coburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Gotha">Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_State_of_Saxe-Gotha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free State of Saxe-Gotha (page does not exist)">Saxe-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1920)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Reuss" title="People's State of Reuss">Reuss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Reuss" title="People's State of Reuss">Reuss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized<br /><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bavarian SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Bottleneck" title="Free State of Bottleneck">Bottleneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Republic" title="Rhenish Republic">Rhenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg SR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state" title="Template talk:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina" title="Socialism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Australia" title="New Australia">New Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil" title="Socialism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">since 1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia" title="Socialism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland" title="Socialism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia" title="Socialism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_soviets" title="Irish soviets">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovakia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Brussels Soldiers' Council">Brussels Soldiers' Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58738#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58738#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58738#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4589158792785739040001">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/16138096-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85012473">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bavorská republika rad (1919)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge882700&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282574405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bavarian_Soviet_Republic&params=48_08_N_11_34_E_type:country_source:kolossus-eswiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°08′N</span> <span class="longitude">11°34′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.133°N 11.567°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.133; 11.567</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffrogge2015" class="citation book cs1">Hoffrogge, Ralf (2015). Desai, Radhika (ed.). <i>Working-Class Politics in the German Revolution: Richard Müller, the Revolutionary Shop Stewards and the Origins of the Council Movement</i>. Translated by Keady, Joseph B. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28006-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28006-9"><bdi>978-90-04-28006-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working-Class+Politics+in+the+German+Revolution%3A+Richard+M%C3%BCller%2C+the+Revolutionary+Shop+Stewards+and+the+Origins+of+the+Council+Movement&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28006-9&rft.aulast=Hoffrogge&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavarian+Soviet+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Soviet_Republic&oldid=1259628041">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Soviet_Republic&oldid=1259628041</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Category:Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1919" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1919">States and territories disestablished in 1919</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_Germany" title="Category:Communism in Germany">Communism in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_Soviet_republics" title="Category:Early Soviet republics">Early Soviet republics</a></li><li><a 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