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<span>Cause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Signs and symptoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_teams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_teams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Research teams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_teams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prospects_for_elimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prospects_for_elimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Prospects for elimination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prospects_for_elimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other animals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cattle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cattle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Cattle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cattle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Horses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Dogs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Filariasis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="داء الخيطيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="داء الخيطيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filarioz" title="Filarioz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Filarioz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="গোদ রোগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গোদ রোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubap" title="Tubap – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tubap" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Філярыятозы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Філярыятозы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariosi" title="Filariosi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filariosi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariose" title="Filariose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Filariose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Φιλαρίαση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φιλαρίαση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filariasis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasi" title="Filariasi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filariasi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="فیلاریاز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلاریاز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariose" title="Filariose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Filariose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_fhiol%C3%A1iri%C3%A1is" title="An fhioláiriáis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An fhioláiriáis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariose" title="Filariose – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filariose" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%83%81%EC%B6%A9%EC%A6%9D" title="사상충증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사상충증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="फाइलेरिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फाइलेरिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filariasis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasi" title="Filariasi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filariasi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikil_gajah" title="Sikil gajah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sikil gajah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97" title="ಆನೆಕಾಲು ರೋಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆನೆಕಾಲು ರೋಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="മന്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മന്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="हत्तीरोग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हत्तीरोग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC" title="ဖီလာရီယာသန်စွဲနာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖီလာရီယာသန်စွဲနာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Filariasis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%97%87" title="フィラリア症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィラリア症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Filariasis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଫାଇଲେରିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଫାଇଲେରିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਫਾਈਲੇਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਾਈਲੇਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariozy" title="Filariozy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filariozy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filar%C3%ADase" title="Filaríase – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filaríase" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Филяриатозы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Филяриатозы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Филаријаза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филаријаза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="బోదకాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బోదకాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Filariasis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Філяріїдози – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філяріїдози" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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nematodes</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Parasitic disease caused by a family of nematode worms</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Filariasis</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Filariasis_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Filariasis_01.png/220px-Filariasis_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Filariasis_01.png/330px-Filariasis_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Filariasis_01.png/440px-Filariasis_01.png 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Life cycle of <i><a href="/wiki/Wuchereria_bancrofti" title="Wuchereria bancrofti">Wuchereria bancrofti</a></i>, a parasitic <a href="/wiki/Roundworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundworm">roundworm</a> that causes <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis" title="Lymphatic filariasis">lymphatic filariasis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">Infectious disease</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Filariasis</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Filaria" title="Filaria">filarial</a> infection caused by <a href="/wiki/Parasitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic">parasitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> (roundworms) spread by different <a href="/wiki/Disease_vector" title="Disease vector">vectors</a>. They are included in the list of <a href="/wiki/Neglected_tropical_diseases" title="Neglected tropical diseases">neglected tropical diseases</a>. </p><p>The most common type is <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis" title="Lymphatic filariasis">lymphatic filariasis</a> caused by three species of <i><a href="/wiki/Filaria" title="Filaria">Filaria</a></i> that are <a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">spread by mosquitoes</a>. Other types of filariasis are <a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">onchocerciasis</a> also known as <i>river blindness</i> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Onchocerca_volvulus" title="Onchocerca volvulus">onchocerca volvulus</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Loa_loa_filariasis" title="Loa loa filariasis">Loa loa filariasis</a> (Loiasis) caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Loa_loa" title="Loa loa">Loa loa</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Mansonelliasis" title="Mansonelliasis">Mansonelliasis</a> caused by three species of <i><a href="/wiki/Mansonella" title="Mansonella">Mansonella</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Dirofilariasis" title="Dirofilariasis">Dirofilariasis</a> caused by two types of <i><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria" title="Dirofilaria">Dirofilaria</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filariasis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the year 2000, 199 million infection cases of lymphatic filariasis were predicted with 3.1 million cases in America and around 107 million in South East Asia, making up to 52% of the global cases coming from Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and Myanmar combined. While the African nations that comprised around 21% of the cases showed a decrease in the trend over a period of 19 years from 2000 to 2018, studies still proved the global burden of infection to be concentrated in southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filariasis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eight known filarial worms have humans as a <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)#Types_of_hosts" title="Host (biology)">definitive host</a>. These are divided into three groups according to the part of the body they affect: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis" title="Lymphatic filariasis">Lymphatic filariasis</a> is caused by the worms <i><a href="/wiki/Wuchereria_bancrofti" title="Wuchereria bancrofti">Wuchereria bancrofti</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brugia_malayi" title="Brugia malayi">Brugia malayi</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Brugia_timori" title="Brugia timori">Brugia timori</a></i>. These worms occupy the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a>, including the lymph nodes; in chronic cases, these worms can lead to the syndrome of <i><a href="/wiki/Elephantiasis" title="Elephantiasis">elephantiasis</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Loiasis">Loiasis</a> a subcutaneous filariasis is caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Loa_loa" title="Loa loa">Loa loa</a></i> (the eye worm). <i><a href="/wiki/Mansonella_streptocerca" title="Mansonella streptocerca">Mansonella streptocerca</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Onchocerca_volvulus" title="Onchocerca volvulus">Onchocerca volvulus</a></i>. These worms occupy the <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">layer just under the skin</a>. <i>O. volvulus</i> causes <a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">river blindness</a>.</li> <li>Serous cavity filariasis is caused by the worms <i><a href="/wiki/Mansonella_perstans" title="Mansonella perstans">Mansonella perstans</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mansonella_ozzardi" title="Mansonella ozzardi">Mansonella ozzardi</a></i>, which occupy the <a href="/wiki/Serous_membrane" title="Serous membrane">serous cavity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis" title="Dirofilaria immitis">Dirofilaria immitis</a></i>, the dog heartworm, rarely infects humans.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nematoda_%D1%85_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nematoda_%D1%85_10.jpg/220px-Nematoda_%D1%85_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nematoda_%D1%85_10.jpg/330px-Nematoda_%D1%85_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nematoda_%D1%85_10.jpg/440px-Nematoda_%D1%85_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>Filariasis is caused by parasitic nematodes</figcaption></figure> <p>These worms are transmitted by infected mosquitoes of the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Aedes" title="Aedes">Aedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culex" title="Culex">Culex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anopheles" title="Anopheles">Anopheles</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mansonia_(fly)" title="Mansonia (fly)">Mansonia</a>.</i> Recent evidence suggests that climate change has an influence in the spread of the parasitic disease and its vectors. Lymphatic filariasis has been the leading cause of permanent disfigurement and continues to be the second most common cause of long-term disability in the world, even after several efforts of curbing the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filariasis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> (Wb) belonging to the family Onchocercidae, accounts for more than 90% of the filarial infections worldwide. Its complete its life cycle in two hosts, man being the definitive host while the mosquitoes act as the intermediate host. The most common mosquito vectors that aid in transmission are Anopheles in Africa, <i>Culex</i> in America, <i>Aedes</i> and <i>Mansonia</i> in Asia (Zulfiqar et al., 2023). Female worms are ovoviviparous and can produce thousands of juveniles known as microfilariae, in infected humans. These are ingested by mosquitoes when they bite. The ingested <a href="/wiki/Microfilaria" title="Microfilaria">microfilaria</a> mature and eventually migrate to the insect proboscis from where they get injected into the human skin. Here they travel through the dermis to the lymph organs and further mature into male and female worm forms for the next 6 to 12 months and finally reproduce to complete the cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals infected by filarial worms may be described as either "microfilaraemic" or "amicrofilaraemic", depending on whether microfilariae can be found in their peripheral blood. Filariasis is diagnosed in microfilaraemic cases primarily through direct observation of microfilariae in the peripheral blood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filariasis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most spectacular symptom of lymphatic filariasis is <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis" title="Lymphatic filariasis">elephantiasis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pachyderma" title="Pachyderma">thickening of the skin</a> and underlying tissues—which was the first disease discovered to be transmitted by mosquito bites.<sup id="cite_ref-who_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elephantiasis results when the parasites lodge in the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Cases of acute inflammatory filariasis manifest 5 to 7 day episodes of fever along with inflammation of <a href="/wiki/Lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymph nodes">lymph nodes</a>. It is often accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Epididymitis" title="Epididymitis">epididymitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spermatic_cord" title="Spermatic cord">spermatic cord</a> inflammation. Secondary bacterial infections are very common and are seen to be more severe in previously unexposed immigrants than in native residents. Chronic filarial disease develops gradually over the years. In most patients the lymphatic dilation does not present any physical symptoms. However, inflammatory responses to dying adult worms often lead to chronic lymphedema in the affected regions which then progresses to elephantiasis. <i>W. bancrofti</i> often causes hydrocele and scrotal elephantiasis. Moreover, disruption of lymphatic vessels or aberrant drainage of lymph fluid often leads to <a href="/wiki/Chyluria" title="Chyluria">chyluria</a> and chyloceles.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elephantiasis affects mainly the <a href="/wiki/Lower_extremities" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower extremities">lower extremities</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputation</a> stumps are affected less frequently. However, different species of filarial worms tend to affect different parts of the body; <i><a href="/wiki/Wuchereria_bancrofti" title="Wuchereria bancrofti">Wuchereria bancrofti</a></i> can affect the legs, arms, <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a>, breasts, and <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a> (causing <a href="/wiki/Hydrocele" title="Hydrocele">hydrocele</a> formation), while <i><a href="/wiki/Brugia_timori" title="Brugia timori">Brugia timori</a></i> rarely affects the genitals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Those who develop the chronic stages of elephantiasis are usually free from microfilariae (amicrofilaraemic), and often have adverse immunological reactions to the microfilariae, as well as the adult worms.<sup id="cite_ref-who_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subcutaneous worms present with rashes, urticarial <a href="/wiki/Papule" title="Papule">papules</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, as well as hyper- and hypopigmentation <a href="/wiki/Macule" class="mw-redirect" title="Macule">macules</a>. <i>Onchocerca volvulus</i> manifests itself in the eyes, causing "river blindness" (<a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">onchocerciasis</a>), one of the leading causes of blindness in the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Serous cavity filariasis presents with symptoms similar to subcutaneous filariasis, in addition to abdominal pain, because these worms are also deep-tissue dwellers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filariasis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microfilaria_of_Dirofilaria_immitis_(Heartworms)_Surrounded_by_Neoplastic_Lymphocytes_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Microfilaria_of_Dirofilaria_immitis_%28Heartworms%29_Surrounded_by_Neoplastic_Lymphocytes_1.jpg/220px-Microfilaria_of_Dirofilaria_immitis_%28Heartworms%29_Surrounded_by_Neoplastic_Lymphocytes_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Microfilaria_of_Dirofilaria_immitis_%28Heartworms%29_Surrounded_by_Neoplastic_Lymphocytes_1.jpg/330px-Microfilaria_of_Dirofilaria_immitis_%28Heartworms%29_Surrounded_by_Neoplastic_Lymphocytes_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Microfilaria_of_Dirofilaria_immitis_%28Heartworms%29_Surrounded_by_Neoplastic_Lymphocytes_1.jpg/440px-Microfilaria_of_Dirofilaria_immitis_%28Heartworms%29_Surrounded_by_Neoplastic_Lymphocytes_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2519" data-file-height="2530" /></a><figcaption>Microfilaria of Dirofilaria immitis (Heartworms) in a lymph node of a dog with lymphoma. This baby nematode is in a pillow of intermediate-to-large, immature lymphocytes, exhibiting multiple criteria of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Filariasis is usually diagnosed by identifying microfilariae on <a href="/wiki/Giemsa_stain" title="Giemsa stain">Giemsa stained</a>, thin and thick <a href="/wiki/Blood_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood film">blood film smears</a>, using the "gold standard" known as the finger prick test. The finger prick test draws blood from the capillaries of the finger tip; larger veins can be used for blood extraction, but strict windows of the time of day must be observed. Blood must be drawn at appropriate times, which reflect the feeding activities of the vector insects. Examples are <i>W. bancrofti</i>, whose vector is a mosquito; night is the preferred time for blood collection. <i>Loa loa's</i> vector is the deer fly; daytime collection is preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method of diagnosis is only relevant to microfilariae that use the blood as transport from the lungs to the skin. Some filarial worms, such as <i>M. streptocerca</i> and <i>O. volvulus</i>, produce microfilariae that do not use the blood; they reside in the skin only. For these worms, diagnosis relies upon skin snips and can be carried out at any time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In past, one of the first successes in the efforts to improve sensitivity and specificity of filarial diagnostic tests was identification of the repeated sequences in the parasite genome. The advancement in technologies like <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> (PCR) led to the development of various assays that made large scale surveys of parasitic prevalence much easier.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Filarial parasites are known to induce several immunoregulatory mechanisms like the activation of macrophages and T regulatory cells. It has been found that T regulatory cells play an essential role in how filarial worms modify the host immune response by producing <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G4" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin G4">immunoglobulin G4</a> (IgG4). A very high plasma content of IgG4 has been recorded in asymptomatic patients of LF. Thus, the newer assays measuring IgG4 responses to crude filarial extracts or using fractions of parasite extracts have a better overall specificity but are not efficient in discriminating microfilaremic from amicrofilaremic serum donors. Assays which measure circulating antigen are expected to be better at measuring active infection because only living worms secrete circulating antigen.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an attempt to come up with immunodiagnostic test kits for detection of circulating filarial antigen, numerous <a href="/wiki/Antigens" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigens">Antigens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">Antibodies</a> specific to the parasites have been tested. An Og4C3 monoclonal antibody-based ELISA and an immunochromatographic ( ICT) card test using the same monoclonal antibody have been tested. However, these commercial assays have certain issues with respect to stability, cost and specificity in field applications. Moreover, it was seen that the ICT format showed 25% of microfilarial negative individuals as being positive for circulating filarial antigens.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These commercial tests based on the above circulating antigens are also limited to successful detection of only adult bancroftian worms, making diagnosis only possible in later stages of infection when the therapeutics might no more show effect. A search for worm specific antigens was initiated where SXP-1 antigen was recognized to be specific for <i>W.bancrofti</i> filariasis. The antigen was identified after screening the cDNA library of adult worms with serum from both amicrofilaremic and microfilaremic patients.The native SXP-1 antigen was present in extracts of microfilariae and adult worms and were seen to be not specific to any lifecycle stage.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To identify a W. bancrofti-specific antigen, pastor et al., used the Bm SXP gene to screen against the <i>W.bancrofti</i> Larval stage 3 cDNA library. This led to the identification of a <a href="/wiki/CDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDNA">cDNA</a> sequence of <i>W.bancrofti</i> SXP-1 that encoded for a polypeptide with a predicted molecular weight of 20.8 kDa. Wb-SXP was found to be 85 percent identical to the BmSXP polypeptide and differed along the C terminal where the former had an extra 29 amino acid long extension. The WbSXP-1 variant, where a stop codon has been introduced at the amino acid position 153 has been shown to be widely distributed among different <i>W.bancrofti</i> populations. Searches carried out with available sequences from various worms revealed the presence of SXP-1 homologs in many other nematodes with substantial identities in sequence observed during pairwise comparisons. Some examples include O.volvulus (50% identity; Ov-SXP-1), Ascaris suum (43%; As-SXP-1), Loa loa (46%; Li-SXP-1), and <i>C.elegans</i> (29%; Ce-SXP-1).The presence of a number of invariant and conserved residues in all of these nematode-derived molecules suggests that Wb-SXP-1 is a member of a new protein family.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filariasis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The recommended treatment for people outside the United States is <a href="/wiki/Albendazole" title="Albendazole">albendazole</a> combined with <a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">ivermectin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LFEP_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LFEP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A combination of <a href="/wiki/Diethylcarbamazine" title="Diethylcarbamazine">diethylcarbamazine</a> and albendazole is also effective.<sup id="cite_ref-LFEP_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LFEP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lymphatic_filariasis_and_onchocerci_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphatic_filariasis_and_onchocerci-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Side effects of the drugs include nausea, vomiting, and headaches.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these treatments are microfilaricides; they have no effect on the adult worms. While the drugs are critical for treatment of the individual, proper hygiene is also required.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One review study found that "there is good evidence" that albendazole itself does not contribute to the elimination of microfilaraemia or adult filarial worms, and thus is likely an unnecessary component of albendazole-ivermectin treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diethylcarbamazine-medicated salt is effective in controlling lymphatic filariasis while maintaining its coverage at 90% in the community for six months.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different trials were made to use the known drug at its maximum capacity in absence of new drugs. In a study from India, it was shown that a formulation of albendazole had better anti-filarial efficacy than albendazole itself.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2015)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2003, the common antibiotic <a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">doxycycline</a> was suggested for treating elephantiasis.<sup id="cite_ref-MedMicrobiolImmunol2003-Hoerauf_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedMicrobiolImmunol2003-Hoerauf-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filarial parasites have symbiotic bacteria in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Wolbachia" title="Wolbachia">Wolbachia</a></i>, which live inside the worm and seem to play a major role in both its reproduction and the development of the disease. This drug has shown signs of inhibiting the reproduction of the bacteria, further inducing sterility in the nematode.<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphatic_filariasis_and_onchocerci_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphatic_filariasis_and_onchocerci-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinical trials in June 2005 by the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_School_of_Tropical_Medicine" title="Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine">Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</a> reported an eight-week course almost eliminated microfilaraemia.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2005-Taylor_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2005-Taylor-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2015)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filariasis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_teams">Research teams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filariasis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Research teams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015 <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> were co-awarded half of that year's <a href="/wiki/Nobel_prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for the discovery of the drug <a href="/wiki/Avermectin" title="Avermectin">avermectin</a>, which, in the further developed form <a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">ivermectin</a>, has decreased the occurrence of lymphatic filariasis.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prospects_for_elimination">Prospects for elimination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filariasis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prospects for elimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filarial diseases in humans offer prospects for elimination by means of vermicidal treatment. If the human link in the chain of infection can be broken, then notionally the disease could be wiped out in a season. In practice it is not so simple, and there are complications in that multiple species overlap in certain regions and double infections are common. This creates difficulties for routine mass treatment because people with onchocerciasis in particular react badly to treatment for lymphatic filariasis.<sup id="cite_ref-MLMNAPG_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLMNAPG-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filariasis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filariasis can also affect <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated animals">domesticated animals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cattle">Cattle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filariasis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cattle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verminous_haemorrhagic_dermatitis_(cattle)" title="Verminous haemorrhagic dermatitis (cattle)">Verminous hemorrhagic dermatitis</a> is a clinical disease in cattle due to <i>Parafilaria bovicola</i>.</li> <li>Intradermal onchocerciasis of cattle results in losses in <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> due to <i>Onchocerca dermata</i>, <i>O. ochengi</i>, and <i>O. dukei</i>. <i>O. ochengi</i> is closely related to human <i>O. volvulus</i> (<a href="/wiki/River_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="River blindness">river blindness</a>), sharing the same vector, and could be useful in human medicine research.</li> <li><i>Stenofilaria assamensis</i> and others cause different diseases in Asia, in cattle and <a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">zebu</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horses">Horses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filariasis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Horses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Summer bleeding" is hemorrhagic subcutaneous nodules in the head and upper forelimbs, caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Parafilaria_multipapillosa" title="Parafilaria multipapillosa">Parafilaria multipapillosa</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, Asia and South America).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dogs">Dogs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filariasis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dogs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heartworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartworm">Heart filariasis</a> is caused by <i>Dirofilaria immitis</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filariasis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascariasis" title="Ascariasis">Ascariasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">Eradication of infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">Helminthiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parasites_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parasites (human)">List of parasites (human)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglected_tropical_diseases" title="Neglected tropical diseases">Neglected tropical diseases</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filariasis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPrevention2020" class="citation web cs1">Prevention, CDC-Centers for Disease Control and (17 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/gen_info/faqs.html">"CDC - 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June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Therapeutics+in+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Filariasis&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.therapeutique-dermatologique.org%2Fspip.php%3Farticle1508%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilariasis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filariasis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815753" class="extiw" title="d:Q815753">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1975325075">1F66</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/B74">B74</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=125.0">125.0</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=125.9">125.9</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D005368">D005368</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/lymphatic-filariasis">Filariasis</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/71808.htm">Page from the "Merck Veterinary Manual" on "Parafilaria multipapillosa" in horses</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parasitic_disease_caused_by_helminthiases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Helminthiases" title="Template:Helminthiases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Helminthiases" title="Template talk:Helminthiases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Helminthiases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Helminthiases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parasitic_disease_caused_by_helminthiases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">Parasitic disease</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">helminthiases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm/<br />platyhelminth</a><br />infection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Fluke/trematode</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Trematode infection</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schistosoma" title="Schistosoma">Blood fluke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_mansoni" title="Schistosoma mansoni">Schistosoma mansoni</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_japonicum" title="Schistosoma japonicum"><i>S. japonicum</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_mekongi" title="Schistosoma mekongi"><i>S. mekongi</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_haematobium" title="Schistosoma haematobium"><i>S. haematobium</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_intercalatum" title="Schistosoma intercalatum"><i>S. intercalatum</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">Schistosomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichobilharzia_regenti" title="Trichobilharzia regenti">Trichobilharzia regenti</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch" title="Swimmer's itch">Swimmer's itch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_fluke" title="Liver fluke">Liver fluke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clonorchis_sinensis" title="Clonorchis sinensis">Clonorchis sinensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clonorchiasis" title="Clonorchiasis">Clonorchiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dicrocoelium_dendriticum" title="Dicrocoelium dendriticum">Dicrocoelium dendriticum</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Dicrocoelium_hospes" title="Dicrocoelium hospes"><i>D. hospes</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicrocoeliasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicrocoeliasis">Dicrocoeliasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciola_hepatica" title="Fasciola hepatica">Fasciola hepatica</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Fasciola_gigantica" title="Fasciola gigantica"><i>F. gigantica</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolosis" title="Fasciolosis">Fasciolosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opisthorchis_viverrini" title="Opisthorchis viverrini">Opisthorchis viverrini</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Opisthorchis_felineus" title="Opisthorchis felineus"><i>O. felineus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opisthorchiasis" title="Opisthorchiasis">Opisthorchiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paragonimus_westermani" title="Paragonimus westermani">Lung fluke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paragonimus_westermani" title="Paragonimus westermani">Paragonimus westermani</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Paragonimus_kellicotti" title="Paragonimus kellicotti"><i>P. kellicotti</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsis" title="Fasciolopsis">Intestinal fluke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinostoma" title="Echinostoma">Echinostoma</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinostomiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinostomiasis">Echinostomiasis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsis_buski" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasciolopsis buski">Fasciolopsis buski</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gastrodiscoides_hominis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrodiscoides hominis">Gastrodiscoides hominis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphistomiasis" title="Amphistomiasis">Amphistomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heterophyes_heterophyes" title="Heterophyes heterophyes">Heterophyes heterophyes</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterophyiasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterophyiasis (page does not exist)">Heterophyiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metagonimus_yokogawai" title="Metagonimus yokogawai">Metagonimus yokogawai</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metagonimiasis" title="Metagonimiasis">Metagonimiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cestoda" title="Cestoda">Cestoda</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tapeworm_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworm infection">Tapeworm infection</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclophyllidea" title="Cyclophyllidea">Cyclophyllidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinococcus_granulosus" title="Echinococcus granulosus">Echinococcus granulosus</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Echinococcus_multilocularis" title="Echinococcus multilocularis"><i>E. multilocularis</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinococcosis" title="Echinococcosis">Echinococcosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taenia_saginata" title="Taenia saginata">Taenia saginata</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Taenia_asiatica" title="Taenia asiatica"><i>T. asiatica</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Taenia_solium" title="Taenia solium"><i>T. solium</i> (pork)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taeniasis" title="Taeniasis">Taeniasis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cysticercosis" title="Cysticercosis">Cysticercosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hymenolepis_nana" title="Hymenolepis nana">Hymenolepis nana</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hymenolepis_diminuta" title="Hymenolepis diminuta"><i>H. diminuta</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymenolepiasis" title="Hymenolepiasis">Hymenolepiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudophyllidea" title="Pseudophyllidea">Pseudophyllidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium" title="Diphyllobothrium"><i>Diphyllobothrium latum</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirometra_erinaceieuropaei" title="Spirometra erinaceieuropaei">Spirometra erinaceieuropaei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sparganosis" title="Sparganosis">Sparganosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium_mansonoides" title="Diphyllobothrium mansonoides">Diphyllobothrium mansonoides</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sparganosis" title="Sparganosis">Sparganosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roundworm/<br /><a href="/wiki/Nematode_infection" title="Nematode infection">Nematode<br />infection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Secernentea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiruria" title="Spiruria">Spiruria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Camallanida" title="Camallanida">Camallanida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracunculus_medinensis" title="Dracunculus medinensis">Dracunculus medinensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">Dracunculiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spirurida" title="Spirurida">Spirurida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filarioidea" title="Filarioidea">Filarioidea</a><br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Filariasis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Onchocerca_volvulus" title="Onchocerca volvulus">Onchocerca volvulus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loa_loa" title="Loa loa">Loa loa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loa_loa_filariasis" title="Loa loa filariasis"><i>Loa loa</i> filariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mansonella" title="Mansonella">Mansonella</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mansonelliasis" title="Mansonelliasis">Mansonelliasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_repens" title="Dirofilaria repens">Dirofilaria repens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis" title="Dirofilaria immitis"><i>D. immitis</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirofilariasis" title="Dirofilariasis">Dirofilariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuchereria_bancrofti" title="Wuchereria bancrofti">Wuchereria bancrofti</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Brugia_malayi" title="Brugia malayi">Brugia malayi</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Brugia_timori" title="Brugia timori"><i>B. timori</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis" title="Lymphatic filariasis">Lymphatic filariasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thelazioidea" title="Thelazioidea">Thelazioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnathostoma_spinigerum" title="Gnathostoma spinigerum">Gnathostoma spinigerum</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Gnathostoma_hispidum" title="Gnathostoma hispidum"><i>G. hispidum</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelazia" title="Thelazia">Thelazia</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thelaziasis" title="Thelaziasis">Thelaziasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiruroidea" title="Spiruroidea">Spiruroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongylonema" title="Gongylonema">Gongylonema</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida">Strongylida</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworm</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_infection" title="Hookworm infection">Hookworm infection</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_duodenale" title="Ancylostoma duodenale">Ancylostoma duodenale</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_braziliense" title="Ancylostoma braziliense"><i>A. braziliense</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancylostomiasis" title="Ancylostomiasis">Ancylostomiasis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_larva_migrans" title="Cutaneous larva migrans">Cutaneous larva migrans</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Necator_americanus" title="Necator americanus">Necator americanus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necatoriasis" title="Necatoriasis">Necatoriasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angiostrongylus_cantonensis" title="Angiostrongylus cantonensis">Angiostrongylus cantonensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiostrongyliasis" title="Angiostrongyliasis">Angiostrongyliasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metastrongylus" title="Metastrongylus">Metastrongylus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metastrongylosis" title="Metastrongylosis">Metastrongylosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oesophagostomum" title="Oesophagostomum">Oesophagostomum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oesophagostomiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagostomiasis">Oesophagostomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichostrongylus" title="Trichostrongylus"><i>Trichostrongylus</i> spp.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichostrongyliasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichostrongyliasis">Trichostrongyliasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascaridida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascaridida">Ascaridida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascaris_lumbricoides" title="Ascaris lumbricoides">Ascaris lumbricoides</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascariasis" title="Ascariasis">Ascariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anisakis" title="Anisakis">Anisakis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toxocara_canis" title="Toxocara canis">Toxocara canis</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Toxocara_cati" title="Toxocara cati"><i>T. cati</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_larva_migrans" title="Visceral larva migrans">Visceral larva migrans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baylisascaris" title="Baylisascaris">Baylisascaris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dioctophyme_renale" title="Dioctophyme renale">Dioctophyme renale</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioctophymosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioctophymosis">Dioctophymosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parascaris_equorum" title="Parascaris equorum">Parascaris equorum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhabditida" title="Rhabditida">Rhabditida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Strongyloides_stercoralis" title="Strongyloides stercoralis">Strongyloides stercoralis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strongyloidiasis" title="Strongyloidiasis">Strongyloidiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halicephalobus_gingivalis" title="Halicephalobus gingivalis">Halicephalobus gingivalis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxyurida" title="Oxyurida">Oxyurida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterobius_vermicularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterobius vermicularis">Enterobius vermicularis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterobiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterobiasis">Enterobiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adenophorea" title="Adenophorea">Adenophorea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichinella_spiralis" title="Trichinella spiralis">Trichinella spiralis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura" title="Trichuris trichiura">Trichuris trichiura</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis / Whipworm</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capillaria_philippinensis" title="Capillaria philippinensis">Capillaria philippinensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_capillariasis" title="Intestinal capillariasis">Intestinal capillariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capillaria_hepatica" title="Capillaria hepatica"><i>C. hepatica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Filariasis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85048190">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Filariose"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11992506n">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip 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