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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Major superfamilies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_superfamilies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major superfamilies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_superfamilies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diaphanocephaloidea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaphanocephaloidea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Diaphanocephaloidea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaphanocephaloidea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancylostomatoidea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancylostomatoidea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ancylostomatoidea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancylostomatoidea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strongyloidea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strongyloidea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Strongyloidea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strongyloidea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trichostrongyloidea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trichostrongyloidea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Trichostrongyloidea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trichostrongyloidea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metastrongyloidea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metastrongyloidea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Metastrongyloidea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metastrongyloidea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Strongylida" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="أسطونيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسطونيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrong%C3%ADlides" title="Estrongílides – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estrongílides" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Strongylida" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Bchovci" title="Měchovci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Měchovci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Strongylida" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ach%CA%BC%C3%ADi%CA%BCyi%CA%BC_naat%CA%BCi%CA%BC%C3%ADts%CA%BC%C3%B3s%C3%AD" title="Achʼíiʼyiʼ naatʼiʼítsʼósí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Achʼíiʼyiʼ naatʼiʼítsʼósí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Strongylida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Strongylida" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%84%A0%EC%B6%A9%EC%95%84%EB%AA%A9" title="원선충아목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원선충아목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Strongylida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Strongylida" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Strongylida" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="اسطونيات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسطونيات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Strongylida" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strongylida" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Strongylida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechovce" title="Mechovce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mechovce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Strongylida" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Strongylida" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Strongylida" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Strongylida" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-taxon plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This taxon may be invalid.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Redirect to the correct taxon or request deletion by adding a {{subst:prod|concern=TEXT}} tag. See this article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Strongylida" title="Talk:Strongylida">talk page</a> for more information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Strongylida </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravid_adult_female_Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis_-_image.pntd.v07.i08.g001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gravid_adult_female_Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis_-_image.pntd.v07.i08.g001.png/220px-Gravid_adult_female_Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis_-_image.pntd.v07.i08.g001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gravid_adult_female_Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis_-_image.pntd.v07.i08.g001.png/330px-Gravid_adult_female_Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis_-_image.pntd.v07.i08.g001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gravid_adult_female_Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis_-_image.pntd.v07.i08.g001.png/440px-Gravid_adult_female_Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis_-_image.pntd.v07.i08.g001.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="656" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis" title="Nippostrongylus brasiliensis">Nippostrongylus brasiliensis</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Strongylida" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhabditida" title="Rhabditida">Rhabditida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strongylida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Superfamilies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancylostomatoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancylostomatoidea">Ancylostomatoidea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaphanocephaloidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diaphanocephaloidea (page does not exist)">Diaphanocephaloidea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heligosomoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heligosomoidea (page does not exist)">Heligosomoidea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metastrongyloidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metastrongyloidea (page does not exist)">Metastrongyloidea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molineoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molineoidea (page does not exist)">Molineoidea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strongyloidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strongyloidea (page does not exist)">Strongyloidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichostrongyloidea" title="Trichostrongyloidea">Trichostrongyloidea</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>Strongylida</b> suborder includes many of the important <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tracts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swine" class="mw-redirect" title="Swine">swine</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Lungworm" title="Lungworm">lungworms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Durette-DessetChabaud2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durette-DessetChabaud2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strongylida&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This suborder includes (superfamily - included families): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancylostomatoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancylostomatoidea">Ancylostomatoidea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancylostomatidae" title="Ancylostomatidae">Ancylostomatidae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaphanocephaloidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diaphanocephaloidea (page does not exist)">Diaphanocephaloidea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaphanocephalidae" title="Diaphanocephalidae">Diaphanocephalidae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heligmosomoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heligmosomoidea (page does not exist)">Heligmosomoidea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heligmosomidae" title="Heligmosomidae">Heligmosomidae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metastrongyloidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metastrongyloidea (page does not exist)">Metastrongyloidea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiostrongylidae" title="Angiostrongylidae">Angiostrongylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenosomatidae" title="Crenosomatidae">Crenosomatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filaroididae" title="Filaroididae">Filaroididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metastrongylidae" title="Metastrongylidae">Metastrongylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protostrongylidae" title="Protostrongylidae">Protostrongylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudaliidae" title="Pseudaliidae">Pseudaliidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngamidae" title="Syngamidae">Syngamidae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molineoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molineoidea (page does not exist)">Molineoidea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molineidae" title="Molineidae">Molineidae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strongyloidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strongyloidea (page does not exist)">Strongyloidea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chabertiidae" title="Chabertiidae">Chabertiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloacinidae" title="Cloacinidae">Cloacinidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deletrocephalidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deletrocephalidae (page does not exist)">Deletrocephalidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephanuridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephanuridae (page does not exist)">Stephanuridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strongylidae" title="Strongylidae">Strongylidae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichostrongyloidea" title="Trichostrongyloidea">Trichostrongyloidea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amidostomatidae" title="Amidostomatidae">Amidostomatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperiidae" title="Cooperiidae">Cooperiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyocaulidae" title="Dictyocaulidae">Dictyocaulidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dromaeostrongylidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dromaeostrongylidae (page does not exist)">Dromaeostrongylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemonchidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haemonchidae (page does not exist)">Haemonchidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligmonellidae" title="Heligmonellidae">Heligmonellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligmosomatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heligmosomatidae">Heligmosomatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetostrongylidae" title="Herpetostrongylidae">Herpetostrongylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackerrasrtongylidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mackerrasrtongylidae (page does not exist)">Mackerrasrtongylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicollinidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicollinidae (page does not exist)">Nicollinidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichostrongylidae" title="Trichostrongylidae">Trichostrongylidae</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_superfamilies">Major superfamilies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strongylida&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major superfamilies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaphanocephaloidea">Diaphanocephaloidea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strongylida&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diaphanocephaloidea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are parasites of the digestive tracts of terrestrial snakes and, rarely, lizards. About 33 species are known in one family (Diaphanocephalidae), two genera (Diaphanocephalus and Kalicephalus) and six subgenera. Snakes can be orally infected with third-stage larvae experimentally, but it is a mystery how snakes become infected in the wild. Since snakes flick their tongue around to examine their environment, it is possible that the nematodes attach to the tongue. Kalicephalus species lack host specificity, and are intolerant of each other - different species space themselves apart in the host's gut.<sup id="cite_ref-n_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancylostomatoidea">Ancylostomatoidea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strongylida&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancylostomatoidea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworms</a>, these have very large buccal cavities. They infect the small intestine of mammals. Many hookworms can infect the host by skin penetration, an important discovery made by A. Looss when he accidentally spilt larvae in water on his hand in 1898. The larvae release <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> to assist their passage through the skin. There are three species that infect humans. Fourth-stage and adult hookworms suck blood, which can cause <a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">anaemia</a> in humans with malnutrition. The third-stage larvae are carried by general circulation to the heart and lungs. In the lungs, they enter <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> and begin to develop to the fourth stage. Then they migrate to the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a>. They attach to the wall of the intestine, reaching the adult stage in two to seven weeks, depending on the species. If the infective third stage is ingested orally, the worm can still, nevertheless, attach to the gut wall and develop to the adult stage. In a resistant host, the third stage larva can invade tissue and persist, eventually infecting offspring in females either in milk or prenatally. This phenomenon, well-studied in trichostrongyles of herbivores and known as <i>arrest</i>, occurs in several hookworm species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_caninum" title="Ancylostoma caninum">Ancylostoma caninum</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Canid" class="mw-redirect" title="Canid">canids</a>, <i>Uncinaria lucasi</i> in <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_duodenale" title="Ancylostoma duodenale">Ancylostoma duodenale</a></i> in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-n_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strongyloidea">Strongyloidea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strongylida&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Strongyloidea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These have large buccal capsules and leaf-like structures known as <i>corona radiata</i>. Most of them infect the large intestine by oral ingestion of the larva. The superfamily consists of the Strongylidae (including the strongyles of equines), Chabertiidae (including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodular_worm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nodular worm (page does not exist)">nodular worms</a>), Syngamidae (including the <a href="/wiki/Gapeworm" title="Gapeworm">gapeworms</a> of birds) and Deletrocephalidae (of <i><a href="/wiki/Rhea_americana" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhea americana">Rhea americana</a></i>). The gapeworms (Syngaminae) develop to the third larval stage inside the egg. Some strongyles, including the gapeworms, use <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a> as <a href="/wiki/Paratenic_host" class="mw-redirect" title="Paratenic host">paratenic hosts</a>. The final hosts of strongyles are generally <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratite" title="Ratite">ratite</a> birds and Australian <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trichostrongyloidea">Trichostrongyloidea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strongylida&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trichostrongyloidea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasite140080-fig3_Gastrointestinal_parasites_in_seven_primates_of_the_Ta%C3%AF_National_Park_-_Helminths_Figure_3l.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Parasite140080-fig3_Gastrointestinal_parasites_in_seven_primates_of_the_Ta%C3%AF_National_Park_-_Helminths_Figure_3l.jpg/220px-Parasite140080-fig3_Gastrointestinal_parasites_in_seven_primates_of_the_Ta%C3%AF_National_Park_-_Helminths_Figure_3l.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Parasite140080-fig3_Gastrointestinal_parasites_in_seven_primates_of_the_Ta%C3%AF_National_Park_-_Helminths_Figure_3l.jpg/330px-Parasite140080-fig3_Gastrointestinal_parasites_in_seven_primates_of_the_Ta%C3%AF_National_Park_-_Helminths_Figure_3l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Parasite140080-fig3_Gastrointestinal_parasites_in_seven_primates_of_the_Ta%C3%AF_National_Park_-_Helminths_Figure_3l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>Egg of <i>Trichostrongylus</i> sp.</figcaption></figure> <p>Trichostrongyloidea are divided into 14 families and 24 subfamilies. These worms have very small mouths and are found in a large number of hosts. They generally infect the stomach or intestine. Species that infect herbivorous hosts climb onto vegetation via films of moisture. Some species such as those infecting rodents can use either the oral or percutaneous route. There are unusual features in the development and transmission of some Trichostrongyloidea species. For example, <i>Ollulanus tricuspis</i>, which infects the stomach of pigs, is autoinfective: the sole means of transmission is through the pig <a href="/wiki/Vomit" class="mw-redirect" title="Vomit">vomiting</a>. Arrested development is a well-studied feature, which may occur in temperate zones when the weather is too cold, or when it is too dry. This is known as <i>seasonal arrest</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">ewes</a>, they wait for <a href="/wiki/Parturition" class="mw-redirect" title="Parturition">parturition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>, when there will be a population of young animals with little or no immunity; the sudden production of eggs by newly matured worms is known as <i>spring rise</i>. Another factor involved in stimulating arrest is overpopulation of adult worms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metastrongyloidea">Metastrongyloidea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strongylida&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Metastrongyloidea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metastrongylidae" title="Metastrongylidae">Metastrongylidae</a></div> <p>All of these parasites go through a snail to infect the lungs or vascular system of mammals, like artiodactyls, carnivores, marsupials, and cetacea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strongylida&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Durette-DessetChabaud2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Durette-DessetChabaud2016_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDurette-DessetChabaud1993" class="citation journal cs1">Durette-Desset, M.-C.; Chabaud, A.-G. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fparasite%2F1993682111">"Nomenclature des Strongylida au-dessus du groupe-famille"</a>. <i>Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée</i>. <b>68</b> (2): 111–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fparasite%2F1993682111">10.1051/parasite/1993682111</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4150">0003-4150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8215111">8215111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Parasitologie+Humaine+et+Compar%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Nomenclature+des+Strongylida+au-dessus+du+groupe-famille&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-112&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0003-4150&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8215111&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fparasite%2F1993682111&rft.aulast=Durette-Desset&rft.aufirst=M.-C.&rft.au=Chabaud%2C+A.-G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1051%252Fparasite%252F1993682111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrongylida" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_C._Anderson2000" class="citation book cs1">Roy C. Anderson (8 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lEERbfsvP1EC"><i>Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates: Their Development and Transmission</i></a>. CABI. pp. 43–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-786-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-786-5"><bdi>978-0-85199-786-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nematode+Parasites+of+Vertebrates%3A+Their+Development+and+Transmission&rft.pages=43-45&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2000-02-08&rft.isbn=978-0-85199-786-5&rft.au=Roy+C.+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlEERbfsvP1EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrongylida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson p.61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson pp.81-83</span> </li> </ol></div></div> 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viverrini">Opisthorchis viverrini</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Opisthorchis_felineus" title="Opisthorchis felineus"><i>O. felineus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opisthorchiasis" title="Opisthorchiasis">Opisthorchiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paragonimus_westermani" title="Paragonimus westermani">Lung fluke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paragonimus_westermani" title="Paragonimus westermani">Paragonimus westermani</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Paragonimus_kellicotti" title="Paragonimus kellicotti"><i>P. kellicotti</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsis" title="Fasciolopsis">Intestinal fluke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinostoma" title="Echinostoma">Echinostoma</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinostomiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinostomiasis">Echinostomiasis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsis_buski" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasciolopsis buski">Fasciolopsis buski</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gastrodiscoides_hominis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrodiscoides hominis">Gastrodiscoides hominis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphistomiasis" title="Amphistomiasis">Amphistomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heterophyes_heterophyes" title="Heterophyes heterophyes">Heterophyes heterophyes</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterophyiasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterophyiasis (page does not exist)">Heterophyiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metagonimus_yokogawai" title="Metagonimus yokogawai">Metagonimus yokogawai</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metagonimiasis" title="Metagonimiasis">Metagonimiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cestoda" title="Cestoda">Cestoda</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tapeworm_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworm infection">Tapeworm infection</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclophyllidea" title="Cyclophyllidea">Cyclophyllidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinococcus_granulosus" title="Echinococcus granulosus">Echinococcus granulosus</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Echinococcus_multilocularis" title="Echinococcus multilocularis"><i>E. multilocularis</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinococcosis" title="Echinococcosis">Echinococcosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taenia_saginata" title="Taenia saginata">Taenia saginata</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Taenia_asiatica" title="Taenia asiatica"><i>T. asiatica</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Taenia_solium" title="Taenia solium"><i>T. solium</i> (pork)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taeniasis" title="Taeniasis">Taeniasis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cysticercosis" title="Cysticercosis">Cysticercosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hymenolepis_nana" title="Hymenolepis nana">Hymenolepis nana</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hymenolepis_diminuta" title="Hymenolepis diminuta"><i>H. diminuta</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymenolepiasis" title="Hymenolepiasis">Hymenolepiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudophyllidea" title="Pseudophyllidea">Pseudophyllidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium" title="Diphyllobothrium"><i>Diphyllobothrium latum</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirometra_erinaceieuropaei" title="Spirometra erinaceieuropaei">Spirometra erinaceieuropaei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sparganosis" title="Sparganosis">Sparganosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium_mansonoides" title="Diphyllobothrium mansonoides">Diphyllobothrium mansonoides</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sparganosis" title="Sparganosis">Sparganosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roundworm/<br /><a href="/wiki/Nematode_infection" title="Nematode infection">Nematode<br />infection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Secernentea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiruria" title="Spiruria">Spiruria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Camallanida" title="Camallanida">Camallanida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracunculus_medinensis" title="Dracunculus medinensis">Dracunculus medinensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">Dracunculiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spirurida" title="Spirurida">Spirurida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filarioidea" title="Filarioidea">Filarioidea</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis">Filariasis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Onchocerca_volvulus" title="Onchocerca volvulus">Onchocerca volvulus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loa_loa" title="Loa loa">Loa loa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loa_loa_filariasis" title="Loa loa filariasis"><i>Loa loa</i> filariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mansonella" title="Mansonella">Mansonella</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mansonelliasis" title="Mansonelliasis">Mansonelliasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_repens" title="Dirofilaria repens">Dirofilaria repens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis" title="Dirofilaria immitis"><i>D. immitis</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirofilariasis" title="Dirofilariasis">Dirofilariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuchereria_bancrofti" title="Wuchereria bancrofti">Wuchereria bancrofti</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Brugia_malayi" title="Brugia malayi">Brugia malayi</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Brugia_timori" title="Brugia timori"><i>B. timori</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis" title="Lymphatic filariasis">Lymphatic filariasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thelazioidea" title="Thelazioidea">Thelazioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnathostoma_spinigerum" title="Gnathostoma spinigerum">Gnathostoma spinigerum</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Gnathostoma_hispidum" title="Gnathostoma hispidum"><i>G. hispidum</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelazia" title="Thelazia">Thelazia</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thelaziasis" title="Thelaziasis">Thelaziasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiruroidea" title="Spiruroidea">Spiruroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongylonema" title="Gongylonema">Gongylonema</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strongylida</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworm</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_infection" title="Hookworm infection">Hookworm infection</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_duodenale" title="Ancylostoma duodenale">Ancylostoma duodenale</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_braziliense" title="Ancylostoma braziliense"><i>A. braziliense</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancylostomiasis" title="Ancylostomiasis">Ancylostomiasis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_larva_migrans" title="Cutaneous larva migrans">Cutaneous larva migrans</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Necator_americanus" title="Necator americanus">Necator americanus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necatoriasis" title="Necatoriasis">Necatoriasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angiostrongylus_cantonensis" title="Angiostrongylus cantonensis">Angiostrongylus cantonensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiostrongyliasis" title="Angiostrongyliasis">Angiostrongyliasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metastrongylus" title="Metastrongylus">Metastrongylus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metastrongylosis" title="Metastrongylosis">Metastrongylosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oesophagostomum" title="Oesophagostomum">Oesophagostomum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oesophagostomiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagostomiasis">Oesophagostomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichostrongylus" title="Trichostrongylus"><i>Trichostrongylus</i> spp.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichostrongyliasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichostrongyliasis">Trichostrongyliasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascaridida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascaridida">Ascaridida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascaris_lumbricoides" title="Ascaris lumbricoides">Ascaris lumbricoides</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascariasis" title="Ascariasis">Ascariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anisakis" title="Anisakis">Anisakis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toxocara_canis" title="Toxocara canis">Toxocara canis</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Toxocara_cati" title="Toxocara cati"><i>T. cati</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_larva_migrans" title="Visceral larva migrans">Visceral larva migrans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baylisascaris" title="Baylisascaris">Baylisascaris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dioctophyme_renale" title="Dioctophyme renale">Dioctophyme renale</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioctophymosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioctophymosis">Dioctophymosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parascaris_equorum" title="Parascaris equorum">Parascaris equorum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhabditida" title="Rhabditida">Rhabditida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Strongyloides_stercoralis" title="Strongyloides stercoralis">Strongyloides stercoralis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strongyloidiasis" title="Strongyloidiasis">Strongyloidiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halicephalobus_gingivalis" title="Halicephalobus gingivalis">Halicephalobus gingivalis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxyurida" title="Oxyurida">Oxyurida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterobius_vermicularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterobius vermicularis">Enterobius vermicularis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterobiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterobiasis">Enterobiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adenophorea" title="Adenophorea">Adenophorea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichinella_spiralis" title="Trichinella spiralis">Trichinella spiralis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura" title="Trichuris trichiura">Trichuris trichiura</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis / Whipworm</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capillaria_philippinensis" title="Capillaria philippinensis">Capillaria philippinensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_capillariasis" title="Intestinal capillariasis">Intestinal capillariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capillaria_hepatica" title="Capillaria hepatica"><i>C. hepatica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Strongylida</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17166" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q17166">Q17166</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Strongylida" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Strongylida">Strongylida</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Strongylida/">Strongylida</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=72156">72156</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/2840">2840</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1STRNO">1STRNO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12408">12408</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/f6eac5e6-6378-4974-873b-76e6e45d1ea7">f6eac5e6-6378-4974-873b-76e6e45d1ea7</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/439">439</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/152913">152913</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=12269">12269</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=63947">63947</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021180182">NHMSYS0021180182</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6308">6308</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/26012d26-6c8c-4616-8247-f652e4551ce3">26012d26-6c8c-4616-8247-f652e4551ce3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1043270">1043270</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=22820">22820</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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