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<li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dabbing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dabbing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dabbing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dabbing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solvent-derived/hydrocarbon_extracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solvent-derived/hydrocarbon_extracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Solvent-derived/hydrocarbon extracts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solvent-derived/hydrocarbon_extracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solventless_extracts:_Hash_rosin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solventless_extracts:_Hash_rosin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Solventless extracts: Hash rosin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solventless_extracts:_Hash_rosin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ingredient_in_vape_liquids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ingredient_in_vape_liquids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ingredient in vape liquids</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ingredient_in_vape_liquids-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ingredient in vape liquids subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ingredient_in_vape_liquids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adulterated_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adulterated_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Adulterated products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adulterated_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vitamin_E_acetate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vitamin_E_acetate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Vitamin E acetate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vitamin_E_acetate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_cannabinoids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_cannabinoids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Synthetic cannabinoids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_cannabinoids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Handling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hash oil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haschisch%C3%B6l" title="Haschischöl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haschischöl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%A1i%C5%A1i%C3%B5li" title="Hašišiõli – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hašišiõli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Χασισέλαιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χασισέλαιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceite_de_hach%C3%ADs" title="Aceite de hachís – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aceite de hachís" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="روغن حشیش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روغن حشیش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huile_de_haschich" title="Huile de haschich – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Huile de haschich" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="हशीश तेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हशीश तेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%A1i%C5%A1ovo_ulje" title="Hašišovo ulje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hašišovo ulje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olio_di_hashish" title="Olio di hashish – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Olio di hashish" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_hash" title="Lenga hash – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lenga hash" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%A1i%C5%A1o_aliejus" title="Hašišo aliejus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hašišo aliejus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93leo_de_haxixe" title="Óleo de haxixe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Óleo de haxixe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Гашишное масло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гашишное масло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubar_ya%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kubar yağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kubar yağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Гашишне масло – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гашишне масло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q912666#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Oleoresin obtained by the extraction of hashish</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">hemp oil</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="float: right; width: 25em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Hash oil</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemp_extract_fine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hemp_extract_fine.jpg/220px-Hemp_extract_fine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hemp_extract_fine.jpg/330px-Hemp_extract_fine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hemp_extract_fine.jpg/440px-Hemp_extract_fine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="753" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">One form of hash oil</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source plant(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" title="Cannabis sativa">Cannabis sativa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_indica" title="Cannabis indica">Cannabis indica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_ruderalis" title="Cannabis ruderalis">Cannabis ruderalis</a></i> (rarely)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part(s) of plant</th><td class="infobox-data">all parts (excluding roots and seeds)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Active_ingredients" class="mw-redirect" title="Active ingredients">Active ingredients</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">cannabidiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabinol" title="Cannabinol">cannabinol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabivarin" title="Tetrahydrocannabivarin">tetrahydrocannabivarin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_9" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S9</a> (Prohibited substance)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr></small>: Unscheduled</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Germany">DE</abbr></small>: <a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_German_Narcotic_Drugs_Act#Anlage_I" title="Drugs controlled by the German Narcotic Drugs Act">Anlage I</a> (Authorized scientific use only)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_UK_Misuse_of_Drugs_Act#Class_B_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act">Class B</a></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_I_drugs" title="Controlled Substances Act">Schedule I</a></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Nations">UN</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs#List_of_controlled_narcotic_drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Narcotic 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cannabis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/120px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/180px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/240px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Arts</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a> (<a href="/wiki/420chan" title="420chan">chan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_cannabis" title="List of books about cannabis">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magu_(deity)" title="Magu (deity)">Magu (deity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_cannabis" title="List of names for cannabis">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Judaism" title="Cannabis and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis and Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke-in" title="Smoke-in">Smoke-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_use_of_cannabis" title="Entheogenic use of cannabis">Spiritual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_sports" title="Cannabis and sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">Stoner rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cannabis_terms" title="Glossary of cannabis terms">Terms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Chemistry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_phytocannabinoids" title="Comparison of phytocannabinoids">Phytocannabinoids</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Main <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dronabinol" title="Dronabinol">Dronabinol</a> (INN)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">CBD</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Minor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Δ-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol"><i>delta</i>-8-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Δ-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol"><i>delta</i>-10-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol" title="Tetrahydrocannabihexol">THCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiphorol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiphorol">THCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol" title="Tetrahydrocannabihexol">CBDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiphorol" title="Cannabidiphorol">CBDP</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Semi-synthetic cannabinoids</b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THC-O-acetate" title="THC-O-acetate">THC-O-acetate</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic cannabinoid">Synthetic cannabinoids</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AM_cannabinoids" title="List of AM cannabinoids">AM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM-2201" title="AM-2201">AM-2201</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CP_cannabinoids" title="List of CP cannabinoids">CP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CP_55,940" title="CP 55,940">CP-55940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">Nabilone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylheptylpyran" title="Dimethylheptylpyran">Dimethylheptylpyran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HU_cannabinoids" title="List of HU cannabinoids">HU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HU-210" title="HU-210">HU-210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HU-331" title="HU-331">HU-331</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_JWH_cannabinoids" title="List of JWH cannabinoids">JWH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JWH-073" title="JWH-073">JWH-073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JWH-133" title="JWH-133">JWH-133</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonantradol" title="Levonantradol">Levonantradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMB-CHMICA" title="MDMB-CHMICA">MDMB-CHMICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR-144,528" title="SR-144,528">SR144528</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_55,212-2" title="WIN 55,212-2">WIN 55,212-2</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Pharmacology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor" title="Cannabinoid receptor">Cannabinoid receptors</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 1">Cannabinoid receptor type 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 2">Cannabinoid receptor type 2</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Endocannabinoids</a></b> <small>(activate cannabinoid receptors)</small></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Arachidonoylglycerol" title="2-Arachidonoylglycerol">2-AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">NADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virodhamine" title="Virodhamine">Virodhamine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Consumption</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption#Drink" title="Cannabis consumption">Drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Edibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_CBD_to_THC" title="Conversion of CBD to THC">Conversion of CBD to THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Adult lifetime cannabis use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual cannabis use by country</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffeeshop_(Netherlands)" title="Coffeeshop (Netherlands)">Coffeeshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grow_house" title="Grow house">Grow house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grow_shop" title="Grow shop">Grow shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_vending_machine" title="Marijuana vending machine">Marijuana vending machine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_impaired_driving" title="Cannabis and impaired driving">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_drug_testing" title="Cannabis drug testing">Drug testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_legalized_cannabis" title="Effects of legalized cannabis">Effects of legalized cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_drug_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway drug theory">Gateway drug theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long term effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis and memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy" title="Cannabis in pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_time_perception" title="Cannabis and time perception">Time perception</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhang" title="Bhang">Bhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunt_(cannabis_cigar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blunt (cannabis cigar)">Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charas" title="Charas">Charas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_flower_essential_oil" title="Cannabis flower essential oil">Flower essential oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_beer" title="Hemp beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_milk" title="Hemp milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_protein" title="Hemp protein">Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">Hempcrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_(cannabis)" title="Joint (cannabis)">Joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kief" title="Kief">Kief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roach_(smoking)" title="Roach (smoking)">Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic cannabis">Synthetic cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_of_cannabis" title="Tincture of cannabis">Tincture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_law" title="Timeline of cannabis law">Timeline of cannabis law</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_international_law" title="Cannabis and international law">Cannabis and international law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961" title="Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961">UN 2020 descheduling</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Cannabis in the United States">Cannabis in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction" title="Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Medical cannabis in the United States">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">Non-medical</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Act" title="Cannabis Act">Cannabis Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_laws_of_Canada_by_province_or_territory" title="Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory">Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada" title="Legal history of cannabis in Canada">Legal history of cannabis in Canada</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Elsewhere <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_by_country" title="Cannabis by country">Cannabis by country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Malta" title="Cannabis in Malta">Cannabis in Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Spain" title="Cannabis in Spain">Cannabis in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Africa" title="Cannabis in South Africa">Cannabis in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Thailand" title="Cannabis in Thailand">Cannabis in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cannabis in the Netherlands">Cannabis in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Drug policy of Portugal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_scheduling_of_synthetic_cannabinoids" title="Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids">Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoflowering_cannabis" title="Autoflowering cannabis">Autoflowering cannabis</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Genus</b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Species</b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" title="Cannabis sativa">Cannabis sativa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_indica" title="Cannabis indica">Cannabis indica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_ruderalis" title="Cannabis ruderalis">Cannabis ruderalis</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_strains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis strains">Strains</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acapulco_Gold_(cannabis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acapulco Gold (cannabis)">Acapulco Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte%27s_web_(cannabis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte's web (cannabis)">Charlotte's web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kush_(Cannabis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kush (Cannabis)">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi_Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawi Gold">Malawi Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_Diesel" title="Sour Diesel">Sour Diesel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cannabis_leaf_2.svg/15px-Cannabis_leaf_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cannabis_leaf_2.svg/23px-Cannabis_leaf_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cannabis_leaf_2.svg/30px-Cannabis_leaf_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="790" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cannabis" title="Portal:Cannabis">Cannabis portal</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Esculaap4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/15px-Esculaap4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/23px-Esculaap4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/30px-Esculaap4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Veranotrigo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Veranotrigo.jpg/15px-Veranotrigo.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Veranotrigo.jpg/23px-Veranotrigo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Veranotrigo.jpg/30px-Veranotrigo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> <span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cannabis_sidebar" title="Template:Cannabis sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cannabis_sidebar" title="Template talk:Cannabis sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hash oil</b> or <b>cannabis oil</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Oleoresin" title="Oleoresin">oleoresin</a> obtained by the <a href="/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">extraction</a> of cannabis or <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">hashish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_concentrate" title="Cannabis concentrate">cannabis concentrate</a> containing many of its resins and <a href="/wiki/Terpenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Terpenes">terpenes</a> – in particular, <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (THC), <a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">cannabidiol</a> (CBD), and other <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">cannabinoids</a>. Hash oil is usually consumed by <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">vaporizing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">eating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preparations of hash oil may be solid or semi-liquid <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloids</a> depending on both production method and temperature and are usually identified by their appearance or characteristics. Color most commonly ranges from transparent golden or light brown, to tan or black. There are various extraction methods, most involving a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hash oil is an extracted cannabis product that may use any part of the plant, with minimal or no residual solvent. It is generally thought to be indistinct from traditional <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">hashish</a>, at-least according to the 1961 UN <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a> that defines these products as "the separated resin, whether crude or purified, obtained from the cannabis plant". </p><p>Hash oil may be sold in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_cigarette#Construction" title="Electronic cigarette">cartridges</a> used with pen <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking#Vaporizers" title="Cannabis smoking">vaporizers</a>. Cannabis retailers in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> have reported about 40% of their sales are from smokeable cannabis oils.<sup id="cite_ref-Safe_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (THC) content of hash oil varies tremendously, since the manufacturers use a varying assortment of marijuana plants and preparation techniques. Dealers sometimes <a href="/wiki/Cutting_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutting agent">cut</a> hash oils with other oils.<sup id="cite_ref-starks_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starks-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WD2009_98_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WD2009_98-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form of the extract varies depending on the extraction process used; it may be liquid, a clear amber solid (called "shatter"), a sticky semisolid substance (called "wax"), or a brittle honeycombed solid (called "honeycomb wax").<sup id="cite_ref-Stogner2015rev_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stogner2015rev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hash oil seized in the 1970s had a THC content ranging from 10% to 30%. The oil available on the U.S. West Coast in 1974 averaged about 15% THC.<sup id="cite_ref-starks_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starks-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samples seized across the United States by the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> over an 18-year period (1980–1997) showed that THC content in hashish and hashish oil averaging 12.9% and 17.4%, respectively, did not show an increase over time.<sup id="cite_ref-huestis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huestis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest THC concentrations measured were 52.9% in hashish and 47.0% in hash oil.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hash oils in use in the 2010s had THC concentrations as high as 90%<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Colorado_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colorado-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other products achieving higher concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-dailybeast_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailybeast-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following an outbreak of vaping-related pulmonary illnesses and deaths in 2019, NBC News conducted tests on different black market THC vape cartridges and found cartridges containing up to 30% Vitamin E acetate, and trace amounts of fungicides and pesticides that may be harmful.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following compounds were found in <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> extracts of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_strains#Bedrocan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis strains">Bedrocan</a> Dutch medical cannabis:<sup id="cite_ref-romano_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romano-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> (~ 30%) and <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinolic_acid" title="Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid">THCA</a> (~ 60%).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoterpene" title="Monoterpene">Monoterpenes</a> (~ 5%): <a href="/wiki/Beta-Pinene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Pinene">β-pinene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrcene" title="Myrcene">myrcene</a>, β-<a href="/wiki/Phellandrene" title="Phellandrene">phellandrene</a>, <i>cis</i>-<a href="/wiki/Ocimene" title="Ocimene">ocimene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terpinolene" class="mw-redirect" title="Terpinolene">terpinolene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terpineol" title="Terpineol">terpineol</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquiterpene" title="Sesquiterpene">Sesquiterpenes</a> (~ 5%): β-<a href="/wiki/Caryophyllene" title="Caryophyllene">caryophyllene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humulene" title="Humulene">humulene</a>, δ-<a href="/wiki/Guaiene" title="Guaiene">guaiene</a>, γ-<a href="/wiki/Cadinene" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadinene">cadinene</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eudesmadiene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eudesmadiene (page does not exist)">eudesma-3,7(11)-diene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elemene" title="Elemene">elemene</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_and_development">Discovery and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Discovery and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hash oils made in the 19th century were made from hand collected hashish called charas and kief. The term hash oil<sup id="cite_ref-Walton,_Robert_P._p178_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walton,_Robert_P._p178-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was hashish that had been dissolved or infused into a vegetable oil for use in preparing foods for oral administration. Efforts to isolate the active ingredient in cannabis were well documented in the 19th century, and cannabis extracts and tinctures of cannabis were included in the <a href="/wiki/British_Pharmacopoeia" title="British Pharmacopoeia">British Pharmacopoeia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pharmacopoeia" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Pharmacopoeia">United States Pharmacopoeia</a>. These solvent extracts were termed cannabin (1845), cannabindon, cannabinine, crude cannabinol and cannabinol.<sup id="cite_ref-Walton,_Robert_P._p178_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walton,_Robert_P._p178-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>So-called "butane honey oil" was available briefly in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Safe_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bienenstock_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bienenstock-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This product was made in <a href="/wiki/Kabul,_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabul, Afghanistan">Kabul</a>, Afghanistan, and smuggled into the United States by <a href="/wiki/The_Brotherhood_of_Eternal_Love" title="The Brotherhood of Eternal Love">The Brotherhood of Eternal Love</a>. Production is thought to have ceased when the facility was destroyed in an explosion.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional ice water-separated hashish production utilizes <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and filter bags to separate plant material from resin, though this method still leaves much residual plant matter and is therefore poorly suited for full vaporization. Gold described the use of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" class="mw-redirect" title="Activated charcoal">activated charcoal</a> in honey oil production by 1989,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Michael Starks further detailed procedures and various solvents by 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large cannabis vaporizers gained popularity in the twentieth century for their ability to vaporize the cannabinoids in cannabis and extracts without burning plant material, using temperature controlled vaporization. <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> began licensing hash oil extraction operations in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Safe_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small portable vape pens saw a dramatic increase in popularity in 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dabbing_Hash_Oil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Dabbing_Hash_Oil.jpg/220px-Dabbing_Hash_Oil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Dabbing_Hash_Oil.jpg/330px-Dabbing_Hash_Oil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Dabbing_Hash_Oil.jpg/440px-Dabbing_Hash_Oil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1911" /></a><figcaption>Dabbing hash oil. The clear quartz bucket has been heated using a torch and the hash rosin placed within (seen melted as the small amber puddle). The glass cap (upper left of frame) is placed on top and creates a low pressure zone in the bucket, allowing the material to vaporize at a lower temperature than the ambient atmosphere. The vapor is then directed through a water pipe to further cool before inhalation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FullExtractCannabisOil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/FullExtractCannabisOil.jpg/220px-FullExtractCannabisOil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/FullExtractCannabisOil.jpg/330px-FullExtractCannabisOil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/FullExtractCannabisOil.jpg/440px-FullExtractCannabisOil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2469" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>Full extract oil in an oral <a href="/wiki/Syringe" title="Syringe">syringe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hash oil is consumed usually by ingestion, smoking or vaporization.<sup id="cite_ref-Stogner2015rev_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stogner2015rev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dabbing">Dabbing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dabbing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smoking or vaporizing hash oil is known colloquially as "dabbing",<sup id="cite_ref-Stogner2015rev_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stogner2015rev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> verb to daub (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> dabben, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> dauber), "to smear with something adhesive".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dabbing devices include special kinds of <a href="/wiki/Bong" title="Bong">water pipes</a> ("dab rigs"), <a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">vaporizers</a> and vape pens similar in design to <a href="/wiki/Electronic_cigarette" title="Electronic cigarette">electronic cigarettes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stogner2015rev_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stogner2015rev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil rigs include a glass water pipe and a quartz bucket which is often covered with a glass bubble or directional cap to direct the airflow and disperse the oil amongst the hot areas of the quartz "nail" (A nail is also referred to as a banger).<sup id="cite_ref-Stogner2015rev_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stogner2015rev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pipe is often heated with a <a href="/wiki/Blowtorch" title="Blowtorch">butane blowtorch</a> rather than a cigarette lighter.<sup id="cite_ref-Stogner2015rev_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stogner2015rev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oil can also be sold in prefilled atomizer cartridges. The cartridge is used by connecting it to a battery and inhaling the vaporized oil from the cartridge's mouthpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solvent-derived/hydrocarbon_extracts"><span id="Solvent-derived.2Fhydrocarbon_extracts"></span>Solvent-derived/hydrocarbon extracts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Solvent-derived/hydrocarbon extracts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hash oil is produced by <a href="/wiki/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_extraction" title="Liquid–liquid extraction">solvent extraction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maceration_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maceration (food)">maceration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Percolation" title="Percolation">percolation</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">hashish</a>. After filtering and evaporating the solvent, a sticky resinous liquid with a strong herbal odor (remarkably different from the odor of hemp) remains.<sup id="cite_ref-starks_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starks-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wired_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fresh, undried plant material is less suited for hash oil production, because much THC and <a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">CBD</a> will be present in their <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acid</a> forms (THCA and <a href="/wiki/CBDA" class="mw-redirect" title="CBDA">CBDA</a>), which may not be highly soluble in some solvents.<sup id="cite_ref-starks_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starks-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acids are <a href="/wiki/Decarboxylation" title="Decarboxylation">decarboxylated</a> during drying and heating (smoking). </p><p>A wide variety of solvents can be used for extraction, such as <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dichloromethane" title="Dichloromethane">dichloromethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_ether" title="Petroleum ether">petroleum ether</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">isopropanol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-starks_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starks-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-romano_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romano-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, <a href="/wiki/Resinoid_(perfumery)" title="Resinoid (perfumery)">resinoids</a> are often obtained by extraction with supercritical <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. The alcohols extract undesirable water-soluble substances such as <a href="/wiki/Chlorophylls" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorophylls">chlorophyll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugars">sugars</a> (which can be removed later by washing with water). <a href="/wiki/Non-polar" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-polar">Non-polar</a> solvents such as <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_ether" title="Petroleum ether">petroleum ether</a> will not extract the water-soluble constituents of marijuana or hashish while still producing hash oil. In general, non-polar cannabis extracts taste much better than polar extracts. Alkali washing further improves the odor and taste. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shatter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Shatter.jpg/220px-Shatter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Shatter.jpg/330px-Shatter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Shatter.jpg/440px-Shatter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Hash oil produced using a hydrocarbon like butane in California, referred to as <i>shatter,</i> due to its very thick and glass-like consistency</figcaption></figure> <p>The oil may be further refined by 1) alkali washing, or removing the heavy aromatic carboxylic acids with <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> properties, which may cause <a href="/wiki/Heartburn" title="Heartburn">heartburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a> irritation, and <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistance">resistance to hemp antibiotics</a>; 2) conversion of <a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">CBD</a> to <a href="/wiki/THC" class="mw-redirect" title="THC">THC</a>. Process 1) consists of dissolving the oil in a non-polar solvent such as <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_ether" title="Petroleum ether">petroleum ether</a>, repeatedly <a href="/wiki/Liquid-liquid_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid-liquid extraction">washing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saponification" title="Saponification">saponifying</a>) with a base such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> solution until the yellow residue disappears from the watery phase, decanting, and washing with water to remove the base and the saponified components (and evaporating the solvents). This process reduces the oil yield, but the resulting oil is less acidic, more easily digestible and much more potent (almost pure THC). Process 2) consists of dissolving the oil in a suitable solvent such as absolute <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> containing 0.05% <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, and boiling the mixture for 2 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of ready to consume extract products are produced via "Closed Loop Systems".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These systems typically entail: a vessel that holds the solvent, material columns to hold the plant material, a flow meter to measure the volume of solvent entering the plant material, a recovery vessel(where heat is applied via an external jacket) to convert the liquid solvent into a vapor and separate it from the THC, CBD, or other cannabinoids/byproducts, and some form of a heat exchanger to then convert the hydrocarbon vapors back into a liquid form prior to returning to the original vessel. Such a process can be carried out using a <a href="/wiki/Soxhlet_extractor" title="Soxhlet extractor">Soxhlet extractor</a>. </p><p>Ten grams of marijuana yields one to two grams of hash oil.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oil may retain considerable residual solvent: oil extracted with longer-chain volatile hydrocarbons (such as naphtha) is less viscous (thinner) than oil extracted with short-chain hydrocarbons (such as butane).<sup id="cite_ref-romano_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romano-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colored impurities from the oil can be removed by adding <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" class="mw-redirect" title="Activated charcoal">activated charcoal</a> to about one third to one half the weight or volume of the solvent containing the dissolved oil, mixing well, filtering, and evaporating the solvent.<sup id="cite_ref-starks_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starks-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When decolorizing <a href="/wiki/Fatty_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty oil">fatty oils</a>, oil retention can be up to 50 wt % on bleaching earths and nearly 100 wt % on activated charcoal.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The many different textures/types of hydrocarbon extracts include:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>shatter (solid, breaks easily, glass like oil)</li> <li>pull and snap (solid, bendable, but still breakable, taffy-like oil)</li> <li>diamonds/live resin (rock hard THCA isolated diamonds drenched in terpene sauce)</li> <li>crumble (solid oil that will break into small crumbs)</li> <li>budder/wax (soft, pliable, peanut butter-like consistency)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solventless_extracts:_Hash_rosin">Solventless extracts: Hash rosin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Solventless extracts: Hash rosin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hash_rosin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Hash_rosin.jpg/220px-Hash_rosin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Hash_rosin.jpg/330px-Hash_rosin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Hash_rosin.jpg/440px-Hash_rosin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>Full spectrum hash rosin that has been placed in a jar for sale</figcaption></figure> <p>Hash rosin has recently become a top quality, highly prized product in the cannabis market.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For dabbing, it is considered to be the cleanest form of concentrating cannabis,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it requires only ice, water (instead of organic solvents like butane), heat, pressure, and collection tools. Cannabis flower material is washed with ice water, and strained using filters in sequential micron size to isolate intact <a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">trichomes</a> and their heads into ice water hash.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The microns that are held in highest regards are the 73μ and 90μ, as this is where the resin heads reside.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are sometimes isolated and sold as one of the highest quality, most expensive cannabis products in the market today, known as "full melt"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because it will dab fine without having to be pressed. "Full spectrum" hash rosin will normally come from 45μ-159μ, as smaller and larger particles are likely to be too unrefined or broken stalks of the trichomes. </p><p>This hash is then pressed at the appropriate temperature and pressure to squeeze the oils out of the hash, and is collected with metal tools and parchment paper. Just like hydrocarbon extraction, the quality of the final product depends greatly on the quality of the starting material. This is emphasized even more so with hash rosin due to its lower yield percentages compared to solvent-derived concentrates (.3-8% rosin vs 10-20% hydrocarbon). Hash rosin producers often touch on how growing cannabis for hash production is different than growing for flower production, as some strains will be deceptive with their looks regarding yields. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Canada, hash oil – defined as a chemically concentrated <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extract</a> having up to 90% THC potency – was approved for commerce in October 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, regulations specifically for hash oil have not been issued as of 2019, but <a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">hemp seed oil</a> – along with hulled <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> seeds and hemp seed <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> – were approved as <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a> (GRAS) in December 2018, indicating that "these products can be legally marketed in human foods for these uses without food additive approval, provided they comply with all other requirements and do not make disease treatment <a href="/wiki/Health_claim" title="Health claim">claims</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-gottlieb_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gottlieb-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ingredient_in_vape_liquids">Ingredient in vape liquids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ingredient in vape liquids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adulterated_products">Adulterated products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Adulterated products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vitamin_E_acetate">Vitamin E acetate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vitamin E acetate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_vaping_lung_illness_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 vaping lung illness outbreak">2019–20 vaping lung illness outbreak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaping-associated_pulmonary_injury" title="Vaping-associated pulmonary injury">Vaping-associated pulmonary injury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin E acetate">Vitamin E acetate</a></div> <p>On September 5, 2019, the United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (US FDA) announced that 10 out of 18, or 56% of the samples of vape liquids sent in by states, linked to <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_vaping_lung_illness_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 vaping lung illness outbreak">recent vaping related lung disease outbreak in the United States</a>, tested positive for vitamin E acetate<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had been used as a thickening agent by <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">illicit</a> THC vape cartridge manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 8, 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) identified vitamin E acetate as a very strong culprit of concern in the vaping-related illnesses, but has not ruled out other chemicals or toxicants as possible causes.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC----2019_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC----2019-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDC's findings were based on fluid samples from the lungs of 29 patients with <a href="/wiki/Vaping-associated_pulmonary_injury" title="Vaping-associated pulmonary injury">vaping-associated pulmonary injury</a>, which provided direct evidence of vitamin E acetate at the primary site of injury in all the 29 lung fluid samples tested.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC----2019_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC----2019-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research suggests when vitamin E acetate is inhaled, it may interfere with normal lung functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2019_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2019-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Vitamin E oil might be in 60-70% of street carts, insiders say."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synthetic_cannabinoids">Synthetic cannabinoids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Synthetic cannabinoids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">Counterfeit</a> THC oil has been detected to contain <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic cannabinoid">synthetic cannabinoids</a>. Several school children in Greater Manchester collapsed after vaping Spice mis-sold as 'natural cannabis'.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_2">Use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butane_honey_oil_being_evaporated.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Butane_honey_oil_being_evaporated.JPG/220px-Butane_honey_oil_being_evaporated.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Butane_honey_oil_being_evaporated.JPG/330px-Butane_honey_oil_being_evaporated.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Butane_honey_oil_being_evaporated.JPG/440px-Butane_honey_oil_being_evaporated.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Hash oil being purged of excess butane which forms bubbles as the solvent evaporates</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the health effects of using hash oil were poorly documented. Cannabis extracts have less plant matter and create less harmful smoke. However, trace amounts of impurities are not generally regarded as safe (GRAS).<sup id="cite_ref-Stogner2015rev_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stogner2015rev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 following an outbreak of illnesses additives added to vape pen mixtures were found to be causing breathing problems, lung damage, and deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_2">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the solvents employed vaporize quickly and are flammable, making the extraction process dangerous. Several explosion and fire incidents related to hash oil manufacturing attempts in homes have been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solvents used to extract THC are flammable or combustible and have resulted in explosions, fires, severe injuries, and deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Colorado_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colorado-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handling">Handling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Handling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannabis_Butane_Honey_Oil.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cannabis_Butane_Honey_Oil.JPG/220px-Cannabis_Butane_Honey_Oil.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cannabis_Butane_Honey_Oil.JPG/330px-Cannabis_Butane_Honey_Oil.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cannabis_Butane_Honey_Oil.JPG/440px-Cannabis_Butane_Honey_Oil.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Butane honey oil</figcaption></figure> <p>Hash oil can contain up to 80% THC, though up to 99% is possible with other methods of extraction. While health issues of the <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a> may be exacerbated by use of hash oil, it is not known to cause side effects not already found in other preparations of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When exposed to air, warmth and light (especially without <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a>), the oil loses its taste and psychoactivity due to aging. Cannabinoid <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinolic_acid" title="Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid">THCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBDA" class="mw-redirect" title="CBDA">CBDA</a>, and maybe others) have an <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> effect on <a href="/wiki/Gram-positive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-positive">gram-positive</a> bacteria such as (<a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>-resistant) <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative">gram-negative</a> bacteria such as <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a> are unaffected.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/26px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/39px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/52px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cannabis" title="Portal:Cannabis">Cannabis portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_concentrate" title="Cannabis concentrate">Cannabis concentrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragrance_extraction" title="Fragrance extraction">Fragrance extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_smoke" title="Liquid smoke">Liquid smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Live resin">Live resin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleoresin_capsicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleoresin capsicum">Oleoresin capsicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_explosions" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas explosions">Gas explosions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJaipakdeeTabboonLimpongsa2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jaipakdee, Napaphak; Tabboon, Peera; Limpongsa, Ekapol (25 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378517321010838">"Application of a liquisolid technique to cannabis sativa extract compacts: Effect of liquid vehicles on the dissolution enhancement and stability of cannabinoids"</a>. <i>International Journal of Pharmaceutics</i>. <b>612</b>: 121277. <a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.christie.nhs.uk&rft.atitle=Health+warning+issued+over+fake+%22THC+vape%22+that+contains+%22spice%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christie.nhs.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fnews%2Flatest-news-stories%2Fhealth-warning-issued-over-fake-thc-vape-that-in-fact-contains-spice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHash+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metro.co.uk/2019/12/17/eight-pupils-collapse-vaping-spice-missold-thc-vape-11923840/">"Eight pupils collapse after vaping Spice missold as THC vape"</a>. <i>Metro</i>. 17 December 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cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lep.co.uk/health/health-warning-nine-youths-collapse-after-using-spice-vape-665280">"Health warning as nine youths collapse after using 'spice' vape"</a>. <i>www.lep.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.lep.co.uk&rft.atitle=Health+warning+as+nine+youths+collapse+after+using+%27spice%27+vape&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lep.co.uk%2Fhealth%2Fhealth-warning-nine-youths-collapse-after-using-spice-vape-665280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHash+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.co.uk/health/health-warning-nine-youths-collapse-after-using-spice-vape-478331">"Health warning as nine youths collapse after using 'Spice' vape"</a>. <i>www.thestar.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.thestar.co.uk&rft.atitle=Health+warning+as+nine+youths+collapse+after+using+%27Spice%27+vape&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.co.uk%2Fhealth%2Fhealth-warning-nine-youths-collapse-after-using-spice-vape-478331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHash+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html">"Smoking 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Butane+Honey+Oil+Extraction+on+the+Rise&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+County+Fire+Department&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fire.lacounty.gov%2Fmarijuana-butane-honey-oil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHash+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomanowskiBarsunKwanTeo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Romanowski, KS; Barsun, A; Kwan, P; Teo, EH; Palmieri, TL; Sen, S; Maguina, P; Greenhalgh, DG (30 March 2016). "Butane Hash Oil Burns: A 7-Year Perspective on a Growing Problem". <i>Journal of Burn Care & Research</i>. <b>38</b> (1): e165–e171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FBCR.0000000000000334">10.1097/BCR.0000000000000334</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27058582">27058582</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3690355">3690355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Burn+Care+%26+Research&rft.atitle=Butane+Hash+Oil+Burns%3A+A+7-Year+Perspective+on+a+Growing+Problem&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e165-e171&rft.date=2016-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3690355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27058582&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FBCR.0000000000000334&rft.aulast=Romanowski&rft.aufirst=KS&rft.au=Barsun%2C+A&rft.au=Kwan%2C+P&rft.au=Teo%2C+EH&rft.au=Palmieri%2C+TL&rft.au=Sen%2C+S&rft.au=Maguina%2C+P&rft.au=Greenhalgh%2C+DG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHash+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2016" class="citation news cs1">Crawford, Angus (5 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-36988316">"Rise in UK explosions linked to super-strength cannabis"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Rise+in+UK+explosions+linked+to+super-strength+cannabis&rft.date=2016-08-05&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-36988316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHash+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Kabelik1955" class="citation cs2">Jan Kabelik (1955), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701094103/http://www.bushka.cz/KabelikEN/kabelikEN.pdf">"Hemp as a medicament"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Acta Univ. Olomuc.</i>, <b>6</b>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bushka.cz/KabelikEN/kabelikEN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 July 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Univ.+Olomuc.&rft.atitle=Hemp+as+a+medicament&rft.volume=6&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Jan+Kabelik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbushka.cz%2FKabelikEN%2FkabelikEN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHash+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hash_oil&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rosenthal" title="Ed Rosenthal">Ed Rosenthal</a>, Beyond Buds: Marijuana Extracts, 2014.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cannabis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cannabis" title="Template:Cannabis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cannabis" title="Template talk:Cannabis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cannabis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cannabis" title="Outline of cannabis">Outline of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Recreational and medical applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Industrial applications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoflowering_cannabis" title="Autoflowering cannabis">Autoflowering cannabis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_indica" title="Cannabis indica">indica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_ruderalis" title="Cannabis ruderalis">ruderalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" title="Cannabis sativa">sativa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_defenses_in_Cannabis" title="Chemical defenses in Cannabis">Chemical defenses in Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_CBD_to_THC" title="Conversion of CBD to THC">Conversion of CBD to THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cannabis_terms" title="Glossary of cannabis terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_cannabis" title="List of names for cannabis">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_cannabis" title="Etymology of cannabis">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagga" title="Dagga">dagga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganja" title="Ganja">ganja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marijuana_(word)" title="Marijuana (word)">marijuana</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_slang_names_for_cannabis" title="List of slang names for cannabis">slang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_strains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis strains">Strains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoids" title="Synthetic cannabinoids">Synthetic cannabis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_use_and_trauma" title="Cannabis use and trauma">Cannabis use and trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_product_testing" title="Cannabis product testing">Cannabis product testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medical_cannabis" title="History of medical cannabis">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Medical cannabis in the United States">In the US</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_card" title="Medical cannabis card">Medical cannabis card</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_use_of_cannabis" title="Entheogenic use of cannabis">Religious and spiritual use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalice_(pipe)" title="Chalice (pipe)">Chalice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_drug_testing" title="Cannabis drug testing">Drug testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Anonymous" title="Marijuana Anonymous">Marijuana Anonymous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanfparade" title="Hanfparade">Hanfparade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hemp_diseases" title="List of hemp diseases">List of hemp diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hemp_products" title="List of hemp products">List of hemp products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">hempcrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_jewelry" title="Hemp jewelry">jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_milk" title="Hemp milk">milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">rolling paper</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hemp_varieties" title="List of hemp varieties">List of hemp varieties</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hemp_for_Victory" title="Hemp for Victory">Hemp for Victory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_Industries_Association" title="Hemp Industries Association">Hemp Industries Association</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_Wears_No_Clothes" title="The Emperor Wears No Clothes">The Emperor Wears No Clothes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhang" title="Bhang">Bhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_(cannabis)" title="Joint (cannabis)">Joint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Vaporizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_concentrate" title="Cannabis concentrate">Cannabis concentrate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_flower_essential_oil" title="Cannabis flower essential oil">Essential oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charas" title="Charas">Charas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kief" title="Kief">Kief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_of_cannabis" title="Tincture of cannabis">Tincture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marihuana_prensada" title="Marihuana prensada"><i>Marihuana prensada</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_phytocannabinoids" title="Comparison of phytocannabinoids">Phytocannabinoids</a> <ul><li>Quasi-psychedelic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Δ-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol"><i>delta</i>-8-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Δ-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol"><i>delta</i>-10-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol" title="Tetrahydrocannabihexol">THCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiphorol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiphorol">THCP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">CBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol" title="Tetrahydrocannabihexol">CBDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiphorol" title="Cannabidiphorol">CBDP</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amotivational_syndrome" title="Amotivational syndrome">Amotivational syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy" title="Cannabis in pregnancy">Cannabis in pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_use_disorder" title="Cannabis use disorder">Cannabis use disorder</a> (CUD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_hyperemesis_syndrome" title="Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome">Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome</a> (CHS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_endocannabinoid_deficiency_syndrome" title="Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome">Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entourage_effect" title="Entourage effect">Entourage effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Endocannabinoid system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_impaired_driving" title="Cannabis and impaired driving">Impaired driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_time_perception" title="Cannabis and time perception">Time perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_concerns_of_cannabis_use" title="Occupational health concerns of cannabis use">Occupational health concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_research" title="Medical cannabis research">Medical cannabis research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budtender" title="Budtender">Budtender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_by_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis by Country">Cannabis by Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cookbook" title="Cannabis cookbook">Cookbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_etiquette" title="Cannabis etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_cannabis" title="List of books about cannabis">Books</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Culture_(magazine)" title="Cannabis Culture (magazine)">Cannabis Culture</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_columns" title="List of cannabis columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_competitions" title="List of cannabis competitions">Competitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_hoaxes" title="List of cannabis hoaxes">List of cannabis hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_cannabis" title="Category:Films about cannabis">Films</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High_Times" title="High Times">High Times</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cannabis_music" title="Category:Cannabis music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_restaurant_industry" title="Cannabis in the restaurant industry">Restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_sports" title="Cannabis and sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overgrow" title="Operation Overgrow">Operation Overgrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke-in" title="Smoke-in">Smoke-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_TV" title="Stoner TV">Stoner TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_video_game_culture" title="Cannabis and video game culture">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">Cannabis rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Cannabis_Therapeutics" title="Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics">ACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aotearoa_Legalise_Cannabis_Party" title="Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party">ALCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Marijuana_Association" title="American Medical Marijuana Association">AMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Safe_Access" title="Americans for Safe Access">ASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Action_Network" title="Cannabis Action Network">CAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Badged_Network" title="Colorado Badged Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Law_Reform" title="Cannabis Law Reform">CLEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Rescheduling_Cannabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition for Rescheduling Cannabis">CRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagga_Couple" title="Dagga Couple">Dagga Couple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors_for_Cannabis_Regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors for Cannabis Regulation">DFCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">DPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENCOD" class="mw-redirect" title="ENCOD">ENCOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAAAT_think_%26_do_tank" title="FAAAT think & do tank">FAAAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Cannabis_Association" title="Finnish Cannabis Association">FCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Legalisation_Movement_India" title="Great Legalisation Movement India">GLM India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Marijuana_March" title="Global Marijuana March">GMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">LEAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidisciplinary_Association_for_Psychedelic_Studies" title="Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies">MAPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">MPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cannabis_Industry_Association" title="National Cannabis Industry Association">NCIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NORML_France" title="NORML France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORML_New_Zealand" title="NORML New Zealand">NZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORML_UK" title="NORML UK">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safer_Alternative_for_Enjoyable_Recreation" title="Safer Alternative for Enjoyable Recreation">SAFER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Cannabis_Clinicians" title="Society of Cannabis Clinicians">SCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">SSDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_for_Medical_Cannabis_Access" title="Veterans for Medical Cannabis Access">VMCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Cannabinoid_Medicines" title="International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines">IACM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cannabinoid_Research_Society" title="International Cannabinoid Research Society">ICRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Ethnobotanical_Education,_Research_and_Service" title="International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Service">ICEERS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Adult lifetime use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootleggers_and_Baptists#Cannabis" title="Bootleggers and Baptists">Bootleggers and Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_cannabis_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for cannabis trafficking">Capital punishment for cannabis trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_legalized_cannabis" title="Effects of legalized cannabis">Effects of legalized cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Marijuana_March" title="Global Marijuana March">Global Marijuana March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_control_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug control treaties">Internationally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_regulatory_agencies" title="List of cannabis regulatory agencies">Regulatory agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Vienna Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1998 UN Convention on Illicit Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>In the U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937" title="Marihuana Tax Act of 1937">Marihuana Tax Act of 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_law" title="Timeline of cannabis law">Timeline of cannabis law</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major legal<br />reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Treaty law: <a href="/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961" title="Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961">Rescheduling of cannabis in 2020</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Act" title="Cannabis Act">2018 Cannabis Act</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/German_cannabis_control_bill" title="German cannabis control bill">German cannabis control bill</a></li> <li>UK: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_classification_in_the_United_Kingdom#Return_to_class_B" title="Cannabis classification in the United Kingdom">Return to class B</a></li> <li>Uruguay: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Uruguay" title="Cannabis in Uruguay">Law No. 19172</a></li> <li>US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_from_Schedule_I_of_the_Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act">Rescheduling per the Controlled Substances Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_Farming_Act_of_2018" title="Hemp Farming Act of 2018">Hemp Farming Act of 2018</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians<br />and parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties" title="Cannabis political parties">Cannabis political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties_of_the_United_States" title="Cannabis political parties of the United States">of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties_of_Minnesota" title="Cannabis political parties of Minnesota">of Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Party_(Spain)" title="Cannabis Party (Spain)">of Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_politicians_who_have_acknowledged_cannabis_use" title="List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use">List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_politicians_who_have_acknowledged_cannabis_use" title="List of United States politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use">List of American politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ker_v._California" title="Ker v. California">Ker v. California</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leary_v._United_States" title="Leary v. United States">Leary v. United States</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyllo_v._United_States" title="Kyllo v. United States">Kyllo v. United States</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich" title="Gonzales v. Raich">Gonzales v. Raich</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ADPF_187" title="ADPF 187">ADPF 187</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry</a></li> <li>Substances <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_antagonist" title="Cannabinoid receptor antagonist">Cannabinoid receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_enhancer" title="Endocannabinoid enhancer">Endocannabinoid enhancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor">Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/15px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/22px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/30px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="546" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cannabis" title="Portal:Cannabis"><i>Cannabis</i> portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cannabis" title="Category:Cannabis">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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