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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mercator variant map projection</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Web_maps_Mercator_projection_SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Web_maps_Mercator_projection_SW.jpg/300px-Web_maps_Mercator_projection_SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Web_maps_Mercator_projection_SW.jpg/450px-Web_maps_Mercator_projection_SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Web_maps_Mercator_projection_SW.jpg/600px-Web_maps_Mercator_projection_SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="2060" /></a><figcaption>The Web Mercator projection is almost indistinguishable at global scale from a Mercator projection cropped to around 85°N to 85°S</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenStreetMap_homepage_2018_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/OpenStreetMap_homepage_2018_en.png/400px-OpenStreetMap_homepage_2018_en.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/OpenStreetMap_homepage_2018_en.png/600px-OpenStreetMap_homepage_2018_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/OpenStreetMap_homepage_2018_en.png/800px-OpenStreetMap_homepage_2018_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>Homepage of OpenStreetMap in 2018. The standard style for OpenStreetMap, like most Web maps, uses the Web Mercator projection</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Web Mercator</b>, <b>Google Web Mercator</b>, <b>Spherical Mercator</b>, <b>WGS 84 Web Mercator</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>WGS 84/Pseudo-Mercator</b> is a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator</a> <a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">map projection</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard">de facto standard</a> for <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">Web</a> mapping applications. It rose to prominence when <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a> adopted it in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used by virtually all major online map providers, including Google Maps, <a href="/wiki/CartoDB" class="mw-redirect" title="CartoDB">CARTO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mapbox" title="Mapbox">Mapbox</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MapBox_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MapBox-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bing_Maps" title="Bing Maps">Bing Maps</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mapquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapquest">Mapquest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esri" title="Esri">Esri</a>, and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-Battersby_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battersby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its official <a href="/wiki/EPSG_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="EPSG identifier">EPSG identifier</a> is EPSG:3857, although others have been used historically. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_Mercator_projection&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Web Mercator is a slight variant of the Mercator projection, one used primarily in Web-based mapping programs. It uses the same formulas as the standard Mercator as used for <a href="/wiki/Scale_(map)#Large_scale,_medium_scale,_small_scale" title="Scale (map)">small-scale maps</a>. However, the Web Mercator uses the spherical formulas at all scales whereas <a href="/wiki/Scale_(map)#Large_scale,_medium_scale,_small_scale" title="Scale (map)">large-scale</a> Mercator maps normally use the ellipsoidal form of the projection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The discrepancy is imperceptible at the global scale but causes maps of local areas to deviate slightly from true ellipsoidal Mercator maps at the same scale. </p><p>While the Web Mercator's formulas are for the spherical form of the Mercator, geographical coordinates are required to be in the <a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System#WGS_84" title="World Geodetic System">WGS 84</a> ellipsoidal datum. This discrepancy causes the projection to be slightly non-<a href="/wiki/Conformal_map_projection" title="Conformal map projection">conformal</a>. General lack of understanding that the Web Mercator differs from standard Mercator usage has caused considerable confusion and misuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Battersby_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battersby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87">: 87 </span></sup> Mistaking Web Mercator for the standard Mercator during coordinate conversion can lead to deviations as much as 40 km on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-NGAnotice_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGAnotice-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-al_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For all these reasons, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> through the <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a> has declared this map projection to be unacceptable for any official use.<sup id="cite_ref-NGAnotice_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGAnotice-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike most map projections for the sphere, the Web Mercator uses the equatorial radius of the WGS 84 spheroid, rather than some <a href="/wiki/Earth_radius#Global_radii" title="Earth radius">compromise between the equatorial and polar radii</a>. This results in a slightly larger map compared to the map's <a href="/wiki/Scale_(map)" title="Scale (map)">stated (nominal) scale</a> than for most maps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formulas">Formulas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_Mercator_projection&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formulas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formulas for the Web Mercator are fundamentally the same as for the standard spherical Mercator, but before applying zoom, the "world coordinates" are adjusted such that the upper left corner is <span class="nowrap">(0, 0)</span> and the lower right corner is <span class="nowrap">( <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{\text{zoom level}}-1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>zoom level</mtext> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{\text{zoom level}}-1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/783e3b5df5b708d324d68f2e04b0064982a607a4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.964ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{\text{zoom level}}-1}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{\text{zoom level}}-1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>zoom level</mtext> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{\text{zoom level}}-1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/783e3b5df5b708d324d68f2e04b0064982a607a4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.964ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{\text{zoom level}}-1}"></span>)</span>:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=\left\lfloor {\frac {1}{2\pi }}\cdot 2^{\text{zoom level}}\left(\pi +\lambda \right)\right\rfloor {\text{ pixels}}\\[5pt]y&=\left\lfloor {\frac {1}{2\pi }}\cdot 2^{\text{zoom level}}\left(\pi -\ln \left[\tan \left({\frac {\pi }{4}}+{\frac {\varphi }{2}}\right)\right]\right)\right\rfloor {\text{ pixels}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="0.8em 0.3em" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>x</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>⌊</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>zoom level</mtext> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>π</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>⌋</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> pixels</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>y</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>⌊</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>zoom level</mtext> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>π</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mi>tan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>φ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>⌋</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> pixels</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=\left\lfloor {\frac {1}{2\pi }}\cdot 2^{\text{zoom level}}\left(\pi +\lambda \right)\right\rfloor {\text{ pixels}}\\[5pt]y&=\left\lfloor {\frac {1}{2\pi }}\cdot 2^{\text{zoom level}}\left(\pi -\ln \left[\tan \left({\frac {\pi }{4}}+{\frac {\varphi }{2}}\right)\right]\right)\right\rfloor {\text{ pixels}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8252047258d341cbf8d773efe5e24f089cdb3b67" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.171ex; width:53.56ex; height:13.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=\left\lfloor {\frac {1}{2\pi }}\cdot 2^{\text{zoom level}}\left(\pi +\lambda \right)\right\rfloor {\text{ pixels}}\\[5pt]y&=\left\lfloor {\frac {1}{2\pi }}\cdot 2^{\text{zoom level}}\left(\pi -\ln \left[\tan \left({\frac {\pi }{4}}+{\frac {\varphi }{2}}\right)\right]\right)\right\rfloor {\text{ pixels}}\end{aligned}}}"></span> where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> in radians and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>φ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }"></span> is <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_latitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Geodetic latitude">geodetic latitude</a> in radians.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the Mercator projects the poles at infinity, a map using the Web Mercator projection cannot show the poles. Services such as Google Maps cut off coverage at 85.051129° north and south. This is not a limitation for street maps, which is the primary purpose for such services. The value 85.051129° is the latitude at which the full projected map becomes a square, and is computed as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>φ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }"></span> given <span class="nowrap"><i>y</i> = 0</span>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\varphi _{\text{max}}=\left[2\arctan(e^{\pi })-{\frac {\pi }{2}}\right]\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>max</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>arctan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\varphi _{\text{max}}=\left[2\arctan(e^{\pi })-{\frac {\pi }{2}}\right]\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4b1a0904e2e946949995880e64e8baf9ac0afe7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:27.947ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\varphi _{\text{max}}=\left[2\arctan(e^{\pi })-{\frac {\pi }{2}}\right]\end{aligned}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spherical_and_ellipsoidal_mix">Spherical and ellipsoidal mix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_Mercator_projection&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spherical and ellipsoidal mix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The projection is neither strictly ellipsoidal nor strictly spherical. EPSG's definition says the projection "uses spherical development of ellipsoidal coordinates".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underlying geographic coordinates are defined using the <a href="/wiki/WGS84" class="mw-redirect" title="WGS84">WGS84</a> ellipsoidal model of the Earth's surface, but are projected as if defined on a sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-al_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice is uncontroversial for small-scale maps (such as of the entire world), but has little precedent in large-scale maps (such as of a city or province).<sup id="cite_ref-Strebe2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strebe2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_Mercator_projection&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Web Mercator is a spherical Mercator projection, and so it has the same properties as a spherical Mercator: north is up everywhere, meridians are equally spaced vertical lines, angles are locally correct (assuming spherical coordinates), and areas inflate with distance from the equator such that the polar regions are grossly exaggerated. The ellipsoidal Mercator has these same properties, but models the earth as an ellipsoid. </p><p>Unlike the ellipsoidal Mercator, however, the Web Mercator is not quite conformal. This means that angles between lines on the surface will not be drawn to the same angles in the map, although they will not deviate enough to be noticeable by eye. Lines deviate because Web Mercator specifies that coordinates be given as surveyed on the WGS 84 ellipsoidal model. By projecting coordinates surveyed against the ellipsoid as if they were surveyed on a sphere, angular relationships change slightly. This is standard practice on the standard spherical Mercator projection, but unlike Web Mercator, the spherical Mercator is not normally used for maps of local areas, such as street maps, and so the accuracy of positions needed for plotting is typically less than the angular deviation caused by using spherical formulas. The benefit the Web Mercator gains is that the spherical form is much simpler to calculate than the ellipsoidal form, and so requires only a fraction of the computing resources.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identifiers">Identifiers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_Mercator_projection&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Identifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to slow adoption by the <a href="/wiki/EPSG_registry" class="mw-redirect" title="EPSG registry">EPSG registry</a>, the Web Mercator is represented by several different names and <a href="/wiki/SRID" class="mw-redirect" title="SRID">spatial reference system identifiers</a> (SRIDs), including EPSG:900913, EPSG:3785 and EPSG:3857, the latter being the official EPSG identifier since 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-epsg.org_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epsg.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EPSG:900913">EPSG:900913</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_Mercator_projection&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: EPSG:900913"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The projected coordinate reference system originally lacked an official spatial reference identifier (<a href="/wiki/Spatial_reference_system#Identifier" title="Spatial reference system">SRID</a>), and the Geodesy subcommittee of the OGP's Geomatics committee (also known as EPSG) refused to provide it with one, declaring "We have reviewed the coordinate reference system used by Microsoft, Google, etc. and believe that it is technically flawed. We will not devalue the EPSG dataset by including such inappropriate geodesy and cartography."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unofficial code "EPSG:900913" (GOOGLE <a href="/wiki/Leet" title="Leet">transliterated to numbers</a>) came to be used. It was originally defined by Christopher Schmidt in his Technical Ramblings blog<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became codified in OpenLayers 2,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, technically, would make OpenLayers the SRID authority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EPSG:3785">EPSG:3785</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_Mercator_projection&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: EPSG:3785"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, EPSG provided the official identifier EPSG:3785 with the official name "Popular Visualisation <a href="/wiki/Spatial_reference_system" title="Spatial reference system">CRS</a> / Mercator", but noted "It is not an official <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodetic</a> system".<sup id="cite_ref-al_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition used a spherical (rather than ellipsoidal) model of the Earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EPSG:3857">EPSG:3857</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_Mercator_projection&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: EPSG:3857"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later that year, EPSG provided an updated identifier, EPSG:3857 with the official name "WGS 84 / Pseudo-Mercator".<sup id="cite_ref-al_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition switched to using the <a href="/wiki/WGS84" class="mw-redirect" title="WGS84">WGS84</a> ellipsoid (EPSG:4326), rather than the sphere. </p><p>Although the projection is closely associated with Google, Microsoft is listed as the "information source" in EPSG's standards.<sup id="cite_ref-epsg.org_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epsg.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_identifiers">Other identifiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_Mercator_projection&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other identifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other identifiers that have been used include ESRI:102113, ESRI:102100, and OSGEO:41001.<sup id="cite_ref-epsg.io_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epsg.io-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ESRI:102113 corresponds to EPSG:3785 while ESRI:102100 corresponds to EPSG:3857.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="WKT_definition">WKT definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_Mercator_projection&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: WKT definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The projection covers the Earth from −180° to 180° longitude, and 85.05° north and south. Using <a href="/wiki/Well-known_text_representation_of_coordinate_reference_systems" title="Well-known text representation of coordinate reference systems">well-known text representation of coordinate reference systems</a> (WKT), EPSG:3857 is defined as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-epsg.org_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epsg.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <pre>PROJCRS["WGS 84 / Pseudo-Mercator", BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84", ENSEMBLE["World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble", MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (Transit)", ID["EPSG",1166]], MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G730)", ID["EPSG",1152]], MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G873)", ID["EPSG",1153]], MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G1150)", ID["EPSG",1154]], MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G1674)", ID["EPSG",1155]], MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G1762)", ID["EPSG",1156]], MEMBER["World Geodetic System 1984 (G2139)", ID["EPSG",1309]], ELLIPSOID["WGS 84", 6378137, 298.257223563, LENGTHUNIT["metre", 1, ID["EPSG",9001]], ID["EPSG",7030]], ENSEMBLEACCURACY[2], ID["EPSG",6326]], ID["EPSG",4326]], CONVERSION["Popular Visualisation Pseudo-Mercator", METHOD["Popular Visualisation Pseudo Mercator", ID["EPSG",1024]], PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin", 0, ANGLEUNIT["degree", 0.0174532925199433, ID["EPSG",9102]], ID["EPSG",8801]], PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin", 0, ANGLEUNIT["degree", 0.0174532925199433, ID["EPSG",9102]], ID["EPSG",8802]], PARAMETER["False easting", 0, LENGTHUNIT["metre", 1, ID["EPSG",9001]], ID["EPSG",8806]], PARAMETER["False northing", 0, LENGTHUNIT["metre", 1, ID["EPSG",9001]], ID["EPSG",8807]], ID["EPSG",3856]], CS[Cartesian, 2, ID["EPSG",4499]], AXIS["Easting (X)", east], AXIS["Northing (Y)", north], LENGTHUNIT["metre", 1, ID["EPSG",9001]], ID["EPSG",3857]] </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_Mercator_projection&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009142830/http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/web_mercator/(U)%20NGA_SIG_0011_1.0.0_WEBMERC.pdf">"WGS 84 and the Web Mercator Projection NGA Office of Geomatics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a>. 2014-05-16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/web_mercator/%28U%29%20NGA_SIG_0011_1.0.0_WEBMERC.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WGS+84+and+the+Web+Mercator+Projection+NGA+Office+of+Geomatics&rft.pub=National+Geospatial-Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2014-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearth-info.nga.mil%2FGandG%2Fwgs84%2Fweb_mercator%2F%2528U%2529%2520NGA_SIG_0011_1.0.0_WEBMERC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+Mercator+projection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101203940/https://support.google.com/maps/forum/AAAAQuUrST8A2ygEJ5eG-o/?hl=en&msgid=KbZr_B0h2hkJ&gpf=d/msg/maps/A2ygEJ5eG-o/KbZr_B0h2hkJ">"Google Maps & Earth Help Forum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://productforums.google.com/d/msg/maps/A2ygEJ5eG-o/KbZr_B0h2hkJ">the original</a> on January 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Maps+%26+Earth+Help+Forum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproductforums.google.com%2Fd%2Fmsg%2Fmaps%2FA2ygEJ5eG-o%2FKbZr_B0h2hkJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+Mercator+projection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MapBox-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MapBox_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapbox.com/help/how-mapbox-data-works/">"Our Map Data"</a>. MapBox<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Mapbox supports the popular Web Mercator projection, and currently does not support any other projections for display.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Map+Data&rft.pub=MapBox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapbox.com%2Fhelp%2Fhow-mapbox-data-works%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+Mercator+projection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Battersby-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Battersby_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Battersby_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattersbyFinnUseryYamamoto2014" class="citation journal cs1">Battersby, Sarah E.; Finn, Michael P.; Usery, E. Lynn; Yamamoto, Kristina H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215113220/http://cegis.usgs.gov/projection/pdf/Battersby_Implications%20of%20Web%20Mecator%20and%20Its%20Use%20in%20Online%20Mapping.pdf">"Implications of Web Mercator and Its Use in Online Mapping"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cartographica</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcarto.49.2.2313">10.3138/carto.49.2.2313</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6403891">6403891</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/carto.49.2.2313">the original</a> on 15 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cartographica&rft.atitle=Implications+of+Web+Mercator+and+Its+Use+in+Online+Mapping&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=92&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcarto.49.2.2313&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6403891%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Battersby&rft.aufirst=Sarah+E.&rft.au=Finn%2C+Michael+P.&rft.au=Usery%2C+E.+Lynn&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+Kristina+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futpjournals.press%2Fdoi%2F10.3138%2Fcarto.49.2.2313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+Mercator+projection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NGAnotice-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NGAnotice_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGAnotice_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329065451/https://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/web_mercator/index.html">"NGA: (U) NGA Advisory Notice on "Web Mercator" (UNCLASSIFIED)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a> Office of Geomatics. 2014-02-18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/web_mercator/index.html">the original</a> on 2017-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NGA%3A+%28U%29+NGA+Advisory+Notice+on+%22Web+Mercator%22+%28UNCLASSIFIED%29&rft.pub=National+Geospatial-Intelligence+Agency+Office+of+Geomatics&rft.date=2014-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearth-info.nga.mil%2FGandG%2Fwgs84%2Fweb_mercator%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+Mercator+projection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-al_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-al_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-al_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-al_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alastaira.wordpress.com/2011/01/23/the-google-maps-bing-maps-spherical-mercator-projection/">"The Google Maps / Bing Maps Spherical Mercator Projection"</a>. <i>Alastair Aitchison</i>. 23 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alastair+Aitchison&rft.atitle=The+Google+Maps+%2F+Bing+Maps+Spherical+Mercator+Projection&rft.date=2011-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falastaira.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F01%2F23%2Fthe-google-maps-bing-maps-spherical-mercator-projection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+Mercator+projection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Slippy_map_tilenames">"OpenStreetMap Slippy map tilenames"</a>. openstreetmap.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OpenStreetMap+Slippy+map+tilenames&rft.pub=openstreetmap.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.openstreetmap.org%2Fwiki%2FSlippy_map_tilenames&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+Mercator+projection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Gudermannian_function#Inverse" title="Gudermannian function">Inverse Gudermannian_function</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {gd} ^{-1}x=\ln \left|\tan \left({\frac {x}{2}}+{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)\right|}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>gd</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow> <mi>tan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>x</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {gd} ^{-1}x=\ln \left|\tan \left({\frac {x}{2}}+{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)\right|}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7d0aba0515979f357ffad148878a44a45f6e3972" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:26.146ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {gd} ^{-1}x=\ln \left|\tan \left({\frac {x}{2}}+{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)\right|}"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622004633/http://www.epsg-registry.org/report.htm?type=selection&entity=urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::3857&reportDetail=short&style=urn:uuid:report-style:default-with-code&style_name=OGP%20Default%20With%20Code&title=EPSG:3857">"Custom report"</a>. <i>www.epsg-registry.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epsg-registry.org/report.htm?type=selection&entity=urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::3857&reportDetail=short&style=urn:uuid:report-style:default-with-code&style_name=OGP%20Default%20With%20Code&title=EPSG:3857">the original</a> on 2012-06-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.epsg-registry.org&rft.atitle=Custom+report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epsg-registry.org%2Freport.htm%3Ftype%3Dselection%26entity%3Durn%3Aogc%3Adef%3Acrs%3AEPSG%3A%3A3857%26reportDetail%3Dshort%26style%3Durn%3Auuid%3Areport-style%3Adefault-with-code%26style_name%3DOGP%2520Default%2520With%2520Code%26title%3DEPSG%3A3857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+Mercator+projection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strebe2018-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strebe2018_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrebe2019" class="citation journal cs1">Strebe, Daniel "daan" (2019). 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