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id="toc-Development_in_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_replacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_replacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Proposed replacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_replacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retention_bonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retention_bonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Retention bonds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retention_bonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contractual_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contractual_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Contractual basis</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substantially_Complete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substantially_Complete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Substantially Complete</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substantially_Complete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retainage_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retainage_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Retainage abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retainage_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_retainage_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_retainage_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Federal retainage policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_retainage_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives_to_retainage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives_to_retainage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Alternatives to retainage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives_to_retainage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retentions_in_the_British_construction_industry&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Retentions in the British construction industry">Retentions in the British construction industry</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Retainage</b> is a portion of the agreed upon contract price deliberately withheld until the work is complete to assure that contractor or subcontractor will satisfy its obligations and complete a construction project.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <b>retention</b> is money withheld by one party in a contract to act as security against incomplete or defective works. They have their origin in the <a href="/wiki/Railway_Mania" title="Railway Mania">Railway Mania</a> of the 1840s but are now common across the industry, featuring in the majority of construction contracts. A typical retention rate is 5% of which half is released at completion and half at the end of the defects liability period (often 12 months later). There has been criticism of the practice for leading to uncertainty on payment dates, increasing tensions between parties and putting monies at risk in cases of <a href="/wiki/Insolvency" title="Insolvency">insolvency</a>. There have been several proposals to replace the practice with alternative systems. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_purpose">History and purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retainage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practice of retainage dates back to the construction of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain">United Kingdom railway system</a> in the 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-bausman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bausman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> The size of the railway project increased demand for contractors, which led to the entrance of new contractors into the labor market.<sup id="cite_ref-bausman_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bausman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These new contractors were inexperienced, unqualified and unable to successfully complete the project.<sup id="cite_ref-bausman_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bausman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the railway companies began to withhold as much as 20% of contractors' payments to ensure performance and offset completion costs should the contractor default.<sup id="cite_ref-bausman_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bausman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The point was to withhold the contractor's profit only, not to make the contractor and its subcontractors finance the project. </p><p>Given the often large-scale, complexity, cost and length of construction projects, the risk of something not going according to plan is almost certain. Accordingly, a common approach that contracting parties take in order to mitigate this risk is to include retainage provisions within their agreements. The concept of retainage is unique to the construction industry and attempts to do two things: provide an incentive to the contractor or subcontractor to complete the project and protect the owner against any liens, claims or defaults, which may surface as the project nears completion.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incidentally, owners and contractors use retainage as a source of financing for the project, contractors in turn withhold retainage from subcontractors, frequently at a greater percentage than is being withheld from them.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retainage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Retentions are widely used in the British construction industry: in the majority of all contracts awarded,<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> a sum of money is withheld as a security against poor quality products (defects) or works left incomplete. Clients withhold retention against main contractors and main contractors withhold payment against sub-contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> Retentions typically take the form of a percentage on the contract value.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> The rate can vary wildly but is typically around 5%. The general state of the economy can affect the rates set: in a buoyant economy with plentiful work sub-contractors are able to pick which work they accept and therefore have potential to negotiate more favourable rates.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p><p>The chain of retention starts with the client who withholds money on the main contractor. The main contractor withholds money on sub-contractors who may also then withhold on sub-sub contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> The retention money is typically released in two portions (known<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as moieties); the first being payable at completion of a project and the second at the end of the defects liability period. This period is the time during which the client is able to identify works that are defective to the contractor who must then remedy them; it is often twelve months.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> The use of retentions is not common to all sectors of the industry; for example lift installers have developed their own guarantee system instead.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </p><p>A <b>mobilization payment</b> is an advance payment to a contractor at the start of a project to assist in the beginning of operations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact">Impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retainage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of retentions is intended to encourage efficiency and productivity. The contractor has a financial incentive to achieve completion as early as possible (to release the first moiety payment) and to minimise defects in the works (to achieve the second payment).<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> Retentions held against sub-contractors are also a key source of cash for main contractors, who may use them to finance new projects.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-index_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-index-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However sub-contractors often complain about the system.<sup id="cite_ref-olson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sometimes lack a firm date on which retention monies will be paid and a 2017 British government report noted that more than half of contractors had experienced late or non-payment of retention monies.<sup id="cite_ref-olson_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> Delays are reportedly longer for sub-contractors and sub-sub contractors than for the main contractor.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> This restricts cash flow available for the company as a going concern and for capital investment.<sup id="cite_ref-olson_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chasing up of payments is also resource intensive, as such smaller businesses are hit more severely than larger ones.<sup id="cite_ref-olson_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some smaller companies simply write off the retention money, increasing their prices to compensate.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> The practice has also been described as increasing tensions between the parties in contract.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p><p>There is no current requirement for retention monies to be ring-fenced (kept separately to general company funds and preserved from spending) and they are usually held in a client's or contractor's main bank account.<sup id="cite_ref-olson_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can cause problems in cases of insolvency, where the money can be lost and payments owed to the supply chain put at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> The use of retentions (which are considered a form of stage payments) can also render construction companies unsuitable for <a href="/wiki/Factoring_(finance)" title="Factoring (finance)">factoring</a> (the sale of <a href="/wiki/Accounts_receivable" title="Accounts receivable">accounts receivable</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_in_the_UK">Development in the UK</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retainage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development in the UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Railway construction in the 1840's saw a rapid increase in the number of contractors, often with little experience of the industry. There was a rise in the number of insolvencies and a drop in workmanship standards. Railway companies therefore began withholding a minimum of 20% of payments to contractors as a security against incomplete and defective works. This practice had spread across the industry by the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> </p><p>The 1994 <a href="/wiki/Latham_Report" title="Latham Report">Latham Report</a> recommended that legislation be introduced to protect retention monies held by a party, which would prevent it being lost during a liquidation. Despite all of Latham's other payment recommendations being incorporated into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction_Act_1998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Construction Act 1998 (page does not exist)">Construction Act 1998</a> this one was omitted.<sup id="cite_ref-olson_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice was reformed somewhat by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction_Act_2011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Construction Act 2011 (page does not exist)">Construction Act 2011</a>. This made it illegal for the release of retention under one contract to be linked to that of a second. This ended the practice whereby contractors would refuse to release retention to sub-contractors until they had been paid it themselves by the client, over which the sub-contractor had no influence.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </p><p>The 2018 collapse of contractor <a href="/wiki/Carillion" title="Carillion">Carillion</a> had a dramatic effect on the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-olson_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of its sub-contractors lost large sums of money as £250 million in unpaid retention was lost when the business went into liquidation.<sup id="cite_ref-nec_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nec-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_replacement">Proposed replacement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retainage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Proposed replacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is limited use of alternatives to retention in the British construction industry.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> However, there have been recent movements to try to effect change. The <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy" title="Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy">Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy</a> (DBEIS) commissioned research into the matter to determine the extent of the use of the practice and its effects on the industry and economy. This was published in 2017 and also identified a number of alternatives to the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16–17">: 16–17 </span></sup> A DBEIS public consultation was subsequently launched; this closed on 19 January 2018 but no recommendations were subsequently made for government action.<sup id="cite_ref-olson_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Private_members_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Private members bill">private members bill</a> was introduced to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Aldous" title="Peter Aldous">Peter Aldous</a> on 9 January 2018 seeking to introduce protection to retention money but did not proceed through parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Build_UK" title="Build UK">Build UK</a> industry group aimed to secure abolition of retentions by 2025, following an ambition outlined by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction_Leadership_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Construction Leadership Council (page does not exist)">Construction Leadership Council</a> in 2014. Build UK put forward proposals that retentions by the main contractor on sub-contractors should be no more onerous than those imposed by the client on the main contractor. They also proposed that retentions should only apply to permanent works, as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temporary_works&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temporary works (page does not exist)">temporary works</a> are unlikely to lead to defects. The organisation also wants small value contracts (less than £100,000) to become retention-free by 2021, as the risk to the main works is lower for these contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-index_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-index-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Construction supply chain payment charter</i>, adopted in 2014, had a target for "ZERO retentions" by 2025 in construction contracts dated 1 January 2015 or later, along with the adoption of 30 days' standard payment terms across the construction sector. However, the charter was withdrawn on 18 January 2022 in favour of <a href="/wiki/Small_Business,_Enterprise_and_Employment_Act_2015#Reporting_on_Payment_Practices_and_Performance_Regulations_2017" title="Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015">reporting regulations</a> applicable to large businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reporting regulations lapsed on 6 April 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some organisations have proposed retention deposit schemes, whereby money is deposited with a third party, although these lead to increased fees and bureaucracy and do not solve disputes between parties over when retention should be released.<sup id="cite_ref-pbc_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mandatory retention deposit system was proposed for inclusion in the <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Act_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise Act 2016">Enterprise Act 2016</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the proposed scheme was not subsequently included within the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the collapse of Carillion there have been increased calls for retention reform. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> began a consultation on retentions in 2019. It stated that the UK was behind other countries by continuing the practice, despite the matter having been looked into several times by the UK Government.<sup id="cite_ref-olson_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatives include project bank accounts (which are used for all payments from the client and contractor), retention bonds (see below), <a href="/wiki/Performance_bond" title="Performance bond">performance bonds</a>, escrow stakeholder accounts (monies held by a third party), parent company guarantees (guarantee of completion by the main contractor's parent organisation) or trust funds to hold retention monies.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retention_bonds">Retention bonds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retainage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Retention bonds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A retention bond is a form of performance bond or <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> against defects, taken out by the contractor at the request of the client, or by a subcontractor at the request of the contractor, seen as being fairer and more efficient than a cash retention.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An agreement is entered into by the two parties and a third party known as a surety provider, who acts as a guarantor between the two parties. The agreement states that cash retentions will not be used and, instead, the surety provider agrees to pay up to the amount which would have been held as a cash retention if the contractor or subcontractor fail to carry out the works as contracted or to remedy any defects. Build UK and its predecessor, the National Specialist Contractors Council, have endorsed the use of retention bonds in their <i>Fair Payment Campaign</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contractual_basis">Contractual basis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retainage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contractual basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Contracts_Tribunal" title="Joint Contracts Tribunal">Joint Contracts Tribunal</a> contracts system allowed for a reform of retentions by permitting the employer (client) to hold retention monies in trust. The 1998 revision of the contract allowed the contractor to request that the client hold the money in a separate bank account; it also permitted the use of retention bonds. The 2016 JCT contract allows for retention-free projects.<sup id="cite_ref-pbc_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/NEC_Engineering_and_Construction_Contract" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Engineering and Construction Contract">NEC Engineering and Construction Contract</a>, introduced in 1993, has no allowance for retentions in its core clauses. The basic contract relies on the spirit of collaboration between parties to minimise defects, but retentions can be, and often are, introduced by clients through variant clauses (so-called "x clauses"). There is an allowance for retention bonds within the fourth edition of the contract (introduced in 2017). The contract also allows for retention to be withheld only on the labour-element of any price or only to be applied on the final few payments made. The NEC system also has an option to allow the use of project bank accounts in lieu of retention.<sup id="cite_ref-nec_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nec-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retainage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_and_enforcement">Creation and enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retainage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Creation and enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If there is to be retainage on the construction project, it is set forth in the construction contract.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retainage provisions are applicable to subcontracts as well as prime contracts. The amount withheld from the contractor or subcontractor should be determined on a case-by-case basis by the parties negotiating the contract, usually based upon such factors as past performance and the likelihood that the contractor or subcontractor will perform well under the contract. </p><p>One can structure retainage arrangements in any number of ways. Subject to state statutory requirements, 10% is the retainage amount most often used by contracting parties. Another approach is to start off with a 10% retainage and to reduce it to 5% once the project is 50% complete.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third approach is to carve out material costs from a withholding requirement on the theory that suppliers, unlike subcontractors, may not accept retainage provisions in their purchase orders. </p><p>Retainage clauses are usually found within the contract terms outlining the procedure for submitting payment applications. A typical retainage clause parallels the following language: "Owner shall pay the amount due on the Payment Application less retainage of [a specific percentage]."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substantially_Complete">Substantially Complete</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retainage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Substantially Complete"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Retainage is generally due to the contractor or subcontractor once their work is complete. Disputes often arise regarding just when completion occurs - it could be "substantial completion", which is generally when the owner can occupy a structure and use it for its intended purpose; or more often, it could be once a punch list of work has been completed.<sup id="cite_ref-bruner2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruner2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retainage_abuse">Retainage abuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retainage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Retainage abuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subcontractors tend to bear the brunt of retainage provisions, especially subcontractors performing work early on in the construction process.<sup id="cite_ref-bruner2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruner2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main reason for this, is because many contractors pass down the owner's right to withhold retainage to the subcontractor, but frequently withhold more than is being withheld from them.<sup id="cite_ref-bruner2_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruner2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a subcontractor performing site work may complete its work in the first few months of the construction project, but generally is not allowed to recover the amount withheld from the owner and contractor until the project is "substantially complete", which could take a few years depending on the size of the project. Coupled with a contingent payment clause, the retainage can cause significant financial distress to a subcontractor. </p><p>Another problem arises when the contractor withholds from its subcontractors at a greater percentage than the owner has withheld from them. The owner is to pay retainage to the contractor when substantial completion has occurred, however, in this abusive, over-withholding scenario, the contractor will already have been paid a portion of the subcontractors' funds, meaning that the contractor will have to fund the balance of the payment from its own cash flow. This could cause a delay in the project closeout. The contractor may feel that it is more advantageous to keep the project incomplete, than by never being paid its retainage and making the argument that the subcontractors are therefore not due their portion of the retainage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_retainage_policy">Federal retainage policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retainage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Federal retainage policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1974, Congress established the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Federal_Procurement_Policy" title="Office of Federal Procurement Policy">Office of Federal Procurement Policy</a> to provide a uniform government-wide procurement policy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the mid-1970s, there has been an overall trend in the reduction of percentage withheld on federal construction projects.<sup id="cite_ref-bruner_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruner-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current Federal Acquisition Regulation (F.A.R.) continues to support this trend. Paragraph 32.103 of the regulation states, "<i> . . . Retainage should not be used as a substitute for good contract management, and the contracting officer should not withhold funds without cause. Determinations to retain and the specific amount to be withheld shall be made by the contracting officers on a case-by-case basis. Such decisions will be based on the contracting officer's assessment of past performance and the likelihood that such performance will continue.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, federal agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Transportation">US Department of Transportation</a> have 'zero' retainage policies.<sup id="cite_ref-bausman_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bausman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternatives_to_retainage">Alternatives to retainage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retainage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alternatives to retainage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several alternatives exist to standard retainage provisions that provide the same benefits and protections. For example, parties can agree to establish a trust account.<sup id="cite_ref-bruner_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruner-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A trust account provides the contractor with some control over its money, even if it is being held by the owner.<sup id="cite_ref-bruner_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruner-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a trust account, retainage is withheld by the owner, placed in a trust account with a trustee that has a fiduciary relationship to the contractor.<sup id="cite_ref-bruner_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruner-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trustee can invest the retainage at the contractor's direction, thereby allowing the contractor to "use" the retained funds that normally would sit idle in an escrow account.<sup id="cite_ref-bruner_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruner-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other alternatives to retainage are to allow the contractor to supply substitute security to the owner in the form of a performance bond, bank letter of credit, or a security of, or guaranteed by, the United States, such as bills, certificates, notes or bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-bruner_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruner-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retainage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Retentions are used in several other countries. They are common in China, though in some cases the moiety payments are guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Bank_of_China" title="Agricultural Bank of China">Agricultural Bank of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165">: 165 </span></sup> They are also used in the United States where the percentage retained is typically higher at around 10%. However the release of retention is different with 50% of the withheld money often released once the works are considered to be 50% complete. Some states have taken measures to abolish or limit the use of retentions in public contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 163">: 163 </span></sup> In the United States the use of retention bonds is more common than in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164">: 164 </span></sup> Retentions are common in Qatar where the proportion retained may be up to 30% of contract value due to the large number of foreign companies that operate under limited liability law in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165">: 165 </span></sup> In Canada retentions are known as "holdback" payments; since 1997 all retention monies in Canada must be held in ring-fenced accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164">: 164 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </p><p>Retentions are used in Australia; in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> all retention monies for projects in excess of $20 million must be held in ring-fenced accounts with an authorised bank.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164">: 164 </span></sup> In New Zealand all retention monies are required to be held in trust and must be in cash or other liquid assets; this requirement was introduced following the 2013 collapse of main contractor <a href="/wiki/Mainzeal" title="Mainzeal">Mainzeal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164">: 164 </span></sup> However, after the 2019 collapse of Stanley Group it was discovered that retention money was not properly administered, residing in the company's main account, despite the group claiming to sub-contractors that it had been held in separate accounts, and was therefore liable to loss during the liquidation process.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The retention system is not used in Germany where the works remain the property of the contractor until completion and are, therefore, liable to be withheld from the client in cases of dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_3-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165">: 165 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retainage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_contingency" title="Cost contingency">Cost contingency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_list" title="Punch list">Punch list</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retainage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A-C Construction, Inc. v. Bakke Corp.</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publications.ojd.state.or.us/A93474.htm">"956 P.2d 219"</a>, 226 (Or. Ct. App. 1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bausman-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bausman_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bausman_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bausman_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bausman_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bausman_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bausman, Dennis C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Retentions+and+their+use+with+NEC+contracts&rft.au=NEC+%288+May+2019%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neccontract.com%2FAbout-NEC%2FNews-Media%2FRetentions-and-their-use-with-NEC-contracts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetainage" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://services.parliament.uk/Bills/2017-19/constructionretentiondepositschemes.html">"Construction (Retention Deposit Schemes) Bill 2017-19 — UK Parliament"</a>. <i>Parliament Website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021114025/https://services.parliament.uk/Bills/2017-19/constructionretentiondepositschemes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+Website&rft.atitle=Construction+%28Retention+Deposit+Schemes%29+Bill+2017-19+%E2%80%94+UK+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fservices.parliament.uk%2FBills%2F2017-19%2Fconstructionretentiondepositschemes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetainage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy" title="Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy">Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/construction-supply-chain-payment-charter/construction-supply-chain-payment-charter-accessible-webpage">Construction supply chain payment charter (accessible webpage)</a>, updated 19 November 2021, accessed 30 May 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2017/395/made">"The Reporting on Payment Practices and Performance Regulations 2017, Regulation 1(3)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Reporting+on+Payment+Practices+and+Performance+Regulations+2017%2C+Regulation+1%283%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F2017%2F395%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetainage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbc-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pbc_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbc_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlundell2019" class="citation news cs1">Blundell, Steph (19 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbctoday.co.uk/news/planning-construction-news/wrong-with-retention/52757/">"What's wrong with retention?"</a>. <i>Planning, BIM & Construction Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015175540/https://www.pbctoday.co.uk/news/planning-construction-news/wrong-with-retention/52757/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planning%2C+BIM+%26+Construction+Today&rft.atitle=What%27s+wrong+with+retention%3F&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft.aulast=Blundell&rft.aufirst=Steph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbctoday.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fplanning-construction-news%2Fwrong-with-retention%2F52757%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetainage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">House of Commons, <a href="/wiki/Public_Bill_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Bill Committee">Public Bill Committee</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmpublic/enterprise/160209/pm/160209s01.htm">New clause 12—Payment practices: protection of retention monies in the construction industry</a>, 9 February 2016, accessed 25 May 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK Legislation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/12/enacted/data.pdf">Enterprise Act 2016</a>, accessed 25 May 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somji, Q., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://witansolicitors.co.uk/retention-bonds/">Your Guide to Retention Bonds</a>, <i>Witan Solicitors</i>, published on 22 April 2024, accessed on 1 July 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Build UK, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nscc.org.uk/documents/Using-a-Retention-Bond.pdf">Using a Retention Bond</a>, accessed on 1 July 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See McDevitt & Street Co. v. Marriott Corp.</i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?xmldoc=19891619713FSupp906_11487.xml&docbase=CSLWAR2-1986-2006">713 F. Supp. 906</a>" E.D. Va. 1989. <i>aff'd in part without opinion and rev'd in part without opinion,</i> 948 F.2d 1281 (4th Cir. 1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AIA Document A511, "Guide for Supplementary Conditions" at ¶ 9.3.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Kelly Skrabak and Heather A. Jones, <i>The State of Retainage</i>, Construction Briefings No. 2005-4, April 2005, at *2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruner2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bruner2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bruner2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bruner2_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruner, Philip L.; O'Connor, Jr., Patrick J. <i>Payment Process: Financing, Securing and Making Payment</i>, 3 Bruner & O'Connor Construction Law § 8:18. June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act, Pub. L. No. 93-400, Section 5, 88 Stat. 796 (codified at "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.onecle.com/uscode/41/404.html">41 U.S.C. § 404</a>"). Enacted August 20, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruner-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bruner_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bruner_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bruner_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bruner_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bruner_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bruner_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruner, Philip L.; O'Connor, Jr., Patrick J. <i>Payment Process: Financing, Securing and Making Payment</i>. 3. Bruner & O'Connor Construction Law § 8:18. June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acquisition.gov/far/current/html/Subpart%2032_1.html#wp1027526">"FAR 32.103"</a> (2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHope2019" class="citation news cs1">Hope, Sharnae (25 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/116070556/stanley-group-directors-apologise-to-angry-crowd-of-creditors">"Stanley Group directors apologise to angry crowd of creditors"</a>. <i>Stuff</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015175522/https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/116070556/stanley-group-directors-apologise-to-angry-crowd-of-creditors">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Category:Construction_and_civil_engineering_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Construction and civil engineering companies of the United Kingdom">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Consultancies<br />and support<br />services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AKT_II" title="AKT II">AKT II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amey_plc" title="Amey plc">Amey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadis" title="Arcadis">Arcadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_firms_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Architecture firms of the United Kingdom">Architecture firms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arup_Group" title="Arup Group">Arup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atkins_(company)" title="Atkins (company)">Atkins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faithful%2BGould" title="Faithful+Gould">Faithful+Gould</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierrum" title="Bierrum">Bierrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buro_Happold" title="Buro Happold">Buro Happold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capita" title="Capita">Capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COWI" class="mw-redirect" title="COWI">COWI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cundall_(engineering_consultancy)" title="Cundall (engineering consultancy)">Cundall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egis_Group" title="Egis Group">Egis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Wood_Partnership" title="Elliott Wood Partnership">Elliott Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERM_(consultancy)" title="ERM (consultancy)">ERM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_Conway" title="FM Conway">FM Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHD_Group" title="GHD Group">GHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoare_Lea" title="Hoare Lea">Hoare Lea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobs_Solutions" title="Jacobs Solutions">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_(construction_company)" title="Mace (construction company)">Mace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitie" title="Mitie">Mitie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pell_Frischmann" title="Pell Frischmann">Pell Frischmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick_Everard" title="Pick Everard">Pick Everard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mott_MacDonald" title="Mott MacDonald">Mott MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramboll" title="Ramboll">Ramboll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPS_Group" title="RPS Group">RPS Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stantec" title="Stantec">Stantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweco" title="Sweco">Sweco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systra" class="mw-redirect" title="Systra">Systra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_Tech" title="Tetra Tech">Tetra Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_%26_Townsend" title="Turner & Townsend">Turner & Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">Wood Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSP_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="WSP Group">WSP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Category:Housebuilding_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Housebuilding companies of the United Kingdom">House<br />builders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barratt_Redrow" title="Barratt Redrow">Barratt Redrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellway" title="Bellway">Bellway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Group_Holdings" title="Berkeley Group Holdings">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloor_Homes" title="Bloor Homes">Bloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boot_plc" title="Henry Boot plc">Boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cala_Homes" title="Cala Homes">Cala Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crest_Nicholson" title="Crest Nicholson">Crest Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_J_Gleeson" title="M J Gleeson">Gleeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keepmoat" title="Keepmoat">Keepmoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendlease" title="Lendlease">Lendlease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthy_%26_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="McCarthy & Stone">McCarthy & Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Homes" title="Miller Homes">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muir_Homes" class="mw-redirect" title="Muir Homes">Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persimmon_plc" title="Persimmon plc">Persimmon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Church_Developments" title="Charles Church Developments">Charles Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_Villages" title="Retirement Villages">Retirement Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Wimpey" title="Taylor Wimpey">Taylor Wimpey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wimpey" title="George Wimpey">George Wimpey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Woodrow" title="Taylor Woodrow">Taylor Woodrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telford_Homes" title="Telford Homes">Telford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_House" class="mw-redirect" title="United House">United House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untypical" title="Untypical">Untypical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistry_Group" title="Vistry Group">Vistry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countryside_Partnerships" title="Countryside Partnerships">Countryside</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtons" title="Ashtons">Ashtons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beazer" title="Beazer">Beazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broseley_Estates_Limited" title="Broseley Estates Limited">Broseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Homes" title="Bryant Homes">Bryant Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comben_Homes" title="Comben Homes">Comben Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_Homes_(UK_housebuilder)" title="Ideal Homes (UK housebuilder)">Ideal Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilke_Homes" title="Ilke Homes">Ilke Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLean_Homes" title="McLean Homes">McLean Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Milne" title="Stewart Milne">Stewart Milne Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westbury_(housebuilder)" title="Westbury (housebuilder)">Westbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Leech_PLC" title="William Leech PLC">William Leech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Bowden" title="Wilson Bowden">Wilson Bowden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Integrated<br />construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Beatty" title="Balfour Beatty">Balfour Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_BAM_Group" title="Royal BAM Group">BAM Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAM_Nuttall" title="BAM Nuttall">BAM Nuttall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cementation_Company" title="Cementation Company">Cementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costain_Group" title="Costain Group">Costain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galliford_Try" title="Galliford Try">Galliford Try</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interserve" title="Interserve">Interserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISG_Ltd" title="ISG Ltd">ISG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keller_Group" title="Keller Group">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kier_Group" title="Kier Group">Kier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laing_O%27Rourke" title="Laing O'Rourke">Laing O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendlease" title="Lendlease">Lendlease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_(construction_company)" title="Mace (construction company)">Mace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaughlin_%26_Harvey" title="McLaughlin & Harvey">McLaughlin & Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Sindall" title="Morgan Sindall">Morgan Sindall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murphy_(contractor)" title="John Murphy (contractor)">J. Murphy & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_McAlpine" title="Sir Robert McAlpine">Sir Robert McAlpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speller_Metcalfe" title="Speller Metcalfe">Speller Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robertson_Group" title="Robertson Group">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Woodrow_Construction" title="Taylor Woodrow Construction">Taylor Woodrow Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilbury_Douglas" title="Tilbury Douglas">Tilbury Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VolkerFitzpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="VolkerFitzpatrick">VolkerFitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wates_Group" title="Wates Group">Wates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmott_Dixon" title="Willmott Dixon">Willmott Dixon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_McAlpine" title="Alfred McAlpine">Alfred McAlpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birse_Group" title="Birse Group">Birse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovis_Construction" title="Bovis Construction">Bovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Group" title="Buckingham Group">Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillion" title="Carillion">Carillion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Bridge_%26_Engineering_Company" title="Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company">Cleveland Bridge & Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clugston_Group" title="Clugston Group">Clugston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connaught_plc" title="Connaught plc">Connaught plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawnus" title="Dawnus">Dawnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorman_Long" title="Dorman Long">Dorman Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollandsche_Beton_Groep" title="Hollandsche Beton Groep">HBG</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Higgs_and_Hill" title="Higgs and Hill">Higgs and Hill</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland,_Hannen_%26_Cubitts" title="Holland, Hannen & Cubitts">Holland, Hannen & Cubitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_plc" title="Jarvis plc">Jarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aird_%26_Co." title="John Aird & Co.">John Aird & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brogden_and_Sons" title="John Brogden and Sons">John Brogden and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Fairclough_%26_Son" title="Leonard Fairclough & Son">Leonard Fairclough & Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linford_Group" title="Linford Group">Linford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Dundas" title="Melville Dundas">Melville Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowlem" title="Mowlem">Mowlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauling_%26_Co." title="Pauling & Co.">Pauling & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rok_plc" title="Rok plc">Rok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehane,_Mackenzie_and_Shand" title="Lehane, Mackenzie and Shand">Shand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Lindsay_Parkinson_%26_Company" title="Sir Lindsay Parkinson & Company">Sir Lindsay Parkinson & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Arrol_%26_Co." title="Sir William Arrol & Co.">Sir William Arrol & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trollope_%26_Colls" title="Trollope & Colls">Trollope & Colls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Suppliers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggregate_Industries" title="Aggregate Industries">Aggregate Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artex_Ltd." title="Artex Ltd.">Artex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtead_Group" title="Ashtead Group">Ashtead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breedon_Group" title="Breedon Group">Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brogan_Group" title="Brogan Group">Brogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildbase" title="Buildbase">Buildbase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemex" title="Cemex">Cemex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferguson_Enterprises" title="Ferguson Enterprises">Ferguson Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forterra_plc" title="Forterra plc">Forterra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Materials_UK" title="Heidelberg Materials UK">Heidelberg Materials UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Cement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hope Cement">Hope Cement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSS_Hire" title="HSS Hire">HSS Hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewson" title="Jewson">Jewson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingspan_Group" title="Kingspan Group">Kingspan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingspan_Off-Site" title="Kingspan Off-Site">Kingspan Off-Site</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Brick_Company" title="London Brick Company">London Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero-Schmidlin" title="Mero-Schmidlin">Mero-Schmidlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painter_Brothers" title="Painter Brothers">Painter Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilkington" title="Pilkington">Pilkington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMD_Kwikform" title="RMD Kwikform">RMD Kwikform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain">Saint-Gobain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Building_Group" title="Shepherd Building Group">Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIG_plc" title="SIG plc">SIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_Hire" class="mw-redirect" title="Speedy Hire">Speedy Hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmac_(company)" title="Tarmac (company)">Tarmac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarmac_Building_Products" title="Tarmac Building Products">Tarmac Building Products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel_Europe" title="Tata Steel Europe">Tata Steel Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_Perkins" title="Travis Perkins">Travis Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Circle_Industries" title="Blue Circle Industries">Blue Circle Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redland_plc" title="Redland plc">Redland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMC_Group" title="RMC Group">RMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmac_Group" title="Tarmac Group">Tarmac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Government and<br />regulatory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Construction_Adviser_to_UK_Government" title="Chief Construction Adviser to UK Government">Chief Construction Adviser to UK Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_%26_Safety_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Health & Safety Executive">Health & Safety Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Projects_Authority" title="Infrastructure and Projects Authority">Infrastructure and Projects Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_planning_authority" title="Local planning authority">Local planning authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing,_Communities_and_Local_Government" title="Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government">Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Infrastructure_Commission" title="National Infrastructure Commission">National Infrastructure Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Inspectorate" title="Planning Inspectorate">Planning Inspectorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Category:Construction_trade_groups_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Construction trade groups based in the United Kingdom">Industry<br />bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actuate_UK" title="Actuate UK">Actuate UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Constructional_Steelwork_Association" title="British Constructional Steelwork Association">British Constructional Steelwork Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_UK" title="Build UK">Build UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Engineering_Services_Association" title="Building Engineering Services Association">Building Engineering Services Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">Building Research Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Building" title="Chartered Institute of Building">Chartered Institute of Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Digital_Built_Britain" title="Centre for Digital Built Britain">Centre for Digital Built Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Civil_Engineering_Surveyors" title="Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors">Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineering_Contractors_Association" title="Civil Engineering Contractors Association">Civil Engineering Contractors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Clients%27_Group" title="Construction Clients' Group">Construction Clients' Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Industry_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Construction Industry Council (United Kingdom)">Construction Industry Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CITB" title="CITB">CITB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Products_Association" title="Construction Products Association">Construction Products Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructing_Excellence" title="Constructing Excellence">Constructing Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_Contractors%27_Association" title="Electrical Contractors' Association">Electrical Contractors' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_Contractors%27_Association_of_Scotland" title="Electrical Contractors' Association of Scotland">Electrical Contractors' Association of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_Safety_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical Safety Council">Electrical Safety Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Master_Builders" title="Federation of Master Builders">Federation of Master Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Builders_Federation" title="Home Builders Federation">Home Builders Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Structural_Engineers" title="Institution of Structural Engineers">Institution of Structural Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Access_and_Scaffolding_Confederation" title="National Access and Scaffolding Confederation">National Access and Scaffolding Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Builders" title="National Federation of Builders">National Federation of Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Demolition_Contractors" title="National Federation of Demolition Contractors">National Federation of Demolition Contractors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_House_Building_Council" title="National House Building Council">National House Building Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refined_Bitumen_Association" title="Refined Bitumen Association">Refined Bitumen Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors" title="Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors">Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Building_Federation" title="Scottish Building Federation">Scottish Building Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Construction_Arbitrators" title="Society of Construction Arbitrators">Society of Construction Arbitrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Forum_for_Construction" title="Strategic Forum for Construction">Strategic Forum for Construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Green_building_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Green building in the United Kingdom">Sustainability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Environment_Conscious_Building" title="Association for Environment Conscious Building">Association for Environment Conscious Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BREEAM" title="BREEAM">BREEAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_for_Sustainable_Homes" title="Code for Sustainable Homes">Code for Sustainable Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EcoHomes" title="EcoHomes">EcoHomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_British_housing" title="Energy efficiency in British housing">Energy efficiency in British housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Homes_Alliance" title="Good Homes Alliance">Good Homes Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Green_Building_Council" title="UK Green Building Council">UK Green Building Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Construction_Industry_Awards" title="British Construction Industry Awards">British Construction Industry Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_(magazine)" title="Building (magazine)">Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_control_body" title="Building control body">Building control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_regulations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Building regulations in the United Kingdom">Building regulations in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_regulations_approval" title="Building regulations approval">Building regulations approval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_News" title="Construction News">Construction News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_control_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Development control in the United Kingdom">Development control in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_methods_of_construction" title="Modern methods of construction">Modern methods of construction</a> (MMC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Civil_Engineer" title="New Civil Engineer">New Civil Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">Planning permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retentions_in_the_British_construction_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Retentions in the British construction industry">Retentions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Town and country planning in the United Kingdom">Town and country planning in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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