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<html lang="en"><head><title>BBC - Devon - Abolition - Sailing against slavery</title><style type="text/css"> #archive-mothballed-message a:hover span { text-decoration:underline; } #blq-container #archived-mothball-message a { padding-left:250px; padding-top:17px; background-position: 180px 10px; } #ttd-masthead #archived-mothball-message a { padding-left:250px; padding-top:17px; background-position: 180px 10px; } #k-masthead-container #archived-mothball-message a { padding-left:250px; padding-top:17px; background-position: 180px 10px; } #archived-mothball-message a { display:block; height:56px; background:url(/globalresources/mothball-images/i.gif) 100px 10px no-repeat; color:#666; text-decoration:none; padding-left:160px; padding-top:12px; font-size:20px; font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; } </style><link rel="schema.dc" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><link rel="schema.dcterms" href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"><meta name="description" content="Royal Navy vessels sailing out of Plymouth played a difficult but vital role in policing the abolition of the slave trade. Three Devon naval officers recorded their experiences in the Royal Navy's anti-slavery squadrons."><meta content="royal navy,slavery,slave trade,anti-slavery,abolition,ships,abolition of slave trade,abolition of the transatlantic slave trade,african,plymouth,devon,west africa,18th century,1700's,1700s" name="keywords"><meta content="label='royal navy';guid='http://api.bbc.co.uk/metadata/cmc/propernames/bmFtZS9yb3lhbCBuYXZ5LCB0aGU=';parent='organisation and group names'" name="bbc.cmc.propername" scheme="bbc.cmc"><meta content="label='african';guid='http://api.bbc.co.uk/metadata/cmc/subject/QkJDL0MvYWZyaWNhbg==';parent='national and ethnic cultures'" name="dc.subject" scheme="bbc.cmc"><meta content="label='ships';guid='http://api.bbc.co.uk/metadata/cmc/subject/c3ViamVjdC9zaGlwcw==';parent='vehicles'" name="dc.subject" scheme="bbc.cmc"><meta content="label='slavery';guid='http://api.bbc.co.uk/metadata/cmc/subject/c3ViamVjdC9zbGF2ZXJ5';parent='social structure'" name="dc.subject" scheme="bbc.cmc"><meta content="label='west africa';guid='http://api.bbc.co.uk/metadata/cmc/location/bG9jYXRpb24vd2VzdCBhZnJpY2E=';parent='africa'" name="dcterms.spatial" scheme="bbc.cmc"><meta content="label='devon';guid='http://api.bbc.co.uk/metadata/cmc/location/bG9jYXRpb24vZGV2b24=';parent='south west england'" name="dcterms.spatial" scheme="bbc.cmc"><meta content="label='plymouth';guid='http://api.bbc.co.uk/metadata/cmc/location/bG9jYXRpb24vcGx5bW91dGg=';parent='devon'" name="dcterms.spatial" scheme="bbc.cmc"><meta content="name='plymouth';east=-4.140439;north=50.36918" name="dcterms.spatial" scheme="dcterms.Point"><meta content="label='18th century';guid='http://api.bbc.co.uk/metadata/cmc/timeperiod/QkJDL0MvMTh0aCBjZW50dXJ5';parent='dates'" name="dcterms.temporal" scheme="bbc.cmc"><meta content="2008-07-08" name="dcterms.modified"><meta content="2008-07-08" name="updated"><meta content="2007-02-28" name="dcterms.created"><meta content="2007-02-28" name="created"><meta name="dc.title" content="Sailing against slavery"><meta name="dc.creator" content="BBC"><meta name="dc.description" content="Royal Navy vessels sailing out of Plymouth played a difficult but vital role in policing the abolition of the slave trade. 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Three Devon naval officers recorded their experiences in the Royal Navy's anti-slavery squadrons.</p></div><div class="body-container"><div class="free-rich-text"><p>The parliamentary act which abolished the slave trade in Britain became law in 1807 and decreed that British involvement in slave trading must end by 1 January 1808.</p><p>In order to enforce the legislation, the Admiralty established a West Africa anti-slavery squadron.</p><p>Initially though its work was short lived, as Britain became involved in a war with America (1812-15) and all available ships were required to fight there.</p><div class="float-wrapper"><div class="image width189 body position-b"><img class="photo" src="/staticarchive/6a43e59b409a764772371bcf10ea1cabbf688230.jpg" alt="A drawing showing the capture of slaves off Africa" width="180" height="150"><p>A drawing showing the capture of slaves off Africa</p></div><p>It wasn't until 1815 that the Navy was again involved in the suppression of the slave trade.</p></div><p>A year later, in 1816, the Admiralty established a permanent West African anti-slavery squadron and a dedicated base in 1819.</p><p>As well as patrolling the coastlines, intercepting and detaining slave ships and freeing those on board, the officers were also charged with negotiating a series of treaties with local chiefs to prevent the continuation of the trade.</p><p>General instructions were issued to commanding officers in order to guide the conduct of the Royal Navy in this mission.</p><p>Instructions to Commanding Officers (1844):</p><div class="float-wrapper"><div class="image width159 body position-b"><img class="photo" src="/staticarchive/d77bf3d9fdef336fc4f68dfc078d96d0690203f6.jpg" alt="Naval commander Lt George Woollcombe" width="150" height="180"><p>Naval commander Lt George Woollcombe</p></div><p> <sup> The powers with which you are invested on this service are entrusted to you for the sole purpose of suppressing the Slave Trade, and are never to be exercised without reasonable grounds of suspicion, that the case is one of a vessel liable, on account of being engaged in the Slave Trade, to be brought to justice by Her Majesty's ship under your command. </sup><br><br>The Devon men who sailed as part of the Navy鈥檚 campaign to suppress the slave trade, record their experiences in diaries held in private and public collections.</p></div><p>Lieutenant George Woollcombe was promoted to command both HMS Owen Glendower and聽 HMS Victor on anti-slave trade work in West Africa. He wrote:</p><p> <sub> On the 11th day of August 1824, being in latitude 2.15 north and longitude 5.13 east, I detained the Brazilian brigantine named the Diana sailing under Brazilian colours armed with two guns of four pounds caliber, commanded by Manuel Dos Santos da Costa, who declared her to be bound from Benin to Rio de Janiero with crew consisting of fourteen men and having on board one hundred and forty three slaves of both sexes. </sub></p><p>His records also show that the Admiralty expected the health of the enslaved to be detailed. As such, Lt Woollcombe notes that 45 of the male slaves were 'healthy' and 11 'sickly', while 26 of the women were 'healthy' and three 'sickly'. The health of children was also recorded.</p><p>A month later, HMS Victor was involved in the capture of another Brazilian ship carrying 260 enslaved men and women.</p><p>Woollcombe's records, mostly held in the collections of the Plymouth and West Devon Record Office, also show that the Navy was not fully equipped for the task they were asked to carry out.</p><p>The ships of the squadron were unsuited to their environment and were often easily out-run by the slavers. Woollcombe requests additional copper from the Admiralty:</p><div class="float-wrapper"><div class="image width189 body position-b"><img class="photo" src="/staticarchive/a6b4125dbca0457d57e007f6c3a37b45fab79e0a.jpg" alt="An extract from Lt George Woollcombe's notes " width="180" height="150"><p>An extract from Lt George Woollcombe's notes</p></div><p> <sub> "In order to protect them against the destructive ravages of a worm common to this station." </sub></p></div><p>He also refers to a leak in the ship which he hopes will be repaired in Sierra Leone.</p><p>Disease and disaster also struck those working to enforce the abolition act. Woollcombe calls for more surgeons to be sent to support the work.</p><p>This is supported by the University of Exeter's naval historian Professor Nicholas Rogers.</p><p>"In about 1830 I think the West Africa squadron lost about 25% of its officers and men in 12 months," explained Mr Rogers.</p><p>"These are very, very high casualty figures and about 15 times higher than the Navy had ever lost in wartime in any year.</p><p>"Also a lot people were ill, often crippled with tropical diseases like malaria which you can't shake off afterwards.聽That was the worst year."</p><div class="float-wrapper"><div class="image width189 body position-b"><img class="photo" src="/staticarchive/053f136e90de7c2f6ddc2233823c8038230f78f0.jpg" alt="A Royal Navy anti-slave ship" width="180" height="150"><p>A Royal Navy anti-slave ship</p></div><p>William Loney, from Moretonhampstead, was first appointed as assistant surgeon to HMS Wanderer in 1839. He served as part of the West Africa Squadron for nearly 10 years.</p></div><p>Although he was formally promoted to surgeon after six years, he was in sole medical charge of a ship (as acting surgeon of HMS Persian) after less than one year's service.</p><p>During the years of Loney鈥檚 service in the Squadron, more than 280 ships were destroyed or seized.</p><p>The diaries of Arthur Frankland, also held in Plymouth's Record Office, detail a journey in the Jaseur on the East African coast. His drawings offer a visual record of the time.</p><p>It's estimated the Royal Navy captured no more than 10 per cent of the ships involved in the slave trade.</p><div class="link-set"><p class="description">Listen to some audio features about the slave trade in Devon and how it came to be abolished: </p><ul class="links"><li class="audio-link av-link nth-child-1"><a title="Slavery in Devon" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/realmedia/bits/slave_trade1.ram">Slavery in Devon</a> ></li><li class="audio-link av-link"><a title="Sir John Hawkins" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/realmedia/bits/slave_trade2.ram">Sir John Hawkins</a> ></li><li class="audio-link av-link"><a title="Devon's slave traders" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/realmedia/bits/slave_trade3.ram">Devon's slave traders</a> ></li><li class="audio-link av-link"><a title="Devon's plantation owners" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/realmedia/bits/slave_trade4.ram">Devon's plantation owners</a> ></li><li class="audio-link av-link last-child"><a title="The abolition movement" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/realmedia/bits/slave_trade5.ram">The abolition movement</a> ></li></ul><p class="disclaimer-text"><a target="popup" onclick="openWILAVHelpWindow(this.href);return false" href="/webwise/categories/plug/real/real.shtml?intro">Help</a> playing audio/video</p></div><p>However it's argued the consistent role of the West Africa Squadron exerted considerable pressure on the many nations that continued to trade in slaves after 1807.</p><p>Between 1807 and 1860, the West Africa Squadron seized approximately 1,600 ships involved in the slave trade and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard these vessels.</p></div></div><p class="last-mod-date">last updated: 08/07/2008 at 16:09<br>created: 28/02/2007</p><div id="see-also"><h2>SEE ALSO</h2><ul><li class="web-link"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/01/18/abolition_plymouth_slave_trade_feature.shtml" title="England's first slave trader" class="bbc-link">Hawkins the slave trader</a></li><li class="web-link"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/02/23/abolition_devon_overview_feature.shtml" title="The abolition movement in Devon" class="bbc-link">Devon abolition movement</a></li><li class="web-link"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/02/28/abolition_devon_wealth_feature.shtml" title="Devon's plantation owners" class="bbc-link">Devon's plantation owners</a></li><li class="web-link"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/01/25/slavery_abolition_hawkins_feature.shtml" title="Saying sorry for slavery" class="bbc-link">Saying sorry for slavery</a></li><li class="web-link"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/02/26/abolition_trading_faces_feature.shtml" title="Trading Faces" class="bbc-link">Trading Faces</a></li></ul><ul><li class="web-link"><a title="Abolition" href="/devon/abolition/">Abolition</a></li><li class="web-link"><a title="Devon" href="/devon/">Devon</a></li></ul></div><p class="crumbtrail">You are in: <a href="/devon/">Devon</a> > <a href="/devon/abolition/">Abolition</a> > Sailing against slavery</p><div id="footer-tools"><a class="home" href="/devon/index.shtml">Home</a><a target="Mailer" class="email" href="/cgi-bin/navigation/mailto.pl?GO=1" onclick="popmailwin('/cgi-bin/navigation/mailto.pl?GO=1','Mailer')">Email</a><a href="/print/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml" class="print">Print</a><a class="top" href="#startcontent">Top</a><a class="contents" href="/devon/site_map.shtml">Site Contents</a></div></div><div id="grid-column-2"><div id="related-content"><h2>See Also</h2><ul><li class="audio-link av-link nth-child-1"><a title="Slavery in Devon" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/realmedia/bits/slave_trade1.ram">Slavery in Devon</a></li><li class="audio-link av-link"><a title="Sir John Hawkins" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/realmedia/bits/slave_trade2.ram">Sir John Hawkins</a></li><li class="audio-link av-link"><a title="Devon's slave traders" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/realmedia/bits/slave_trade3.ram">Devon's slave traders</a></li><li class="audio-link av-link"><a title="Devon's plantation owners" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/realmedia/bits/slave_trade4.ram">Devon's plantation owners</a></li><li class="audio-link av-link last-child"><a title="The abolition movement" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/realmedia/bits/slave_trade5.ram">The abolition movement</a></li></ul><p><a target="popup" onclick="openWILAVHelpWindow(this.href);return false" href="/webwise/categories/plug/real/real.shtml?intro">Help</a> playing audio/video</p><ul><li class="web-link"><a title="Abolition" href="/devon/abolition/">Abolition</a></li><li class="web-link"><a title="Devon" href="/devon/">Devon</a></li></ul><h3>On this site</h3><ul><li class="web-link"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/01/18/abolition_plymouth_slave_trade_feature.shtml" title="England's first slave trader" class="bbc-link">Hawkins the slave trader</a></li><li class="web-link"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/02/23/abolition_devon_overview_feature.shtml" title="The abolition movement in Devon" class="bbc-link">Devon abolition movement</a></li><li class="web-link"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/02/28/abolition_devon_wealth_feature.shtml" title="Devon's plantation owners" class="bbc-link">Devon's plantation owners</a></li><li class="web-link"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/01/25/slavery_abolition_hawkins_feature.shtml" title="Saying sorry for slavery" class="bbc-link">Saying sorry for slavery</a></li><li class="web-link"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/02/26/abolition_trading_faces_feature.shtml" title="Trading Faces" class="bbc-link">Trading Faces</a></li></ul><h3>On the rest of the web</h3><ul><li class="web-link"><a href="/go/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature/ext/-/http://www.danbyrnes.com.au/business/business0.html" title="The English Business of Slavery" class="external-link">English Slavery</a></li><li class="web-link"><a href="/go/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature/ext/-/http://www.exeter.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=2650" title="Royal Albert Memorial Museum" class="external-link">Royal Albert Museum</a></li><li class="web-link"><a href="/go/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature/ext/-/http://www.ex.ac.uk/" title="University of Exeter" class="external-link">University of Exeter</a></li><li class="web-link"><a href="/go/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature/ext/-/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/archives" title="West Devon Record Office" class="external-link">West Devon Record Office</a></li><li class="web-link"><a href="/go/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature/ext/-/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk" title="Royal Navy" class="external-link">Royal Navy</a></li></ul><p>The BBC is not responsible for the content of external websites</p></div><div id="promo-include"><div class="promo"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/staticarchive/2d76e919626b2adc1fcbb7257f6eb971843f5c70.css"><table align="right" width="170" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"><tr><td> <table width="170" border="0"><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/abolition/"><img src="/staticarchive/16ca6a7295ce6c273005a0129dfe8b6ed6a06c0b.gif" alt="Abolition" width="170" height="49" border="0"></a></td> </tr></table></td></tr></table><br clear="right"></div><div class="promo"> <table align="right" width="170" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"><tr><td> <table width="170" height="108" border="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"><tr><td width="170" height="25" align="left" valign="top" background="/englandcms/wil/promos/sitewide/images/button_headers.gif"> <div class="promo_title"> <h3> Abolition - 1807 </h3> </div> </td> </tr><tr><td width="179" height="49" align="left" valign="top"><a href="/history/british/abolition/"><img src="http://www.bbc.co.uk/abolition/images/promo1.jpg" width="170" height="49" border="0" alt="Abolition - 1807"></a></td> </tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff">  <a href="/history/british/abolition/"> <div class="promo_wil"><p> History: Abolition 1807 禄</p></div> </a>  <a href="/religion/ethics/slavery/"> <div class="promo_wil"><p> Religion: Ethics of Slavery 禄</p></div> </a> </td> </tr></table></td></tr></table><br clear="right"></div></div><div class="promo"><h2><a href="/devon/history">Local History</a></h2><a href="/devon/history"><img class="photo" src="/staticarchive/c3098b425b1753056db49a4155125ab4db44417a.jpg" alt="Historic Devon" width="170" height="49" border="0"></a><div class="promo-content"><p>Local history</p></div></div></div><div class="footer-contact">BBC Devon website, Broadcasting 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