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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variations_and_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaishnavite_tilakas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaishnavite_tilakas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vaishnavite tilakas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaishnavite_tilakas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaivite_tilakas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaivite_tilakas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Shaivite tilakas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaivite_tilakas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Hindu_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Hindu_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Other Hindu denominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Hindu_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_bindi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_bindi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relationship to bindi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_bindi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tilaka" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95" title="তিলক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তিলক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95" title="তিলক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিলক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="टीका – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टीका" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tilaka" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tilaka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tilaka" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilak" title="Tilak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tilak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%95" title="તિલક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તિલક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%B9%B4" title="틸라카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="틸라카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tilaka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tilaka" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%95" title="ತಿಲಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಿಲಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ტილაკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტილაკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tilaka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE" title="टिळा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टिळा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="टीका – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टीका" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%83" title="सिन्हः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिन्हः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannemerke_i_hinduismen" title="Pannemerke i hinduismen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pannemerke i hinduismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%95" title="ତିଳକ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତିଳକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tilaka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tilaka" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тилака – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тилака" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81)" title="திலகம் (நெற்றிப்பொட்டு) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திலகம் (நெற்றிப்பொட்டு)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="తిలకం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తిలకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="ดิลก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดิลก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тілака – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тілака" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1572426#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tilak" redirects here. For the Indian anti-colonial leader, see <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nice_female_of_Nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nice_female_of_Nepal.jpg/220px-Nice_female_of_Nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nice_female_of_Nepal.jpg/330px-Nice_female_of_Nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nice_female_of_Nepal.jpg/440px-Nice_female_of_Nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A Nepali woman with a <i>tilaka</i> on her forehead</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the <b>tilaka</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">तिलक</span>), colloquially known as a <b>tika</b>, is a mark worn usually on the forehead, at the point of the <a href="/wiki/Ajna" title="Ajna"><i>ajna chakra</i></a> (third eye or spiritual eye) and sometimes other parts of the body such as the neck, hand, chest, or the arm.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>tilaka</i> may be worn daily for decorative purposes, as a symbol for sectarian affiliation, for rites of passage or for special spiritual and religious occasions, depending on regional customs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lochtefeldupundra_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochtefeldupundra-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used as an expression of honour or to welcome someone upon arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-axelmichaels100_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-axelmichaels100-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tilakas come in an assortment of styles or shapes and are adorned using various material such as "ash from sacrificial fire or cow dung, sandalwood paste, turmeric, clay, charcoal or red lead."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations_and_meaning">Variations and meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilaka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Variations and meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different Hindu denominations use different materials and shapes to make the tilaka.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaishnavite_tilakas">Vaishnavite tilakas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilaka&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vaishnavite tilakas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Traditionally, a staunch Vaishnavite would mark twelve parts of the body with tilakas and other symbols, but the most prominent tilaka is displayed on the forehead. The Vaishnava tilaka, also known as <a href="/wiki/Urdhva_Pundra" title="Urdhva Pundra"><i>urdhva pundra</i></a>, consists of a two or three vertical lines starting from just below the hairline to almost the end of one's nose tip, and intercepted in the middle by an elongated U. The style of the <i>urdhva pundra</i> varies in each <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavites" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavites">Vaishnavite</a> sect throughout India and can be made with sandalwood paste or various other materials.<sup id="cite_ref-lochtefeldupundra_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochtefeldupundra-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Examples_of_Tilaks_or_sect-marks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Examples_of_Tilaks_or_sect-marks.jpg/300px-Examples_of_Tilaks_or_sect-marks.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Examples_of_Tilaks_or_sect-marks.jpg/450px-Examples_of_Tilaks_or_sect-marks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Examples_of_Tilaks_or_sect-marks.jpg/600px-Examples_of_Tilaks_or_sect-marks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Examples of Tilaks or sect-marking in British India, summarised by 19th-century scholar Russell</figcaption></figure><p>According to Dr. Vijay Prakash Sharma, the known styles include:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_Prakash_Sharma72_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_Prakash_Sharma72-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul><li>Vijayshree – white tilaka <i>urdhva pundra</i> with a white line in the middle,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_Prakash_Sharma72_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_Prakash_Sharma72-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded by Swami Balanand of Jaipur;</li> <li>Bendi tilaka – white tilaka <i>urdhva pundra</i> with a white round mark in the middle,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_Prakash_Sharma73_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_Prakash_Sharma73-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded by Swami Ramprasad Acharya of Badasthan Ayodhya; and</li> <li>Chaturbhuji tilaka – white tilaka <i>urdhva pundra</i> with the upper portion turned 90 degrees in the opposite direction, no <i>shri</i> in the middle, founded by Narayandas of Bihar, ascetics of Svarg Dvar of Ayodhya follow it.</li></ul> <p>Additional styles include: Vallabha Sampradaya Tilaka, Sri Tilaka of Rewasa Gaddi, Ramacharandas Tilaka, Srijiwarama tilaka, Sri Janakraja Kishori Sharan Rasik Aliji tilaka, Sri Rupkalajee tilaka, Rupsarasji tilaka, Ramasakheeji tilaka, Kamanendu Mani tilaka, Karunasindhuji tilaka, Swaminarayana Tilaka, Nimbarka tilaka, and Madhva tilaka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_Prakash_Sharma75_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_Prakash_Sharma75-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_Upanishad" title="Vasudeva Upanishad">Vasudeva Upanishad</a>, a Vaishnava tradition text, explains the significance of three vertical lines in <i>urdhva</i> p<i>undra</i> tilaka to be a reminder of Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva; the Vedic scriptures – Rigveda, Yajurveda and Samaveda; three worlds Bhu, Bhuva, Svar; the three syllables of <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a> – <i>a</i>, <i>u</i>, <i>m</i>; three states of consciousness – awake, dream sleep, deep sleep; three realities – <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a>; the three bodies – <i>sthula</i>, <i>sukshma</i>, and <i>karana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathmandu,_Nepal,_Sadhu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kathmandu%2C_Nepal%2C_Sadhu.jpg/220px-Kathmandu%2C_Nepal%2C_Sadhu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kathmandu%2C_Nepal%2C_Sadhu.jpg/330px-Kathmandu%2C_Nepal%2C_Sadhu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kathmandu%2C_Nepal%2C_Sadhu.jpg/440px-Kathmandu%2C_Nepal%2C_Sadhu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Sadhu in Nepal wearing tilaka</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaivite_tilakas">Shaivite tilakas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilaka&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shaivite tilakas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tripundra" title="Tripundra">Tripundra</a> or Rudra-tilaka is the other major tilaka variant, often worn by the followers of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997789–790_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997789–790-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier1984131,_371_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier1984131,_371-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of three horizontal bands across the forehead with a single vertical band or circle in the middle. This is traditionally done with sacred ash from sacrificial fires, also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">vibhuti</a></i>. The use of <i>vibhuti</i> is symbolic of detachment to the world or renunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This variant is the more ancient of the two and shares many common aspects with similar markings worn across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-lochtefeldupundra_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochtefeldupundra-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 2 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kalagni_Rudra_Upanishad" title="Kalagni Rudra Upanishad">Kalagni Rudra Upanishad</a></i>, a Shaiva traditional text, explains the three lines of a Tilaka as a reminder of various triads: three <a href="/wiki/Yajna#Agni" title="Yajna">sacred fires</a>, three syllables in <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a>, three <i><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">gunas</a></i>, three worlds, three types of <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">atman</a></i> (self), three powers in oneself, first three <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, three times of extraction of the Vedic drink <a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997790_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997790-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENene1999_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENene1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The first line is equated to <i>Garhapatya</i> (the sacred fire in a household kitchen), the <i>A</i> syllable of Om, the <a href="/wiki/Rajas" title="Rajas">Rajas guna</a>, the earth, the external self, <i><a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a></i> – the power of action, the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i>, the morning extraction of Soma, and <a href="/wiki/Maheshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Maheshvara">Maheshvara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997790_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997790-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENene1999_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENene1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second streak of ash is a reminder of <i>Dakshinagni</i> (the holy fire lighted in the South for ancestors), the sound <i>U</i> of Om, <a href="/wiki/Sattva" title="Sattva">Sattva guna</a>, the atmosphere, the inner self, <i><a href="/wiki/Iccha-shakti" title="Iccha-shakti">Iccha</a></i> – the power of will, the <i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i>, midday Soma extraction, and <a href="/wiki/Sadashiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadashiva">Sadashiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997790_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997790-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENene1999_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENene1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The third streak is the Ahavaniya (the fire used for <a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a>), the <i>M</i> syllable in Om, the <a href="/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)" title="Tamas (philosophy)">Tamas guna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Svarga</a> – heaven, the <a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a> – the highest self (the ultimate reality of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>), Jnana – the power of knowledge, the <i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i>, Soma extraction at dusk, and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997790_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997790-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENene1999_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENene1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These lines, represent Shiva's threefold power of will (icchāśakti), knowledge (jñānaśakti), and action (kriyāśakti).<sup id="cite_ref-rigopoulos182_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rigopoulos182-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tripuṇḍra described in this and other Shaiva texts also symbolises Shiva's trident (<a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">trishula</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">divine triad</a> of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-rigopoulos182_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rigopoulos182-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilak_Tika_Tilaka_Swami_Ayyappan_Hindu_Hinduism_Simon_King.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tilak_Tika_Tilaka_Swami_Ayyappan_Hindu_Hinduism_Simon_King.jpg/220px-Tilak_Tika_Tilaka_Swami_Ayyappan_Hindu_Hinduism_Simon_King.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tilak_Tika_Tilaka_Swami_Ayyappan_Hindu_Hinduism_Simon_King.jpg/330px-Tilak_Tika_Tilaka_Swami_Ayyappan_Hindu_Hinduism_Simon_King.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tilak_Tika_Tilaka_Swami_Ayyappan_Hindu_Hinduism_Simon_King.jpg/440px-Tilak_Tika_Tilaka_Swami_Ayyappan_Hindu_Hinduism_Simon_King.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A devotee of Ayyappan wearing tilaka.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Hindu_denominations">Other Hindu denominations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilaka&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other Hindu denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shaktas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaktas">Shaktas</a>, worshippers of the various forms of the Goddess (<a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>), wear a red dot on the forehead in the middle of three horizontal lines or a semicircular line.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Followers of <a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a> use red sandal paste (<i>rakta candana</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_traditions">Other traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilaka&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a> wear the tilaka to mark the forehead of Jaina images with sandalwood paste, during puja ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also be used, for the same reason, to mark idols at the start of a <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> (worship), to mark a rock or tree before it is cut or removed from its original place for artisan work, or to mark a new piece of property.<sup id="cite_ref-axelmichaels100_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-axelmichaels100-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_bindi">Relationship to bindi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilaka&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relationship to bindi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">bindi</a> is related to tilaka there are a few notable differences. Bindi is a dot worn mainly by married Hindu women on the forehead and generally red in color, symbolizing good fortune. Today, it can be found in an assortment of colors, shapes, materials and mainly worn for decorative purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilaka&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> – a forehead marking tradition in Christianity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a> – a cosmetic item of decoration for women in South Asia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascinator" title="Fascinator">Fascinator</a> – a cosmetic item worn near the forehead, an alternative to a hat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">Third eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilak_(Vaishnava)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilak (Vaishnava)">Urdhva Pundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a> – Sacred ash made of burnt wood, burnt cow dung, or from the cremation of bodies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilaka&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMittalThursby2006" class="citation book cs1">Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, Gene (2006-04-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n7KCAgAAQBAJ&dq=tilaka+hindu+marks&pg=PA73"><i>Religions of South Asia: An Introduction</i></a>. Routledge. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-59322-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-59322-4"><bdi>978-1-134-59322-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+South+Asia%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-134-59322-4&rft.aulast=Mittal&rft.aufirst=Sushil&rft.au=Thursby%2C+Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn7KCAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtilaka%2Bhindu%2Bmarks%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanti_Ghosh2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kanti Ghosh, Sumit (2023-05-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14759756.2023.2208502">"Body, Dress, and Symbolic Capital: Multifaceted Presentation of PUGREE in Colonial Governance of British India"</a>. <i>Textile</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 334–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14759756.2023.2208502">10.1080/14759756.2023.2208502</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-9756">1475-9756</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258804155">258804155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Textile&rft.atitle=Body%2C+Dress%2C+and+Symbolic+Capital%3A+Multifaceted+Presentation+of+PUGREE+in+Colonial+Governance+of+British+India&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=334-365&rft.date=2023-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258804155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1475-9756&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14759756.2023.2208502&rft.aulast=Kanti+Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Sumit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14759756.2023.2208502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lochtefeldupundra-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeldupundra_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeldupundra_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeldupundra_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GnmPzgEACAAJ"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z</i></a>. Rosen. p. 709. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4"><bdi>978-0-8239-3180-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+N-Z&rft.pages=709&rft.pub=Rosen&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGnmPzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-axelmichaels100-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-axelmichaels100_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-axelmichaels100_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Axel Michaels (2015), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSaxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100">Homo Ritualis: Hindu Ritual and Its Significance for Ritual Theory</a></i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190262631" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190262631">978-0190262631</a>, pp. 100-112, 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/tilak">"Tilak | Hindu symbolism"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Tilak+%7C+Hindu+symbolism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Ftilak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Makhan Jha, <i>Anthropology of ancient Hindu kingdoms: a study in civilizational perspective</i>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2001" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Gautam (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ0XQHEkuIcC"><i>Sacred Hindu Symbols</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-397-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-397-7"><bdi>978-81-7017-397-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Hindu+Symbols&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-397-7&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Gautam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQ0XQHEkuIcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_Prakash_Sharma72-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_Prakash_Sharma72_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_Prakash_Sharma72_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_Prakash_Sharma">Vijay Prakash Sharma</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_Prakash_Sharma73-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_Prakash_Sharma73_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_Prakash_Sharma">Vijay Prakash Sharma</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_Prakash_Sharma75-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_Prakash_Sharma75_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_Prakash_Sharma">Vijay Prakash Sharma</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sunder Hattangadi (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/vasudeva.pdf">Vasudeva Upanishad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208030202/http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/vasudeva.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-02-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sama Veda, SanskritDocuments Archives</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D Dennis Hudson (2008), <i>The Body of God</i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195369229" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195369229">978-0195369229</a>, pp. 90-95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997789–790-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997789–790_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997">Deussen 1997</a>, pp. 789–790.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier1984131,_371-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier1984131,_371_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier1984">Klostermaier 1984</a>, pp. 131, 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanan2018" class="citation web cs1">Narayanan, Vasudha (29 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism/*-COM_9000000187">"Tilak and Other Forehead Marks"</a>. <i>Brill’s Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brill%E2%80%99s+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism+Online&rft.atitle=Tilak+and+Other+Forehead+Marks&rft.date=2018-05-29&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=Vasudha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fbrill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism%2F%2A-COM_9000000187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997790-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997790_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997790_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997790_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997790_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997">Deussen 1997</a>, p. 790.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENene1999-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENene1999_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENene1999_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENene1999_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENene1999_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNene1999">Nene 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rigopoulos182-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rigopoulos182_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rigopoulos182_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonio Rigopoulos (2013), <i>Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 5</i>, Brill Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004178960" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004178960">978-9004178960</a>, pp. 182-183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommissioner1902" class="citation book cs1">Commissioner, India Census (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jixBAQAAMAAJ&dq=shakta+tilak&pg=PA83"><i>Census of India, 1901</i></a>. Printed at the Government central Press. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1901&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Printed+at+the+Government+central+Press&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Commissioner&rft.aufirst=India+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjixBAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dshakta%2Btilak%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes1995" class="citation book cs1">Grimes, John A. (1995). <i>Ganapati: Song of the Self</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 202, note 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2440-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2440-5"><bdi>0-7914-2440-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ganapati%3A+Song+of+the+Self&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=202%2C+note+40&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7914-2440-5&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Williams (1998), <i>Jaina Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120807754" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120807754">978-8120807754</a>, pp. 221-222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Washburn_Hopkins1910" class="citation journal cs1">E. Washburn Hopkins (1910). "Mythological Aspects of Trees and Mountains in the Great Epic". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 347–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3087578">10.2307/3087578</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3087578">3087578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Mythological+Aspects+of+Trees+and+Mountains+in+the+Great+Epic&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=347-374&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3087578&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3087578%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=E.+Washburn+Hopkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMello2012" class="citation book cs1">DeMello, Margo (2012-02-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39B8fpdg_NwC&dq=differences+between+bindi+and+tilaka&pg=PA24"><i>Faces around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-618-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-618-8"><bdi>978-1-59884-618-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faces+around+the+World%3A+A+Cultural+Encyclopedia+of+the+Human+Face%3A+A+Cultural+Encyclopedia+of+the+Human+Face&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012-02-14&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-618-8&rft.aulast=DeMello&rft.aufirst=Margo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39B8fpdg_NwC%26dq%3Ddifferences%2Bbetween%2Bbindi%2Band%2Btilaka%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennyNichols2017" class="citation book cs1">Kenny, Erin; Nichols, Elizabeth Gackstetter (2017-06-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VAUmDwAAQBAJ&dq=bindi+vs+tilak&pg=PA22"><i>Beauty around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-945-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-945-7"><bdi>978-1-61069-945-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beauty+around+the+World%3A+A+Cultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-945-7&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Elizabeth+Gackstetter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVAUmDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbindi%2Bvs%2Btilak%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilaka&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1997" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC"><i>Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1467-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1467-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1467-7&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYepeIGUY0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilaka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEntwistle1981" class="citation book cs1">Entwistle, A. W. (1981). <i>Vaishnava tilakas: Sectarian marks worn by worshippers of Vishnu (IAVRI bulletin)</i>. International Association of the Vrindaban Research Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaishnava+tilakas%3A+Sectarian+marks+worn+by+worshippers+of+Vishnu+%28IAVRI+bulletin%29&rft.pub=International+Association+of+the+Vrindaban+Research+Institute&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Entwistle&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilaka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier1984" class="citation book cs1">Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1984). <i>Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India</i>. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-158-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-158-3"><bdi>978-0-88920-158-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythologies+and+Philosophies+of+Salvation+in+the+Theistic+Traditions+of+India&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-158-3&rft.aulast=Klostermaier&rft.aufirst=Klaus+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilaka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNene1999" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nene, Roopa (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/kaalaagni.pdf">"कालाग्निरुद्रोपनिषत् (Kalagnirudra Upanishad)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Sanskrit)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%28Kalagnirudra+Upanishad%29&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Nene&rft.aufirst=Roopa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanskritdocuments.org%2Fdoc_upanishhat%2Fkaalaagni.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilaka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijay_Prakash_Sharma" class="citation book cs1">Vijay Prakash Sharma. <i>The sadhus and Indian civilisation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sadhus+and+Indian+civilisation&rft.au=Vijay+Prakash+Sharma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilaka" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilaka&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, Gene R. (2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=44lBT7_0lDwC">Religions of South Asia: An Introduction</a>.</i> Taylor & Francis, United Kingdom. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-22390-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-22390-3">0-415-22390-3</a>. pp. 73.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilaka&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tilaka" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Tilaka">Tilaka</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harekrishnatemple.com/bhakta/chapter6.html">How to put on Tilak</a>, Hare Krishna Temple</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001536401">Tilaka : Hindu marks on the forehead</a>, Priyabala Shah</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">Ārati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshan_(Indian_religions)" title="Darshan (Indian religions)">Darshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tilaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsava" title="Utsava">Utsava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Abhisheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhog" title="Bhog">Bhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamakara" title="Panchamakara">Panchamakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parikrama" title="Parikrama">Parikrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pran%C4%81ma" title="Pranāma">Pranāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasada" title="Prasada">Prasada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpanjali" title="Pushpanjali">Pushpanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnicayana" title="Agnicayana">Agnicayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnihotra" title="Agnihotra">Agnihotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnikaryam" title="Agnikaryam">Agnikaryam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aupasana" title="Aupasana">Aupasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamyakarma" title="Kamyakarma">Kamyakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravargya" title="Pravargya">Pravargya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushamedha" title="Purushamedha">Purushamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrakameshti" title="Putrakameshti">Putrakameshti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraja_Homa" title="Viraja Homa">Viraja Homa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achamana" title="Achamana">Achamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing#Hinduism" title="Blessing">Ashirvada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmkand">Karmakāṇḍa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhabhishekham" title="Kumbhabhishekham">Kumbhabhishekham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityakarma" title="Nityakarma">Nityakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngejot" title="Ngejot">Ngejot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana_Pratishtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prana Pratishtha">Prana Pratishtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upakarma" title="Upakarma">Upakarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prayer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Meditation</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajapa_japa" title="Ajapa japa">Ajapa japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmamuhurta" title="Brahmamuhurta">Brahmamuhurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagarana" title="Jagarana">Jagarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Ram" title="Jai Shri Ram">Jai Shri Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaktipat">Śaktipāta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">Third eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Narayanaya" title="Om Namo Narayanaya">Om Namo Narayanaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_thali" title="Puja thali">Puja thali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar#Hinduism" title="Altar">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banalinga" title="Banalinga">Banalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biruda" title="Biruda">Biruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhunachi" title="Dhunachi">Dhunachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhupa" title="Dhupa">Dhupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-whisk" title="Fly-whisk">Cāmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Joss stick">Agarabattī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha" title="Kalasha">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamandalu" title="Kamandalu">Kamandalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirapat" title="Khirapat">Khirapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindi_(vessel)" title="Kindi (vessel)">Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">Kolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moolavar" title="Moolavar">Mulavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduka" title="Paduka">Paduka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">Palki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandal" title="Pandal">Pandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinda_(riceball)" title="Pinda (riceball)">Pinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tilakamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsavar" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsavar">Utsavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Yajnopavitam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">Agarwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(dye)" title="Alta (dye)">Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu" title="Charu">Charu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_in_India" title="Incense in India">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumkuma" title="Kumkuma">Kumkuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">Marigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panakam" title="Panakam">Panakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraksha" title="Rudraksha">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">Candana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">Sindūra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Tulasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Karatalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">Khol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjira" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjira">Manjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtadhatu" title="Ashtadhatu">Ashtadhatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchaloha" title="Panchaloha">Panchaloha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindi_(Hindu_iconography)" title="Pindi (Hindu iconography)">Pindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillaiyar_Su%E1%B8%BBi" title="Pillaiyar Suḻi">Pillaiyar Suḻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaligram" title="Shaligram">Shaligram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">Yoni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_iconography" title="Category:Hindu iconography">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhwaja_Stambha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhwaja Stambha">Dhvajastambham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_tank" title="Temple tank">Temple tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pujari" title="Pujari">Pujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purohita" title="Purohita">Purohita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">Sant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Titles_and_occupations_in_Hinduism" title="Category:Titles and occupations in Hinduism">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Sacred_status_of_cow" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashva" title="Ashva">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Trees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshayavata" title="Akshayavata">Akshayavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraca_asoca" title="Saraca asoca">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan">Banyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolamarckia_cadamba" title="Neolamarckia cadamba">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpavriksha" title="Kalpavriksha">Kalpavriksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Parijata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Peepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Fruits and other plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos" title="Aegle marmelos">Bael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmostachya_bipinnata" title="Desmostachya bipinnata">Kusha grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_in_Hinduism" title="Tulasi in Hinduism">Tulasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulasi_Vrindavana" title="Tulasi Vrindavana">Tulasi Vrindavana</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">Firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Samskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_dance" title="Temple dance">Temple dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in 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country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a 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