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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muktika_canon:_major_and_minor_Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muktika_canon:_major_and_minor_Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Muktika canon: major and minor Upanishads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muktika_canon:_major_and_minor_Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principal_Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Principal Upanishads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 New Upanishads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_with_Vedas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_with_Vedas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Association with Vedas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_with_Vedas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Philosophy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Philosophy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_of_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Development of thought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atman_and_Brahman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atman_and_Brahman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Atman and Brahman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atman_and_Brahman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reality_and_Maya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reality_and_Maya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Reality and Maya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reality_and_Maya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_of_Vedanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_of_Vedanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Schools of Vedanta </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schools_of_Vedanta-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Schools of Vedanta subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Schools_of_Vedanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advaita_Vedanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advaita_Vedanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Advaita Vedanta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advaita_Vedanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhedabheda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhedabheda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Bhedabheda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhedabheda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vishishtadvaita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vishishtadvaita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Vishishtadvaita </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vishishtadvaita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dvaita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dvaita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Dvaita </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dvaita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similarities_with_Platonic_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities_with_Platonic_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Similarities with Platonic thought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarities_with_Platonic_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_in_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_in_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Reception in the West </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_in_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Upanishads</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" > 92 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="उपनिषद – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="الأبانيشاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأبانيشاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6" title="উপনিষদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উপনিষদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Upanishads" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%9Fadlar" title="Upanişadlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Upanişadlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C" title="উপনিষদ্‌ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপনিষদ্‌" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisad" title="Upanisad – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Upanisad" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Упанішады – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Упанішады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="उपनिषद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Упанишади – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Упанишади" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanixad" title="Upanixad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Upanixad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ady" title="Upanišady – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Upanišady" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadau" title="Upanishadau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Upanishadau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishaderne" title="Upanishaderne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Upanishaderne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishaden" title="Upanishaden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Upanishaden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1adid" title="Upanišadid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Upanišadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ουπανισάδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουπανισάδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%9Dadoj" title="Upaniŝadoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Upaniŝadoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7" title="اوپانیشادها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوپانیشادها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Upanishads" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A6" title="ઉપનિષદ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉપનિષદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%ED%8C%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%83%A4%EB%93%9C" title="우파니샤드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우파니샤드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ուպանիշադներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուպանիշադներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisad" title="Upanisad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Upanisad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Upaniṣad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Upaniṣad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אופנישדות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופנישדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisad" title="Upanisad – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Upanisad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಉಪನಿಷತ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಪನಿಷತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="უპანიშადები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უპანიშადები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Упанишадтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Упанишадтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Упанишаддар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Упанишаддар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1adas" title="Upanišadas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Upanišadas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ados" title="Upanišados – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Upanišados" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisadok" title="Upanisadok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Upanisadok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ഉപനിഷത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉപനിഷത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="उपनिषद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="უპანიშადეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უპანიშადეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="اوپانیشتاد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اوپانیشتاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%97" title="ꯎꯄꯅꯤꯁꯗ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯎꯄꯅꯤꯁꯗ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="ウパニシャッド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウパニシャッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadene" title="Upanishadene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Upanishadene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisjad" title="Upanisjad – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Upanisjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D" title="ଉପନିଷଦ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉପନିଷଦ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadlar" title="Upanishadlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Upanishadlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8D" title="ਉਪਨਿਸ਼ਦ੍ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਪਨਿਸ਼ਦ੍" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="उपनिषद – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8F%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%90%D8%B4%D8%AF" title="اُپنِشد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اُپنِشد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanischaden" title="Upanischaden – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Upanischaden" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upaniszady" title="Upaniszady – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Upaniszady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanixades" title="Upanixades – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Upanixades" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C8%99ade" title="Upanișade – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Upanișade" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Упанишады – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Упанишады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadet" title="Upanishadet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Upanishadet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AF" title="اپنشد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اپنشد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ady" title="Upanišady – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Upanišady" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ade" title="Upanišade – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Upanišade" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Упанишаде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Упанишаде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ade" title="Upanišade – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Upanišade" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishaderna" title="Upanishaderna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Upanishaderna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உபநிடதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உபநிடதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81" title="ఉపనిషత్తు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉపనిషత్తు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97" title="อุปนิษัท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุปนิษัท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%9Fad" title="Upanişad – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Upanişad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Упанішади – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Упанішади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AF" title="اپنشد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اپنشد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81o_ngh%C4%A9a_th%C6%B0" title="Áo nghĩa thư – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Áo nghĩa thư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>The encounter of a <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">teacher</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Shishya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shishya">disciple</a>, giving rise to the etymology of the term "Upanishad"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a> teaches <a href="/wiki/Nachiketa" title="Nachiketa">Nachiketa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a></li> <li>A manuscript of the minor <a href="/wiki/Vajrasuchi_Upanishad" title="Vajrasuchi Upanishad">Vajrasuchi Upanishad</a></li> <li>The Upanishadic phrase "Tat Tvam Asi" displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Sabarimala_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabarimala temple">Sabarimala temple</a> in Kerala</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> Divisions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;">Rig vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> Sama vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> Yajur vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> Atharva vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;">Brahma puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> Vaishnava puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> Shaiva puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> Shakta puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> The Upanishads (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʊˈpʌnɪʃədz/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: उपनिषद्, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Upaniṣad, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ˈupɐniʂɐd]</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">late Vedic</a> and post-Vedic Sanskrit texts that "document the transition from the archaic ritualism of the Veda into new religious ideas and institutions"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996xxiii-2">[2]</a> and the emergence of the central religious concepts of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996xxiii-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Central_concepts-3">[note 1]</a> They are the most recent addition to the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, and deal with meditation, <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> knowledge. Earlier parts of the Vedas dealt with mantras, benedictions, rituals, ceremonies, and sacrifices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199635–39-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-A_Bhattacharya_2006_pp._8–14-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jan_Gonda_1975-6">[5]</a> While among the most important literature in the history of Indian religions and culture, the Upanishads document a wide variety of "rites, incantations, and esoteric knowledge"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199851-7">[6]</a> departing from Vedic ritualism and interpreted in various ways in the later commentarial traditions. The Upanishads are widely known, and their diverse ideas, interpreted in various ways, informed later traditions of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-Central_concepts-3">[note 1]</a> The central concern of all Upanishads is to discover the relations between ritual, cosmic realities (including gods), and the human body/person,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996lii-8">[7]</a> postulating <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> as the "summit of the hierarchically arranged and interconnected universe",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996lv-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195659-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36-11">[10]</a> but various ideas about the relation between Atman and Brahman can be found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olivelle_plurality-12">[note 2]</a> 108 Upanishads are known, of which the first dozen or so are the oldest and most important and are referred to as the principal or main (<a href="/wiki/Mukhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya">mukhya</a>) Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> The mukhya Upanishads are found mostly in the concluding part of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanas">Brahmanas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aranyakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranyakas">Aranyakas</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195656-15">[13]</a> and were, for centuries, memorized by each generation and passed down <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">orally</a>. The mukhya Upanishads predate the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>, but there is no scholarly consensus on their date, or even on which ones are pre- or post-Buddhist. The <a href="/wiki/Brhadaranyaka_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Brhadaranyaka Upanishad">Brhadaranyaka</a> is seen as particularly ancient by modern scholars.<a href="#cite_note-olivelleintro-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199552-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bronkhorst-18">[16]</a> Of the remainder, 95 Upanishads are part of the <a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">Muktikā</a> canon, composed from about the last centuries of 1st-millennium BCE through about 15th-century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19925,_8–9-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199696-20">[18]</a> New Upanishads, beyond the 108 in the Muktika canon, continued to be composed through the early modern and modern era,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanade192612-21">[19]</a> though often dealing with subjects that are unconnected to the Vedas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarghese2008101-22">[20]</a> The mukhya Upanishads, along with the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brahmasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmasutra">Brahmasutra</a> (known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Prasthanatrayi" title="Prasthanatrayi">Prasthanatrayi</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanade1926205-23">[21]</a> are interpreted in divergent ways in the several later schools of <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> Translations of the Upanishads in the early 19th century started to attract attention from a Western audience. German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> was deeply impressed by the Upanishads and called them "the most profitable and elevating reading which ... is possible in the world."<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Modern era <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indologists</a> have discussed the similarities between the fundamental concepts in the Upanishads and the works of major <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Western philosophers">Western philosophers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen201042,_Quote:_"Here_we_have_to_do_with_the_Upanishads,_and_the_world-wide_historical_significance_of_these_documents_cannot,_in_our_judgement,_be_more_clearly_indicated_than_by_showing_how_the_deep_fundamental_conception_of_Plato_and_Kant_was_precisely_that_which_already_formed_the_basis_of_Upanishad_teaching"._27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen201042,_Quote:_"Here_we_have_to_do_with_the_Upanishads,_and_the_world-wide_historical_significance_of_these_documents_cannot,_in_our_judgement,_be_more_clearly_indicated_than_by_showing_how_the_deep_fundamental_conception_of_Plato_and_Kant_was_precisely_that_which_already_formed_the_basis_of_Upanishad_teaching".-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> term Upaniṣad originally meant “connection” or “equivalence",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonigerGoldSmith2023-30">[27]</a> but came to be understood as "sitting near a teacher,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonigerGoldSmith2023-30">[27]</a> from upa "by" and ni-ṣad "sit down",<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> "sitting down near", referring to the student sitting down near the teacher while receiving spiritual knowledge (Gurumukh).<a href="#cite_note-EoH_472-32">[29]</a> Other dictionary meanings include "esoteric doctrine" and "secret doctrine". <a href="/wiki/Monier-Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams</a>' Sanskrit Dictionary notes – "According to native authorities, Upanishad means setting to rest ignorance by revealing the knowledge of the supreme spirit."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1976201-33">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankaracharya</a> explains in his commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Kaṭha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> that the word means Ātmavidyā, that is, "knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">self</a>", or Brahmavidyā "knowledge of Brahman". The word appears in the verses of many Upanishads, such as the fourth verse of the 13th volume in the first chapter of the Chandogya Upanishad. <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a> translate the word Upanishad in these verses as "secret doctrine",<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> Robert Hume translates it as "mystic meaning",<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> translates it as "hidden connections".<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship">Authorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Authorship">edit</a>]</div> The authorship of most Upanishads is unknown. <a href="/wiki/Sarvapalli_Radhakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan</a> states, "almost all the early literature of India was anonymous, we do not know the names of the authors of the Upanishads".<a href="#cite_note-sradha22-38">[35]</a> The ancient Upanishads are embedded in the Vedas, the oldest of Hinduism's religious scriptures, which some traditionally consider to be <a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3eya" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣeya">apauruṣeya</a>, which means "not of a man, superhuman"<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> and "impersonal, authorless".<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> The Vedic texts assert that they were skillfully created by <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishis</a> (sages), after inspired creativity, just as a carpenter builds a chariot.<a href="#cite_note-scharfe-43">[40]</a> The various philosophical theories in the early Upanishads have been attributed to famous sages such as <a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uddalaka_Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Uddalaka Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shvetaketu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shvetaketu">Shvetaketu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandilya_(Rishi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandilya (Rishi)">Shandilya</a>, Aitareya, Balaki, <a href="/wiki/Pippalada" title="Pippalada">Pippalada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanatkumara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanatkumara">Sanatkumara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sradha22-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195659–60-44">[41]</a> Women, such as Maitreyi and <a href="/wiki/Gargi_Vachaknavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gargi Vachaknavi">Gargi</a>, participate in the dialogues and are also credited in the early Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> There are some exceptions to the anonymous tradition of the Upanishads. The <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, for example, includes closing credits to sage Shvetashvatara, and he is considered the author of the Upanishad.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> Many scholars believe that early Upanishads were interpolated<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> and expanded over time. There are differences within manuscripts of the same Upanishad discovered in different parts of South Asia, differences in non-Sanskrit version of the texts that have survived, and differences within each text in terms of meter,<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> style, grammar and structure.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> The existing texts are believed to be the work of many authors.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronology">Chronology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chronology">edit</a>]</div> Scholars are uncertain about when the Upanishads were composed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199812–13-52">[49]</a> The chronology of the early Upanishads is difficult to resolve, states philosopher and <a href="/wiki/Sanskritist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritist">Sanskritist</a> Stephen Phillips,<a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-13">[11]</a> because all opinions rest on scanty evidence and analysis of archaism, style and repetitions across texts, and are driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies. Indologist <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> says that "in spite of claims made by some, in reality, any dating of these documents [early Upanishads] that attempts a precision closer than a few centuries is as stable as a house of cards".<a href="#cite_note-olivelleintro-16">[14]</a> Some scholars have tried to analyse similarities between Hindu Upanishads and Buddhist literature to establish chronology for the Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199552-17">[15]</a> Precise dates are impossible, and most scholars give only broad ranges encompassing various centuries. <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a> states that "the Upanisads are not a homogeneous group of texts. Even the older texts were composed over a wide expanse of time from about 600 to 300 BCE."<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> Stephen Phillips places the early or "principal" Upanishads in the 800 to 300 BCE range.<a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-13">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a>, a Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indologist</a>, gives the following chronology for the early Upanishads, also called the <a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199812–13-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-olivelleintro-16">[14]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Brhadaranyaka_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Brhadaranyaka Upanishad">Brhadaranyaka</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a> are the two earliest Upanishads. They are edited texts, some of whose sources are much older than others. The two texts are pre-Buddhist; they may be placed in the 7th to 6th centuries BCE, give or take a century or so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxvi-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199552-17">[15]</a></li> <li>The three other early prose Upanishads—Taittiriya, Aitareya, and Kausitaki come next; all are probably pre-Buddhist and can be assigned to the 6th to 5th centuries BCE.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a></li> <li>The Kena is the oldest of the verse Upanishads followed by probably the Katha, Isa, <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Svetasvatara</a>, and Mundaka. All these Upanishads were composed probably in the last few centuries BCE.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> According to Olivelle, "All exhibit strong <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theistic</a> tendencies and are probably the earliest literary products of the theistic tradition, whose later literature includes the Bhagavad Gita and the Puranas."<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a></li> <li>The two late prose Upanishads, the Prasna and the Mandukya, cannot be much older than the beginning of the common era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199812–13-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-olivelleintro-16">[14]</a></li></ul> Meanwhile, the Indologist <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Johannes Bronkhorst</a> argues for a later date for the Upanishads than has generally been accepted. Bronkhorst places even the oldest of the Upanishads, such as the Brhadaranyaka as possibly still being composed at "a date close to <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ty%C4%81yana" title="Kātyāyana">Katyayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhāṣya">Patañjali</a> [the grammarian]" (i.e., <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2nd century BCE).<a href="#cite_note-Bronkhorst-18">[16]</a> The later Upanishads, numbering about 95, also called minor Upanishads, are dated from the late 1st-millennium BCE to mid 2nd-millennium CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19925,_8–9-19">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a> dates many of the twenty <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> Upanishads to be probably from the 100 BCE to 300 CE period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199696-20">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> and other scholars date seven of the twenty <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa#Sannyasa_Upanishads" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa Upanishads</a> to likely have been complete sometime between the last centuries of the 1st-millennium BCE to 300 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19925,_8–9-19">[17]</a> About half of the Sannyasa Upanishads were likely composed in 14th- to 15th-century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19925,_8–9-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_Vedic_Culture_(1100-500_BCE).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png/400px-Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png/600px-Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png/800px-Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Geography of the Late Vedic Period</figcaption></figure> The general area of the composition of the early Upanishads is considered as northern India. The region is bounded on the west by the upper Indus valley, on the east by lower Ganges region, on the north by the Himalayan foothills, and on the south by the Vindhya mountain range.<a href="#cite_note-olivelleintro-16">[14]</a> Scholars are reasonably sure that the early Upanishads were produced at the geographical center of ancient Brahmanism, <a href="/wiki/Kuru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru Kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a>-<a href="/wiki/Videha" title="Videha">Videha</a>, a "frontier region" of Brahmanism, together with the areas immediately to the south and west of these.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxvii-xxxix-58">[55]</a> This region covers modern <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-olivelleintro-16">[14]</a> While significant attempts have been made recently to identify the exact locations of the individual Upanishads, the results are tentative. Witzel identifies the center of activity in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad as the area of Videha, whose king, Janaka, features prominently in the Upanishad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxviii-59">[56]</a> The Chandogya Upanishad was probably composed in a more western than eastern location in the Indian subcontinent, possibly somewhere in the western region of the Kuru-Panchala country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxix-60">[57]</a> Compared to the Principal Upanishads, the new Upanishads recorded in the Muktikā belong to an entirely different region, probably southern India, and are considerably relatively recent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen190835–36-61">[58]</a> In the fourth chapter of the Kaushitaki Upanishad, a location named Kashi (modern <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>) is mentioned.<a href="#cite_note-olivelleintro-16">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muktika_canon:_major_and_minor_Upanishads">Muktika canon: major and minor Upanishads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Muktika canon: major and minor Upanishads">edit</a>]</div> There are more than 200 known Upanishads, one of which, the <a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">Muktikā</a> Upanishad, predates 1656 CE<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathy201084-62">[59]</a> and contains a list of 108 canonical Upanishads,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen193719-63">[60]</a> including itself as the last. These are further divided into Upanishads associated with <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> (goddess Shakti), <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a> (renunciation, monastic life), <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> (god Shiva), <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> (god Vishnu), <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, and Sāmānya (general, sometimes referred to as Samanya-Vedanta).<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556–568-65">[62]</a> Some of the Upanishads are categorized as "sectarian" since they present their ideas through a particular god or goddess of a specific Hindu tradition such as Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti, or a combination of these such as the <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Upanishad" title="Skanda Upanishad">Skanda Upanishad</a>. These traditions sought to link their texts as Vedic, by asserting their texts to be an Upanishad, thereby a <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldrege1995426-66">[63]</a> Most of these sectarian Upanishads, for example the <a href="/wiki/Rudrahridaya_Upanishad" title="Rudrahridaya Upanishad">Rudrahridaya Upanishad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahanarayana_Upanishad" title="Mahanarayana Upanishad">Mahanarayana Upanishad</a>, assert that all the Hindu gods and goddesses are the same, all an aspect and manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, the Vedic concept for metaphysical ultimate reality before and after the creation of the Universe.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principal_Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Principal Upanishads">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></div> The Principal Upanishads, also known as the Mukhya Upanishads, can be grouped into periods. Of the early periods are the Brihadaranyaka and the Chandogya, the oldest.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[note 4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MS_Indic_37,_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg/220px-MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg/330px-MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg/440px-MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>A page of <a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha Upanishad</a> manuscript</figcaption></figure> The Aitareya, Kauṣītaki and Taittirīya Upanishads may date to as early as the mid-1st millennium BCE, while the remnant date from between roughly the 4th to 1st centuries BCE, roughly contemporary with the earliest portions of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_epics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit epics">Sanskrit epics</a>. One chronology assumes that the Aitareya, Taittiriya, Kausitaki, Mundaka, Prasna, and Katha Upanishads has Buddha's influence, and is consequently placed after the 5th century BCE, while another proposal questions this assumption and dates it independent of Buddha's date of birth. The Kena, Mandukya, and Isa Upanishads are typically placed after these Principal Upanishads, but other scholars date these differently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199552-17">[15]</a> Not much is known about the authors except for those, like Yajnavalkayva and Uddalaka, mentioned in the texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195656-15">[13]</a> A few women discussants, such as Gargi and Maitreyi, the wife of Yajnavalkayva,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanade192661-72">[68]</a> also feature occasionally. Each of the principal Upanishads can be associated with one of the schools of exegesis of the four Vedas (<a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">shakhas</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi199490–92-73">[69]</a> Many Shakhas are said to have existed, of which only a few remain. The new Upanishads often have little relation to the Vedic corpus and have not been cited or commented upon by any great Vedanta philosopher: their language differs from that of the classic Upanishads, being less subtle and more formalized. As a result, they are not difficult to comprehend for the modern reader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeehs200285-74">[70]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Veda-Shakha-Upanishad association </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Veda</th> <th>Recension</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakha</a></th> <th>Principal Upanishad </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig Veda</a></td> <td>Only one recension</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shakala" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakala">Shakala</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama Veda</a></td> <td rowspan="3">Only one recension</td> <td>Kauthuma</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandogya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandogya">Chāndogya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jaiminiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaiminiya">Jaiminiya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ranayaniya</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur Veda</a></td> <td rowspan="5">Krishna Yajur Veda</td> <td>Katha</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Kaṭha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya">Taittiriya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittirīya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maitrayani</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hiranyakeshi (Kapishthala)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kathaka</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Shukla Yajur Veda</td> <td>Vajasaneyi Madhyandina</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhad%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87yaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bṛhadāraṇyaka">Bṛhadāraṇyaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanva_Shakha" title="Kanva Shakha">Kanva Shakha</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva Veda</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Two recensions</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaunaka" title="Shaunaka">Shaunaka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Māṇḍūkya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Muṇḍaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paippalada</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna Upanishad</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Upanishads">New Upanishads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New Upanishads">edit</a>]</div> There is no fixed list of the Upanishads as newer ones, beyond the Muktika anthology of 108 Upanishads, have continued to be discovered and composed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart200417-75">[71]</a> In 1908, for example, four previously unknown Upanishads were discovered in newly found manuscripts, and these were named Bashkala, Chhagaleya, Arsheya, and Saunaka, by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schrader" title="Friedrich Schrader">Friedrich Schrader</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh20023–4-76">[72]</a> who attributed them to the first prose period of the Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchraderAdyar_Library1908v-77">[73]</a> The text of three of them, namely the Chhagaleya, Arsheya, and Saunaka, were incomplete and inconsistent, likely poorly maintained or corrupted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchraderAdyar_Library1908v-77">[73]</a> Ancient Upanishads have long enjoyed a revered position in Hindu traditions, and authors of numerous sectarian texts have tried to benefit from this reputation by naming their texts as Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxii–xxxiii-78">[74]</a> These "new Upanishads" number in the hundreds, cover diverse range of topics from physiology<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> to renunciation<a href="#cite_note-olivellesamnyasa1-80">[76]</a> to sectarian theories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxii–xxxiii-78">[74]</a> They were composed between the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE through the early modern era (~1600 CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxii–xxxiii-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-olivellesamnyasa1-80">[76]</a> While over two dozen of the minor Upanishads are dated to pre-3rd century CE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19925,_8–9-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199696-20">[18]</a> many of these new texts under the title of "Upanishads" originated in the first half of the 2nd millennium CE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxii–xxxiii-78">[74]</a> they are not Vedic texts, and some do not deal with themes found in the Vedic Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarghese2008101-22">[20]</a> The main <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a> Upanishads, for example, mostly discuss doctrinal and interpretative differences between the two principal sects of a major <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> form of Shaktism called <a href="/wiki/Shri_Vidya" title="Shri Vidya">Shri Vidya</a> <a href="/wiki/Upasana" title="Upasana">upasana</a>. The many extant lists of authentic Shakta Upaniṣads vary, reflecting the sect of their compilers, so that they yield no evidence of their "location" in Tantric tradition, impeding correct interpretation. The Tantra content of these texts also weaken its identity as an Upaniṣad for non-Tantrikas. Sectarian texts such as these do not enjoy status as <a href="/wiki/Shruti" class="mw-redirect" title="Shruti">shruti</a> and thus the authority of the new Upanishads as scripture is not accepted in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks199013–14-81">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_with_Vedas">Association with Vedas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Association with Vedas">edit</a>]</div> All Upanishads are associated with one of the four Vedas—<a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a> (there are two primary versions or Samhitas of the Yajurveda: <a href="/wiki/White_Yajurveda" class="mw-redirect" title="White Yajurveda">Shukla Yajurveda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Yajurveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Yajurveda">Krishna Yajurveda</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand2000404–406-82">[78]</a> During the modern era, the ancient Upanishads that were embedded texts in the Vedas, were detached from the <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a> layers of Vedic text, compiled into separate texts and these were then gathered into <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthologies</a> of the Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxii–xxxiii-78">[74]</a> These lists associated each Upanishad with one of the four Vedas. Many such lists exist but they are inconsistent across India in terms of which Upanishads are included and how the newer Upanishads are assigned to the ancient Vedas. In south India, the collected list based on Muktika Upanishad,<a href="#cite_note-83">[note 5]</a> and published in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a>, became the most common by the 19th-century and this is a list of 108 Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxii–xxxiii-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> In north India, a list of 52 Upanishads has been most common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxii–xxxiii-78">[74]</a> The Muktikā Upanishad's list of 108 Upanishads groups the first 13 as <a href="/wiki/Mukhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya">mukhya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PeterHeehs-85">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-mukhya101213-89">[note 6]</a> 21 as <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81nya_Ved%C4%81nta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sāmānya Vedānta">Sāmānya Vedānta</a>, 18 as <a href="/wiki/Sanny%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sannyāsa">Sannyāsa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-olivellesamnyasa-90">[84]</a> 14 as <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a>, 14 as <a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a>, 8 as <a href="/wiki/Shakta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakta">Shakta</a>, and 20 as <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ayyangaryoga-91">[85]</a> The 108 Upanishads as recorded in the Muktikā are shown in the table below.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand2000404–406-82">[78]</a> The mukhya Upanishads are the most important and highlighted.<a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips28-87">[82]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Veda-Upanishad association </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Veda</th> <th>Number<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand2000404–406-82">[78]</a></th> <th style="background: #FFDD00; color: black">Mukhya<a href="#cite_note-PeterHeehs-85">[80]</a></th> <th>Sāmānya</th> <th>Sannyāsa<a href="#cite_note-olivellesamnyasa-90">[84]</a></th> <th>Śākta<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a></th> <th>Vaiṣṇava<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a></th> <th>Śaiva<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a></th> <th>Yoga<a href="#cite_note-ayyangaryoga-91">[85]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ṛigveda</td> <td>10</td> <td style="background: #FFDD00; color: black"><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kauśītāki</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atmabodha_Upanishad" title="Atmabodha Upanishad">Ātmabodha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudgala_Upanishad" title="Mudgala Upanishad">Mudgala</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_Upanishad" title="Nirvana Upanishad">Nirvāṇa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saubhagyalakshmi_Upanishad" title="Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad">Saubhāgya-lakshmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahvricha_Upanishad" title="Bahvricha Upanishad">Bahvṛca</a></td> <td>-</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akshamalika_Upanishad" title="Akshamalika Upanishad">Akṣamālika</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nada_Bindu_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nada Bindu Upanishad">Nādabindu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sāmaveda</td> <td>16</td> <td style="background: #FFDD00; color: black"><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chāndogya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vajrasuchi_Upanishad" title="Vajrasuchi Upanishad">Vajrasūchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maha_Upanishad" title="Maha Upanishad">Maha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savitri_Upanishad" title="Savitri Upanishad">Sāvitrī</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aruneya_Upanishad" title="Aruneya Upanishad">Āruṇi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maitreya_Upanishad" title="Maitreya Upanishad">Maitreya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brihat-Sannyasa_Upanishad" title="Brihat-Sannyasa Upanishad">Brhat-Sannyāsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kundika_Upanishad" title="Kundika Upanishad">Kuṇḍika</a> (Laghu-Sannyāsa)</td> <td>-</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_Upanishad" title="Vasudeva Upanishad">Vāsudeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avyakta_Upanishad" title="Avyakta Upanishad">Avyakta</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rudrakshajabala_Upanishad" title="Rudrakshajabala Upanishad">Rudrākṣa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabali_Upanishad" title="Jabali Upanishad">Jābāli</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yogachudamani_Upanishad" title="Yogachudamani Upanishad">Yogachūḍāmaṇi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darshana_Upanishad" title="Darshana Upanishad">Darśana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda</td> <td>32</td> <td style="background: #FFDD00; color: black"><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Śvetāśvatara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrāyaṇi</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[note 7]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarvasara_Upanishad" title="Sarvasara Upanishad">Sarvasāra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shukarahasya_Upanishad" title="Shukarahasya Upanishad">Śukarahasya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Upanishad" title="Skanda Upanishad">Skanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garbha_Upanishad" title="Garbha Upanishad">Garbha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sariraka_Upanishad" title="Sariraka Upanishad">Śārīraka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekakshara_Upanishad" title="Ekakshara Upanishad">Ekākṣara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshi_Upanishad" title="Akshi Upanishad">Akṣi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Upanishad" title="Brahma Upanishad">Brahma</a>, (Laghu, Brhad) <a href="/wiki/Avadhuta_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Avadhuta Upanishad">Avadhūta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathashruti_Upanishad" title="Kathashruti Upanishad">Kaṭhasruti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati-rahasya_Upanishad" title="Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad">Sarasvatī-rahasya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Upanishad" title="Narayana Upanishad">Nārāyaṇa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali-Sa%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%AD%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad">Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahanarayana_Upanishad" title="Mahanarayana Upanishad">Mahānārāyaṇa (Tripād vibhuti)</a>,</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaivalya_Upanishad" title="Kaivalya Upanishad">Kaivalya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalagni_Rudra_Upanishad" title="Kalagni Rudra Upanishad">Kālāgnirudra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti_Upanishad" title="Dakshinamurti Upanishad">Dakṣiṇāmūrti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudrahridaya_Upanishad" title="Rudrahridaya Upanishad">Rudrahṛdaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancabrahma_Upanishad" title="Pancabrahma Upanishad">Pañcabrahma</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amritabindu_Upanishad" title="Amritabindu Upanishad">Amṛtabindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tejobindu_Upanishad" title="Tejobindu Upanishad">Tejobindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritanada_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritanada Upanishad">Amṛtanāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kshurika_Upanishad" title="Kshurika Upanishad">Kṣurika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhyanabindu_Upanishad" title="Dhyanabindu Upanishad">Dhyānabindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmavidya_Upanishad" title="Brahmavidya Upanishad">Brahmavidyā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogatattva_Upanishad" title="Yogatattva Upanishad">Yogatattva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogashikha_Upanishad" title="Yogashikha Upanishad">Yogaśikhā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga-kundalini_Upanishad" title="Yoga-kundalini Upanishad">Yogakuṇḍalini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varaha_Upanishad" title="Varaha Upanishad">Varāha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śukla Yajurveda</td> <td>19</td> <td style="background: #FFDD00; color: black"><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Bṛhadāraṇyaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Īśa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subala_Upanishad" title="Subala Upanishad">Subala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantrika_Upanishad" title="Mantrika Upanishad">Mantrika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Upanishad" title="Niralamba Upanishad">Niralamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paingala_Upanishad" title="Paingala Upanishad">Paingala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adhyatma_Upanishad" title="Adhyatma Upanishad">Adhyatma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">Muktikā</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jabala_Upanishad" title="Jabala Upanishad">Jābāla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhikshuka_Upanishad" title="Bhikshuka Upanishad">Bhikṣuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turiyatitavadhuta_Upanishad" title="Turiyatitavadhuta Upanishad">Turīyātītavadhuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya_Upanishad" title="Yajnavalkya Upanishad">Yājñavalkya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shatyayaniya_Upanishad" title="Shatyayaniya Upanishad">Śāṭyāyaniya</a></td> <td>-</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tarasara_Upanishad" title="Tarasara Upanishad">Tārasāra</a></td> <td>-</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advayataraka_Upanishad" title="Advayataraka Upanishad">Advayatāraka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamsa_Upanishad" title="Hamsa Upanishad">Haṃsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trishikhibrahmana_Upanishad" title="Trishikhibrahmana Upanishad">Triśikhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandala-brahmana_Upanishad" title="Mandala-brahmana Upanishad">Maṇḍalabrāhmaṇa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atharvaveda</td> <td>31</td> <td style="background: #FFDD00; color: black"><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Muṇḍaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Māṇḍūkya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Praśna</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atma_Upanishad" title="Atma Upanishad">Ātmā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surya_Upanishad" title="Surya Upanishad">Sūrya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pranagnihotra_Upanishad" title="Pranagnihotra Upanishad">Prāṇāgnihotra</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a></td> <td>Āśrama, <a href="/wiki/Naradaparivrajaka_Upanishad" title="Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad">Nārada-parivrājaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramahamsa_Upanishad" title="Paramahamsa Upanishad">Paramahamsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramahamsa_Parivrajaka_Upanishad" title="Paramahamsa Parivrajaka Upanishad">Paramahaṃsa parivrājaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parabrahma_Upanishad" title="Parabrahma Upanishad">Parabrahma</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sītā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripuratapini_Upanishad" title="Tripuratapini Upanishad">Tripurātapini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhavana_Upanishad" title="Bhavana Upanishad">Bhāvana</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nrisimha_Tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad">Nṛsiṃhatāpanī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama_Rahasya_Upanishad" title="Rama Rahasya Upanishad">Rāmarahasya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama_tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Rama tapaniya Upanishad">Rāmatāpaṇi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopala_Tapani_Upanishad" title="Gopala Tapani Upanishad">Gopālatāpani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Upanishad" title="Krishna Upanishad">Kṛṣṇa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_Upanishad" title="Hayagriva Upanishad">Hayagrīva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dattatreya_Upanishad" title="Dattatreya Upanishad">Dattātreya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Upanishad" title="Garuda Upanishad">Gāruḍa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atharvashiras_Upanishad" title="Atharvashiras Upanishad">Atharvasiras</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atharvashikha_Upanishad" title="Atharvashikha Upanishad">Atharvaśikha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brihajjabala_Upanishad" title="Brihajjabala Upanishad">Bṛhajjābāla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharabha_Upanishad" title="Sharabha Upanishad">Śarabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhasmajabala_Upanishad" title="Bhasmajabala Upanishad">Bhasma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganapati_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganapati Upanishad">Gaṇapati</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shandilya_Upanishad" title="Shandilya Upanishad">Śāṇḍilya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashupatabrahma_Upanishad" title="Pashupatabrahma Upanishad">Pāśupata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahavakya_Upanishad" title="Mahavakya Upanishad">Mahāvākya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">Total Upaniṣads</td> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">108</td> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">13<a href="#cite_note-mukhya101213-89">[note 6]</a></td> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">21</td> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">18</td> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">8</td> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">14</td> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">14</td> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">20 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wassertropfen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wassertropfen.jpg/250px-Wassertropfen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wassertropfen.jpg/330px-Wassertropfen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wassertropfen.jpg/500px-Wassertropfen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Impact of a drop of water, a common analogy for <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> and the Ātman</figcaption></figure> The central concern of all Upanishads is to discover the relations between ritual, cosmic realities (including gods), and the human body/person,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996lii-8">[7]</a> postulating <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> as the "summit of the hierarchically arranged and interconnected universe,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996lv-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195659-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36-11">[10]</a> but various ideas about the relation between Atman and Brahman can be found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olivelle_plurality-12">[note 2]</a> The Upanishads reflect a pluralism of worldviews. While some Upanishads have been deemed 'monistic', others, including the <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Dualism (Indian philosophy)">dualistic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlucklich200870-99">[92]</a> The Maitri is one of the Upanishads that inclines more toward dualism, thus grounding classical <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a> schools of Hinduism, in contrast to the non-dualistic Upanishads at the foundation of its Vedanta school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFields200126-100">[93]</a> They contain a plurality of ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19984-101">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olivelle_plurality-12">[note 2]</a> The Upanishads include sections on philosophical theories that have been at the foundation of Indian traditions. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a> includes one of the earliest known declarations of <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> (non-violence) as an ethical precept.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> Discussion of other ethical premises such as <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a> (temperance, self-restraint), <a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> (truthfulness), <a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a> (charity), <a href="/wiki/%C4%80rjava" class="mw-redirect" title="Ārjava">Ārjava</a> (non-hypocrisy), <a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Daya</a> (compassion), and others are found in the oldest Upanishads and many later Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[98]</a> Similarly, the Karma doctrine is presented in the <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a>, which is the oldest Upanishad.<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_thought">Development of thought</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Development of thought">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/80px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/160px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Orthodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Heterodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Sub-schools</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartist</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavite</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Panchartika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Pramanavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Shakti Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Shiva Bhedabeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Teachers (<a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Akṣapāda Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a> (Mayavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a> (Tattvavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam" class="mw-redirect" title="Purushottam">Purushottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshav_Kashmiri" title="Keshav Kashmiri">Keshav Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivyas_devacharya" title="Harivyas devacharya">Harivyas devacharya</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda Paramahansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamakhepa" title="Bamakhepa">Bamakhepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakanta_Bhattacharya_(Bengal)" title="Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (Bengal)">Kamalakanta Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;font-weight:normal;"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da" title="Kaṇāda">Kaṇāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">Secular</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Major texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upanishads</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Classification">Minor Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Other scriptures</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachanamrut" title="Vachanamrut">Vachanamrut</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyakarika" title="Samkhyakarika">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Other Indian philosophies</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template talk:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> While the hymns of the Vedas emphasize rituals and the Brahmanas serve as a liturgical manual for those Vedic rituals, the spirit of the Upanishads is inherently opposed to ritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195657-107">[100]</a> The older Upanishads launch attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Anyone who worships a divinity other than the self is called a domestic animal of the gods in the <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a>. The Chāndogya Upanishad parodies those who indulge in the acts of sacrifice by comparing them with a procession of dogs chanting Om! Let's eat. Om! Let's drink.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195657-107">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki Upanishad</a> asserts that "external rituals such as <a href="/wiki/Agnihotra" title="Agnihotra">Agnihotram</a> offered in the morning and in the evening, must be replaced with inner Agnihotram, the ritual of introspection", and that "not rituals, but knowledge should be one's pursuit".<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka Upanishad</a> declares how man has been called upon, promised benefits for, scared unto and misled into performing sacrifices, oblations and pious works.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller12-109">[102]</a> Mundaka thereafter asserts this is foolish and frail, by those who encourage it and those who follow it, because it makes no difference to man's current life and after-life, it is like blind men leading the blind, it is a mark of conceit and vain knowledge, ignorant inertia like that of children, a futile useless practice.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller12-109">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri Upanishad</a> states,<a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The performance of all the sacrifices, described in the Maitrayana-Brahmana, is to lead up in the end to a knowledge of Brahman, to prepare a man for meditation. Therefore, let such man, after he has laid those fires,<a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> meditate on the Self, to become complete and perfect. But who is to be meditated on? <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Maitri Upanishad<a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-hume11-114">[107]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The opposition to the ritual is not explicit in the oldest Upanishads. On occasions, the Upanishads extend the task of the Aranyakas by making the ritual allegorical and giving it a philosophical meaning. For example, the Brihadaranyaka interprets the practice of horse-sacrifice or <a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">ashvamedha</a> allegorically. It states that the over-lordship of the earth may be acquired by sacrificing a horse. It then goes on to say that spiritual autonomy can only be achieved by renouncing the universe which is conceived in the image of a horse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195657-107">[100]</a> In similar fashion, <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Vedic gods</a> such as the Agni, Aditya, Indra, Rudra, Visnu, Brahma, and others become equated in the Upanishads to the supreme, immortal, and incorporeal Brahman-Atman of the Upanishads, god becomes synonymous with self, and is declared to be everywhere, inmost being of each human being and within every living creature.<a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenov-117">[110]</a> The one reality or ekam sat of the Vedas becomes the ekam eva advitiyam or "the one and only and sans a second" in the Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195657-107">[100]</a> Brahman-Atman and self-realization develops, in the Upanishad, as the means to <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (liberation; freedom in this life or after-life).<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenov-117">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/K._N._Jayatilleke" title="K. N. Jayatilleke">Jayatilleke</a>, the thinkers of Upanishadic texts can be grouped into two categories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196332-120">[113]</a> One group, which includes early Upanishads along with some middle and late Upanishads, were composed by metaphysicians who used rational arguments and empirical experience to formulate their speculations and philosophical premises. The second group includes many middle and later Upanishads, where their authors professed theories based on yoga and personal experiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196332-120">[113]</a> Yoga philosophy and practice, adds Jayatilleke, is "not entirely absent in the Early Upanishads".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196332-120">[113]</a> The development of thought in these Upanishadic theories contrasted with Buddhism, since the Upanishadic inquiry fails to find an empirical correlate of the assumed Atman, but nevertheless assumes its existence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196339-121">[114]</a> "[reifying] consciousness as an eternal self."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie2012-122">[115]</a> The Buddhist inquiry "is satisfied with the empirical investigation which shows that no such Atman exists because there is no evidence," states Jayatilleke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196339-121">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atman_and_Brahman">Atman and Brahman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Atman and Brahman">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (Hinduism)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></div> The Upanishads postulate <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> as the "summit of the hierarchically arranged and interconnected universe."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996lv-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195659-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36-11">[10]</a> Both have multiple meanings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998lvi-123">[116]</a> and various ideas about the relation between Atman and Brahman can be found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olivelle_plurality-12">[note 2]</a> Atman has "a wide range of lexical meanings, including ‘breath’, ‘spirit’, and ‘body’."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack-124">[117]</a> In the Upanishads it refers to the body, but also to the essence of the concrete physical human body,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996lv-9">[8]</a> "an essence, a life-force, consciousness, or ultimate reality."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack-124">[117]</a> The Chāndogya Upaniṣhad (6.1-16) "offers an organic understanding of ātman, characterizing the self in terms of the life force that animates all living beings," while the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣhad "characterizes ātman more in terms of consciousness than as a life-giving essence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack-124">[117]</a> Brahman may refer to a "formulation of truth," but also to "the ultimate and basic essence of the cosmos," standing at the "summit of the hierarchical scheme, or at the bottom as the ultimate foundation of all things."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998lvi-123">[116]</a> Brahman is "beyond the reach of human perception and thought."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodd200943-47-125">[118]</a> Atman likewise has multiple meanings, one of them being 'self', the inner essence of a human body/person.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998lv-126">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002122-127">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-scholarsatman3-128">[note 8]</a> Various ideas about the relation between Atman and Brahman can be found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olivelle_plurality-12">[note 2]</a> Two distinct, somewhat divergent themes stand out. Older upanishads state that Atman is part of Brahman but not identical, while younger Upanishads state that Brahman (Highest Reality, Universal Principle, Being-Consciousness-Bliss) is identical with Atman.<a href="#cite_note-johnkoller-129">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmasutra">Brahmasutra</a> by Badarayana (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 BCE) synthesized and unified these somewhat conflicting theories. According to Nakamura, the Brahmasutras see Atman and Brahman as both different and not-different, a point of view which came to be called <a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">bhedabheda</a> in later times.<a href="#cite_note-131">[123]</a> According to Koller, the Brahmasutras state that Atman and Brahman are different in some respects particularly during the state of ignorance, but at the deepest level and in the state of self-realization, Atman and Brahman are identical, non-different.<a href="#cite_note-johnkoller-129">[121]</a> This ancient debate flowered into various dual, non-dual theories in Hinduism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reality_and_Maya">Reality and Maya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reality and Maya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Maya (illusion)</a></div> Two different types of the non-dual Brahman-Atman are presented in the Upanishads, according to Mahadevan. The one in which the non-dual Brahman-Atman is the all-inclusive ground of the universe and another in which empirical, changing reality is an appearance (Maya).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195662–63-132">[124]</a> The Upanishads describe the universe, and the human experience, as an interplay of <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a> (the eternal, unchanging principles, consciousness) and <a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a> (the temporary, changing material world, nature).<a href="#cite_note-133">[125]</a> The former manifests itself as <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a> (soul, self), and the latter as <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Māyā</a>. The Upanishads refer to the knowledge of Atman as "true knowledge" (Vidya), and the knowledge of Maya as "not true knowledge" (Avidya, Nescience, lack of awareness, lack of true knowledge).<a href="#cite_note-beamsc-134">[126]</a> Hendrick Vroom explains, "the term Maya [in the Upanishads] has been translated as 'illusion,' but then it does not concern normal illusion. Here 'illusion' does not mean that the world is not real and simply a figment of the human imagination. Maya means that the world is not as it seems; the world that one experiences is misleading as far as its true nature is concerned."<a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a>, "to say that the universe is an illusion (māyā) is not to say that it is unreal; it is to say, instead, that it is not what it seems to be, that it is something constantly being made. Māyā not only deceives people about the things they think they know; more basically, it limits their knowledge."<a href="#cite_note-136">[128]</a> In the Upanishads, Māyā is the perceived changing reality and it co-exists with Brahman which is the hidden true reality.<a href="#cite_note-aegough-137">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> Maya, or "illusion", is an important idea in the Upanishads, because the texts assert that in the human pursuit of blissful and liberating self-knowledge, it is Maya which obscures, confuses and distracts an individual.<a href="#cite_note-knaiyar-139">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-adishankaratu-140">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools_of_Vedanta">Schools of Vedanta</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Schools of Vedanta">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/200px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/300px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/400px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5146" data-file-height="7262" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, expounder of <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Adi_Shankara" class="mw-redirect" title="Works of Adi Shankara">commentator</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">bhashya</a>) on the Upanishads</figcaption></figure> The Upanishads form one of the three main sources for all schools of Vedanta, together with the Bhagavad Gita and the <a href="/wiki/Brahmasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmasutra">Brahmasutras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1956272-141">[133]</a> Due to the wide variety of philosophical teachings contained in the Upanishads, various interpretations could be grounded on the Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-Olivelle_plurality-12">[note 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collins-142">[note 9]</a> The schools of Vedānta seek to answer questions about the relation between atman and Brahman, and the relation between Brahman and the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992176-177-143">[134]</a> The schools of Vedanta are named after the relation they see between atman and Brahman:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-144">[135]</a> <ul><li>According to <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, there is no difference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-144">[135]</a></li> <li>According to <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a> the jīvātman is a part of Brahman, and hence is similar, but not identical.</li> <li>According to <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>, all individual souls (jīvātmans) and matter as eternal and mutually separate entities.</li></ul> Other schools of Vedanta include <a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a>'s Suddhadvaita, and Chaitanya's Acintya <a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanade1926179–182-145">[136]</a> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> has provided commentaries on 11 <a href="/wiki/Mukhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya">mukhya</a> Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195663-146">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advaita_Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Advaita Vedanta">edit</a>]</div> Advaita literally means non-duality, and it is a <a href="/wiki/Monistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monistic">monistic</a> system of thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica-147">[138]</a> It deals with the non-dual nature of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> and Atman. Advaita is considered the most influential sub-school of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica-147">[138]</a> Gaudapada was the first person to expound the basic principles of the Advaita philosophy in a commentary on the conflicting statements of the Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1956273-148">[139]</a> Gaudapada's Advaita ideas were further developed by <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Shankara</a> (8th century CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999221-149">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura200431-150">[141]</a> King states that Gaudapada's main work, Māṇḍukya Kārikā, is infused with philosophical terminology of Buddhism, and uses Buddhist arguments and analogies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999219-151">[142]</a> King also suggests that there are clear differences between Shankara's writings and the Brahmasutra,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999221-149">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura200431-150">[141]</a> and many ideas of Shankara are at odds with those in the Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000195-152">[143]</a> Radhakrishnan, on the other hand, suggests that Shankara's views of Advaita were straightforward developments of the Upanishads and the Brahmasutra,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1956284-153">[144]</a> and many ideas of Shankara derive from the Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-154">[145]</a> Shankara in his discussions of the Advaita Vedanta philosophy referred to the early Upanishads to explain the key difference between Hinduism and Buddhism, stating that Hinduism asserts that Atman (soul, self) exists, whereas Buddhism asserts that there is no soul, no self.<a href="#cite_note-eroer1-155">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-eroer2-156">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[148]</a> Shankara used four sentences from the Upanishads, called the <a href="/wiki/Mahavakyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavakyas">Mahāvākyas</a> (Great Sayings), to establish the identity of Atman and Brahman as scriptural truth: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas#Prajñānam_Brahma" title="Mahāvākyas">"Prajñānam brahma"</a> - "Consciousness is Brahman" (<a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya Upanishad</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanikkar2001669-158">[149]</a></li> <li>"Aham brahmāsmi" - "I am Brahman" (<a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanikkar2001725–727-159">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_Tvam_Asi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tat Tvam Asi">"Tat tvam asi"</a> - "That Thou art" (<a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanikkar2001747–750-160">[151]</a></li> <li>"Ayamātmā brahma" - "This Atman is Brahman" (<a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya Upanishad</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanikkar2001697–701-161">[152]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bhedabheda">edit</a>]</div> Vijñānabhikṣu countered Advaita emphasis on non-difference of the self and Brahman by pointing to statements from the Upanishads that support difference.<a href="#cite_note-162">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vishishtadvaita">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> (1017–1137 CE), the main proponent of the Vishishtadvaita philosophy, disagreed with Adi Shankara and the Advaita school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007361–363-163">[154]</a> Visistadvaita is a synthetic philosophy bridging the monistic Advaita and theistic Dvaita systems of Vedanta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChari1956305-164">[155]</a> Ramanuja frequently cited the Upanishads, and stated that Vishishtadvaita is grounded in the Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-staffordbetty-165">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-fowlerr299-166">[157]</a> Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita interpretation of the Upanishads is that of qualified <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-williamindichcav1-167">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-brucesullivan239-168">[159]</a> Ramanuja interprets the Upanishadic literature to be teaching a body-soul theory, states Jeaneane Fowler – a professor of Philosophy and Religious Studies, where the Brahman is the dweller in all things, yet also distinct and beyond all things, as the soul, the inner controller, the immortal.<a href="#cite_note-fowlerr299-166">[157]</a> The Upanishads, according to the Vishishtadvaita school, teach individual souls to be of the same quality as the Brahman, but quantitatively distinct.<a href="#cite_note-staffordbetty215-169">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[162]</a> In the Vishishtadvaita school, the Upanishads are interpreted to be teaching about <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a> (Vishnu), who is the seat of all auspicious qualities, with all of the empirically perceived world as the body of God who dwells in everything.<a href="#cite_note-fowlerr299-166">[157]</a> The school recommends a devotion to godliness and constant remembrance of the beauty and love of a personal god. This ultimately leads one to the oneness with abstract Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-jabvanbuirhtp-172">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sydnor2012p20-173">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-joeschultz81-174">[165]</a> The Brahman in the Upanishads is a living reality, states Fowler, and "the Atman of all things and all beings" in Ramanuja's interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-fowlerr299-166">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dvaita">Dvaita</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dvaita">edit</a>]</div> The Dvaita school was founded by <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> (1199–1278 CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavendrachar1956322-175">[166]</a> It is regarded as a strongly theistic philosophic exposition of the Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChari1956305-164">[155]</a> Madhvacharya, much like Adi Shankara claims for Advaita, and Ramanuja claims for Vishishtadvaita, states that his theistic Dvaita Vedanta is grounded in the Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-staffordbetty-165">[156]</a> According to the Dvaita school, states Fowler, the "Upanishads that speak of the soul as Brahman, speak of resemblance and not identity".<a href="#cite_note-Fowler2002p356-176">[167]</a> Madhvacharya interprets the Upanishadic teachings of the self becoming one with Brahman, as "entering into Brahman", just like a drop enters an ocean. This to the Dvaita school implies duality and dependence, where Brahman and Atman are different realities. Brahman is a separate, independent and supreme reality in the Upanishads, Atman only resembles the Brahman in limited, inferior, dependent manner according to <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fowler2002p356-176">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[169]</a> Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita school and Shankara's Advaita school are both nondualism Vedanta schools,<a href="#cite_note-jabvanbuirhtp-172">[163]</a> both are premised on the assumption that all souls can hope for and achieve the state of blissful liberation; in contrast, Madhvacharya believed that some souls are eternally doomed and damned.<a href="#cite_note-179">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similarities_with_Platonic_thought">Similarities with Platonic thought</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Similarities with Platonic thought">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></div> Several scholars have recognised parallels between the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and that of the Upanishads, including their ideas on <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">sources of knowledge</a>, concept of justice and path to salvation, and Plato's <a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_cave" title="Allegory of the cave">allegory of the cave</a>. Platonic psychology with its divisions of reason, spirit and appetite, also bears resemblance to the three <a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a> in the Indian philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChousalkar1986130–134-181">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadia195664-65-182">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[note 10]</a> Various mechanisms for such a transmission of knowledge have been conjectured including Pythagoras traveling as far as India; Indian philosophers visiting Athens and meeting <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>; Plato encountering the ideas when in exile in Syracuse; or, intermediated through Persia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChousalkar1986130–134-181">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrwick1920-185">[175]</a> However, other scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Berriedale_Keith" title="Arthur Berriedale Keith">Arthur Berriedale Keith</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Burnet_(classicist)" title="John Burnet (classicist)">J. Burnet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_Ruttonji_Wadia" title="Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia">A. R. Wadia</a>, believe that the two systems developed independently. They note that there is no historical evidence of the philosophers of the two schools meeting, and point out significant differences in the stage of development, orientation and goals of the two philosophical systems. Wadia writes that Plato's metaphysics were rooted in this life and his primary aim was to develop an ideal state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadia195664-65-182">[173]</a> In contrast, Upanishadic focus was the individual, the self (atman, soul), self-knowledge, and the means of an individual's <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (freedom, liberation in this life or after-life).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith2007602–603-186">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Translations">edit</a>]</div> The Upanishads have been translated into various languages including <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma198520-188">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>'s reign (1556–1586) saw the first translations of the Upanishads into Persian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1900lvii-189">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1899204-190">[180]</a> His great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shukoh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dara Shukoh">Dara Shukoh</a>, produced a collection called <a href="/wiki/Sirr-i-Akbar" title="Sirr-i-Akbar">Sirr-i-Akbar</a> in 1656, wherein 50 Upanishads were translated from Sanskrit into <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997558–59-191">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Hyacinthe_Anquetil-Duperron" title="Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron">Anquetil-Duperron</a>, a French Orientalist, received a manuscript of the Oupanekhat and translated the Persian version into French and Latin, publishing the Latin translation in two volumes in 1801–1802 as Oupneck'hat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997558–59-191">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1900lvii-189">[179]</a> The French translation was never published.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1900lviii-192">[182]</a> More recently, several translations in French of some Upanishads or the whole of 108 have been published : by indianists <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renou" title="Louis Renou">Louis Renou</a>, Kausitaki, Svetasvatra, Prasna, Taittiriya Upanisads, 1948;<a href="#cite_note-193">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Varenne" title="Jean Varenne">Jean Varenne</a>, Mahâ-Nârâyana Upanisad, 1960,<a href="#cite_note-194">[184]</a> and Sept Upanishads, 1981;<a href="#cite_note-195">[185]</a> Alyette Degrâces-Fadh, Samnyâsa-Upanisad (Upanisad du renoncement), 1989;<a href="#cite_note-196">[186]</a> Martine Buttex, Les 108 Upanishads (full translation), 2012.<a href="#cite_note-197">[187]</a> The Latin version was the initial introduction of the Upanishadic thought to Western scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997558–559-198">[188]</a> However, according to Deussen, the Persian translators took great liberties in translating the text and at times changed the meaning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997915–916-199">[189]</a> The first Sanskrit-to-English translation of the <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya Upanishad</a> was made by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Colebrooke" title="Henry Thomas Colebrooke">Colebrooke</a><a href="#cite_note-colebrook1858-200">[190]</a> in 1805, and the first English translation of the <a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena Upanishad</a> was made by <a href="/wiki/Rammohun_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rammohun Roy">Rammohun Roy</a> in 1816.<a href="#cite_note-201">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[192]</a> The first German translation appeared in 1832 and Roer's English version appeared in 1853. However, Max Mueller's 1879 and 1884 editions were the first systematic English treatment to include the 12 Principal Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma198520-188">[178]</a> Other major translations of the Upanishads have been by Robert Ernest Hume (13 Principal Upanishads),<a href="#cite_note-203">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a> (60 Upanishads),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997-204">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> (18 Upanishads),<a href="#cite_note-205">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> (32 Upanishads in two books)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992-206">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998-207">[197]</a> and Bhānu Swami (13 Upanishads with commentaries of Vaiṣṇava ācāryas). Olivelle's translation won the 1998 A.K. Ramanujan Book Prize for Translation.<a href="#cite_note-208">[198]</a> Throughout the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_poets" title="List of Irish poets">Irish poet</a> <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> worked with the Indian-born <a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">mendicant</a>-teacher <a href="/wiki/Shri_Purohit_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Purohit Swami">Shri Purohit Swami</a> on their own translation of the Upanishads, eventually titled <a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Principal_Upanishads" title="The Ten Principal Upanishads">The Ten Principal Upanishads</a> and published in 1938. This translation was the final piece of work published by Yeats before his death less than a year later.<a href="#cite_note-209">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_in_the_West">Reception in the West</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Reception in the West">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schopenhauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Schopenhauer.jpg/220px-Schopenhauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Schopenhauer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>German 19th century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>, impressed by the Upanishads, called the texts "the production of the highest human wisdom".</figcaption></figure> The German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> read the Latin translation and praised the Upanishads in his main work, <a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a> (1819), as well as in his <a href="/wiki/Parerga_and_Paralipomena" title="Parerga and Paralipomena">Parerga and Paralipomena</a> (1851).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchopenhauerPayne2000395-210">[200]</a> He found his own philosophy in accord with the Upanishads, which taught that the individual is a manifestation of the one basis of reality. For Schopenhauer, that fundamentally real underlying unity is what we know in ourselves as "will". Schopenhauer used to keep a copy of the Latin Oupnekhet by his side and commented, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">In the whole world there is no study so beneficial and so elevating as that of the Upanishads. It has been the solace of my life, it will be the solace of my death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchopenhauerPayne2000397-211">[201]</a></blockquote> Schopenhauer's philosophy influenced many famous people and introduced them to the Upanishads. One of them was the Austrian Physicist <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a>, who once wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">“There is obviously only one alternative,” he wrote, “namely the unification of minds or consciousnesses. Their multiplicity is only apparent, in truth there is only one mind. This is the doctrine of the Upanishads.”<a href="#cite_note-212">[202]</a></blockquote> Another German philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling</a>, praised the ideas in the Upanishads,<a href="#cite_note-213">[203]</a> as did others.<a href="#cite_note-214">[204]</a> In the United States, the group known as the <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalists</a> were influenced by the German idealists. Americans, such as <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a> embraced Schelling's interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a>, as well as his celebration of the romantic, exotic, mystical aspect of the Upanishads. As a result of the influence of these writers, the Upanishads gained renown in Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersluis199369,_76,_95._106–110-215">[205]</a> The poet <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, inspired by his reading of the Upanishads, based the final portion of his famous poem <a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a> (1922) upon one of its verses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliot1963-216">[206]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a>, the Upanishads are snapshots of towering peaks of consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaswaran20079-217">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mascar%C3%B3" title="Juan Mascaró">Juan Mascaró</a>, a professor at the University of Barcelona and a translator of the Upanishads, states that the Upanishads represents for the Hindu approximately what the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> represents for the Christian, and that the message of the Upanishads can be summarized in the words, "the kingdom of God is within you".<a href="#cite_note-218">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a> in his review of the Upanishads, states that the texts emphasize Brahman-Atman as something that can be experienced, but not defined.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenreview-219">[209]</a> This view of the soul and self are similar, states Deussen, to those found in the dialogues of Plato and elsewhere. The Upanishads insisted on oneness of soul, excluded all plurality, and therefore, all proximity in space, all succession in time, all interdependence as cause and effect, and all opposition as subject and object.<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenreview-219">[209]</a> Max Müller, in his review of the Upanishads, summarizes the lack of systematic philosophy and the central theme in the Upanishads as follows, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> There is not what could be called a philosophical system in these Upanishads. They are, in the true sense of the word, guesses at truth, frequently contradicting each other, yet all tending in one direction. The key-note of the old Upanishads is "know thyself," but with a much deeper meaning than that of the γνῶθι σεαυτόν of the <a href="/wiki/Know_thyself" title="Know thyself">Delphic Oracle</a>. The "know thyself" of the Upanishads means, know thy true self, that which underlines thine Ego, and find it and know it in the highest, the eternal Self, the One without a second, which underlies the whole world. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/27px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/41px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/54px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_100_Most_Influential_Books_Ever_Written" title="The 100 Most Influential Books Ever Written">The 100 Most Influential Books Ever Written</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasthanatrayi" title="Prasthanatrayi">Prasthanatrayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Central_concepts-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Central_concepts_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Central_concepts_3-1">b</a> Central concepts: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFDoniger1990">Doniger (1990</a>, p. 2-3: "The Upanishads supply the basis of later Hindu philosophy; they are widely known and quoted by most well-educated Hindus, and their central ideas have also become a part of the spiritual arsenal of rank-and-file Hindus." * <a href="#CITEREFDissanayake1993">Dissanayake (1993</a>, p. 39): "The Upanishads form the foundations of Hindu philosophical thought"; * Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanisads, Oxford University Press, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195352429" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195352429">978-0195352429</a>, page 3: "Even though theoretically the whole of vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth [shruti], in reality it is the Upanishads that have continued to influence the life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu. Upanishads are the scriptures par excellence of Hinduism"; * Michael McDowell and Nathan Brown (2009), World Religions, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1592578467" title="Special:BookSources/978-1592578467">978-1592578467</a>, pages 208-210. These new concepts and practices include rebirth, samsara, karma, meditation, renunciation and moksha.(<a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, pp. xx–xxiv) The Upanishadic, Buddhist and Jain renunciation traditions form parallel traditions, which share some common concepts and interests. While <a href="/wiki/Kuru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru Kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a>, at the central Ganges Plain, formed the center of the early Upanishadic tradition, <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a>-<a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> at the central Ganges Plain formed the center of the other <a href="/wiki/Shramanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramanic">shramanic</a> traditions.(<a href="#CITEREFSamuel2010">Samuel 2010</a>))</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olivelle_plurality-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olivelle_plurality_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olivelle_plurality_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olivelle_plurality_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olivelle_plurality_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olivelle_plurality_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olivelle_plurality_12-5">f</a> Oliville: "In this Introduction I have avoided speaking of 'the philosophy of the upanishads', a common feature of most introductions to their translations. These documents were composed over several centuries and in various regions, and it is futile to try to discover a single doctrine or philosophy in them."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19984-101">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Vedanta has been interpreted as the "last chapters, parts of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Veda</a>" and alternatively as "object, the highest purpose of the Veda". </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> These are believed to pre-date <a href="/wiki/Gautam_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautam Buddha">Gautam Buddha</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BCE)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19983–4-70">[67]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> The Muktika manuscript found in colonial era Calcutta is the usual default, but other recensions exist. </li> <li id="cite_note-mukhya101213-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mukhya101213_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukhya101213_89-1">b</a> Some scholars list ten as principal, while most consider twelve or thirteen as principal mukhya Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips28-87">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxiii-88">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Parmeshwaranand classifies Maitrayani with Samaveda, most scholars with Krishna Yajurveda<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand2000404–406-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-scholarsatman3-128"><a href="#cite_ref-scholarsatman3_128-0">^</a> Atman: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230210157/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/atman">Atman</a>, Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press (2012): "1. real self of the individual; 2. a person's soul";</li> <li>John Bowker (2000), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192800947" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192800947">978-0192800947</a>, See entry for Atman;</li> <li>WJ Johnson (2009), A Dictionary of Hinduism, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198610250" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198610250">978-0198610250</a>, See entry for Atman (self);</li> <li>Richard King (1995), Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791425138" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791425138">978-0791425138</a>, page 64 "Atman as the innermost essence or soul of man, and Brahman as the innermost essence and support of the universe. (...) Thus we can see in the Upanishads, a tendency towards a convergence of microcosm and macrocosm, culminating in the equating of Atman with Brahman".</li> <li>Chad Meister (2010), The Oxford Handbook of Religious Diversity, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195340136" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195340136">978-0195340136</a>, page 63: "Even though Buddhism explicitly rejected the Hindu ideas of Atman ("soul") and Brahman, Hinduism treats Sakyamuni Buddha as one of the ten avatars of Vishnu."</li> <li>David Lorenzen (2004), The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415215277" title="Special:BookSources/0-415215277">0-415215277</a>, pages 208-209: "Advaita and nirguni movements, on the other hand, stress an interior mysticism in which the devotee seeks to discover the identity of individual soul (atman) with the universal ground of being (brahman) or to find god within himself".</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Collins_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, p. 195: "The breakdown of the Vedic cults is more obscured by retrospective ideology than any other period in Indian history. It is commonly assumed that the dominant philosophy now became an idealist monism, the identification of atman (self) and Brahman (Spirit), and that this mysticism was believed to provide a way to transcend rebirths on the wheel of karma. This is far from an accurate picture of what we read in the Upanishads. It has become traditional to view the Upanishads through the lens of Shankara's Advaita interpretation. This imposes the philosophical revolution of about 700 C.E. upon a very different situation 1,000 to 1,500 years earlier. Shankara picked out monist and idealist themes from a much wider philosophical lineup." </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> For instances of Platonic <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">pluralism</a> in the early Upanishads see Randall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000197–198-183">[174]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/upanishad">"Upanishad"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140920223325/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/upanishad">Archived</a> 20 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996xxiii-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996xxiii_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996xxiii_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1996">Olivelle 1996</a>, p. xxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199635–39-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199635–39_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood (1996)</a>, p. 35–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Bhattacharya_2006_pp._8–14-5"><a href="#cite_ref-A_Bhattacharya_2006_pp._8–14_5-0">^</a> A Bhattacharya (2006), Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0595384556" title="Special:BookSources/978-0595384556">978-0595384556</a>, pp. 8–14; George M. Williams (2003), Handbook of Hindu Mythology, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195332612" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195332612">978-0195332612</a>, p. 285 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jan_Gonda_1975-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Jan_Gonda_1975_6-0">^</a> Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447016032" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447016032">978-3447016032</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199851-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199851_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, pp. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996lii-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996lii_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996lii_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1996">Olivelle 1996</a>, p. lii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996lv-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996lv_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996lv_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996lv_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996lv_9-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1996">Olivelle 1996</a>, p. lv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195659-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195659_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195659_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195659_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahadevan1956">Mahadevan 1956</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju198535-36_11-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaju1985">Raju (1985)</a>, p. 35-36. </li> <li id="cite_note-stephenphillips-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_13-2">c</a> Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231144858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231144858">978-0231144858</a>, pp. 25-29 and Chapter 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> E Easwaran (2007), The Upanishads, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1586380212" title="Special:BookSources/978-1586380212">978-1586380212</a>, pages 298-299 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195656-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195656_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195656_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahadevan1956">Mahadevan 1956</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-olivelleintro-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olivelleintro_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivelleintro_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivelleintro_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivelleintro_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivelleintro_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivelleintro_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivelleintro_16-6">g</a> Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, pages 12-14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199552-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199552_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199552_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199552_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199552_17-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1995">King 1995</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bronkhorst-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bronkhorst_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bronkhorst_18-1">b</a> Bronkhorst, Johannes (2007). Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India, pp. 258-259. BRILL. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19925,_8–9-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19925,_8–9_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19925,_8–9_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19925,_8–9_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19925,_8–9_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19925,_8–9_19-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1992">Olivelle 1992</a>, pp. 5, 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199696-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199696_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199696_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199696_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERanade192612-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanade192612_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRanade1926">Ranade 1926</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarghese2008101-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarghese2008101_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarghese2008101_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarghese2008">Varghese 2008</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERanade1926205-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanade1926205_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRanade1926">Ranade 1926</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Max Müller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n93/mode/2up">The Upanishads</a>, Part 1, Oxford University Press, page LXXXVI footnote 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarke1997" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, John James (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8YOGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter Between Asian and Western Thought</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon, Oxfordshire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13376-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13376-0"><bdi>978-0-415-13376-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517134927/https://books.google.com/books?id=8YOGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Enlightenment%3A+The+Encounter+Between+Asian+and+Western+Thought&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13376-0&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=John+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8YOGAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen201042,_Quote:_"Here_we_have_to_do_with_the_Upanishads,_and_the_world-wide_historical_significance_of_these_documents_cannot,_in_our_judgement,_be_more_clearly_indicated_than_by_showing_how_the_deep_fundamental_conception_of_Plato_and_Kant_was_precisely_that_which_already_formed_the_basis_of_Upanishad_teaching".-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen201042,_Quote:_"Here_we_have_to_do_with_the_Upanishads,_and_the_world-wide_historical_significance_of_these_documents_cannot,_in_our_judgement,_be_more_clearly_indicated_than_by_showing_how_the_deep_fundamental_conception_of_Plato_and_Kant_was_precisely_that_which_already_formed_the_basis_of_Upanishad_teaching"._27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeussen2010">Deussen 2010</a>, p. 42, Quote: "Here we have to do with the Upanishads, and the world-wide historical significance of these documents cannot, in our judgement, be more clearly indicated than by showing how the deep fundamental conception of Plato and Kant was precisely that which already formed the basis of Upanishad teaching".. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_Hatab1982" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence Hatab (1982). R. Baine Harris (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D3C1XktpnWIC&pg=PA31">Neoplatonism and Indian Thought</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 31–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-546-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-546-1"><bdi>978-0-87395-546-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517134922/https://books.google.com/books?id=D3C1XktpnWIC&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neoplatonism+and+Indian+Thought&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-546-1&rft.au=Lawrence+Hatab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD3C1XktpnWIC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaulos_Gregorios2002" class="citation book cs1">Paulos Gregorios (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u7wCKJZC3XsC">Neoplatonism and Indian Philosophy</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 71–79, 190–192, 210–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5274-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5274-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-5274-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neoplatonism+and+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E79%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E192%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5274-5&rft.au=Paulos+Gregorios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du7wCKJZC3XsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ami_Scharfstein1998" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iZQy2lu70bwC">A Comparative History of World Philosophy: From the Upanishads to Kant</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 62–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3683-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3683-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-3683-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218014934/https://books.google.com/books?id=iZQy2lu70bwC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+History+of+World+Philosophy%3A+From+the+Upanishads+to+Kant&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3683-7&rft.au=Ben-Ami+Scharfstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiZQy2lu70bwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonigerGoldSmith2023-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonigerGoldSmith2023_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonigerGoldSmith2023_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonigerGoldSmith2023">Doniger, Gold & Smith (2023)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/upanishad">"Upanishad"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EoH_472-32"><a href="#cite_ref-EoH_472_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2007" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 472. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816073368" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816073368"><bdi>978-0816073368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=472&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0816073368&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1976201-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1976201_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonier-Williams1976">Monier-Williams 1976</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Max Müller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n133/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad 1.13.4</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, page 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n211/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad 1.13.4</a>, Oxford University Press, page 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEarlyUpanisads/page/n207/mode/2up">The Early Upanishads</a>. p. 185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Upanishads&rft.pages=185&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEarlyUpanisads%2Fpage%2Fn207%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sradha22-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sradha22_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sradha22_38-1">b</a> S Radhakrishnan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PrincipalUpanishads/129481965-The-Principal-Upanishads-by-S-Radhakrishnan#page/n25/mode/2up">The Principal Upanishads</a> George Allen & Co., 1951, pages 22, Reprinted as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8172231248" title="Special:BookSources/978-8172231248">978-8172231248</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Vaman Shivaram Apte, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/sktdic/">The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150515160048/http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/sktdic/">Archived</a> 15 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, see apauruSeya </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> D Sharma, Classical Indian Philosophy: A Reader, Columbia University Press, ISBN, pages 196-197 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Jan Westerhoff (2009), Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Introduction, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195384963" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195384963">978-0195384963</a>, page 290 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Warren Lee Todd (2013), The Ethics of Śaṅkara and Śāntideva: A Selfless Response to an Illusory World, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409466819" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409466819">978-1409466819</a>, page 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-scharfe-43"><a href="#cite_ref-scharfe_43-0">^</a> Hartmut Scharfe (2002), Handbook of Oriental Studies, BRILL Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004125568" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004125568">978-9004125568</a>, pages 13-14 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195659–60-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195659–60_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahadevan1956">Mahadevan 1956</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Ellison Findly (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25002352">Women and the Arahant Issue in Early Pali Literature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604033550/http://www.jstor.org/stable/25002352">Archived</a> 4 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, Vol. 15, No. 1, pages 57-76 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 301-304 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> For example, see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n327/mode/2up/search/interpolation">Kaushitaki Upanishad</a> Robert Hume (Translator), Oxford University Press, page 306 footnote 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Max Müller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l1ApAAAAYAAJ&pg=PAPR72">The Upanishads</a>, p. PR72, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Oxford University Press, page LXXII </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Patrick Olivelle (1998), Unfaithful Transmitters, Journal of Indian Philosophy, April 1998, Volume 26, Issue 2, pages 173-187; Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, pages 583-640 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> WD Whitney, The Upanishads and Their Latest Translation, The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 7, No. 1, pages 1-26; F Rusza (2010), The authorlessness of the philosophical sūtras, Acta Orientalia, Volume 63, Number 4, pages 427-442 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Mark Juergensmeyer et al. (2011), Encyclopedia of Global Religion, SAGE Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761927297" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761927297">978-0761927297</a>, page 1122 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199812–13-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199812–13_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199812–13_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199812–13_52-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Flood, Gavin D. (2018). An Introduction to Hinduism, p. 40, Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxvi-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxvi_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, p. xxxvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, pp. 12-13. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Upanishad">"Upanishad | Hindu religious text | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. 23 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Upanishad+%26%23124%3B+Hindu+religious+text+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FUpanishad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxvii-xxxix-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxvii-xxxix_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, p. xxxvii-xxxix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxviii-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxviii_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, p. xxxviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxix-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxix_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, p. xxxix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen190835–36-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen190835–36_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeussen1908">Deussen 1908</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathy201084-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathy201084_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTripathy2010">Tripathy 2010</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen193719-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen193719_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSen1937">Sen 1937</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyyangar1941" class="citation book cs1">Ayyangar, T. R. Srinivasa (1941). The Samanya-Vedanta Upanishads. Jain Publishing (Reprint 2007). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0895819833" title="Special:BookSources/978-0895819833"><bdi>978-0895819833</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27193914">27193914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samanya-Vedanta+Upanishads&rft.pub=Jain+Publishing+%28Reprint+2007%29&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27193914&rft.isbn=978-0895819833&rft.aulast=Ayyangar&rft.aufirst=T.+R.+Srinivasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556–568-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556–568_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997">Deussen 1997</a>, pp. 556–568. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldrege1995426-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldrege1995426_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoldrege1995">Holdrege 1995</a>, pp. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA111">Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 112–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004107588" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004107588"><bdi>978-9004107588</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514224113/https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9004107588&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyyangar1953" class="citation book cs1">Ayyangar, TRS (1953). Saiva Upanishads. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). pp. 194–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0895819819" title="Special:BookSources/978-0895819819"><bdi>978-0895819819</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saiva+Upanishads&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E194-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.pub=Jain+Publishing+Co.+%28Reprint+2007%29&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0895819819&rft.aulast=Ayyangar&rft.aufirst=TRS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> M. Fujii, On the formation and transmission of the JUB, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Oriental_Series" title="Harvard Oriental Series">Harvard Oriental Series</a>, Opera Minora 2, 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19983–4-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19983–4_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERanade192661-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanade192661_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRanade1926">Ranade 1926</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi199490–92-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi199490–92_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoshi1994">Joshi 1994</a>, pp. 90–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeehs200285-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeehs200285_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeehs2002">Heehs 2002</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart200417-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart200417_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRinehart2004">Rinehart 2004</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh20023–4-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh20023–4_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2002">Singh 2002</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchraderAdyar_Library1908v-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchraderAdyar_Library1908v_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchraderAdyar_Library1908v_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchraderAdyar_Library1908">Schrader & Adyar Library 1908</a>, p. v. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxii–xxxiii-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxii–xxxiii_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxii–xxxiii_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxii–xxxiii_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxii–xxxiii_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxii–xxxiii_78-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxii–xxxiii_78-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxxii–xxxiii_78-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, pp. xxxii–xxxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Paul Deussen (1966), The Philosophy of the Upanishads, Dover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486216164" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486216164">978-0486216164</a>, pages 283-296; for an example, see <a href="/wiki/Garbha_Upanishad" title="Garbha Upanishad">Garbha Upanishad</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-olivellesamnyasa1-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olivellesamnyasa1_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivellesamnyasa1_80-1">b</a> Patrick Olivelle (1992), The Samnyasa Upanisads, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195070453" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195070453">978-0195070453</a>, pages 1-12, 98-100; for an example, see <a href="/wiki/Bhikshuka_Upanishad" title="Bhikshuka Upanishad">Bhikshuka Upanishad</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks199013–14-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks199013–14_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooks1990">Brooks 1990</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand2000404–406-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand2000404–406_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand2000404–406_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand2000404–406_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand2000404–406_82-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFParmeshwaranand2000">Parmeshwaranand 2000</a>, pp. 404–406. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Paul Deussen (2010 Reprint), Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814691" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814691">978-8120814691</a>, pages 566-568 </li> <li id="cite_note-PeterHeehs-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PeterHeehs_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PeterHeehs_85-1">b</a> Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions, New York University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814736500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814736500">978-0814736500</a>, pages 60-88 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Robert C Neville (2000), Ultimate Realities, SUNY Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791447765" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791447765">978-0791447765</a>, page 319 </li> <li id="cite_note-stephenphillips28-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips28_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips28_87-1">b</a> Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231144858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231144858">978-0231144858</a>, pages 28-29 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxiii-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998xxiii_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, p. xxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-olivellesamnyasa-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olivellesamnyasa_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivellesamnyasa_90-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> (1992), The Samnyasa Upanisads, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195070453" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195070453">978-0195070453</a>, pages x-xi, 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-ayyangaryoga-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ayyangaryoga_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayyangaryoga_91-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n3/mode/2up">The Yoga Upanishads</a> TR Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), SS Sastri (Editor), Adyar Library </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> AM Sastri, The Śākta Upaniṣads, with the commentary of Śrī Upaniṣad-Brahma-Yogin, Adyar Library, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7475481">7475481</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> AM Sastri, The Vaishnava-upanishads: with the commentary of Sri Upanishad-brahma-yogin, Adyar Library, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/83901261">83901261</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> AM Sastri, The Śaiva-Upanishads with the commentary of Sri Upanishad-Brahma-Yogin, Adyar Library, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863321204">863321204</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 217-219 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Prāṇāgnihotra is missing in some anthologies, included by Paul Deussen (2010 Reprint), Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814691" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814691">978-8120814691</a>, page 567 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Atharvasiras is missing in some anthologies, included by Paul Deussen (2010 Reprint), Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814691" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814691">978-8120814691</a>, page 568 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlucklich200870-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlucklich200870_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlucklich2008">Glucklich 2008</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFields200126-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFields200126_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFields2001">Fields 2001</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19984-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19984_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19984_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 114-115 with preface and footnotes; Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n233/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a> 3.17, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 212-213 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Henk_Bodewitz" title="Henk Bodewitz">Henk Bodewitz</a> (1999), Hindu Ahimsa, in Violence Denied (Editors: Jan E. M. Houben, et al.), Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004113442" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004113442">978-9004113442</a>, page 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n61/mode/2up">Samanya Dharma</a>, History of Dharmasastra, Vol. 2, Part 1, page 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChatterjea" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjea, Tara. Knowledge and Freedom in Indian Philosophy. Oxford: Lexington Books. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge+and+Freedom+in+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.aulast=Chatterjea&rft.aufirst=Tara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Tull, Herman W. The Vedic Origins of Karma: Cosmos as Man in Ancient Indian Myth and Ritual. SUNY Series in Hindu Studies. P. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195657-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195657_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195657_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195657_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195657_107-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahadevan1956">Mahadevan 1956</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a>, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 30-42; </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller12-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller12_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller12_109-1">b</a> Max Müller (1962), Manduka Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Oxford University Press, Reprinted as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486209937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486209937">978-0486209937</a>, pages 30-33 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Eduard Roer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roermundakaeng.pdf">Mundaka Upanishad</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, pages 153-154 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 331-333 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> "laid those fires" is a phrase in Vedic literature that implies <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> and related ancient religious rituals; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/cowellmaitriskt.pdf">Maitri Upanishad - Sanskrit Text with English Translation</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] EB Cowell (Translator), Cambridge University, Bibliotheca Indica, First Prapathaka </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Max Müller, The Upanishads, Part 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/286/mode/2up">Maitrayana-Brahmana Upanishad</a>, Oxford University Press, pages 287-288 </li> <li id="cite_note-hume11-114"><a href="#cite_ref-hume11_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHume1921" class="citation cs2">Hume, Robert Ernest (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n433/mode/2up">The Thirteen Principal Upanishads</a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 412–414</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirteen+Principal+Upanishads&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E412-%3C%2Fspan%3E414&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Robert+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthirteenprincipa028442mbp%23page%2Fn433%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHume1921" class="citation cs2">Hume, Robert Ernest (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n449/mode/2up">The Thirteen Principal Upanishads</a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 428–429</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirteen+Principal+Upanishads&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E428-%3C%2Fspan%3E429&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Robert+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthirteenprincipa028442mbp%23page%2Fn449%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 350-351 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussenov-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenov_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenov_117-1">b</a> Paul Deussen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2h0YAAAAYAAJ">The Philosophy of Upanishads</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, University of Kiel, T&T Clark, pages 342-355, 396-412 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> RC Mishra (2013), Moksha and the Hindu Worldview, <a href="/wiki/Psychology_%26_Developing_Societies" title="Psychology & Developing Societies">Psychology & Developing Societies</a>, Vol. 25, No. 1, pages 21-42 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Mark B. Woodhouse (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27902516">Consciousness and Brahman-Atman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804092021/http://www.jstor.org/stable/27902516">Archived</a> 4 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Monist, Vol. 61, No. 1, Conceptions of the Self: East & West (January, 1978), pages 109-124 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196332-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196332_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196332_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196332_120-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJayatilleke1963">Jayatilleke 1963</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196339-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196339_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196339_121-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJayatilleke1963">Jayatilleke 1963</a>, pp. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie2012-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie2012_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackenzie2012">Mackenzie 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998lvi-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998lvi_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998lvi_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, p. lvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack_124-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodd200943-47-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodd200943-47_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodd2009">Brodd (2009)</a>, p. 43-47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998lv-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998lv_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, p. lv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002122-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002122_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002">Lochtefeld 2002</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-johnkoller-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnkoller_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnkoller_129-1">b</a> John Koller (2012), Shankara, in Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion, (Editors: Chad Meister, Paul Copan), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415782944" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415782944">978-0415782944</a>, pages 99-102 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B0QzAQAAMAAJ">The Philosophy of the Upanishads</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Dover Publications, pages 86-111, 182-212 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Nakamura (1990), A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy, p.500. Motilall Banarsidas </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195662–63-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195662–63_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahadevan1956">Mahadevan 1956</a>, pp. 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2h0YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161">The Philosophy of the Upanishads</a>, p. 161, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, pages 161, 240-254 </li> <li id="cite_note-beamsc-134"><a href="#cite_ref-beamsc_134-0">^</a> Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1998), A Comparative History of World Philosophy: From the Upanishads to Kant, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791436844" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791436844">978-0791436844</a>, page 376 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> H.M. Vroom (1996), No Other Gods, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802840974" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802840974">978-0802840974</a>, page 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1986), Dreams, Illusion, and Other Realities, University of Chicago Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226618555" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226618555">978-0226618555</a>, page 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-aegough-137"><a href="#cite_ref-aegough_137-0">^</a> Archibald Edward Gough (2001), The Philosophy of the Upanishads and Ancient Indian Metaphysics, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415245227" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415245227">978-0415245227</a>, pages 47-48 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Teun Goudriaan (2008), Maya: Divine And Human, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120823891" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120823891">978-8120823891</a>, pages 1-17 </li> <li id="cite_note-knaiyar-139"><a href="#cite_ref-knaiyar_139-0">^</a> KN Aiyar (Translator, 1914), Sarvasara Upanishad, in Thirty Minor Upanishads, page 17, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6347863">6347863</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-adishankaratu-140"><a href="#cite_ref-adishankaratu_140-0">^</a> Adi Shankara, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d0oAAAAYAAJ">Commentary on Taittiriya Upanishad</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, SS Sastri (Translator), Harvard University Archives, pages 191-198 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1956272-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1956272_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1956">Radhakrishnan 1956</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992176-177-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992176-177_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaju1992">Raju 1992</a>, p. 176-177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992177_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992177_144-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaju1992">Raju 1992</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERanade1926179–182-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanade1926179–182_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRanade1926">Ranade 1926</a>, pp. 179–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195663-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahadevan195663_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahadevan1956">Mahadevan 1956</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_147-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1956273-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1956273_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1956">Radhakrishnan 1956</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999221-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999221_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999221_149-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1999">King 1999</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura200431-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura200431_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura200431_150-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakamura2004">Nakamura 2004</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999219-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999219_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1999">King 1999</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000195-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000195_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1956284-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1956284_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1956">Radhakrishnan 1956</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> John Koller (2012), Shankara in Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion (Editors: Chad Meister, Paul Copan), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415782944" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415782944">978-0415782944</a>, pages 99-108 </li> <li id="cite_note-eroer1-155"><a href="#cite_ref-eroer1_155-0">^</a> Edward Roer (translator), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3">Shankara's Introduction</a>, p. 3, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad at pages 3-4; Quote - "(...) Lokayatikas and Bauddhas who assert that the soul does not exist. There are four sects among the followers of Buddha: 1. Madhyamicas who maintain all is void; 2. Yogacharas, who assert except sensation and intelligence all else is void; 3. Sautranticas, who affirm actual existence of external objects no less than of internal sensations; 4. Vaibhashikas, who agree with later (Sautranticas) except that they contend for immediate apprehension of exterior objects through images or forms represented to the intellect." </li> <li id="cite_note-eroer2-156"><a href="#cite_ref-eroer2_156-0">^</a> Edward Roer (Translator), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3">Shankara's Introduction</a>, p. 3, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad at page 3, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19373677">19373677</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120806191" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120806191">978-8120806191</a>, pages 246-249, from note 385 onwards; Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791422175" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791422175">978-0791422175</a>, page 64; Quote: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."; Edward Roer (Translator), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2">Shankara's Introduction</a>, p. 2, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, pages 2-4 Katie Javanaud (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913132314/https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">Archived</a> 13 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Philosophy Now; John C. Plott et al. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120801585" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120801585">978-8120801585</a>, page 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanikkar2001669-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanikkar2001669_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanikkar2001">Panikkar 2001</a>, p. 669. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanikkar2001725–727-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanikkar2001725–727_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanikkar2001">Panikkar 2001</a>, pp. 725–727. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanikkar2001747–750-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanikkar2001747–750_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanikkar2001">Panikkar 2001</a>, pp. 747–750. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanikkar2001697–701-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanikkar2001697–701_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanikkar2001">Panikkar 2001</a>, pp. 697–701. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholson, Andrew J. (1 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10781-007-9016-6">"Reconciling dualism and non-dualism: three arguments in Vijñānabhikṣu's Bhedābheda Vedānta"</a>. Journal of Indian Philosophy. 35 (4): 377–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10781-007-9016-6">10.1007/s10781-007-9016-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0395">1573-0395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Reconciling+dualism+and+non-dualism%3A+three+arguments+in+Vij%C3%B1%C4%81nabhik%E1%B9%A3u%E2%80%99s+Bhed%C4%81bheda+Ved%C4%81nta&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E377-%3C%2Fspan%3E378&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10781-007-9016-6&rft.issn=1573-0395&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10781-007-9016-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007361–363-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007361–363_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier2007">Klostermaier 2007</a>, pp. 361–363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChari1956305-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChari1956305_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChari1956305_164-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChari1956">Chari 1956</a>, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-staffordbetty-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-staffordbetty_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-staffordbetty_165-1">b</a> Stafford Betty (2010), Dvaita, Advaita, and Viśiṣṭādvaita: Contrasting Views of Mokṣa, Asian Philosophy, Vol. 20, No. 2, pages 215-224, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09552367.2010.484955">10.1080/09552367.2010.484955</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowlerr299-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fowlerr299_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowlerr299_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowlerr299_166-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowlerr299_166-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeaneane_D._Fowler2002" class="citation book cs1">Jeaneane D. Fowler (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C">Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism</a>. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 298–299, 320–321, 331 with notes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-93-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-93-6"><bdi>978-1-898723-93-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170122065042/https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+of+Reality%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophy+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E298-%3C%2Fspan%3E299%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E321%2C+331+with+notes&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-93-6&rft.au=Jeaneane+D.+Fowler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8dRZ4E-qgz8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-williamindichcav1-167"><a href="#cite_ref-williamindichcav1_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_M._Indich1995" class="citation book cs1">William M. Indich (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ykZjWOiBMoC">Consciousness in Advaita Vedanta</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–2, 97–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1251-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1251-2"><bdi>978-81-208-1251-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220213135335/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ykZjWOiBMoC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consciousness+in+Advaita+Vedanta&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1251-2&rft.au=William+M.+Indich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ykZjWOiBMoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brucesullivan239-168"><a href="#cite_ref-brucesullivan239_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce_M._Sullivan2001" class="citation book cs1">Bruce M. Sullivan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xU4ZdatgRysC">The A to Z of Hinduism</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4070-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4070-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-4070-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415064539/https://books.google.com/books?id=xU4ZdatgRysC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4070-6&rft.au=Bruce+M.+Sullivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxU4ZdatgRysC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-staffordbetty215-169"><a href="#cite_ref-staffordbetty215_169-0">^</a> Stafford Betty (2010), Dvaita, Advaita, and Viśiṣṭādvaita: Contrasting Views of Mokṣa, Asian Philosophy: An International Journal of the Philosophical Traditions of the East, Volume 20, Issue 2, pages 215-224 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Edward Craig (2000), Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415223645" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415223645">978-0415223645</a>, pages 517-518 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharma1994" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Chandradhar (1994). A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 373–374. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0365-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0365-5"><bdi>81-208-0365-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Survey+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E373-%3C%2Fspan%3E374&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=81-208-0365-5&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Chandradhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jabvanbuirhtp-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jabvanbuirhtp_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jabvanbuirhtp_172-1">b</a> J.A.B. van Buitenen (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/biography/Ramanuja">Ramanuja - Hindu theologian and Philosopher</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006100847/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ramanuja">Archived</a> 6 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica </li> <li id="cite_note-Sydnor2012p20-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Sydnor2012p20_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJon_Paul_Sydnor2012" class="citation book cs1">Jon Paul Sydnor (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae4FBAAAQBAJ">Ramanuja and Schleiermacher: Toward a Constructive Comparative Theology</a>. Casemate. pp. 20–22 with footnote 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0227680247" title="Special:BookSources/978-0227680247"><bdi>978-0227680247</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103173247/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae4FBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramanuja+and+Schleiermacher%3A+Toward+a+Constructive+Comparative+Theology&rft.pages=20-22+with+footnote+32&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0227680247&rft.au=Jon+Paul+Sydnor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAe4FBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-joeschultz81-174"><a href="#cite_ref-joeschultz81_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_P._Schultz1981" class="citation book cs1">Joseph P. Schultz (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dchpiP-9YQAC">Judaism and the Gentile Faiths: Comparative Studies in Religion</a>. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 81–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-1707-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-1707-6"><bdi>978-0-8386-1707-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103172821/https://books.google.com/books?id=dchpiP-9YQAC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+the+Gentile+Faiths%3A+Comparative+Studies+in+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-1707-6&rft.au=Joseph+P.+Schultz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdchpiP-9YQAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavendrachar1956322-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaghavendrachar1956322_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaghavendrachar1956">Raghavendrachar 1956</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler2002p356-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler2002p356_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler2002p356_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeaneane_D._Fowler2002" class="citation book cs1">Jeaneane D. Fowler (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C">Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism</a>. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 356–357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-93-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-93-6"><bdi>978-1-898723-93-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170122065042/https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+of+Reality%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophy+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E356-%3C%2Fspan%3E357&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-93-6&rft.au=Jeaneane+D.+Fowler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8dRZ4E-qgz8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStoker2011" class="citation web cs1">Stoker, Valerie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/madhva/">"Madhva (1238–1317)"</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012131604/http://www.iep.utm.edu/madhva/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madhva+%281238%E2%80%931317%29&rft.pub=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Stoker&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fmadhva%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin (2007). Krishna : A Sourcebook (Chapter 15 by Deepak Sarma). Oxford University Press. pp. 358–359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195148923" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195148923"><bdi>978-0195148923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+%3A+A+Sourcebook+%28Chapter+15+by+Deepak+Sarma%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E358-%3C%2Fspan%3E359&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0195148923&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharma1994" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Chandradhar (1994). A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 374–375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0365-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0365-5"><bdi>81-208-0365-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Survey+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E374-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=81-208-0365-5&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Chandradhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin (2007). Krishna : A Sourcebook (Chapter 15 by Deepak Sarma). Oxford University Press. pp. 361–362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195148923" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195148923"><bdi>978-0195148923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+%3A+A+Sourcebook+%28Chapter+15+by+Deepak+Sarma%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E362&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0195148923&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChousalkar1986130–134-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChousalkar1986130–134_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChousalkar1986130–134_181-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChousalkar1986">Chousalkar 1986</a>, pp. 130–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadia195664-65-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWadia195664-65_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWadia195664-65_182-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWadia1956">Wadia 1956</a>, p. 64-65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000197–198-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000197–198_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, pp. 197–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrwick1920-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrwick1920_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrwick1920">Urwick 1920</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith2007602–603-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith2007602–603_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeith2007">Keith 2007</a>, pp. 602–603. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> RC Mishra (2013), Moksha and the Hindu Worldview, Psychology & Developing Societies, Vol. 25, No. 1, pages 21-42; Chousalkar, Ashok (1986), Social and Political Implications of Concepts Of Justice And Dharma, pages 130-134 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma198520-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma198520_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma198520_188-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharma1985">Sharma 1985</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1900lvii-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1900lvii_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1900lvii_189-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüller1900">Müller 1900</a>, p. lvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1899204-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1899204_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüller1899">Müller 1899</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997558–59-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997558–59_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997558–59_191-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997">Deussen 1997</a>, pp. 558–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1900lviii-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1900lviii_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüller1900">Müller 1900</a>, p. lviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Renou1948" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Renou" title="Louis Renou">Louis Renou</a> (1948). Adrien Maisonneuve (ed.). Kausitaki, Svetasvatra, Prasna, Taittiriya Upanisads (in French). Paris. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7200-0972-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7200-0972-3"><bdi>978-2-7200-0972-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kausitaki%2C+Svetasvatra%2C+Prasna%2C+Taittiriya+Upanisads&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=268&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=978-2-7200-0972-3&rft.au=Louis+Renou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJean_Varenne1960" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Varenne" title="Jean Varenne">Jean Varenne</a> (1960). Éditions de Boccard (ed.). Mahâ-Nârâyana Upanisad, 2 vol (in French). Paris. pp. 155 and 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mah%C3%A2-N%C3%A2r%C3%A2yana+Upanisad%2C+2+vol.&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=155+and+144&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Jean+Varenne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) Reprint in 1986. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJean_Varenne1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Varenne" title="Jean Varenne">Jean Varenne</a> (1981). <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil" title="Éditions du Seuil">Seuil</a> (ed.). Sept Upanishads (in French). Paris. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782020058728" title="Special:BookSources/9782020058728"><bdi>9782020058728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sept+Upanishads&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=227&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9782020058728&rft.au=Jean+Varenne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlyette_Degrâces-Fadh1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alyette Degrâces-Fadh (1989). Fayard (ed.). Samnyâsa-Upanisad (Upanisad du renoncement) (in French). Paris. p. 461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782213018782" title="Special:BookSources/9782213018782"><bdi>9782213018782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samny%C3%A2sa-Upanisad+%28Upanisad+du+renoncement%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=461&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9782213018782&rft.au=Alyette+Degr%C3%A2ces-Fadh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartine_Buttex2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martine Buttex (2012). Éditions Dervy (ed.). Les 108 Upanishads (in French). Paris. p. 1400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84454-949-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84454-949-5"><bdi>978-2-84454-949-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+108+Upanishads&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=1400&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-84454-949-5&rft.au=Martine+Buttex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997558–559-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997558–559_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997">Deussen 1997</a>, pp. 558–559. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997915–916-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997915–916_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997">Deussen 1997</a>, pp. 915–916. </li> <li id="cite_note-colebrook1858-200"><a href="#cite_ref-colebrook1858_200-0">^</a> See Henry Thomas Colebrooke (1858), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysonreligio01colegoog/page/n38">Essays on the religion and philosophy of the Hindus</a>. London: Williams and Norgate. In this volume, see chapter 1 (pp. 1–69), On the Vedas, or Sacred Writings of the Hindus, reprinted from Colebrooke's Asiatic Researches, Calcutta: 1805, Vol 8, pp. 369–476. A translation of the <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya Upanishad</a> appears in pages 26–30 of this chapter. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZastoupil2010" class="citation book cs1">Zastoupil, L (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vV_FAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187">Rammohun Roy and the Making of Victorian Britain, By Lynn Zastoupil</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230111493" title="Special:BookSources/9780230111493"><bdi>9780230111493</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002082612/https://books.google.com/books?id=vV_FAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rammohun+Roy+and+the+Making+of+Victorian+Britain%2C+By+Lynn+Zastoupil&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780230111493&rft.aulast=Zastoupil&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvV_FAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe01/sbe01011.htm">"The Upanishads, Part 1, by Max Müller"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729182732/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe01/sbe01011.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2014. 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Ramanujan Book Prize for Translation"</a>. Association of Asian Studies. 25 June 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aasianst.org/book-prizes-ramanujan.htm">the original</a> on 25 June 2002. Retrieved 27 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAS+SAC+A.K.+Ramanujan+Book+Prize+for+Translation&rft.pub=Association+of+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2002-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aasianst.org%2Fbook-prizes-ramanujan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.udel.edu/special/findaids/view?docId=ead%2Fmss0126.xml%3Btab%3Dprint">"William Butler Yeats papers"</a>. library.udel.edu. University of Delaware. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102123314/https://library.udel.edu/special/findaids/view?docId=ead%2Fmss0126.xml%3Btab%3Dprint">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=library.udel.edu&rft.atitle=William+Butler+Yeats+papers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.udel.edu%2Fspecial%2Ffindaids%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dead%252Fmss0126.xml%253Btab%253Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchopenhauerPayne2000395-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchopenhauerPayne2000395_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchopenhauerPayne2000">Schopenhauer & Payne 2000</a>, p. 395. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchopenhauerPayne2000397-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchopenhauerPayne2000397_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchopenhauerPayne2000">Schopenhauer & Payne 2000</a>, p. 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchrodingerPenrose2012" class="citation cs2">Schrodinger, Erwin; Penrose, Roger (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107295629.016">"Science and Religion"</a>, What is Life?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–152, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781107295629.016">10.1017/cbo9781107295629.016</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-29562-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-29562-9"><bdi>978-1-107-29562-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002082617/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/what-is-life/science-and-religion/A4777179321044F6045B30F3AF85D667">archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022, retrieved 10 May 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=What+is+Life%3F&rft.atitle=Science+and+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781107295629.016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-29562-9&rft.aulast=Schrodinger&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft.au=Penrose%2C+Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781107295629.016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerman_Wayne_Tull1989" class="citation book cs1">Herman Wayne Tull (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=auqGWz2l9pYC&pg=PA14">The Vedic Origins of Karma: Cosmos as Man in Ancient Indian Myth and Ritual</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0094-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-0094-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608205943/https://books.google.com/books?id=auqGWz2l9pYC&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vedic+Origins+of+Karma%3A+Cosmos+as+Man+in+Ancient+Indian+Myth+and+Ritual&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0094-4&rft.au=Herman+Wayne+Tull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DauqGWz2l9pYC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_G._Witz1998" class="citation book cs1">Klaus G. Witz (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2jnPlEqwe_UC&pg=PA35">The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 35–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1573-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1573-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1573-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609142049/https://books.google.com/books?id=2jnPlEqwe_UC&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Wisdom+of+the+Upani%E1%B9%A3ads%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1573-5&rft.au=Klaus+G.+Witz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2jnPlEqwe_UC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersluis199369,_76,_95._106–110-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersluis199369,_76,_95._106–110_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVersluis1993">Versluis 1993</a>, pp. 69, 76, 95. 106–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliot1963-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliot1963_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEliot1963">Eliot 1963</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaswaran20079-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaswaran20079_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEaswaran2007">Easwaran 2007</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Juan Mascaró, The Upanishads, Penguin Classics, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140441635" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140441635">978-0140441635</a>, page 7, 146, cover </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussenreview-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenreview_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenreview_219-1">b</a> Paul Deussen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/philosophyoftheupa00deusuoft#page/n167/mode/2up">The Philosophy of the Upanishads</a> University of Kiel, T&T Clark, pages 150-179 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack" class="citation cs2">Black, Brian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/upanisad/#SH11b">The Upaniṣads</a>, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Upani%E1%B9%A3ads&rft.pub=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fupanisad%2F%23SH11b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrodd2009" class="citation cs2">Brodd, Jeffrey (2009), World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery, Saint Mary's Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0884899976" title="Special:BookSources/978-0884899976"><bdi>978-0884899976</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3A+A+Voyage+of+Discovery&rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0884899976&rft.aulast=Brodd&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1990" class="citation cs2">Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1990), The Secret of the Three Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Shakta Tantrism, The University of Chicago Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+of+the+Three+Cities%3A+An+Introduction+to+Hindu+Shakta+Tantrism&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Renfrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChari1956" class="citation cs2">Chari, P. N. Srinivasa (1956), Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (ed.), History of Philosophy Eastern and Western</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Philosophy+Eastern+and+Western&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Chari&rft.aufirst=P.+N.+Srinivasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChousalkar1986" class="citation cs2">Chousalkar, Ashok (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bsGJNVUMigAC">Social and Political Implications of Concepts Of Justice And Dharma</a>, Mittal Publications, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002082626/https://books.google.com/books?id=bsGJNVUMigAC">archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022, retrieved 22 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+and+Political+Implications+of+Concepts+Of+Justice+And+Dharma&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Chousalkar&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbsGJNVUMigAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins2000" class="citation cs2">Collins, Randall (2000), The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change, Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00187-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00187-7"><bdi>0-674-00187-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociology+of+Philosophies%3A+A+Global+Theory+of+Intellectual+Change&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-674-00187-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1908" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Deussen, Paul</a> (1908), The philosophy of the Upanishads, Alfred Shenington Geden, T. & T. Clark, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-5470-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-5470-X"><bdi>0-7661-5470-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+philosophy+of+the+Upanishads&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1908&rft.isbn=0-7661-5470-X&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1997" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Vol. 2. Translated by Bedekar, V.M.; Palsule, G.B. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1467-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1467-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1467-7&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeussen2010" class="citation cs2">Deussen, P. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k_Bea7AXHY4C&pg=PA42">The Philosophy of the Upanishads</a>, Cosimo, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61640-239-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61640-239-6"><bdi>978-1-61640-239-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+the+Upanishads&rft.pub=Cosimo&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61640-239-6&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk_Bea7AXHY4C%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDissanayake1993" class="citation cs2">Dissanayake, Wiman (1993), "Introduction to Part Two", in Kasulis, Thomas P. 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S.</a> (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedpoems00elio">Collected Poems, 1909-1962</a>, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-118978-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-118978-1"><bdi>0-15-118978-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Poems%2C+1909-1962&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+World&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-15-118978-1&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectedpoems00elio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica" class="citation cs2">Encyclopædia Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/6636/Advaita">Advaita</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505054114/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/6636/Advaita">archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2015, retrieved 10 August 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advaita&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F6636%2FAdvaita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFields2001" class="citation cs2">Fields, Gregory P (2001), Religious Therapeutics: Body and Health in Yoga, Āyurveda, and Tantra, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a 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title="Special:BookSources/978-0521438780"><bdi>978-0521438780</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0521438780&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlucklich2008" class="citation cs2">Glucklich, Ariel (2008), The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531405-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531405-2"><bdi>978-0-19-531405-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strides+of+Vishnu%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531405-2&rft.aulast=Glucklich&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeehs2002" class="citation cs2">Heehs, Peter (2002), Indian religions: a historical reader of spiritual expression and experience, NYU Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3650-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3650-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-3650-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+religions%3A+a+historical+reader+of+spiritual+expression+and+experience&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3650-0&rft.aulast=Heehs&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoldrege1995" class="citation cs2">Holdrege, Barbara A. 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Payne, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924221-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924221-4"><bdi>978-0-19-924221-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210403035535/https://books.google.com/books?id=88CV8JOYUmsC">archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2021, retrieved 22 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parerga+and+paralipomena%3A+short+philosophical+essays&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924221-4&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Payne%2C+E.+F.J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D88CV8JOYUmsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchraderAdyar_Library1908" class="citation cs2">Schrader, Friedrich Otto; Adyar Library (1908), A descriptive catalogue of the Sanskrit manuscripts in the Adyar Library, Oriental Pub. 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Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136231162" title="Special:BookSources/9781136231162"><bdi>9781136231162</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131027161041/http://books.google.com/books?id=CjedyT6Ts20C">archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2013, retrieved 22 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+message+of+Plato%3A+a+re-interpretation+of+the+%22Republic%22&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=9781136231162&rft.aulast=Urwick&rft.aufirst=Edward+Johns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCjedyT6Ts20C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVarghese2008" class="citation cs2">Varghese, Alexander P. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC">India : History, Religion, Vision And Contribution To The World</a>, vol. 1, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0903-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0903-2"><bdi>978-81-269-0903-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430121217/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC">archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2017, retrieved 22 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+%3A+History%2C+Religion%2C+Vision+And+Contribution+To+The+World&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0903-2&rft.aulast=Varghese&rft.aufirst=Alexander+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7GKwhuea9kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVersluis1993" class="citation cs2">Versluis, Arthur (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mNPMzoVEv3sC">American transcendentalism and Asian religions</a>, Oxford University Press US, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507658-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507658-5"><bdi>978-0-19-507658-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002082615/https://books.google.com/books?id=mNPMzoVEv3sC">archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022, retrieved 22 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+transcendentalism+and+Asian+religions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507658-5&rft.aulast=Versluis&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmNPMzoVEv3sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWadia1956" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_Ruttonji_Wadia" title="Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia">Wadia, A.R.</a> (1956), "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle", in Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli (ed.), History of Philosophy Eastern and Western, vol. II, George Allen & Unwin Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Socrates%2C+Plato+and+Aristotle&rft.btitle=History+of+Philosophy+Eastern+and+Western&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin+Ltd.&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Wadia&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaju1992" class="citation cs2">Raju, P. T. (1992), The Philosophical Traditions of India, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophical+Traditions+of+India&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers+Private+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Raju&rft.aufirst=P.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishads&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdgerton1965" class="citation book cs1">Edgerton, Franklin (1965). The Beginnings of Indian Philosophy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Edgerton&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmbree1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ainslie_Embree" title="Ainslie Embree">Embree, Ainslie T.</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindutraditionre00ains">The Hindu Tradition</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71702-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-71702-3"><bdi>0-394-71702-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-394-71702-3&rft.aulast=Embree&rft.aufirst=Ainslie+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindutraditionre00ains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHume1921" class="citation book cs1">Hume, Robert Ernest (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n7/mode/2up">The Thirteen Principal Upanishads</a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirteen+Principal+Upanishads&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Robert+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthirteenprincipa028442mbp%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1898" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Charles (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fromupanishadsby00thomiala#page/n9/mode/2up">From the Upanishads</a>. Kshetra Books (Reprinted in 2014). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781495946530" title="Special:BookSources/9781495946530"><bdi>9781495946530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Upanishads&rft.pub=Kshetra+Books+%28Reprinted+in+2014%29&rft.date=1898&rft.isbn=9781495946530&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffromupanishadsby00thomiala%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMascaró1965" class="citation book cs1">Mascaró, Juan (1965). The Upanishads. London, England: Penguin Books Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Upanishads&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Mascar%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Müller, Max</a>, translator, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n7/mode/2up">The Upaniṣads, Part I</a>, New York: Dover Publications (1879; Reprinted in 1962), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20992-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20992-X">0-486-20992-X</a></li> <li>Müller, Max, translator, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n7/mode/2up">The Upaniṣads, Part II</a>, New York: Dover Publications (1884; Reprinted in 1962), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20993-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20993-8">0-486-20993-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan1953" class="citation book cs1">Radhakrishnan, Sarvapalli (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PrincipalUpanishads/129481965-The-Principal-Upanishads-by-S-Radhakrishnan#page/n5/mode/2up">The Principal Upanishads</a>. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India (Reprinted in 1994). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7223-124-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7223-124-5"><bdi>81-7223-124-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principal+Upanishads&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+India+%28Reprinted+in+1994%29&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=81-7223-124-5&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Sarvapalli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FPrincipalUpanishads%2F129481965-The-Principal-Upanishads-by-S-Radhakrishnan%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpanishads" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Adi Shankara (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookscape.com/product-details/atma-bodha-tattva-bodha-esoteric-classics-eastern-studies-9781631184017?srsltid=AfmBOop-BdUt6zH_ZhgXFZgEMysgw8WfVmMGu5i-dctM9pY6a7xWi2UM">Atma Bodha and Tattva Bodha</a>. Lulu Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781631184017" title="Special:BookSources/9781631184017">9781631184017</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandmurti_Guruma" class="extiw" title="pl:Anandmurti Guruma">Gurumaa, Anandmurti</a> (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.in/Sri-Adi-Shankaracharya-Krit-Atmabodha/dp/9381464650">Sri Adi Shankaracharya Krit Atmabodha</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9381464650" title="Special:BookSources/9381464650">9381464650</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a 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href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/upanisad/">The Upaniṣads</a> article in the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208067">The Theory of 'Soul' in the Upanishads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rhys_Davids" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Rhys Davids">T. W. Rhys Davids</a> (1899)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3746162">Spinozistic Substance and Upanishadic Self: A Comparative Study</a>, M. S. Modak (1931)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/511150">W. B. Yeats and the Upanishads</a>, A. Davenport (1952)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2105571">The Concept of Self in the Upanishads: An Alternative Interpretation</a>, D. C. Mathur (1972)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Template talk:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="16px_The_108_Upanishads56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_Om_red_dark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/24px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/32px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a> The 108 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upanishads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Upanishad" title="Brahma Upanishad">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaivalya_Upanishad" title="Kaivalya Upanishad">Kaivalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabala_Upanishad" title="Jabala Upanishad">Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsopanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamsopanishad">Hamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruneya_Upanishad" title="Aruneya Upanishad">Aruneya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbha_Upanishad" title="Garbha Upanishad">Garbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Upanishad" title="Narayana Upanishad">Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahamsa_Upanishad" title="Paramahamsa Upanishad">Paramahamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritabindu_Upanishad" title="Amritabindu Upanishad">Amritabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritanada_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritanada Upanishad">Amritanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvashiras_Upanishad" title="Atharvashiras Upanishad">Atharvashiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvashikha_Upanishad" title="Atharvashikha Upanishad">Atharvashikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihajjabala_Upanishad" title="Brihajjabala Upanishad">Brihajjabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nrisimha_Tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad">Nrisimha Tapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagni_Rudra_Upanishad" title="Kalagni Rudra Upanishad">Kalagni Rudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_Upanishad" title="Maitreya Upanishad">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subala_Upanishad" title="Subala Upanishad">Subala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshurika_Upanishad" title="Kshurika Upanishad">Kshurika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantrika_Upanishad" title="Mantrika Upanishad">Mantrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvasara_Upanishad" title="Sarvasara Upanishad">Sarvasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Upanishad" title="Niralamba Upanishad">Niralamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukarahasya_Upanishad" title="Shukarahasya Upanishad">Shukarahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasuchi_Upanishad" title="Vajrasuchi Upanishad">Vajrasuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejobindu_Upanishad" title="Tejobindu Upanishad">Tejobindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Bindu_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nada Bindu Upanishad">Nadabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyanabindu_Upanishad" title="Dhyanabindu Upanishad">Dhyanabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavidya_Upanishad" title="Brahmavidya Upanishad">Brahmavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogatattva_Upanishad" title="Yogatattva Upanishad">Yogatattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmabodha_Upanishad" title="Atmabodha Upanishad">Atmabodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradaparivrajaka_Upanishad" title="Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad">Naradaparivrajaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trishikhibrahmana_Upanishad" title="Trishikhibrahmana Upanishad">Trishikhi-brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachudamani_Upanishad" title="Yogachudamani Upanishad">Yogachudamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_Upanishad" title="Nirvana Upanishad">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala-brahmana_Upanishad" title="Mandala-brahmana Upanishad">Mandala-brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti_Upanishad" title="Dakshinamurti Upanishad">Dakshinamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharabha_Upanishad" title="Sharabha Upanishad">Sharabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Upanishad" title="Skanda Upanishad">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanarayana_Upanishad" title="Mahanarayana Upanishad">Mahanarayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advayataraka_Upanishad" title="Advayataraka Upanishad">Advayataraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Rahasya_Upanishad" title="Rama Rahasya Upanishad">Rama Rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Rama tapaniya Upanishad">Ramatapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_Upanishad" title="Vasudeva Upanishad">Vasudeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_Upanishad" title="Mudgala Upanishad">Mudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandilya_Upanishad" title="Shandilya Upanishad">Shandilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paingala_Upanishad" title="Paingala Upanishad">Paingala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikshuka_Upanishad" title="Bhikshuka Upanishad">Bhikshuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Upanishad" title="Maha Upanishad">Maha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariraka_Upanishad" title="Sariraka Upanishad">Sariraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogashikha_Upanishad" title="Yogashikha Upanishad">Yogashikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turiyatitavadhuta_Upanishad" title="Turiyatitavadhuta Upanishad">Turiyatita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihat-Sannyasa_Upanishad" title="Brihat-Sannyasa Upanishad">Sannyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahamsa_Parivrajaka_Upanishad" title="Paramahamsa Parivrajaka Upanishad">Paramahamsaparivrajaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshamalika_Upanishad" title="Akshamalika Upanishad">Akshamalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta_Upanishad" title="Avyakta Upanishad">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekakshara_Upanishad" title="Ekakshara Upanishad">Ekakshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Upanishad" title="Annapurna Upanishad">Annapurna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Upanishad" title="Surya Upanishad">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshi_Upanishad" title="Akshi Upanishad">Akshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhyatma_Upanishad" title="Adhyatma Upanishad">Adhyatma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundika_Upanishad" title="Kundika Upanishad">Kundika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Upanishad" title="Savitri Upanishad">Savitri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atma_Upanishad" title="Atma Upanishad">Atma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupatabrahma_Upanishad" title="Pashupatabrahma Upanishad">Pashupatabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabrahma_Upanishad" title="Parabrahma Upanishad">Parabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadhutaka_Upanishad" title="Avadhutaka Upanishad">Avadhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuratapini_Upanishad" title="Tripuratapini Upanishad">Tripuratapini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathashruti_Upanishad" title="Kathashruti Upanishad">Kathashruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana_Upanishad" title="Bhavana Upanishad">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrahridaya_Upanishad" title="Rudrahridaya Upanishad">Rudrahridaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga-Kundalini_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga-Kundalini Upanishad">Yoga-Kundalini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhasmajabala_Upanishad" title="Bhasmajabala Upanishad">Bhasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrakshajabala_Upanishad" title="Rudrakshajabala Upanishad">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapati_Atharvashirsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganapati Atharvashirsa">Ganapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshana_Upanishad" title="Darshana Upanishad">Darshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarasara_Upanishad" title="Tarasara Upanishad">Tarasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavakya_Upanishad" title="Mahavakya Upanishad">Mahavakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancabrahma_Upanishad" title="Pancabrahma Upanishad">Pancabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranagnihotra_Upanishad" title="Pranagnihotra Upanishad">Pranagnihotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Tapani_Upanishad" title="Gopala Tapani Upanishad">Gopala-Tapani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Upanishad" title="Krishna Upanishad">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya_Upanishad" title="Yajnavalkya Upanishad">Yajnavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Upanishad" title="Varaha Upanishad">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatyayaniya_Upanishad" title="Shatyayaniya Upanishad">Shatyayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_Upanishad" title="Hayagriva Upanishad">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya_Upanishad" title="Dattatreya Upanishad">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Upanishad" title="Garuda Upanishad">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali-Sa%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%AD%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad">Kali-Santarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabali_Upanishad" title="Jabali Upanishad">Jabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saubhagyalakshmi_Upanishad" title="Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad">Saubhagyalakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati-rahasya_Upanishad" title="Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad">Sarasvati-rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahvricha_Upanishad" title="Bahvricha Upanishad">Bahvricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">Muktikā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_deities_and_texts170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_deities_and_texts170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">texts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Ishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nir%E1%B9%9Bta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirṛta">Nirṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsha" title="Amsha">Amsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryaman" title="Aryaman">Aryaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaga" title="Bhaga">Bhaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daksha" title="Daksha">Daksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhatri">Dhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Hindu_god)" title="Mitra (Hindu god)">Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parjanya" title="Parjanya">Parjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushan" title="Pushan">Pushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitr" title="Savitr">Savitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvashtri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvashtri">Tvashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Vivasvat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Navagraha" title="Navagraha">Navagraha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihaspati" title="Brihaspati">Brihaspati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budha" title="Budha">Budha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketu_(mythology)" title="Ketu (mythology)">Ketu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangala" title="Mangala">Mangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahu" title="Rahu">Rahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shani" title="Shani">Shani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukra" title="Shukra">Shukra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other Important</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyaus" title="Dyaus">Dyaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/50px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/75px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">Prakriti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri" title="Gayatri">Gayatri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other Important</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi">Prithvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavidyas">Mahavidyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushas" title="Ushas">Ushas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Yami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">Kinnaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimpurushas" title="Kimpurushas">Kimpurushas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruts" title="Maruts">Maruts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitri" title="Pitri">Pitṛs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribhus" title="Ribhus">Ribhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhyas" title="Sadhyas">Sadhyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasu" title="Vasu">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyadhara" title="Vidyadhara">Vidyadharas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/20px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/40px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Classification">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_philosophy73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Classification">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_(Hindu_thought)" title="Dhi (Hindu thought)">Dhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekagrata" title="Ekagrata">Ekagrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitā (page does not exist)">Hitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idam" title="Idam">Idam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikshana" title="Ikshana">Ikshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvaratva" title="Ishvaratva">Ishvaratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatva" title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshetrajna" title="Kshetrajna">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_(Hinduism)" title="Paramananda (Hinduism)">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshashakti" title="Parameshashakti">Parameshashakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinama-vada_(Hindu_thought)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinama-vada (Hindu thought)">Parinama-vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhana" title="Pradhana">Pradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna (Vedic)">Prajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibimbavada" title="Pratibimbavada">Pratibimbavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rājamaṇḍala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">Sakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda_Brahman" title="Shabda Brahman">Shabda Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spho%E1%B9%ADa" title="Sphoṭa">Sphoṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiti" title="Sthiti">Sthiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutram">Sutram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svātantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecchamrityu_(Iccha-mrityu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Svecchamrityu (Iccha-mrityu)">Iccha-mrityu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taijasa" title="Taijasa">Taijasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajjalan" title="Tajjalan">Tajjalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Tanmatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty%C4%81ga" title="Tyāga">Tyāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upekkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Upekkha">Upekkhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsaha">Utsaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivartavada" title="Vivartavada">Vivartavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vir%C4%81ja" title="Virāja">Viraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Hindu philosophical concepts">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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