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(PDF) Accounting for South Africa's successful transition to democracy
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{"work":{"id":2315710,"created_at":"2012-12-20T15:55:37.239-08:00","from_world_paper_id":116667342,"updated_at":"2025-01-13T07:40:55.414-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"eprints.lse.ac.uk","ai_abstract":"The paper identifies the reasons behind South Africa's successful transition to democracy, categorizing various interlinked factors into political, leadership, process, institutional, and social and structural groups. It highlights the complexities involved in defining 'success' and 'transition,' noting ongoing social and economic challenges despite political advancements. The discussion emphasizes the importance of understanding transition not just as an act of holding free elections, but as an intricate process requiring sustained democratic consolidation.","publication_date":"2004,,"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":4,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Accounting for South Africa's successful transition to democracy","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [2931146]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":30361704,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Accounting for South Africa's successful transition to democracy”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30361704/mini_magick20190426-23053-qyooid.png?1556337691" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Accounting for South Africa's successful transition to democracy</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2931146" href="https://up-za.academia.edu/LaurieNathan"><img alt="Profile image of Laurie Nathan" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2931146/970170/1214498/s65_laurie.nathan.jpg" />Laurie Nathan</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2004</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">10 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 2315710; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=2315710"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The paper identifies the reasons behind South Africa's successful transition to democracy, categorizing various interlinked factors into political, leadership, process, institutional, and social and structural groups. It highlights the complexities involved in defining 'success' and 'transition,' noting ongoing social and economic challenges despite political advancements. 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Strategic Insights, v. 3, issue 5 (May, 2004)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="77474656" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JPiombo">Jessica Piombo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">April 1994 was a time of liberation and desperation in Africa. While Rwanda degenerated into genocidal slaughter, millions of South Africans celebrated freedom as they elected a democratic government to end apartheid. Ten years later, as the world quietly memorialized the ten year anniversary of the Rwandan genocide, South Africans launched a month-long celebration to commemorate ten years of democracy. The highlight of the celebration was the staging of the country's third democratic national and provincial elections on 14 April, followed by the inauguration of the president on 27 April, Freedom Day, in a 90-million Rand fete at the Union buildings in Pretoria.[2] Once again, the continent witnessed two extremes in the month of April: reflection and contemplation in Rwanda, contrasted against exuberant celebration in South Africa. The outcome of these elections was never in doubt: all knew that the ruling African National Congress (ANC) would retain its position and remain the head of government. The questions on the minds of South Africans were how great would be the ANC's margin of victory and whether the opposition parties would fragment or coalesce around a few, allied parties. By the evening of 15 April, the answer to these questions became apparent: the ANC was heading to win over twothirds of the votes cast, while the opposition remained as fragmented as it had become in the 1999 elections. In the end, the ANC won 279 out of 400 seats in the lower house of Parliament (the National Assembly-NA), and the power to form the government in all nine provincial governments. The opposition did not band together behind a few large parties and returned to parliament with thirteen parties sharing just 121 seats. The former ruling party, the National Party (now the New National Party, or NNP), experienced a devastating defeat as it saw its national support decline to less than two percent, winning seats in only two of the provincial legislatures. What were the major events in the electoral process, how did various parties fare, and what do the results of these elections mean for the future of South Africa? How should we interpret the increasingly dominant position of the ANC, and the escalating fragmentation of the opposition? What comes next? As South Africa enters its second decade of democracy, this article represents a preliminary assessment of the 2004 electoral results, tracing major trends since 1994. Administering Elections The 1994 elections exhibited a duality common to political transitions: the period was filled with the spirit of hope and renewal, but within a climate of insecurity and political intimidation. Politically-related violence spiked the year before the elections, with a large number of political assassinations, internecine violence between supporters of rival political parties, and fears that</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Politics in a Stabilizing Democracy: South Africa's 2004 Elections; Strategic Insights, v. 3, issue 5 (May, 2004)","attachmentId":108920041,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111356573/Politics_in_a_Stabilizing_Democracy_South_Africas_2004_Elections_Strategic_Insights_v_3_issue_5_May_2004_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/111356573/Politics_in_a_Stabilizing_Democracy_South_Africas_2004_Elections_Strategic_Insights_v_3_issue_5_May_2004_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="37222055" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37222055/How_can_Democratic_Peace_Work_in_Southern_Africa_Trends_and_Trajectories_Since_the_Decade_of_Hope">How can Democratic Peace Work in Southern Africa? Trends and Trajectories Since the Decade of Hope</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4109334" href="https://wits.academia.edu/GilbertKhadiagala">Gilbert Khadiagala</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"How can Democratic Peace Work in Southern Africa? Trends and Trajectories Since the Decade of Hope","attachmentId":57172982,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37222055/How_can_Democratic_Peace_Work_in_Southern_Africa_Trends_and_Trajectories_Since_the_Decade_of_Hope","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37222055/How_can_Democratic_Peace_Work_in_Southern_Africa_Trends_and_Trajectories_Since_the_Decade_of_Hope"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="10905596" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10905596/Enduring_Political_Divides_in_South_Africa">Enduring Political Divides in South Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26464436" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Besada">Hany Besada</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Enduring Political Divides in South Africa","attachmentId":47037792,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10905596/Enduring_Political_Divides_in_South_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10905596/Enduring_Political_Divides_in_South_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="27885314" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27885314/The_Conflict_for_Compromise_An_Analysis_of_South_Africas_Post_Apartheid_Transition_Period">The Conflict for Compromise: An Analysis of South Africa's Post-Apartheid Transition Period</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39246530" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JournalIJAR">IJAR Indexing</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">For South African a country that had been embroiled in decades of conflict, the 1990 end of Apartheid and the release of ANC (African National Congress) leader Nelson Mandela hailed a new dawn filled with hope and change for not only mending the country’s frayed social fabric, but, creating a social and political system that all South Africans could participate in. However, for South Africa moving past the dark days of Apartheid proved to be no easy feat, for those on all sides of the spectrum, social and political change was met with a myriad of negative sentiments ranging from mistrust to resentment. South Africa needed compromise and for all involved, there was no immediate desire to do so. This paper explores this conflict for compromise by explicating and analyzing the social and political issues South Africa faced during its transition from Apartheid to a free and democratic society. This exploration and analysis is done by using the conflict analysis tool SPITCEROW (Sources, Parties, Issues, Tactics, Change, Enlargment, Role, Outcome, Winners).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Conflict for Compromise: An Analysis of South Africa's Post-Apartheid Transition Period","attachmentId":48171700,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27885314/The_Conflict_for_Compromise_An_Analysis_of_South_Africas_Post_Apartheid_Transition_Period","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27885314/The_Conflict_for_Compromise_An_Analysis_of_South_Africas_Post_Apartheid_Transition_Period"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="82141165" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82141165/Fault_Lines_in_South_African_Democracy">Fault-Lines in South African Democracy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41300796" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HendricksFred">Fred Hendricks</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fault-Lines in South African Democracy","attachmentId":87941638,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82141165/Fault_Lines_in_South_African_Democracy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82141165/Fault_Lines_in_South_African_Democracy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="107466182" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107466182/South_African_Politics_An_Introduction">South African Politics: An Introduction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28461894" href="https://mymaties.academia.edu/NicoladeJager">Nicola de Jager</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"South African Politics: An Introduction","attachmentId":106125917,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107466182/South_African_Politics_An_Introduction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/107466182/South_African_Politics_An_Introduction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="54339619" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54339619/Understanding_the_Democratic_Transition_in_South_Africa">Understanding the Democratic Transition in South Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="113833480" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertInman2">Robert Inman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Law and Economics Review, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">South Africa's transition from apartheid to democracy has been successful because its federal governance has provided protection for the economic elite from maximal redistributive taxation. Federal governance creates a "hostage game" in which the majority central government controls tax rates, while elite-run provinces control redistributive services. South Africa has found an equilibrium that has improved the welfare of the white minority and the black majority. However, the success of the federal structure depends on the patience of the majority and their demands for redistributive public services. An impatient and more radical majority party threatens the current equilibrium.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Understanding the Democratic Transition in South Africa","attachmentId":70751744,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54339619/Understanding_the_Democratic_Transition_in_South_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54339619/Understanding_the_Democratic_Transition_in_South_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="83772285" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/83772285/Election_2019_Change_and_stability_in_South_Africa_s_democracy">Election 2019: Change and stability in South Africa’s democracy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="703137" href="https://mymaties.academia.edu/ColletteSchulzHerzenberg">Collette Schulz Herzenberg</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Commonwealth &amp; Comparative Politics, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Election 2019: Change and stability in South Africa’s democracy","attachmentId":89009390,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83772285/Election_2019_Change_and_stability_in_South_Africa_s_democracy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/83772285/Election_2019_Change_and_stability_in_South_Africa_s_democracy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="50892740" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50892740/An_evaluation_of_the_application_of_specific_conflict_management_mechanisms_in_the_South_African_transition_to_democracy_1985_2004_a_conflict_resolution_perspective">An evaluation of the application of specific conflict management mechanisms in the South African transition to democracy, 1985-2004 : a conflict resolution perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12660489" href="https://nmmu.academia.edu/GBradshaw">Gavin Bradshaw</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Resolution have also proven most useful. Given this extensive overview of Burton's output, we are able to provide an historically-situated exposition of the development of his work. Also, the literature dealing with South Africa's history of conflict, and the transitional passage to democracy, including pre-negotiation conflict resolution initiatives, the National Peace Accord, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, will be engaged, within the context of violence and negotiations. Again, although reference is made to general historical and sociological source material, the dominant authors consulted will be those working within the conflict resolution paradigm. Primary source material including newspaper reports and reports of individuals involved in resolution processes will also be accessed. Additionally, original documentation, such as the minutes of meetings, reports and personal communications will be used. Newspaper articles, though primary sources in respect of certain events that form part of the study, are often quite unreliable, sometimes presenting slanted versions or explanations of events. In this regard, the journal articles are regarded as more reliable, and will provide the mainstay of the information used. The literature will also be scanned for evidence of resolution in the current situation in South Africa. A number of opinion surveys on the state of social CHAPTER THREE : THEORETICAL OVERVIEW The history of humankind and the rise and fall of civilizations is unquestionably a story of conflict. Conflict is inherent in human activities. It is omnipresent and foreordained. (Isard, 1992:1) What's effectively needed is a ramified, penetrative perception of the present, one that makes it possible to locate the lines of weakness, the strong points ... In other words, a topological and geological survey of the battlefield-that is the intellectual's role (Foucault, 1977). 3.1 12 The negative and positive aspects of social conflict are well captured in Rubin, Pruitt and Kin 1994. Social Conflict: Escalation Stalemates and Settlement (7-9). 13 See for instance the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (1997) report on the scale of poorly managed conflict in the period following the end of the Cold War. See also the introduction of Van de Goor,L., Rupesinghe, K., and Sciarone, P., (eds), 1996, for an overview of the destructiveness of conflict inter and intra-national conflict in the early Nineties 28 lead to a lack of innovation and societal stagnation. The same would hold for conflict in organizational or family settings. There can therefore be no doubt that the pursuit of a scientific understanding of conflict is an important goal of social inquiry, as such an improved understanding would undoubtedly assist us in the improved prediction of episodes of conflict and its management or resolution. Before proceeding with an excursion through the various approaches to and a definitional unpackaging of the study of conflict, it will be useful to establish, in broad terms, the multifaceted nature of the phenomenon, using a model developed by the author, in 1992. 3.3 The Bases of Social Conflict Conflict in society has many bases, or causes. It may be based on value differences, clashes of interests, unfulfilled needs, misinformation, past relationships, or structural situations, or any combination of these. We will deal with each of these separately below. 3.3.1 Value-based conflict: Origins of conflict are often to be found in the fact that different people hold different values. These values may be of a religious nature, or they may be political, or ideological. In this way, capitalists may clash with communists, or Muslims with Hindus or Christians. Many of the ongoing social conflicts in the world are based on value conflicts. Such conflict is notoriously difficult to manage, due to the zero-sum nature of many value systems. 3.3.2 Interest-based conflict: Much social conflict is based on the fact that most of the material requirements of human beings are in great demand, and there is only a limited supply. Demand</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An evaluation of the application of specific conflict management mechanisms in the South African transition to democracy, 1985-2004 : a conflict resolution perspective","attachmentId":74528214,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50892740/An_evaluation_of_the_application_of_specific_conflict_management_mechanisms_in_the_South_African_transition_to_democracy_1985_2004_a_conflict_resolution_perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/50892740/An_evaluation_of_the_application_of_specific_conflict_management_mechanisms_in_the_South_African_transition_to_democracy_1985_2004_a_conflict_resolution_perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":30361704,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":30361704,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_30361704" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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South Africa, an Onslaught of Legitimacies: A Case Study on Post-Apartheid Consociational Struggle. REVISTA PANAMEÑA DE POLÍTICA - N° 13.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2877586" href="https://lsu.academia.edu/sanchezarias">Ginés A Sánchez Arias</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">South Africa, an Onslaught of Legitimacies: A Case Study on Post-Apartheid Consociational Struggle., 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sánchez Arias, G.A. 2012. South Africa, an Onslaught of Legitimacies: A Case Study on Post-Apartheid Consociational Struggle. 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